Law of Tort and Consumer Protection Notes | LL.B. (Three Years) Semester 4 | SPPU | munotes

Contents

Module 01 Introduction and Principles of Liability in Tort

1. What a Tort Is 1
2. The Nature and Scope of Tortious Liability 6
3. The Object of the Law of Torts 12
4. Law of Tort or Law of Torts 17
5. The Evolution of the Law of Torts, in England and in India 21
6. Tort in India 27
7. The Mental Element in Tort 32
8. Tort Distinguished from Crime 36
9. Tort Distinguished from Breach of Contract and Other Wrongs 40
10. Damnum Sine Injuria 44
11. Injuria Sine Damno 48
12. Ubi Jus Ibi Remedium 52
13. Who May Sue 56
14. Death and the Fatal Accidents Act 1855 61
15. Who May Not Be Sued 67
16. Extinguishment and Discharge of Liability in Tort 72
17. Limitation in an Action for Tort 76

Module 02 General Defences / Justifications in an action for Tort

1. General Defences I 82
2. Volenti Non Fit Injuria 86
3. The Act of a Third Party as a Defence 91
4. General Defences II 94
5. Damage, Causation and Remoteness 99

Module 03 Torts against Persons

1. Trespass to the Person 103
2. Battery 107
3. Assault 110
4. Mayhem 113
5. Nervous Shock 116
6. False Imprisonment 120
7. Malicious Prosecution 125
8. Malicious Abuse of Legal Process 129
9. Fraud or Deceit 133
10. Conspiracy as a Tort 137
11. Torts Affecting Personal Relations 145

Module 04 Torts against Reputation

1. Defamation: What It Is 148
2. Libel and Slander 152
3. The Essentials of Defamation 156
4. Defences to Defamation 159
5. Defamation in India 164
6. Intermediary Liability and the Safe Harbour 168
7. Modern Media and Privacy 177
8. Privacy After Puttaswamy 183

Module 05 Torts against Property

1. Trespass to Land 190
2. Trespass ab Initio 194
3. Remedies for Trespass to Land 197
4. Trespass to Goods 201
5. Detinue 204
6. Conversion 208
7. Passing Off 212
8. Infringement of a Registered Trade Mark 217
9. Infringement of Copyright 221
10. What Infringement of a Patent Is 229
11. Nuisance: What It Is 234
12. Public Nuisance 237
13. Private Nuisance 241
14. Defences and Remedies in Nuisance 245

Module 06 Unintentional Torts

1. Product Liability 249
2. Negligence: What It Is 253
3. The Duty of Care 257
4. Breach of Duty and the Standard of Care 262
5. Res Ipsa Loquitur 266
6. Contributory and Composite Negligence 270
7. Medical Negligence 274
8. Occupiers' Liability: Invitees, Licensees, Trespassers and Children 279
9. The Motor Vehicles Act 1988: Scheme and Definitions 286
10. What a Motor Accident Claim Is 290
11. Claims Tribunals: Constitution and Jurisdiction 294
12. The Application for Compensation 298
13. The Award of the Claims Tribunal 304
14. Computing Just Compensation 309
15. Appeal, Recovery and Rules 314
16. Liability without Fault 318
17. Hit and Run, and the Golden Hour 326
18. Compulsory Third-Party Insurance 332
19. The Insurer: Duties, Defences and Pay and Recover 338
20. The Rest of the Motor Vehicles Act I: Licensing 346
21. The Rest of the Motor Vehicles Act II: Conductors and Registration 350
22. The Rest of the Motor Vehicles Act III: Permits and State Undertakings 354
23. The Rest of the Motor Vehicles Act IV: Construction, Traffic and Foreign Vehicles 358
24. The Rest of the Motor Vehicles Act V: Offences and Miscellaneous 363

Module 07 Liability for the Wrong Committed

1. Strict Liability: The Rule in Rylands v. Fletcher 370
2. Exceptions to Strict Liability 375
3. Absolute Liability 379
4. The Bhopal Gas Disaster 384
5. The Public Liability Insurance Act 1991 388
6. Vicarious Liability: Basis and Justification 393
7. Who Is a Servant 397
8. Course of Employment 401
9. Liability for an Independent Contractor 405
10. Other Relations that Attract Vicarious Liability 408
11. Vicarious Liability of the State 411
12. Constitutional Tort 415
13. Joint Tortfeasors 420

Module 08 Remedies in Tort law

1. Judicial Remedies: Damages 424
2. Kinds of Damages 427
3. Injunction and Specific Restitution of Property 431
4. Replevin and Ejectment: Recovering Goods and Land 435
5. Extra-Judicial Remedies 439

Module 09 Consumer Protection Law

1. Why a Consumer Law, and the Scheme of the Act of 2019 443
2. Who Is a Consumer 447
3. Goods and Defect 451
4. Service and Deficiency 455
5. Types of Services and Denial of Service 459
6. Commercial and Professional Services 462
7. Medical Services under the Act 465
8. Unfair and Restrictive Trade Practices 469
9. Misleading Advertisements and the Liability of an Endorser 473
10. Consumer Rights and the Consumer Protection Councils 477
11. The Central Consumer Protection Authority 480
12. The District Commission 484
13. The State Commission 488
14. The National Commission 492
15. Judicial Review of the Consumer Commissions 496
16. How a Complaint Is Decided 501
17. Mediation under the Act 505
18. Offences and Penalties under the Consumer Law 509
19. Frivolous and Vexatious Consumer Complaints, and Costs 513