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Political Science (International Relations and Organisation)
Previous Year Question Paper with Solution
B.A. LL.B. (Five Years) · Sem 4
2011 Jun Examination
munotes.in
Mumbai
B.A. LL.B. (Five Years) Sem 4 Political Science (International Relations and Organisation) 2011 Jun Question Paper with Solutions
First published on munotes.in on 21 October 2026.
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The question paper reproduced here is the paper as set by Karnataka State Law University at the 2011 Jun examination.
Contents
The questions below are the paper as Karnataka State Law University set it at the 2011 Jun examination, in the order it was set.
MarksPage
MarksPage
The Paper as Set
The questions in this volume are the questions asked at the 2011 Jun examination, reproduced as Karnataka State Law University set them, in the order it set them. Long reading passages are shortened to their first and last lines and our summary; the original paper prints them in full. Only the answers are ours. See the original question paper.
Duration 3 hours · Total marks 100 · 20 questions answered
Instructions printed on the paper
- N.B. (1) Answer all 5 Questions. (2) One essay type and one short note question or problem from each unit have to be attempted, which is referred as part (a) and (b) in all the units. (3) Figures to the right indicate marks. (4) Answers should be written either in Kannada or English completely.
How to use this volume
Solve the paper first, under exam conditions and against the clock. Then read the answers here and mark your own. Reading a solution before attempting the question feels productive and teaches very little, because recognising an answer is not the same as being able to write one.
Q1
Unit I
(a)Write the meaning of national power. Discuss population, scientific development and leadership as important elements of national power.[15]
Answer
For full marks, cover: the meaning of national power (Morgenthau: "man's control over the minds and actions of other men"; Palmer and Perkins: "the totality of a state's effectiveness in world politics"; relative and changing); Part A, population as an element: size (Morgenthau's test; China and India in 1948; India now the most populous country), quality (health, education, skills), age structure and trends, unity and morale, the diaspora (remittances of about 129 billion dollars in 2024), and the burden of numbers; Part B, scientific and technological development: how it multiplies power (industry; weapons; Morgenthau on the machine gun and "total war"; the atomic bombs of August 1945), turns resources into power (uranium in the Belgian Congo; "oil without engineers is almost valueless"), and brings prestige and partnership (India's tests of 1974 and 1998; the South Asia Satellite, 5 May 2017); its limits; Part C, leadership: in war (Frederick the Great; Jena, 1806; the Maginot Line psychology), in government and in diplomacy (Morgenthau's "brains of national power"), and in crisis (Churchill's "blood, toil, tears and sweat", 13 May 1940); the three elements in India; how the three elements combine; a table; a conclusion.
The meaning of national power
National power is a state's capacity to influence or control the behaviour of other states in pursuit of its interests. Hans Morgenthau defined power as "man's control over the minds and actions of other men". Palmer and Perkins applied the word "to the totality of a state's effectiveness in world politics". Power is relative to that of other states, and "subject to continuous change". It rests on many elements. Three of the most important are population, scientific development and leadership.
Part A: Population
1. Size. People supply workers, soldiers, taxpayers and consumers. Morgenthau held that "no country can remain or become a first-rate power which does not belong to the more populous nations of the earth". But size alone is not power. In 1948 China had about 450 million people and India about 400 million, yet neither was the most powerful nation. A UN DESA policy brief has since recorded that "India overtakes China as the world's most populous country".
2. Quality. What counts is the health, education and skill of the people. A healthy, literate and trained population runs factories, laboratories and armed forces efficiently. A poor and unskilled one cannot.
3. Age structure and trends. Morgenthau stressed population trends. A country with many young workers can grow fast, while an ageing or shrinking population weakens a state over time. Planning for jobs, schools and pensions is therefore part of national strategy.
4. Unity and morale. A people united by a sense of nationhood supports its government in crisis. Morgenthau called national morale "the degree of determination with which a nation supports the foreign policies of its government in peace or war".
5. The diaspora. People living abroad link their homeland to the world, send money home and spread its influence. Indians abroad sent home about 129 billion US dollars in 2024, the most of any country.
6. The burden of numbers. If a population grows faster than food, jobs and services, it becomes a weakness. Poverty and unemployment absorb resources and can cause unrest.
Part B: Scientific and technological development
1. It multiplies power. Science turns a nation's people and resources into industrial and military strength. Morgenthau traced how weapons changed: the improved machine gun of the late nineteenth century let one man fire hundreds of rounds in one operation. He concluded that modern technology "has made possible total war". The atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 showed how one scientific advance could transform power overnight.
2. It turns resources into power. Resources mean little without the skill to use them. The Belgian Congo held vast uranium deposits, but without industrial plant it gained no power from them. Palmer and Perkins wrote that "oil without engineers is almost valueless, and so is radio without ideas".
3. It brings prestige and partnership. India's nuclear tests of 1974 and 1998 changed its standing in the world. India launched the South Asia Satellite from Sriharikota on 5 May 2017 for its neighbours' use, turning scientific capacity into regional influence.
4. It is a field of competition. Today the great powers compete in computing, artificial intelligence, space and communications. Control of technology, through patents and export controls, has become a tool of power.
Limits. Technology spreads quickly, so an advantage does not last. It is expensive and depends on education and investment. And technical strength without wise policy can lead to disaster, as the arms races of the twentieth century showed.
Part C: Leadership
1. Military leadership. Morgenthau wrote that the power of Prussia in the eighteenth century "was primarily a reflection of the military genius of Frederick the Great". Twenty years after Frederick's death, Napoleon destroyed the Prussian army at Jena in 1806. The army was as strong as before, but its leaders lacked genius and fought old battles again. Morgenthau also cited the "Maginot Line psychology" of the French General Staff between the wars as faulty strategic thinking.
2. Political leadership. The quality of government decides whether a nation's resources are used well. Palmer and Perkins named leadership in government, in war and in diplomacy as an element of power. A capable government plans, mobilises and wins public support.
3. Diplomatic leadership. Morgenthau placed the quality of diplomacy first among the elements: "the most important, if the most unstable". Diplomacy "is the brains of national power, as national morale is its soul". It combines the other elements and gives them direction.
4. Leadership in crisis. On 13 May 1940 Winston Churchill made his first speech as Prime Minister. He told the House of Commons that he had "nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat". By describing the danger honestly, he stiffened national resistance at Britain's most dangerous moment.
The three elements in India
India shows how the three elements interact. It is now the world's most populous country, with a large young workforce, but its power from numbers depends on improving health, education and skills. Its scientific base has produced nuclear weapons and satellites, and it shares that capacity with its neighbours. Its leaders have used diplomacy to turn these assets into influence, as during its G20 presidency of 2023, when it spoke for the Global South.
How the three elements combine
The three elements depend on one another. A large population becomes power only if it is educated, and education is the basis of scientific development. Science produces strength only if leaders use it wisely. Good leaders, in turn, need a capable people and modern tools. Palmer and Perkins warned that the elements of power "defy statistical calculation", because quality and leadership cannot be counted.
| Element | Adds power through | Limits |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Workers, soldiers, markets, diaspora | Poverty, ageing, division |
| Science and technology | Industry, weapons, prestige | Cost; advantages do not last |
| Leadership | Strategy, mobilisation, diplomacy | Depends on individuals; mistakes are costly |
Conclusion. National power is a state's capacity to influence others, in Morgenthau's words "man's control over the minds and actions of other men". Population supplies the human base of power, if it is healthy, educated and united. Scientific and technological development multiplies that power and turns resources into strength, as nuclear weapons and satellites show. Leadership, military, political and diplomatic, decides how well these elements are used. A state with a large population and advanced science can still fail through poor leadership, as Prussia did at Jena. National power is greatest when all three work together.
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