Intellectual Property and International Organisations and Agreements Notes | LL.M. Semester 1 | Mumbai University | munotes

Contents

Module I Intellectual Property Rights: Concept, Growth and Kinds

1. What Intellectual Property Is 1
2. Intangible and Incorporeal Property 5
3. The Concept and the Nature of Intellectual Property 9
4. The Kinds of Intellectual Property 13
5. Patents 18
6. Copyright and Related Rights 22
7. Trade Marks, Service Marks, Collective and Certification Marks 26
8. Industrial Designs, Geographical Indications, Layout Designs, Plant Varieties and Undisclosed Information 30
9. Why the Law Protects Intellectual Creations 35
10. The Need, the Growth and the Objectives of Intellectual Property Rights 39
11. The Functions of an Intellectual Property System, and the Case Against It 43
12. Intellectual Property as an Asset and a Driver of Development 47
13. A Short History: Venice 1474 to the Statute of Anne 51
14. The International Character of Intellectual Property Rights 55
15. Territoriality and the Independence of Rights 59
16. Acquiring an Intellectual Property Right 63
17. Maintaining an Intellectual Property Right 67
18. Commercial Exploitation: Assignment and Transmission 71
19. Commercial Exploitation: Licensing 75
20. Commercial Exploitation: Franchising, Merchandising, Technology Transfer and Pools 79
21. Intellectual Property as Security, and How an Intangible Is Valued 83
22. Abuse of Intellectual Property Rights 87
23. Anti-Competitive Practices in Intellectual Property Licensing 91
24. Unfair Trade Practices Touching Intellectual Property in India 95
25. The Challenges of the Current Era 99
26. The Indian Intellectual Property System 103

Module II International Organisations and the Treaties They Administer

1. International Organisations and Agreements: What This Module Is 107
2. Why an International System Became Necessary: Vienna, 1873 111
3. The Paris Convention 1883: The Union It Creates 115
4. Paris: National Treatment, Articles 2 and 3 119
5. Paris: The Right of Priority, Article 4 124
6. Paris: Independence of Patents, Working and Compulsory Licences, Articles 4bis, 5 and 6 129
7. Paris: Well Known Marks, State Emblems and the Special Marks, Articles 6bis to 9 134
8. Paris: False Indications and Unfair Competition, Articles 10 to 12 140
9. Paris: How the Union Is Administered, Articles 13 to 18 145
10. The Berne Convention 1886: The Union and Its Acts 150
11. Berne: Protected Works and the Points of Attachment, Articles 2 to 5 155
12. Berne: Moral Rights and the Term of Protection, Articles 6bis and 7 160
13. Berne: The Economic Rights, Articles 8 to 14ter 165
14. Berne: Redress, Seizure, Retroactivity and Special Agreements, Articles 15 to 20 171
15. Berne: The Appendix for Developing Countries, Article 21 and Articles I to VI 176
16. Berne: How the Union Is Administered, Articles 22 to 26 181
17. BIRPI and the Road to Stockholm 186
18. The Convention Establishing WIPO, 1967 191
19. WIPO: Aims and Functions, Articles 3 and 4 195
20. WIPO: Membership and How a State Joins, Articles 5, 14, 15 and 16 199
21. WIPO: The Organs, Articles 6 to 10, 12 and 13 204
22. WIPO: Finance, Legal Capacity and Amendment, Articles 11, 17, 18 and 19 210
23. WIPO Today: The Committees, the Centre and the Limits 215
24. WIPO and the United Nations 220
25. The Twenty-Eight Treaties WIPO Administers 225
26. The Rome Convention 1961: Performers, Producers and Broadcasters 230
27. Rome: The Intergovernmental Committee and the Final Clauses, Articles 23 to 34 237
28. The Geneva Phonograms Convention 1971 and the Brussels Satellite Convention 1974 243
29. The WIPO Copyright Treaty 1996, Articles 1 to 14 249
30. The WIPO Copyright Treaty: Administration and Final Clauses, Articles 15 to 25 255
31. The WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty 1996: Performers and Producers, Articles 1 to 17 260
32. The WPPT: Common Provisions, Administration and Final Clauses, Articles 18 to 33 266
33. The Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances 2012, Articles 1 to 17 271
34. The Beijing Treaty: Administration and Final Clauses, Articles 18 to 30 277
35. The Marrakesh VIP Treaty 2013, Articles 1 to 12 282
36. The Marrakesh VIP Treaty: Administration and Final Clauses, Articles 13 to 22 288
37. The Patent Cooperation Treaty 1970: What an International Application Is 293
38. The PCT: International Search and Publication, Articles 15 to 21 299
39. The PCT: Chapter II and the National Phase, Articles 22 to 42 305
40. The PCT: Common Provisions, Technical Services and Administration, Articles 43 to 69 312
41. The Budapest Treaty 1977: Depositing a Microorganism 320
42. The Madrid Agreement 1891: International Registration of Marks 327
43. The Madrid Protocol 1989, and Why India Joined It 334
44. The Other Madrid Agreement of 1891: False and Deceptive Indications of Source 341
45. The Hague Agreement and the Geneva Act 1999, Articles 1 to 18 347
46. The Hague Geneva Act: Administration and Final Clauses, Articles 19 to 34 354
47. The Lisbon Agreement 1958 and the Geneva Act of 2015 361
48. The Nice Agreement 1957: Classifying Goods and Services 367
49. The Locarno Agreement 1968 and the Strasbourg Agreement 1971 373
50. The Vienna Agreement 1973: Classifying the Figurative Elements of Marks 379
51. The Nairobi Treaty 1981: The Olympic Symbol 385
52. The Washington Treaty 1989 on Integrated Circuits 391
53. The Trademark Law Treaty 1994 399
54. The Singapore Treaty 2006, and What It Changed 406
55. The Patent Law Treaty 2000 414
56. The WIPO GRATK Treaty 2024: Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge 422
57. The Riyadh Design Law Treaty 2024 429
58. The UPOV Convention: 1961, 1978 and 1991 436
59. UPOV: The Union, Its Organs and the Final Clauses, Articles 22 to 42 444
60. Bretton Woods 1944 and the Organisation That Was Never Born 452
61. GATT 1947: Its Basic Objectives, and How Far It Succeeded 457
62. The Rounds of Negotiation, Geneva 1947 to Punta del Este 1986 463
63. The Uruguay Round 1986 to 1994, and Its Socio Legal Implications 468
64. How Intellectual Property Got Into a Trade Agreement 474
65. The Marrakesh Agreement 1994: The World Trade Organization 480
66. The Structure of the WTO, and the Council for TRIPS 486
67. Decision Making, Waivers, Amendment and Withdrawal, Articles IX, X and XV 492
68. Membership and Accession, Articles XI, XII, XIII, XIV and XVI 498
69. The WTO and Global Economic Policy Making 504
70. The Norms for Developing Countries 509
71. The Multilateral Agreements and the Single Undertaking 515
72. WTO Dispute Settlement: The Procedure a TRIPS Complaint Follows 520
73. The Other Mechanisms: Good Offices, Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration 526
74. UNESCO, the ILO, the FAO and the WHO 531
75. WIPO and the WTO Compared 538

Module III The TRIPS Agreement

1. The TRIPS Agreement: What It Is and Why It Changed Everything 544
2. TRIPS Article 1: The Nature and Scope of Obligations 549
3. TRIPS Article 2: Paris, Berne, Rome and Washington Carried In 553
4. TRIPS Article 3: National Treatment 558
5. TRIPS Articles 4 and 5: Most Favoured Nation Treatment 563
6. TRIPS Articles 6, 7 and 8: Exhaustion, Objectives and Principles 567
7. TRIPS Articles 9 to 14: Copyright and Related Rights 572
8. TRIPS Articles 15 to 21: Trademarks 578
9. TRIPS Articles 22 to 24: Geographical Indications 583
10. TRIPS Articles 25 and 26: Industrial Designs 589
11. TRIPS Article 27: Patentable Subject Matter 594
12. TRIPS Articles 28, 29 and 30: Rights, Disclosure and Exceptions 599
13. TRIPS Article 31: Other Use Without Authorisation 604
14. TRIPS Articles 32, 33 and 34: Revocation, Term and Burden of Proof 610
15. TRIPS Articles 35 to 38: Layout Designs of Integrated Circuits 615
16. TRIPS Article 39: Undisclosed Information 620
17. TRIPS Article 40: Anti-Competitive Practices in Licences 625
18. TRIPS Article 41: The General Obligations on Enforcement 630
19. TRIPS Articles 42 to 49: Civil and Administrative Procedures 635
20. TRIPS Article 50: Provisional Measures 641
21. TRIPS Articles 51 to 60: Border Measures 646
22. TRIPS Article 61: Criminal Procedures 652
23. TRIPS Article 62: Acquisition and Maintenance of Rights 657
24. TRIPS Article 63: Transparency 662
25. TRIPS Article 64: Dispute Settlement and the Non Violation Moratorium 667
26. TRIPS Articles 65 and 66: Transitional Arrangements 672
27. TRIPS Articles 67, 70: Technical Cooperation and Existing Subject Matter 677
28. TRIPS Articles 68, 69, 71, 72 and 73: The Institutions 684
29. The Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health, 2001 689
30. Article 31bis and the Protocol Amending TRIPS 694
31. TRIPS and the Indian Patents Act 1970 700
32. Section 3(d) and the Novartis Case 706
33. How India Implemented the Rest of TRIPS 711
34. Plant Variety Protection under TRIPS Article 27.3(b) 717
35. The TRIPS Disputes That Have Been Decided 724
36. TRIPS Plus: Free Trade Agreements and What India Has Refused 729

Module IV Human Rights and Intellectual Property Rights

1. Human Rights and Intellectual Property: Two Systems Built Apart 734
2. Universal Declaration Article 27: Two Halves of One Sentence 739
3. Covenant Article 15 and General Comment No. 17 744
4. Is Intellectual Property Itself a Human Right? 750
5. The Conflict Approach and the Coexistence Approach 755
6. Public Interest and the Indian Intellectual Property System 761
7. The Interplay of Rights and Public Interest, and How Rights Are Abused 767
8. The Right to Health and Access to Medicines 773
9. Compulsory Licensing in India 778
10. The Right to Education, Cultural Life, and the Limits of Copyright 785
11. The Right to Food and Farmers' Rights 790
12. The Convention on Biological Diversity 1992, Articles 1 to 21 796
13. The Convention on Biological Diversity: Machinery and Final Clauses, Articles 22 to 42 803
14. The Nagoya Protocol 2010, Articles 1 to 18 809
15. Nagoya: Machinery, Final Clauses, and the Biological Diversity Act 817
16. Traditional Knowledge: Why Patent Law Cannot See It 825
17. Biopiracy: Turmeric, Neem, Basmati, and the Digital Library 831
18. Traditional Cultural Expressions and Indigenous Peoples 837
19. The Challenges of Governing Public Interest and Intellectual Property Together 843
20. A Human Rights Framework for Intellectual Property 849