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B.A. LL.B. (Five Years) Sem 4 Constitutional Law II 2025 Jun (100 marks) Question Paper with Solutions

KSLU Solved Question Papers

Constitutional Law II

Previous Year Question Paper with Solution

B.A. LL.B. (Five Years) · Sem 4

2025 Jun (100 marks) Examination

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Mumbai

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First published on munotes.in on 21 October 2026.

Published by munotes.in, Mumbai.

Model answers written and edited by the munotes.in editorial desk.

Passages from this volume may be quoted, in print, online or by an AI system, with credit: name munotes.in and link to this volume's page. The volume may not be reproduced as a whole. Full terms at munotes.in/content-license.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Karnataka State Law University. It is not affiliated with Karnataka State Law University, and is not endorsed by it.

The University does not publish an official answer key for this paper. The answers in this volume are model answers, written to show how a full-mark answer is built. They are a study aid, not an authority on what an examiner marked.

The question paper reproduced here is the paper as set by Karnataka State Law University at the 2025 Jun (100 marks) examination.

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Contents

The questions below are the paper as Karnataka State Law University set it at the 2025 Jun (100 marks) examination, in the order it was set.

MarksPage

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MarksPage

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The Paper as Set

The questions in this volume are the questions asked at the 2025 Jun (100 marks) examination, reproduced as Karnataka State Law University set them, in the order it set them. Long reading passages are shortened to their first and last lines and our summary; the original paper prints them in full. Only the answers are ours. See the original question paper.

Duration 3 hours  ·  Total marks 100  ·  13 questions answered

How to use this volume

Solve the paper first, under exam conditions and against the clock. Then read the answers here and mark your own. Reading a solution before attempting the question feels productive and teaches very little, because recognising an answer is not the same as being able to write one.

Read the original question paper

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Q1What is a Bill ? Discuss the various kinds of Bills and the corresponding procedures in passing them by the Parliament.[16]

Answer

For full marks, cover: meaning of a Bill and how it differs from an Act; the two classifications (by sponsor and by content); the procedure for an ordinary Bill through its stages (article 107); deadlock and the joint sitting (article 108); money Bills (articles 109 and 110) with the Speaker's certificate and its review (Mohd. Saeed Siddiqui, the Aadhaar case, Rojer Mathew); the two kinds of financial Bills (article 117); constitutional amendment Bills (article 368); the President's assent (article 111) and the vetoes; a comparison table; a conclusion.

What is a Bill

A Bill is a draft of a proposed law placed before the legislature. It becomes an Act only after both Houses pass it and the President gives his assent. Until then it has no legal force. Parliament makes laws only through Bills, and the Constitution sets out different procedures for different kinds of Bills.

Two ways of classifying Bills

By the person who moves it.

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  1. A Government Bill is introduced by a Minister. Most laws are passed this way.
  2. A Private Member's Bill is introduced by a member who is not a Minister. It follows the same stages but gets less time under the rules of each House. A private member cannot introduce a money Bill, because it needs the President's recommendation, which comes only on the Government's advice.

By content. This classification decides the procedure:

  1. ordinary Bills;
  2. money Bills;
  3. financial Bills, of two kinds; and
  4. Constitution amendment Bills.

1. Ordinary Bills (articles 107 and 108)

An ordinary Bill is any Bill that is not a money, financial or amendment Bill. Under article 107(1) it may be introduced in either House. Under article 107(2), it is not passed unless both Houses agree to it, with or without amendments.

Stages in each House.

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  1. First reading. The member seeks leave to introduce the Bill, and it is introduced. It is then published in the Gazette.
  2. Second reading. There is a general discussion on its principles. The Bill may be sent to a Select Committee or a Joint Committee, which studies it clause by clause and reports. The House then considers it clause by clause and votes on amendments.
  3. Third reading. The House passes or rejects the Bill as a whole. Only formal amendments are allowed at this stage.
  4. Other House. The Bill goes to the second House, which goes through the same stages. It may pass it, amend it, or reject it.

Lapse. Prorogation of the Houses does not kill a Bill (article 107(3)). On dissolution of the Lok Sabha, a Bill pending in the Lok Sabha lapses. So does a Bill passed by the Lok Sabha and pending in the Rajya Sabha (article 107(5)). But a Bill that started in the Rajya Sabha and is still pending there does not lapse (article 107(4)).

Deadlock and joint sitting. Under article 108, the President may call a joint sitting of both Houses if:

  1. one House rejects a Bill passed by the other; or
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  1. the Houses finally disagree on amendments; or
  2. more than six months pass after the second House receives the Bill without it being passed.

At a joint sitting the Speaker presides (article 118(4)). The Bill is passed by a majority of the total members of both Houses present and voting. Because the Lok Sabha is much larger, its view usually prevails. Joint sittings have been rare. They were held on the Dowry Prohibition Bill (1961), the Banking Service Commission (Repeal) Bill (1978) and the Prevention of Terrorism Bill (2002).

2. Money Bills (articles 109 and 110)

A money Bill contains only provisions on the matters listed in article 110(1). These are taxation, government borrowing, the Consolidated and Contingency Funds, appropriation, and charged expenditure. They also include receipts and audit of public money, and matters incidental to these.

Procedure.

  1. It can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha, and only on the President's recommendation (articles 109(1) and 117(1)).
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  1. After the Lok Sabha passes it, it goes to the Rajya Sabha with the Speaker's certificate that it is a money Bill.
  2. The Rajya Sabha cannot amend or reject it. It may only make recommendations within fourteen days.
  3. The Lok Sabha may accept or reject any recommendation. If the Rajya Sabha does not return it within fourteen days, it is deemed passed.
  4. There is no joint sitting on a money Bill.
  5. The President may assent or withhold assent, but cannot return it for reconsideration.

The Speaker's certificate. Under article 110(3), the Speaker's decision on whether a Bill is a money Bill "shall be final". The courts have debated whether it can be reviewed.

In Mohd. Saeed Siddiqui v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (2014) 11 SCC 415, a U.P. law extending the Lokayukta's term was passed as a money Bill. The Court held the Speaker's decision final, and the question one of procedure protected by article 212.

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In K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India, (2019) 1 SCC 1, the Aadhaar Act 2016 had been passed as a money Bill. The majority held that judicial review of the certificate is possible in certain cases. It upheld the Act, because its core section 7 dealt with spending from the Consolidated Fund. Justice Chandrachud dissented, holding that misuse of the money Bill route damages bicameralism.

In Rojer Mathew v. South Indian Bank Ltd, decided on 13 November 2019, the Finance Act 2017 had reorganised many tribunals through a money Bill. Five judges doubted the Aadhaar reasoning and referred the scope of article 110 to a larger bench. That reference is still pending.

3. Financial Bills (article 117)

  1. First kind, article 117(1). It contains a money Bill matter along with other matters. Like a money Bill, it can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha on the President's recommendation. After that, it is passed like an ordinary Bill. The Rajya Sabha can amend or reject it, and a joint sitting is possible.
  2. Second kind, article 117(3). It contains no money Bill matter but involves spending from the Consolidated Fund. It may start in either House and is passed like an ordinary Bill. But neither House can pass it unless the President has recommended its consideration.
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4. Constitution amendment Bills (article 368)

An amendment Bill may be introduced in either House. Each House must pass it separately by a majority of its total membership and two-thirds of those present and voting. There is no joint sitting. Bills affecting the federal provisions also need ratification by half the State Legislatures. The President must then give his assent.

Assent of the President (article 111)

When a Bill reaches the President, he may:

  1. give assent, and the Bill becomes an Act;
  2. withhold assent, and the Bill dies (an absolute veto); or
  3. return it for reconsideration, if it is not a money Bill (a suspensive veto). If the Houses pass it again, with or without changes, he must assent.

Article 111 fixes no time limit. President Zail Singh used this silence in 1986 on the Indian Post Office (Amendment) Bill, which is often called a pocket veto. On State Bills reserved for him under article 201, the advisory opinion In re Assent, Withholding or Reservation of Bills by the Governor and the President, pronounced on 20 November 2025, held that courts cannot fix timelines for the President's decision.

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PointOrdinary BillMoney BillFinancial Bill (117(1))Amendment Bill
Introduced inEither HouseLok Sabha onlyLok Sabha onlyEither House
President's recommendationNot neededNeededNeededNot needed
Rajya Sabha's powerFullRecommend in 14 daysFullFull
Joint sittingPossibleNoPossibleNo
MajoritySimpleSimpleSimpleSpecial
President may returnYes, onceNoYes, onceNo, must assent

Conclusion. A Bill is a proposed law that becomes an Act after passage by both Houses and the President's assent. Ordinary Bills need the agreement of both Houses, with a joint sitting to break a deadlock. Money Bills start only in the Lok Sabha, and the Rajya Sabha can only recommend. Financial Bills mix both procedures, and amendment Bills need a special majority in each House. The money Bill route is powerful because it bypasses the Rajya Sabha. That is why the reviewability of the Speaker's certificate, open since Rojer Mathew, matters so much. These different procedures balance speed in financial matters with careful scrutiny of other laws.

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