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LL.M. Intellectual Property and Information Technology Semester 3: Notes and Solved Previous Year Question Papers 2026

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  1. Information Technology Cyber Laws

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Information Technology Cyber Laws

    LL.M. · SEMESTER 3

    Strictly as per the University of Mumbai LL.M. syllabus in force, with every provision read from the Act, the Rules and the Gazette as amended to 10-02-2026

    For LL.M. students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in Group 3 Law of Intellectual Property and Information Technology

    Information Technology Cyber Laws

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I

    1. What Information Technology Is 1
    2. How a Computer Holds Information 7
    3. How the Internet Works 12
    4. Cyberspace, and the Trouble with Territory 18
    5. How India Came to Have an Information Technology Act 22
    6. The UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce 28
    7. The Functional Equivalent Approach 34
    8. The Model Law on the Communication of Data Messages 41
    9. The Model Law on Carriage of Goods 48
    10. The UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures 54
    11. How India Enacted the Model Law 62
    12. The Scheme of the Information Technology Act 69
    13. Short Title, Extent and Application 75
    14. The First Schedule: What the Act Does Not Touch 80
    15. The Definitions, Part One: the Machine 85
    16. The Definitions, Part Two: the People and the Transaction 92
    17. The Objects of the Act, and What Each Part Does 99
    18. The Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008 104
    19. What Has Changed Since 2008 110
    20. What Information Security Means 117
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued

    1. Threats, Attacks and How They Work 122
    2. Secure Electronic Records and Secure Signatures 128
    3. Reasonable Security Practices and the SPDI Rules 133
    4. Using the Act in Practice 141

    Module II

    1. What a Signature Does 147
    2. Cryptography for Lawyers 152
    3. The Hash Function and the Hash Value 158
    4. Authentication of Electronic Records: Section 3 163
    5. Electronic Signature and the Second Schedule 168
    6. Legal Recognition of Electronic Records and Signatures 175
    7. Digital Signature Against Electronic Signature 181
    8. The Electronic Signature Certificate 186
    9. Suspension and Revocation of a Certificate 192
    10. The Duties of a Subscriber 198
    11. What Electronic Governance Is 204
    12. Electronic Records in Government: Sections 6 to 9 209
    13. Delivery of Services by a Service Provider 215
    14. E-Governance in Practice: DigiLocker and e-KYC 221
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. The Power to Make Rules on Electronic Signature 227
    2. The Controller of Certifying Authorities 230
    3. The Controller's Powers of Investigation 235
    4. Recognition of Foreign Certifying Authorities 241
    5. Licensing a Certifying Authority 246
    6. Suspension and Revocation of a Licence 253
    7. The Duties of a Certifying Authority 259
    8. The Certifying Authorities Rules in Outline 266
    9. Why Software Is Hard to Protect 271
    10. Copyright in a Computer Programme 277
    11. Who Owns the Software, and For How Long 283
    12. Infringement of Software Copyright, and the Exceptions 289
    13. Software Patents in India 296
    14. Trade Secrets and the Employment Contract 302
    15. Semiconductor Layout Designs 308
    16. Licensing Software: Proprietary and Open Source 314
    17. Software Piracy and Its Enforcement 320

    Module III

    1. Why Compare Cyber Laws 326
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. Three Models of Regulating the Network 332
    2. The United Nations and Cyber Law 338
    3. The Budapest Convention: the Offences 344
    4. The Budapest Convention: Procedure and Co-operation 352
    5. India in Comparison 360
    6. The United States: the Constitutional Frame 366
    7. The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act 372
    8. Section 230 and the American Safe Harbour 378
    9. The DMCA: Notice and Takedown 384
    10. Europe: the e-Commerce Directive 390
    11. The General Data Protection Regulation: the Scheme 397
    12. The GDPR: Rights and the Controller's Duties 405
    13. The GDPR: Transfers and Enforcement 414
    14. eIDAS and Electronic Signatures in Europe 425
    15. The Digital Services Act 433
    16. China: the Cybersecurity Law 444
    17. China: Data Security and Personal Information 454
    18. The Five Systems Side by Side 466
    19. What Cyber Security Means in Law 473
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. CERT-In and Incident Reporting 479
    2. The CERT-In Directions of 2022 487
    3. Protected Systems and Critical Information Infrastructure 494
    4. The National Cyber Security Policy, and After 502
    5. Interception, Monitoring and Decryption 508
    6. Blocking Public Access to Information 517
    7. Monitoring Traffic Data for Cyber Security 526
    8. Encryption and the Law 534
    9. Jurisdiction: the Five Bases 540
    10. The Act Reaching Outside India 545
    11. Civil Jurisdiction Over an Internet Dispute 551
    12. Where an Electronic Contract Is Made 557
    13. Getting Evidence from Abroad 563
    14. Conflicting Orders and the Global Takedown 570
    15. Data Localisation and Cross-Border Data Flows 577

    Module IV

    1. What an Electronic Contract Is 584
    2. Offer and Acceptance Online 590
    3. The Validity of an Electronic Contract: Section 10A 597
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. Attribution of an Electronic Record 603
    2. Acknowledgment of Receipt 610
    3. Enforcing an Electronic Contract 616
    4. Consumer Protection in Electronic Commerce 623
    5. Electronic Payments and Their Law 631
    6. Artificial Intelligence and the 2026 Amendment 638
    7. Deepfakes, Labelling and Provenance 645
    8. Cryptocurrency and Virtual Digital Assets 653
    9. Blockchain and the Smart Contract 661
    10. Cloud Computing and the Internet of Things 668
    11. Privacy After Puttaswamy 675
    12. The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 682
    13. The Data Protection Board and Enforcement 692
    14. Domain Names and Cybersquatting 702
    15. Internet Shutdowns and Access to the Internet 710
    16. What a Cyber Crime Is 717
    17. Penalty and Compensation: Section 43 724
    18. The Residuary Penalties 730
    19. Adjudication Under the Act 737
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. Compounding and Recovery 745
    2. The Appellate Tribunal Today 751
    3. The Cyber Appellate Tribunal, and What Happened to It 759
    4. Appeals to the Tribunal, and Beyond 766
    5. Tampering with Computer Source Documents 773
    6. Computer Related Offences: Section 66 780
    7. Section 66A, and Shreya Singhal 786
    8. Receiving a Stolen Computer Resource, and Identity Theft 794
    9. Cheating by Personation, and Violation of Privacy 799
    10. Obscenity in Electronic Form 807
    11. Material Depicting Children 815
    12. Preservation and Retention by Intermediaries 822
    13. Breach of Confidentiality and Privacy 829
    14. Investigating a Cyber Offence 836
    15. Proving a Cyber Offence: Electronic Evidence 843
    16. The IT Act and the General Penal Law 853
    17. Confiscation, Abetment, Attempt and Companies 862
    18. Compounding, Bail and the Shape of a Prosecution 869
    19. What Cyber Terrorism Is 875
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. Section 66F Broken Down 881
    2. Cyber Terrorism Beside the UAPA and the Sanhita 888
    3. Modes of Cyber Terrorism, and the Response 895
    4. Social Media in Law 902
    5. Intermediary Liability and the Safe Harbour 912
    6. The Code of Ethics and the Three-Tier Mechanism 921
    7. Crimes Committed Through Social Media 930
    8. Non-Consensual Images, Morphing and Revenge Pornography 937
    9. Fake News, Misinformation and the Fact Check Unit 943
    10. Grievance Redress and Reporting a Cyber Crime 950
    11. The Closing Provisions of the Act 956
    12. Cyber Cafes as a Worked Example of Due Diligence 964
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    972 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 972 pages.
    Papers
    Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2025, 2026
    Every chapter in the notes: 143 chapters across 4 modules

    Module I 24 chapters

    1. 1 What Information Technology Is pages 1 to 6
    2. 2 How a Computer Holds Information pages 7 to 11
    3. 3 How the Internet Works pages 12 to 17
    4. 4 Cyberspace, and the Trouble with Territory pages 18 to 21
    5. 5 How India Came to Have an Information Technology Act pages 22 to 27
    6. 6 The UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce pages 28 to 33
    7. 7 The Functional Equivalent Approach pages 34 to 40
    8. 8 The Model Law on the Communication of Data Messages pages 41 to 47
    9. 9 The Model Law on Carriage of Goods pages 48 to 53
    10. 10 The UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures pages 54 to 61
    11. 11 How India Enacted the Model Law pages 62 to 68
    12. 12 The Scheme of the Information Technology Act pages 69 to 74
    13. 13 Short Title, Extent and Application pages 75 to 79
    14. 14 The First Schedule: What the Act Does Not Touch pages 80 to 84
    15. 15 The Definitions, Part One: the Machine pages 85 to 91
    16. 16 The Definitions, Part Two: the People and the Transaction pages 92 to 98
    17. 17 The Objects of the Act, and What Each Part Does pages 99 to 103
    18. 18 The Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008 pages 104 to 109
    19. 19 What Has Changed Since 2008 pages 110 to 116
    20. 20 What Information Security Means pages 117 to 121
    21. 21 Threats, Attacks and How They Work pages 122 to 127
    22. 22 Secure Electronic Records and Secure Signatures pages 128 to 132
    23. 23 Reasonable Security Practices and the SPDI Rules pages 133 to 140
    24. 24 Using the Act in Practice pages 141 to 146

    Module II 31 chapters

    1. 25 What a Signature Does pages 147 to 151
    2. 26 Cryptography for Lawyers pages 152 to 157
    3. 27 The Hash Function and the Hash Value pages 158 to 162
    4. 28 Authentication of Electronic Records: Section 3 pages 163 to 167
    5. 29 Electronic Signature and the Second Schedule pages 168 to 174
    6. 30 Legal Recognition of Electronic Records and Signatures pages 175 to 180
    7. 31 Digital Signature Against Electronic Signature pages 181 to 185
    8. 32 The Electronic Signature Certificate pages 186 to 191
    9. 33 Suspension and Revocation of a Certificate pages 192 to 197
    10. 34 The Duties of a Subscriber pages 198 to 203
    11. 35 What Electronic Governance Is pages 204 to 208
    12. 36 Electronic Records in Government: Sections 6 to 9 pages 209 to 214
    13. 37 Delivery of Services by a Service Provider pages 215 to 220
    14. 38 E-Governance in Practice: DigiLocker and e-KYC pages 221 to 226
    15. 39 The Power to Make Rules on Electronic Signature pages 227 to 229
    16. 40 The Controller of Certifying Authorities pages 230 to 234
    17. 41 The Controller's Powers of Investigation pages 235 to 240
    18. 42 Recognition of Foreign Certifying Authorities pages 241 to 245
    19. 43 Licensing a Certifying Authority pages 246 to 252
    20. 44 Suspension and Revocation of a Licence pages 253 to 258
    21. 45 The Duties of a Certifying Authority pages 259 to 265
    22. 46 The Certifying Authorities Rules in Outline pages 266 to 270
    23. 47 Why Software Is Hard to Protect pages 271 to 276
    24. 48 Copyright in a Computer Programme pages 277 to 282
    25. 49 Who Owns the Software, and For How Long pages 283 to 288
    26. 50 Infringement of Software Copyright, and the Exceptions pages 289 to 295
    27. 51 Software Patents in India pages 296 to 301
    28. 52 Trade Secrets and the Employment Contract pages 302 to 307
    29. 53 Semiconductor Layout Designs pages 308 to 313
    30. 54 Licensing Software: Proprietary and Open Source pages 314 to 319
    31. 55 Software Piracy and Its Enforcement pages 320 to 325

    Module III 35 chapters

    1. 56 Why Compare Cyber Laws pages 326 to 331
    2. 57 Three Models of Regulating the Network pages 332 to 337
    3. 58 The United Nations and Cyber Law pages 338 to 343
    4. 59 The Budapest Convention: the Offences pages 344 to 351
    5. 60 The Budapest Convention: Procedure and Co-operation pages 352 to 359
    6. 61 India in Comparison pages 360 to 365
    7. 62 The United States: the Constitutional Frame pages 366 to 371
    8. 63 The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act pages 372 to 377
    9. 64 Section 230 and the American Safe Harbour pages 378 to 383
    10. 65 The DMCA: Notice and Takedown pages 384 to 389
    11. 66 Europe: the e-Commerce Directive pages 390 to 396
    12. 67 The General Data Protection Regulation: the Scheme pages 397 to 404
    13. 68 The GDPR: Rights and the Controller's Duties pages 405 to 413
    14. 69 The GDPR: Transfers and Enforcement pages 414 to 424
    15. 70 eIDAS and Electronic Signatures in Europe pages 425 to 432
    16. 71 The Digital Services Act pages 433 to 443
    17. 72 China: the Cybersecurity Law pages 444 to 453
    18. 73 China: Data Security and Personal Information pages 454 to 465
    19. 74 The Five Systems Side by Side pages 466 to 472
    20. 75 What Cyber Security Means in Law pages 473 to 478
    21. 76 CERT-In and Incident Reporting pages 479 to 486
    22. 77 The CERT-In Directions of 2022 pages 487 to 493
    23. 78 Protected Systems and Critical Information Infrastructure pages 494 to 501
    24. 79 The National Cyber Security Policy, and After pages 502 to 507
    25. 80 Interception, Monitoring and Decryption pages 508 to 516
    26. 81 Blocking Public Access to Information pages 517 to 525
    27. 82 Monitoring Traffic Data for Cyber Security pages 526 to 533
    28. 83 Encryption and the Law pages 534 to 539
    29. 84 Jurisdiction: the Five Bases pages 540 to 544
    30. 85 The Act Reaching Outside India pages 545 to 550
    31. 86 Civil Jurisdiction Over an Internet Dispute pages 551 to 556
    32. 87 Where an Electronic Contract Is Made pages 557 to 562
    33. 88 Getting Evidence from Abroad pages 563 to 569
    34. 89 Conflicting Orders and the Global Takedown pages 570 to 576
    35. 90 Data Localisation and Cross-Border Data Flows pages 577 to 583

    Module IV 53 chapters

    1. 91 What an Electronic Contract Is pages 584 to 589
    2. 92 Offer and Acceptance Online pages 590 to 596
    3. 93 The Validity of an Electronic Contract: Section 10A pages 597 to 602
    4. 94 Attribution of an Electronic Record pages 603 to 609
    5. 95 Acknowledgment of Receipt pages 610 to 615
    6. 96 Enforcing an Electronic Contract pages 616 to 622
    7. 97 Consumer Protection in Electronic Commerce pages 623 to 630
    8. 98 Electronic Payments and Their Law pages 631 to 637
    9. 99 Artificial Intelligence and the 2026 Amendment pages 638 to 644
    10. 100 Deepfakes, Labelling and Provenance pages 645 to 652
    11. 101 Cryptocurrency and Virtual Digital Assets pages 653 to 660
    12. 102 Blockchain and the Smart Contract pages 661 to 667
    13. 103 Cloud Computing and the Internet of Things pages 668 to 674
    14. 104 Privacy After Puttaswamy pages 675 to 681
    15. 105 The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 pages 682 to 691
    16. 106 The Data Protection Board and Enforcement pages 692 to 701
    17. 107 Domain Names and Cybersquatting pages 702 to 709
    18. 108 Internet Shutdowns and Access to the Internet pages 710 to 716
    19. 109 What a Cyber Crime Is pages 717 to 723
    20. 110 Penalty and Compensation: Section 43 pages 724 to 729
    21. 111 The Residuary Penalties pages 730 to 736
    22. 112 Adjudication Under the Act pages 737 to 744
    23. 113 Compounding and Recovery pages 745 to 750
    24. 114 The Appellate Tribunal Today pages 751 to 758
    25. 115 The Cyber Appellate Tribunal, and What Happened to It pages 759 to 765
    26. 116 Appeals to the Tribunal, and Beyond pages 766 to 772
    27. 117 Tampering with Computer Source Documents pages 773 to 779
    28. 118 Computer Related Offences: Section 66 pages 780 to 785
    29. 119 Section 66A, and Shreya Singhal pages 786 to 793
    30. 120 Receiving a Stolen Computer Resource, and Identity Theft pages 794 to 798
    31. 121 Cheating by Personation, and Violation of Privacy pages 799 to 806
    32. 122 Obscenity in Electronic Form pages 807 to 814
    33. 123 Material Depicting Children pages 815 to 821
    34. 124 Preservation and Retention by Intermediaries pages 822 to 828
    35. 125 Breach of Confidentiality and Privacy pages 829 to 835
    36. 126 Investigating a Cyber Offence pages 836 to 842
    37. 127 Proving a Cyber Offence: Electronic Evidence pages 843 to 852
    38. 128 The IT Act and the General Penal Law pages 853 to 861
    39. 129 Confiscation, Abetment, Attempt and Companies pages 862 to 868
    40. 130 Compounding, Bail and the Shape of a Prosecution pages 869 to 874
    41. 131 What Cyber Terrorism Is pages 875 to 880
    42. 132 Section 66F Broken Down pages 881 to 887
    43. 133 Cyber Terrorism Beside the UAPA and the Sanhita pages 888 to 894
    44. 134 Modes of Cyber Terrorism, and the Response pages 895 to 901
    45. 135 Social Media in Law pages 902 to 911
    46. 136 Intermediary Liability and the Safe Harbour pages 912 to 920
    47. 137 The Code of Ethics and the Three-Tier Mechanism pages 921 to 929
    48. 138 Crimes Committed Through Social Media pages 930 to 936
    49. 139 Non-Consensual Images, Morphing and Revenge Pornography pages 937 to 942
    50. 140 Fake News, Misinformation and the Fact Check Unit pages 943 to 949
    51. 141 Grievance Redress and Reporting a Cyber Crime pages 950 to 955
    52. 142 The Closing Provisions of the Act pages 956 to 963
    53. 143 Cyber Cafes as a Worked Example of Due Diligence pages 964 to 972
    Every paper that is solved: 6 papers
    • 2025-26
    • 2024-25
    • 2019
    • 2018
    • 2016
    • 2015

  2. Law of Industrial Designs GI Layout Designs Data Protection and Trade Secrets

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Law of Industrial Designs GI Layout Designs Data Protection and Trade Secrets

    LL.M. · SEMESTER 3

    Strictly as per the University of Mumbai LL.M. syllabus in force, with every section read from the Act as amended and every commencement read from the Gazette

    For LL.M. students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in Group 3 Law of Intellectual Property and Information Technology

    Law of Industrial Designs GI Layout Designs Data Protection and Trade Secrets

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I

    1. What an Industrial Design Is 1
    2. Why Design Law Exists at All 5
    3. How Design Law Came to India 8
    4. Designs in the International System 12
    5. The Definitions the Act Turns On 17
    6. Design, Patent, Copyright and Trade Mark 22
    7. Novelty and Originality 26
    8. Publication, and How It Destroys Novelty 31
    9. Designs That May Not Be Registered 35
    10. The Controller and the Designs Office 38
    11. Applying to Register a Design 41
    12. Publication of Particulars, Substitution and the Certificate 45
    13. The Register of Designs 48
    14. Copyright in a Registered Design, and How Long It Lasts 51
    15. Lapse and Restoration of a Lapsed Design 55
    16. Marking an Article Before It Is Sold 59
    17. Inspection, Information and the Secrecy of an Application 62
    18. Cancellation of Registration 66
    19. Appeals to the High Court 70
    20. Correcting the Register: Errors, Assignments and Rectification 73
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued

    1. Piracy of a Registered Design 78
    2. The Remedies for Piracy 83
    3. Passing Off Alongside a Registered Design 87
    4. The Copyright Overlap: Section 15(2) of the Copyright Act 92
    5. Designs, the Government and the Security of India 96
    6. The Controller's Powers, Discretion and Evidence 100
    7. Agents, Service by Post, Disability and Restrictive Conditions 104
    8. Patents Act Provisions Applied to Designs, Fees, Rules and the Report to Parliament 109
    9. Convention Applications and Reciprocity 113
    10. Protecting a Design Outside India 117

    Module II

    1. What a Geographical Indication Is 121
    2. Why a Place Can Be a Badge of Quality 126
    3. Indication of Source, Appellation of Origin and Geographical Indication 129
    4. The International Framework Before TRIPS 133
    5. TRIPS Articles 22, 23 and 24 137
    6. Why India Legislated: Darjeeling, Basmati and Turmeric 143
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. The Scheme of the Act, and the Definitions It Turns On 148
    2. The Registrar and the Geographical Indications Registry 153
    3. The Register, Part A and Part B 156
    4. Geographical Indications That May Not Be Registered 160
    5. Homonymous Geographical Indications 164
    6. Applying to Register a Geographical Indication 168
    7. Advertisement, Opposition and Correction 173
    8. Registration, the Certificate and the Date It Runs From 177
    9. Authorised Users 181
    10. Duration, Renewal, Removal and Restoration 185
    11. The Rights Registration Confers 190
    12. What Infringes a Registered Geographical Indication 194
    13. A Geographical Indication Cannot Be Assigned 199
    14. Geographical Indications and Trade Marks 203
    15. Rectification, Cancellation and Correction of the Register 209
    16. Appeals, and the End of the Appellate Board 214
    17. What It Means to Apply a Geographical Indication to Goods 219
    18. The Offences Under the Act 223
    19. Adjudication of Penalties After the Jan Vishwas Act 229
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. Defences, Forfeiture and Criminal Procedure 233
    2. The Suit, the Court and the Relief 240
    3. Passing Off, and the Unregistered Geographical Indication 246
    4. The Registrar's Powers, Evidence and Procedure 251
    5. Evidence of the Register, Certificates of Validity and Origin Marking 255
    6. The Remaining Provisions 260
    7. What Registration Has Actually Achieved in India 266

    Module III

    1. What an Integrated Circuit Is 270
    2. MU's Phrase Integrated Designs, and the Words the Act Uses 274
    3. Why Layout-Designs Needed a Law of Their Own 277
    4. The Mechanisms Considered, and Why Each Was Rejected 281
    5. The Washington Treaty of 1989, and Why It Is Not in Force 285
    6. TRIPS Articles 35 to 38 290
    7. National Legislations Compared 295
    8. The Scheme of the Indian Act, and When It Came Into Force 299
    9. The Registrar and the Layout-Design Registry 304
    10. The Register of Layout-Designs 308
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. Layout-Designs That May Not Be Registered 312
    2. Applying to Register a Layout-Design 317
    3. Opposition, Correction and Registration 322
    4. Jointly Owned Layout-Designs 326
    5. Ten Years, and the Two Dates It Can Run From 330
    6. The Rights Registration Confers, and What Infringes 334
    7. Assignment, Transmission and the Change of Proprietor 341
    8. Registered Users 346
    9. Rectification and Correction of the Register 353
    10. The Layout-Design Appellate Board, and Why It Does Not Exist 358
    11. Compulsory Licensing, and What Section 40 Actually Does 366
    12. Appeals, the Board's Procedure and the Bar of Jurisdiction 372
    13. The Offences Under the Act 378
    14. Defences, Forfeiture, Companies and Criminal Procedure 384
    15. The Security of India, Good Faith and the Implied Warranty 390
    16. The Registrar's Powers, Evidence and Preliminary Advice 395
    17. Evidence, Agents and the Remaining Provisions 400
    18. Convention Countries, Reciprocity and the Rules 407
    19. A Statute That Has Almost Never Been Used 414
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV

    1. The Two Halves of This Module 424
    2. What a Trade Secret Is, and What Confidential Information Is 429
    3. Saltman and the Birth of the Modern Action 434
    4. Coco v A N Clark: The Three Elements 439
    5. The First Element: The Quality of Confidence 443
    6. The Second Element: Circumstances Importing an Obligation 447
    7. The Third Element: Unauthorised Use, and Whether Detriment Is Needed 452
    8. The Springboard Doctrine 456
    9. Employees, Ex-Employees and the Duty of Good Faith 461
    10. Section 27 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 466
    11. Restraints During Employment and After It 471
    12. Customer Lists and the Departing Employee 476
    13. How to Protect a Trade Secret in Practice 481
    14. Remedies for Breach of Confidence 486
    15. Trade Secrets and Patents 491
    16. Trade Secrets and Copyright 496
    17. Protecting Undisclosed Information 501
    18. Undisclosed Information: Terminology, Definition and Scope 506
    19. TRIPS Article 39 and the International Obligation 511
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. Article 39.3 and the Protection of Regulatory Test Data 516
    2. National Legislation Compared: The United States, Europe and China 521
    3. The Law Commission's Report No. 289 and the Bill of 2024 527
    4. What Data Protection Is, and How It Differs From Confidentiality 535
    5. Privacy as a Fundamental Right: Puttaswamy 540
    6. The United Kingdom's Data Protection Act 1998 545
    7. The European Scheme and the General Data Protection Regulation 551
    8. Indian Data Protection Before the Act 557
    9. The Road to the Act: Srikrishna and Three Bills 564
    10. The Scheme of the Act, and What Is Actually in Force 570
    11. The Definitions the Act Turns On 576
    12. Where the Act Applies, and Where It Does Not 581
    13. The Grounds for Processing, and the Notice 586
    14. Consent, Its Withdrawal, and the Consent Manager 591
    15. Certain Legitimate Uses 597
    16. The General Obligations of a Data Fiduciary 603
    17. Children and Persons With a Disability 609
    18. Significant Data Fiduciaries 614
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. The Rights of a Data Principal 619
    2. The Duties of a Data Principal 625
    3. Transfer Outside India, and the Exemptions 630
    4. The Data Protection Board of India 637
    5. The Board's Powers, and the Procedure on a Complaint 643
    6. Appeal, Mediation and the Voluntary Undertaking 649
    7. Penalties, and the Schedule That Fixes Them 654
    8. Government Powers, Consistency and the Bar of Jurisdiction 659
    9. The Rule-Making Power, Laying and the Power to Amend the Schedule 665
    10. The Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025 671
    11. What the Act Does to the Right to Information Act and the Information Technology Act 682
    12. The Two Halves Together 688
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    693 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 693 pages.
    Papers
    Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2025, 2026
    Every chapter in the notes: 140 chapters across 4 modules

    Module I 30 chapters

    1. 1 What an Industrial Design Is pages 1 to 4
    2. 2 Why Design Law Exists at All pages 5 to 7
    3. 3 How Design Law Came to India pages 8 to 11
    4. 4 Designs in the International System pages 12 to 16
    5. 5 The Definitions the Act Turns On pages 17 to 21
    6. 6 Design, Patent, Copyright and Trade Mark pages 22 to 25
    7. 7 Novelty and Originality pages 26 to 30
    8. 8 Publication, and How It Destroys Novelty pages 31 to 34
    9. 9 Designs That May Not Be Registered pages 35 to 37
    10. 10 The Controller and the Designs Office pages 38 to 40
    11. 11 Applying to Register a Design pages 41 to 44
    12. 12 Publication of Particulars, Substitution and the Certificate pages 45 to 47
    13. 13 The Register of Designs pages 48 to 50
    14. 14 Copyright in a Registered Design, and How Long It Lasts pages 51 to 54
    15. 15 Lapse and Restoration of a Lapsed Design pages 55 to 58
    16. 16 Marking an Article Before It Is Sold pages 59 to 61
    17. 17 Inspection, Information and the Secrecy of an Application pages 62 to 65
    18. 18 Cancellation of Registration pages 66 to 69
    19. 19 Appeals to the High Court pages 70 to 72
    20. 20 Correcting the Register: Errors, Assignments and Rectification pages 73 to 77
    21. 21 Piracy of a Registered Design pages 78 to 82
    22. 22 The Remedies for Piracy pages 83 to 86
    23. 23 Passing Off Alongside a Registered Design pages 87 to 91
    24. 24 The Copyright Overlap: Section 15(2) of the Copyright Act pages 92 to 95
    25. 25 Designs, the Government and the Security of India pages 96 to 99
    26. 26 The Controller's Powers, Discretion and Evidence pages 100 to 103
    27. 27 Agents, Service by Post, Disability and Restrictive Conditions pages 104 to 108
    28. 28 Patents Act Provisions Applied to Designs, Fees, Rules and the Report to Parliament pages 109 to 112
    29. 29 Convention Applications and Reciprocity pages 113 to 116
    30. 30 Protecting a Design Outside India pages 117 to 120

    Module II 32 chapters

    1. 31 What a Geographical Indication Is pages 121 to 125
    2. 32 Why a Place Can Be a Badge of Quality pages 126 to 128
    3. 33 Indication of Source, Appellation of Origin and Geographical Indication pages 129 to 132
    4. 34 The International Framework Before TRIPS pages 133 to 136
    5. 35 TRIPS Articles 22, 23 and 24 pages 137 to 142
    6. 36 Why India Legislated: Darjeeling, Basmati and Turmeric pages 143 to 147
    7. 37 The Scheme of the Act, and the Definitions It Turns On pages 148 to 152
    8. 38 The Registrar and the Geographical Indications Registry pages 153 to 155
    9. 39 The Register, Part A and Part B pages 156 to 159
    10. 40 Geographical Indications That May Not Be Registered pages 160 to 163
    11. 41 Homonymous Geographical Indications pages 164 to 167
    12. 42 Applying to Register a Geographical Indication pages 168 to 172
    13. 43 Advertisement, Opposition and Correction pages 173 to 176
    14. 44 Registration, the Certificate and the Date It Runs From pages 177 to 180
    15. 45 Authorised Users pages 181 to 184
    16. 46 Duration, Renewal, Removal and Restoration pages 185 to 189
    17. 47 The Rights Registration Confers pages 190 to 193
    18. 48 What Infringes a Registered Geographical Indication pages 194 to 198
    19. 49 A Geographical Indication Cannot Be Assigned pages 199 to 202
    20. 50 Geographical Indications and Trade Marks pages 203 to 208
    21. 51 Rectification, Cancellation and Correction of the Register pages 209 to 213
    22. 52 Appeals, and the End of the Appellate Board pages 214 to 218
    23. 53 What It Means to Apply a Geographical Indication to Goods pages 219 to 222
    24. 54 The Offences Under the Act pages 223 to 228
    25. 55 Adjudication of Penalties After the Jan Vishwas Act pages 229 to 232
    26. 56 Defences, Forfeiture and Criminal Procedure pages 233 to 239
    27. 57 The Suit, the Court and the Relief pages 240 to 245
    28. 58 Passing Off, and the Unregistered Geographical Indication pages 246 to 250
    29. 59 The Registrar's Powers, Evidence and Procedure pages 251 to 254
    30. 60 Evidence of the Register, Certificates of Validity and Origin Marking pages 255 to 259
    31. 61 The Remaining Provisions pages 260 to 265
    32. 62 What Registration Has Actually Achieved in India pages 266 to 269

    Module III 29 chapters

    1. 63 What an Integrated Circuit Is pages 270 to 273
    2. 64 MU's Phrase Integrated Designs, and the Words the Act Uses pages 274 to 276
    3. 65 Why Layout-Designs Needed a Law of Their Own pages 277 to 280
    4. 66 The Mechanisms Considered, and Why Each Was Rejected pages 281 to 284
    5. 67 The Washington Treaty of 1989, and Why It Is Not in Force pages 285 to 289
    6. 68 TRIPS Articles 35 to 38 pages 290 to 294
    7. 69 National Legislations Compared pages 295 to 298
    8. 70 The Scheme of the Indian Act, and When It Came Into Force pages 299 to 303
    9. 71 The Registrar and the Layout-Design Registry pages 304 to 307
    10. 72 The Register of Layout-Designs pages 308 to 311
    11. 73 Layout-Designs That May Not Be Registered pages 312 to 316
    12. 74 Applying to Register a Layout-Design pages 317 to 321
    13. 75 Opposition, Correction and Registration pages 322 to 325
    14. 76 Jointly Owned Layout-Designs pages 326 to 329
    15. 77 Ten Years, and the Two Dates It Can Run From pages 330 to 333
    16. 78 The Rights Registration Confers, and What Infringes pages 334 to 340
    17. 79 Assignment, Transmission and the Change of Proprietor pages 341 to 345
    18. 80 Registered Users pages 346 to 352
    19. 81 Rectification and Correction of the Register pages 353 to 357
    20. 82 The Layout-Design Appellate Board, and Why It Does Not Exist pages 358 to 365
    21. 83 Compulsory Licensing, and What Section 40 Actually Does pages 366 to 371
    22. 84 Appeals, the Board's Procedure and the Bar of Jurisdiction pages 372 to 377
    23. 85 The Offences Under the Act pages 378 to 383
    24. 86 Defences, Forfeiture, Companies and Criminal Procedure pages 384 to 389
    25. 87 The Security of India, Good Faith and the Implied Warranty pages 390 to 394
    26. 88 The Registrar's Powers, Evidence and Preliminary Advice pages 395 to 399
    27. 89 Evidence, Agents and the Remaining Provisions pages 400 to 406
    28. 90 Convention Countries, Reciprocity and the Rules pages 407 to 413
    29. 91 A Statute That Has Almost Never Been Used pages 414 to 423

    Module IV 49 chapters

    1. 92 The Two Halves of This Module pages 424 to 428
    2. 93 What a Trade Secret Is, and What Confidential Information Is pages 429 to 433
    3. 94 Saltman and the Birth of the Modern Action pages 434 to 438
    4. 95 Coco v A N Clark: The Three Elements pages 439 to 442
    5. 96 The First Element: The Quality of Confidence pages 443 to 446
    6. 97 The Second Element: Circumstances Importing an Obligation pages 447 to 451
    7. 98 The Third Element: Unauthorised Use, and Whether Detriment Is Needed pages 452 to 455
    8. 99 The Springboard Doctrine pages 456 to 460
    9. 100 Employees, Ex-Employees and the Duty of Good Faith pages 461 to 465
    10. 101 Section 27 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 pages 466 to 470
    11. 102 Restraints During Employment and After It pages 471 to 475
    12. 103 Customer Lists and the Departing Employee pages 476 to 480
    13. 104 How to Protect a Trade Secret in Practice pages 481 to 485
    14. 105 Remedies for Breach of Confidence pages 486 to 490
    15. 106 Trade Secrets and Patents pages 491 to 495
    16. 107 Trade Secrets and Copyright pages 496 to 500
    17. 108 Protecting Undisclosed Information pages 501 to 505
    18. 109 Undisclosed Information: Terminology, Definition and Scope pages 506 to 510
    19. 110 TRIPS Article 39 and the International Obligation pages 511 to 515
    20. 111 Article 39.3 and the Protection of Regulatory Test Data pages 516 to 520
    21. 112 National Legislation Compared: The United States, Europe and China pages 521 to 526
    22. 113 The Law Commission's Report No. 289 and the Bill of 2024 pages 527 to 534
    23. 114 What Data Protection Is, and How It Differs From Confidentiality pages 535 to 539
    24. 115 Privacy as a Fundamental Right: Puttaswamy pages 540 to 544
    25. 116 The United Kingdom's Data Protection Act 1998 pages 545 to 550
    26. 117 The European Scheme and the General Data Protection Regulation pages 551 to 556
    27. 118 Indian Data Protection Before the Act pages 557 to 563
    28. 119 The Road to the Act: Srikrishna and Three Bills pages 564 to 569
    29. 120 The Scheme of the Act, and What Is Actually in Force pages 570 to 575
    30. 121 The Definitions the Act Turns On pages 576 to 580
    31. 122 Where the Act Applies, and Where It Does Not pages 581 to 585
    32. 123 The Grounds for Processing, and the Notice pages 586 to 590
    33. 124 Consent, Its Withdrawal, and the Consent Manager pages 591 to 596
    34. 125 Certain Legitimate Uses pages 597 to 602
    35. 126 The General Obligations of a Data Fiduciary pages 603 to 608
    36. 127 Children and Persons With a Disability pages 609 to 613
    37. 128 Significant Data Fiduciaries pages 614 to 618
    38. 129 The Rights of a Data Principal pages 619 to 624
    39. 130 The Duties of a Data Principal pages 625 to 629
    40. 131 Transfer Outside India, and the Exemptions pages 630 to 636
    41. 132 The Data Protection Board of India pages 637 to 642
    42. 133 The Board's Powers, and the Procedure on a Complaint pages 643 to 648
    43. 134 Appeal, Mediation and the Voluntary Undertaking pages 649 to 653
    44. 135 Penalties, and the Schedule That Fixes Them pages 654 to 658
    45. 136 Government Powers, Consistency and the Bar of Jurisdiction pages 659 to 664
    46. 137 The Rule-Making Power, Laying and the Power to Amend the Schedule pages 665 to 670
    47. 138 The Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025 pages 671 to 681
    48. 139 What the Act Does to the Right to Information Act and the Information Technology Act pages 682 to 687
    49. 140 The Two Halves Together pages 688 to 693
    Every paper that is solved: 6 papers
    • 2025-26
    • 2024-25
    • 2019
    • 2018
    • 2016
    • 2015

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