Law and Social Transformation of India Notes | LL.M. Semester 1 | Mumbai University | munotes

Contents

Module I

1. Law and Society: How Each Shapes the Other 1
2. Law as an Instrument of Social Change 6
3. What Law Cannot Do: The Limits of Legislating Change 12
4. Law as the Product of Tradition and Culture 17
5. Custom as a Source of Law 22
6. Roscoe Pound and Social Engineering 26
7. Pound's Scheme of Interests 30
8. The Criticisms of Social Engineering 34
9. Bentham, Marx and Ehrlich: The Other Answers 38
10. The Preamble: The Charter of Transformation 43
11. The Directive Principles and the Welfare State 47
12. Social Security Legislation 53
13. The Fundamental Duties 57
14. The Judiciary as an Engine of Social Change 61
15. Judicial Activism and Public Interest Litigation 66
16. Social Justice 70
17. Religion and the Law: The Two Questions 74
18. Freedom of Religion: Articles 25 to 28 78
19. The Essential Religious Practices Doctrine 83
20. Secularism 88
21. The State and Religion: No State Religion 92
22. Religion as a Divisive Factor 95
23. No Discrimination on the Ground of Religion 99
24. Who Is a Minority 103
25. Articles 29 and 30: The Minority's Educational Rights 107
26. The National Commission for Minorities 111
27. Conversion and the Law 115
28. Personal Law: What It Is, and Why India Has Several 119
29. The Hindu Code Bills 124
30. Muslim Personal Law and Maintenance: Shah Bano to Danial Latifi 128
31. Triple Talaq 134
32. Christian and Parsi Law, and the Special Marriage Act 139
33. The Uniform Civil Code 143
34. Religious Freedom against Social Reform 148
35. Temple Entry 152
36. Places of Worship, and the Character Frozen in 1947 157

Module II

1. Language and the Law: Why a Country Legislates about Language 162
2. Language as a Divisive Factor 167
3. The Official Language of the Union 171
4. The Official Languages Act 1963 176
5. Many Languages, One Union 181
6. Constitutional Guarantees to Linguistic Minorities 185
7. The Formation of Linguistic States 190
8. The Commissions That Redrew the Map 194
9. The Medium of Instruction 199
10. Enforcing Language Rights 204
11. Regionalism, and India as One Unit 208
12. The Language of the Courts and of the Statute Book 212
13. Community and the Law: Caste, Tribe and a Plural Society 217
14. Caste as a Divisive Factor 222
15. Non-discrimination on the Ground of Caste 226
16. Untouchability, and the Act That Abolished It 230
17. The Atrocities Act 1989 236
18. Manual Scavenging and Bonded Labour 242
19. Reservation: The Constitutional Scheme 247
20. Protective Discrimination 251
21. Backward Classes, the Creamy Layer and the Ceiling 255
22. Reservation in Promotion, and the Ten Per Cent for the Economically Weaker 260
23. Substantive Equality 265
24. The Safeguards: Seats, Services and Commissions 269
25. Tribal India: The Fifth and Sixth Schedules 274
26. Land, Forest and the Gram Sabha's Consent 281
27. The Naxalite Movement: Origin and Development 289
28. The Causes: Land, Dispossession and the Failure of Law 294
29. The Cure: What the State Has Tried 301
30. Internal Security, Social Justice and Development 307
31. The Human Rights Commissions 314

Module III

1. Women and the Law: Where the Constitution Started 320
2. Article 15(3): Special Provision for Women 326
3. Gender Injustice and Its Forms 331
4. Dignity and the Right to Privacy 336
5. Empowerment of Women 341
6. Women in Public Employment and the Armed Forces 346
7. Equal Pay and Maternity Benefit 352
8. Sexual Harassment at the Workplace 357
9. Crimes against Women 366
10. The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2013 373
11. Dowry 379
12. Domestic Violence 386
13. Sati 395
14. Sex Selection and the Missing Daughters 401
15. Reproductive Autonomy 408
16. Trafficking and Prostitution 415
17. Indecent Representation 423
18. The National Commission for Women 429
19. Women in the Legislatures 435
20. Women's Property Rights 441
21. Adultery and Marital Autonomy 448
22. Who Counts as a Woman 454
23. The Judiciary and Women's Rights: The Record 461
24. Children and the Law: The Child as a Rights-Holder 467
25. The Constitution and the Child 472
26. India and the Convention on the Rights of the Child 477
27. Child Abuse 483
28. The Sexual Exploitation of Children 489
29. POCSO: Objects and Scheme 495
30. How Far POCSO Has Worked 504
31. Child Labour: Causes and Consequences 510
32. The Law against Child Labour 515
33. The Courts and the Enforcement against Child Labour 522
34. The Right to Education 528
35. Juvenile Justice 537
36. The Child in Need of Care and Protection 547
37. Adoption 557
38. Inter-country Adoption 564
39. The Child Rights Commissions 570
40. Child Marriage 577

Module IV

1. Modernisation and the Law 584
2. Modernisation as a Value 589
3. Modernising Social Institutions Through Law 595
4. Agrarian Reform: Abolishing the Intermediary 600
5. Ceilings, Tenancy and Redistribution 606
6. The Ninth Schedule and the Property Amendments 611
7. Industrialisation and the Law 618
8. Industrialisation against Environmental Protection 624
9. What the Courts Built out of Article 21 631
10. Industrialisation and the Sustainable Development Goals 638
11. Urbanisation and the Pavement Dweller 643
12. Science, Technology and the Law Behind Them 651
13. Democratic Decentralisation and Local Self-Government 657
14. The Prison in India 664
15. The Committees on Prison Reform 671
16. The Prisoner's Rights 677
17. Alternative Approaches to Law 685
18. Section 89 of the Civil Procedure Code 690
19. The Types of Alternative Dispute Mechanism, and What Each Is Good For 696
20. Arbitration 701
21. Mediation and Conciliation 708
22. Lok Adalat 716
23. Legal Aid 724
24. Nyaya Panchayats 734
25. Gram Nyayalayas 740
26. Plea Bargaining 752
27. Reform of Court Processes and of the Justice Delivery System 761
28. Legal Pluralism, and the Forums the State Did Not Create 770