KSLU Solved Question Papers
Political Science (International Relations and Organisation)
Previous Year Question Paper with Solution
B.A. LL.B. (Five Years) · Sem 4
2014 Dec Examination
munotes.in
Mumbai
B.A. LL.B. (Five Years) Sem 4 Political Science (International Relations and Organisation) 2014 Dec Question Paper with Solutions
First published on munotes.in on 21 October 2026.
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Contents
The questions below are the paper as Karnataka State Law University set it at the 2014 Dec examination, in the order it was set.
MarksPage
The Paper as Set
The questions in this volume are the questions asked at the 2014 Dec examination, reproduced as Karnataka State Law University set them, in the order it set them. Long reading passages are shortened to their first and last lines and our summary; the original paper prints them in full. Only the answers are ours. See the original question paper.
Duration 3 hours · Total marks 100 · 13 questions answered
How to use this volume
Solve the paper first, under exam conditions and against the clock. Then read the answers here and mark your own. Reading a solution before attempting the question feels productive and teaches very little, because recognising an answer is not the same as being able to write one.
Q1What is Nationalism ? Bringout the factors creating and promoting Nationalism.[16]
Answer
For full marks, cover: what nationalism is (Kohn's "state of mind"; Gellner's "political principle"; Anderson's "imagined political community", 1983); the difference between factors that create nationalism (historical forces) and factors that promote and sustain it; the creating factors: (1) the rise of the sovereign state (Westphalia, 1648), (2) popular sovereignty and the French Revolution (Declaration of 1789, art. 3), (3) print, education and the mother tongue, (4) industrialisation (Gellner), (5) foreign rule and imperialism, (6) leaders and ideas (Mazzini, 1831); the promoting factors: (7) a common language, (8) religion, (9) territory, (10) shared history and memories (Mill; Renan's "bereavements"), (11) the will to live together (Renan's "daily plebiscite"), (12) economic ties, (13) state institutions and symbols, (14) communications and the press, (15) a common enemy and war; how the factors created Indian nationalism (railways from 16 April 1853; English education; Naoroji's drain theory, 1901; the Congress, 1885; the Swadeshi movement, 1905; Gandhi); why no single factor is essential (Mill on Switzerland); factors that weaken nationalism; a conclusion.
What nationalism is
Nationalism is a feeling of loyalty to one's nation, joined to the political demand that the nation be free, united and self-governing. Hans Kohn called it first and foremost "a state of mind". Ernest Gellner wrote that "Nationalism is primarily a political principle, which holds that the political and the national unit should be congruent." Benedict Anderson, in Imagined Communities (1983), described the nation as "an imagined political community". It is imagined because members of even a small nation will never meet most of their fellows, yet each carries an image of their communion.
Two kinds of factors explain nationalism. Some are historical forces that created it as a modern movement. Others are the bonds that promote and sustain it among a people.
Factors creating nationalism
1. The rise of the sovereign state. The Peace of Westphalia of 1648 marked the rise of states that recognised no authority above them. Loyalty began to shift from Church and empire to the territorial state, preparing the ground for the nation.
2. Popular sovereignty and the French Revolution. The French Declaration of the Rights of Man of 1789 proclaimed: "The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation" (art. 3). Once the people, not the king, were sovereign, the nation became the basis of political life. French armies then carried the idea across Europe.
3. Print, education and the mother tongue. Printed books and newspapers in the people's own languages, and mass schooling, let millions who never met feel that they shared one identity. This is the core of Anderson's argument.
4. Industrialisation. Gellner argued that industrial society needs a common, literate culture taught through national schools. The modern economy thus helped turn peoples into nations.
5. Foreign rule and imperialism. Domination by outsiders made subject peoples aware of what they shared. Resistance to Napoleon stirred German nationalism, and resistance to colonial rule created the national movements of Asia and Africa.
6. Leaders and ideas. Thinkers and leaders gave nationalism its programme. Giuseppe Mazzini founded Young Italy in July 1831 to work for a free and united Italy.
Factors promoting nationalism
7. A common language. Language carries a people's literature, songs and ideas, and makes communication easy. The Bengali language movement, in which police fired on protesters in Dhaka on 21 February 1952, showed its power.
8. Religion. A shared faith can bind a people together, as Catholicism did in Ireland and Poland. But it can also divide, and many nations hold several religions.
9. Territory. A common homeland with natural frontiers gives a sense of belonging. People feel attached to "the motherland".
10. Shared history and memories. J. S. Mill thought "the strongest of all" causes was "identity of political antecedents; the possession of a national history, and consequent community of recollections". Renan added that shared suffering binds most deeply: "bereavements are better than triumphs, because they impose duties, they command a common effort".
11. The will to live together. For Renan the existence of a nation is "a daily plebiscite", the continuing consent of its members. Without this will, the other factors are not enough.
12. Economic ties. A common market, currency and economic interest bind regions together and give them a stake in unity.
13. State institutions and symbols. A common government, law, army and schools build national loyalty. Flags, anthems, heroes and national days give it visible form.
14. Communications and the press. Railways, roads, newspapers, radio and now the internet carry ideas across a whole country and create a shared public life.
15. A common enemy and war. Danger from outside draws a people together, and shared sacrifice in war deepens national feeling.
How the factors created Indian nationalism
Indian nationalism shows these factors at work.
- Political and administrative unity. British rule brought the whole subcontinent under one government and one law.
- Communications. India's first passenger train ran from Bombay to Thane on 16 April 1853. Railways, the telegraph and the post linked distant regions.
- English education and the press. A new educated class read the ideas of liberty and democracy and spread them through newspapers in English and Indian languages.
- Economic grievance. Dadabhai Naoroji's Poverty and Un-British Rule in India (1901) argued that British rule drained India's wealth and caused its poverty.
- Organisation. The Indian National Congress was founded at Bombay on 28 December 1885 with 72 delegates.
- Reaction to foreign policy. The partition of Bengal in 1905 provoked the Swadeshi movement, which joined national feeling to the use of Indian goods.
- Leadership. Gandhi turned nationalism into a mass movement of peasants, workers and women.
How the factors work together
The factors usually act in a sequence.
- Shared bonds. A people already shares some objective ties, such as language, territory or history.
- A grievance or danger. Foreign rule, oppression or a threat from outside makes those ties feel important.
- Consciousness. An educated class, using the press and schools, spreads the idea that the people form one nation with a right to govern itself.
- Organisation. Leaders and parties turn the feeling into a movement with a programme.
- A state. Once the nation wins its own state, government, schools, the army and national symbols keep the feeling alive.
Italy passed through these stages from Mazzini's Young Italy in 1831 to unification by 1870. India passed through them from the spread of English education and the press, through the founding of the Congress in 1885, to independence in 1947. Bangladesh shows the same process with language at its heart. The language movement of 1952 grew into a demand for self-rule, and the war of 1971 created a new state.
No single factor is essential
Mill noted that none of these circumstances "are either indispensable or necessarily sufficient by themselves". Switzerland has "a strong sentiment of nationality, though the cantons are of different races, different languages, and different religions". India too is a nation of many languages and faiths. What finally makes a nation is the shared will of its people.
Factors that weaken nationalism
- Deep divisions of religion, language, caste or region.
- Economic inequality between regions or classes.
- Loyalties above the nation, to a religion or class across borders.
- Globalisation and migration, which loosen the ties of place.
- Poor government that loses the trust of the people.
Yugoslavia began to break up when Slovenia and Croatia declared independence on 25 June 1991. Its fate shows how ethnic and religious divisions can destroy a common national feeling. India's partition in 1947 shows that religion, which can unite a people, can also divide it. A nationalism that respects every group's language and faith is the strongest defence against these dangers.
Conclusion. Nationalism is loyalty to one's nation and the demand for its self-government, a "state of mind" and an "imagined political community". It was created by historical forces: the sovereign state, popular sovereignty after 1789, print and education, industrialisation, foreign rule and the work of leaders. It is promoted by language, religion, territory, shared memories, the will to live together, economic ties, state institutions and symbols, communications and common danger. Indian nationalism grew from British unification, railways, education, economic grievance, the Congress and Gandhi's leadership. No single factor is essential. In the end a nation exists because its people will it.
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