KSLU Solved Question Papers
Political Science (Theory and Thought)
Previous Year Question Paper with Solution
B.A. LL.B. (Five Years) · Sem 1
2019 Jun Examination
munotes.in
Mumbai
B.A. LL.B. (Five Years) Sem 1 Political Science (Theory and Thought) 2019 Jun Question Paper with Solutions
First published on munotes.in on 21 October 2026.
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The question paper reproduced here is the paper as set by Karnataka State Law University at the 2019 Jun examination.
Contents
The questions below are the paper as Karnataka State Law University set it at the 2019 Jun examination, in the order it was set.
MarksPage
MarksPage
The Paper as Set
The questions in this volume are the questions asked at the 2019 Jun examination, reproduced as Karnataka State Law University set them, in the order it set them. Long reading passages are shortened to their first and last lines and our summary; the original paper prints them in full. Only the answers are ours. See the original question paper.
Duration 3 hours · Total marks 80 · 20 questions answered
Instructions printed on the paper
- N.B. (1) Answer all five Units. (2) One essay type question and short note is compulsory from each Unit. (3) Figures to the right indicate marks. (4) Answer should be written in English/Kannada completely.
How to use this volume
Solve the paper first, under exam conditions and against the clock. Then read the answers here and mark your own. Reading a solution before attempting the question feels productive and teaches very little, because recognising an answer is not the same as being able to write one.
Q1
Unit I
(a)What is State ? How state is different from Government and Associations ?[10]
Answer
For full marks, cover: the meaning of the state with Garner's definition and its four elements; the state and government, with Garner's words, eight points of difference and Laski's warning; the state and associations, with the monist and pluralist views and five points of difference; Indian illustrations; and a conclusion.
What is the state?
The state is a people, permanently living on a definite territory, organised under a government, and free from outside control. Garner's definition: "a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, independent of external control and possessing an organized government to which the great body of inhabitants render habitual obedience." Its four elements are population, territory, government and sovereignty.
A. The state and government
Garner states the distinction: "the state is a sovereign community, politically organized for the promotion of common ends and the satisfaction of common needs, while the government is the collective name for the agency, magistracy, or organization, through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed, and realized."
He gives a comparison: "The government is an essential element or mark of the state, but it is no more the state itself than the brain of an animal is itself the animal, or the board of directors of a corporation is itself the corporation." The saying attributed to Louis XIV, "L'etat, c'est moi" (I am the state), is exactly what the distinction denies.
Points of difference
- Whole and part. The state includes all four elements; government is only one of them.
- Abstract and concrete. The state cannot be seen as a single thing. A government can: ministers, legislators, civil servants and judges.
- Permanent and temporary. Garner: "States possess the quality of permanence. Governments, on the contrary, are not immortal". France changed from monarchy to republic to empire and back several times, while the state continued.
- Original and derived power. Governments "possess no sovereignty, no original unlimited authority, but only derivative power delegated by the state through its constitution."
- Sovereign and agent. The state is sovereign; the government exercises its powers on its behalf and within limits.
- One state, many governments. India is one state with a Union government and a government in each State.
- One essence, many forms. Every state has the same four elements; governments take many forms, such as parliamentary or presidential, unitary or federal.
- Loyalty and opposition. A citizen owes allegiance to the state, but may oppose and vote out the government.
Laski's warning. The state can act only through people, and those people are the government. Laski wrote that "as a source of reference the will of the State is the will of government." So a government cannot claim the reverence due to the state merely by calling its orders the will of the state.
In India. Under article 356, the government of a State may be displaced while the State, its people and its territory remain. And article 19(2) protects the sovereignty and integrity of India, not the popularity of any government.
B. The state and associations
An association is a group of people organised to pursue a common interest, with its own rules and officers. Examples are a trade union, a company, a club, a political party and a religious body.
Two views. In the monist view, the state is the supreme association that contains all others. Garner held that sovereignty "distinguishes the state from all other associations and organizations. Take it away and the state becomes a mere voluntary pact or association." In the pluralist view, Laski treated the state as "an association like others: churches, trade unions, and the rest". He accepted two differences: membership of the state "is compulsory upon all that live within its territorial ambit", and "it can, in the last resort, enforce its obligations upon its subjects".
Points of difference
- Membership: compulsory in the state; voluntary in an association.
- Purpose: general for the state; particular for an association.
- Territory: essential to the state; not needed by an association.
- Sovereignty: the state has it; no association does.
- Force: the state can use physical force; an association can only expel or fine by consent, within the law.
In India. Article 19(1)(c) gives citizens the right "to form associations or unions", subject to reasonable restrictions under article 19(4). Article 26 lets religious denominations manage their own affairs.
| State | Government | Association | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nature | Whole political community | Its machinery | A voluntary group |
| Duration | Permanent | Changes | May dissolve |
| Power | Sovereign, original | Derived | By members' consent |
| Membership | Compulsory | A few office-holders | Voluntary |
Conclusion. The state is a sovereign community of people, territory, government and sovereignty. Government is only one of its elements: concrete, changing and holding derived power. Associations are voluntary groups with particular purposes, existing within the state's law. The state alone is compulsory, territorial and sovereign. Laski's warning reminds us that the state acts only through its government, so a government must not claim the state's authority as a shield.
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