KSLU Solved Question Papers
Economics II (Hons)
Previous Year Question Paper with Solution
B.A. LL.B. (Five Years) · Sem 3
2023 Mar Examination
munotes.in
Mumbai
B.A. LL.B. (Five Years) Sem 3 Economics II (Hons) 2023 Mar Question Paper with Solutions
First published on munotes.in on 2 November 2026.
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The question paper reproduced here is the paper as set by Karnataka State Law University at the 2023 Mar examination.
Contents
The questions below are the paper as Karnataka State Law University set it at the 2023 Mar examination, in the order it was set.
MarksPage
The Paper as Set
The questions in this volume are the questions asked at the 2023 Mar examination, reproduced as Karnataka State Law University set them, in the order it set them. Long reading passages are shortened to their first and last lines and our summary; the original paper prints them in full. Only the answers are ours. See the original question paper.
Duration 2½ hours · Total marks 70 · 12 questions answered
How to use this volume
Solve the paper first, under exam conditions and against the clock. Then read the answers here and mark your own. Reading a solution before attempting the question feels productive and teaches very little, because recognising an answer is not the same as being able to write one.
Q1What is economic development ? Explain the indications of economic development.[10]
Answer
For full marks, cover: a definition of economic development and how it differs from economic growth; the indicators, each with its merit, its limit and India's current figure: national income, income per head, structural change in employment, poverty measures, inequality, the Physical Quality of Life Index (Morris, 1979), the Human Development Index, social indicators (literacy, life expectancy, infant mortality) and indicators of sustainability; why no single indicator is enough; and a conclusion.
Definition
Economic development is a sustained rise in the real income per head of a country. It comes together with a better quality of life for its people and a change in the structure of its economy. It means more income, but also less poverty, better health and education, more productive jobs and a fairer share of the gains.
Growth and development differ. Economic growth is a rise in real national output, a quantitative change measured by the growth of GDP. Development is wider and qualitative. A country can grow without developing, if the gains go to a few or if health and schooling do not improve. Development without growth is hard to sustain, because growth pays for schools, hospitals and jobs.
Indicators of economic development
1. National income (GDP or GNP). The total real output of the economy. India's real GDP grew by 7.7 per cent in 2025-26 on the Provisional Estimates. Limit: it ignores population size and the distribution of income.
2. Income per head. National income divided by population, usually compared at purchasing power parity. It is the most common single indicator. Limit: an average can hide wide inequality, and in India every per capita figure since 2011 uses a projected population.
3. Structural change in employment. Development moves workers from agriculture to industry and services. In India agriculture still employs about 42.4 per cent of workers while producing, with mining, about 18 per cent of value added. A falling farm share of jobs is a sign of development.
4. Poverty. The share of people below a poverty line. On the World Bank's 3.00 dollar line, extreme poverty in India was 5.3 per cent in 2022-23. NITI Aayog's multidimensional poverty index counts deprivations in health, education and living standards. It fell from 55.3 per cent in 2005-06 to an estimated 11.28 per cent in 2022-23.
5. Inequality. Measures such as the Gini coefficient show how evenly income or consumption is shared. Rising income with rising inequality is weaker development.
6. The Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI). M.D. Morris proposed it in Measuring the Condition of the World's Poor (1979). It gives equal weight to three items: basic literacy, infant mortality and life expectancy at age one. It measures results for people rather than income. Limit: infant mortality and life expectancy overlap, so one factor is counted twice in effect.
7. The Human Development Index (HDI). Published by the United Nations Development Programme, it combines a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living. The Human Development Report 2025 ranks India 130 of 193 countries, with an HDI of 0.685. It also shows that inequality reduces India's HDI by 30.7 per cent.
8. Social indicators. Single measures of well-being are also used.
| Indicator | India |
|---|---|
| Literacy rate (Census) | 18.3 per cent in 1951, 73.0 per cent in 2011 |
| Life expectancy at birth (2019-23) | 70.3 years |
| Infant mortality (per thousand live births) | 40 in 2013, 25 in 2023 |
| Total fertility rate | 2.3 in 2013, 1.9 in 2023 |
9. Indicators of sustainability. Output that destroys forests, water and clean air reduces future welfare. "Green GDP" adjusts national income for the depletion and degradation of natural resources. India does not publish a single official Green GDP figure. In 2011 the Ministry of Statistics set up an expert group under Professor Partha Dasgupta to develop environmental accounts. The group recommended building them in phases, and the Ministry's EnviStats publications follow that path.
Why no single indicator is enough
Each indicator captures one side of development. Income per head measures means, not results. The PQLI and HDI measure results but leave out freedom, security and the environment. Poverty and inequality measures show distribution but not the size of the economy. So development is judged by a set of indicators read together.
Conclusion. Economic development is a sustained rise in real income per head together with a better quality of life and a changing structure of the economy. It is wider than growth, which is a rise in output alone. Its indicators are national income, income per head, the shift of workers out of agriculture, poverty and inequality, and the composite PQLI and HDI. Social indicators such as literacy, life expectancy and infant mortality, and measures of sustainability, complete the set. India's figures show fast growth and better social results. Its HDI rank of 130 shows how far development still has to go.
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