SPPU B.A. LL.B. (Five Years) Semester 8 Notes 2026

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Human Rights Law and Practice
Official Notes munotes.in

Human Rights Law and Practice

SPPU B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 8

Strictly as per the CBCS 2023 syllabus of Savitribai Phule Pune University, as amended on 18 July 2024

For students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and all its affiliated law colleges

munotes.in Fourth Year

Human Rights Law and Practice

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Savitribai Phule Pune University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module 1 Introduction
1. What a Human Right Is: Concept and Definition 1
2. The Characteristics of Human Rights 6
3. Why Human Rights Are Needed 11
4. The Universality of Human Rights 16
5. Cultural Relativism and the Answer to It 21
6. The Limitations on Human Rights 26
7. Rights and Duties: The State, the Citizen and Society 31
8. Fundamental Duties 37
9. The Natural Rights Theory 42
10. The Utilitarian Theory of Rights 48
11. The Idealist Theory of Rights 54
12. The Socialist Theory of Rights 60
13. The Positivist Theory of Rights 66
14. Human Rights in Ancient India 72
15. Human Rights in Medieval India 77
16. Human Rights in Modern India 82
17. Human Rights in the Western Tradition 88
18. Magna Carta and the English Tradition 93
19. The American Declaration of Independence 98
20. The United States Bill of Rights 103
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Contents continued

Module 1 continued Introduction
1. The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen 108
2. The Normative Foundation of International Human Rights 114
3. The United Nations and the Birth of the Human Rights System 120
4. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Drafting and Structure 126
5. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: The Rights It Declares 131
6. The Legal Status of the Universal Declaration 137
7. The International Bill of Human Rights 142
8. India and the Two Covenants 147
9. Comparing the Three Generations 154
Module 2 First Generation Human Rights
1. The First Generation: Civil and Political Rights 159
2. The ICCPR: Scheme and Obligations 164
3. The ICCPR: The Civil Rights 170
4. The ICCPR: The Political Rights and Freedoms 176
5. The ICCPR: Equality, Minorities and Derogation in Emergency 182
6. The First Optional Protocol: Individual Communications 187
7. The Second Optional Protocol: Abolition of the Death Penalty 193
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Contents continued

Module 2 continued First Generation Human Rights
1. The Constitution of India as a Human Rights Instrument 198
2. Fundamental Rights: The Right to Equality 204
3. Fundamental Rights: The Right to Freedom 210
4. Fundamental Rights: Article 21 and the Rights Read Into It 216
5. Fundamental Rights: Protection against Arrest and Detention 222
6. Fundamental Rights: The Right against Exploitation 229
7. Fundamental Rights: Freedom of Religion 235
8. Fundamental Rights: Cultural and Educational Rights of Minorities 241
9. Fundamental Rights: The Right to Constitutional Remedies 247
10. Fundamental Rights and Human Rights Distinguished 253
Module 3 Second Generation Human Rights
1. The Second Generation: Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 258
2. The ICESCR: Scheme and Progressive Realisation 263
3. The ICESCR: The Rights It Guarantees 269
4. The Directive Principles of State Policy 275
5. Directive Principles and Fundamental Rights: The Relationship 281
6. The International Labour Organization 288
7. The ILO's Core Conventions and Their Human Rights Content 294
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Contents continued

Module 3 continued Second Generation Human Rights
1. UNESCO and the Rights to Education, Science and Culture 299
2. UNICEF and the Rights of the Child 309
3. The World Health Organization and the Right to Health 317
4. The UN Sustainable Development Goals 329
Module 4 Third And Fourth Generation Human Rights
1. The Third Generation: Solidarity Rights 337
2. The Right to Food and the National Food Security Act 342
3. The Right to a Healthy Environment in International Law 346
4. The Right to a Healthy Environment in India 354
5. Indian Environmental Legislation as Human Rights Law 365
6. The Genome and Human Dignity 377
7. The Genome: Rights of the Person Concerned 383
8. Bodily Integrity and Intervention Without Consent 389
9. Euthanasia, the Living Will and Dying with Dignity 396
10. Abortion and the Law: The Sanhita's Offence and the MTP Act's Exception 403
11. The MTP Act: When a Pregnancy May Be Terminated 411
12. The MTP Act Before the Courts: Reproductive Autonomy 420
13. Sex Selection, and Why the PCPNDT Act Was Made 429
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Contents continued

Module 4 continued Third And Fourth Generation Human Rights
1. Female Foeticide and Infanticide 435
Module 5 Human Rights of Vulnerable and Disadvantaged Groups
1. What Makes a Group Disadvantaged 441
2. Disadvantage, Vulnerability and Marginalisation 445
3. Women as a Disadvantaged Group 449
4. Women's Rights in Indian Law: Domestic Violence and the Shared Household 454
5. Sexual Harassment at the Workplace: Vishaka and the POSH Act 463
6. CEDAW in Indian Law: From Vishaka to the Statute Book 475
7. Children's Rights in Indian Law 483
8. The Rights of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes 493
9. Tribal Rights and Development: Displacement, Forests and Consent 501
10. The Rights of Older Persons in International Law 509
11. Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens 516
12. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 524
13. The CRPD: Reasonable Accommodation and the Duty of an Employer 532
14. Disability Rights in Indian Law: The RPwD Act 2016 540
15. LGBT Rights in International Law 548
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Contents continued

Module 5 continued Human Rights of Vulnerable and Disadvantaged Groups
1. LGBT Rights in India: NALSA, Navtej and the Transgender Persons Act 554
2. Refugees: The 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol 564
3. Non-Refoulement and the Core Protection of a Refugee 571
4. Refugees and Aliens in India 579
5. Human Rights of Stateless Persons: Who Is One 590
6. India and Statelessness: the Citizenship Act 595
7. The Judiciary and the Unorganised Worker 601
8. The HIV and AIDS Act: Discrimination and Consent 605
9. The ITPA Offences: Brothels, Earnings, Procuring, Detaining and Soliciting 611
10. Trafficking and Sex Work Before the Courts, and the Wider Law 619
11. Domestic Workers, Migrant Workers and Prisoners as Vulnerable Groups 627
Module 6 Enforcement Mechanism of International Human Rights - Constitution
1. The UN Human Rights Machinery: Charter Bodies 636
2. The UN Human Rights Machinery: Treaty Bodies and the High Commissioner 642
3. The Human Rights Committee and State Reporting 647
4. The ICESCR: The Committee and the Optional Protocol 652
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Contents continued

Module 6 continued Enforcement Mechanism of International Human Rights - Constitution
1. CEDAW: Scheme and Obligations 657
2. CEDAW: The Committee, the Optional Protocol and India's Declarations 664
3. The Convention on the Rights of the Child: Scheme 671
4. The CRC: The Four General Principles and the Rights 677
5. The CRC: The Optional Protocols and the Committee 684
6. Non-Governmental Organizations in the Protection of Human Rights 691
7. The European Regional Arrangement: The Convention 700
8. The European Court of Human Rights 708
9. The American Regional Arrangement 718
10. The African Regional Arrangement 729
11. Asia and the Absence of a Regional Arrangement 738
Module 7 Human Rights Enforcement In India
1. The Protection of Human Rights Act 1993: Scheme and Definitions 746
2. The National Human Rights Commission: Constitution and Appointment 752
3. The NHRC: Functions and Powers 758
4. The NHRC: Procedure, the Armed Forces Proviso and the One-Year Bar 768
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Contents continued

Module 7 continued Human Rights Enforcement In India
1. State Human Rights Commissions and Human Rights Courts 777
2. The National Commission for Women 786
3. The Commissions for Protection of Child Rights, and the Children's Courts 794
4. The National Commission for Minorities 800
5. The National Commission for Scheduled Castes 808
6. The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes 816
7. The Role of the Judiciary: Public Interest Litigation 824
8. The Role of the Judiciary: Expanding Article 21 833
9. The Role of the Judiciary: Compensation as a Public Law Remedy 845
10. The Role of the Judiciary: International Law in Indian Courts 853
Module 8 Significance Of Human Rights Education
1. Human Rights Education in International Law 862
2. Human Rights Education in India 866
3. The UGC and the Universities in Human Rights Education 870
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Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
874 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 874 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 129 chapters across 8 modules
Module 1 29 chapters
1. 1 What a Human Right Is: Concept and Definition pages 1 to 5
2. 2 The Characteristics of Human Rights pages 6 to 10
3. 3 Why Human Rights Are Needed pages 11 to 15
4. 4 The Universality of Human Rights pages 16 to 20
5. 5 Cultural Relativism and the Answer to It pages 21 to 25
6. 6 The Limitations on Human Rights pages 26 to 30
7. 7 Rights and Duties: The State, the Citizen and Society pages 31 to 36
8. 8 Fundamental Duties pages 37 to 41
9. 9 The Natural Rights Theory pages 42 to 47
10. 10 The Utilitarian Theory of Rights pages 48 to 53
11. 11 The Idealist Theory of Rights pages 54 to 59
12. 12 The Socialist Theory of Rights pages 60 to 65
13. 13 The Positivist Theory of Rights pages 66 to 71
14. 14 Human Rights in Ancient India pages 72 to 76
15. 15 Human Rights in Medieval India pages 77 to 81
16. 16 Human Rights in Modern India pages 82 to 87
17. 17 Human Rights in the Western Tradition pages 88 to 92
18. 18 Magna Carta and the English Tradition pages 93 to 97
19. 19 The American Declaration of Independence pages 98 to 102
20. 20 The United States Bill of Rights pages 103 to 107
21. 21 The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen pages 108 to 113
22. 22 The Normative Foundation of International Human Rights pages 114 to 119
23. 23 The United Nations and the Birth of the Human Rights System pages 120 to 125
24. 24 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Drafting and Structure pages 126 to 130
25. 25 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: The Rights It Declares pages 131 to 136
26. 26 The Legal Status of the Universal Declaration pages 137 to 141
27. 27 The International Bill of Human Rights pages 142 to 146
28. 28 India and the Two Covenants pages 147 to 153
29. 29 Comparing the Three Generations pages 154 to 158
Module 2 17 chapters
1. 30 The First Generation: Civil and Political Rights pages 159 to 163
2. 31 The ICCPR: Scheme and Obligations pages 164 to 169
3. 32 The ICCPR: The Civil Rights pages 170 to 175
4. 33 The ICCPR: The Political Rights and Freedoms pages 176 to 181
5. 34 The ICCPR: Equality, Minorities and Derogation in Emergency pages 182 to 186
6. 35 The First Optional Protocol: Individual Communications pages 187 to 192
7. 36 The Second Optional Protocol: Abolition of the Death Penalty pages 193 to 197
8. 37 The Constitution of India as a Human Rights Instrument pages 198 to 203
9. 38 Fundamental Rights: The Right to Equality pages 204 to 209
10. 39 Fundamental Rights: The Right to Freedom pages 210 to 215
11. 40 Fundamental Rights: Article 21 and the Rights Read Into It pages 216 to 221
12. 41 Fundamental Rights: Protection against Arrest and Detention pages 222 to 228
13. 42 Fundamental Rights: The Right against Exploitation pages 229 to 234
14. 43 Fundamental Rights: Freedom of Religion pages 235 to 240
15. 44 Fundamental Rights: Cultural and Educational Rights of Minorities pages 241 to 246
16. 45 Fundamental Rights: The Right to Constitutional Remedies pages 247 to 252
17. 46 Fundamental Rights and Human Rights Distinguished pages 253 to 257
Module 3 11 chapters
1. 47 The Second Generation: Economic, Social and Cultural Rights pages 258 to 262
2. 48 The ICESCR: Scheme and Progressive Realisation pages 263 to 268
3. 49 The ICESCR: The Rights It Guarantees pages 269 to 274
4. 50 The Directive Principles of State Policy pages 275 to 280
5. 51 Directive Principles and Fundamental Rights: The Relationship pages 281 to 287
6. 52 The International Labour Organization pages 288 to 293
7. 53 The ILO's Core Conventions and Their Human Rights Content pages 294 to 298
8. 54 UNESCO and the Rights to Education, Science and Culture pages 299 to 308
9. 55 UNICEF and the Rights of the Child pages 309 to 316
10. 56 The World Health Organization and the Right to Health pages 317 to 328
11. 57 The UN Sustainable Development Goals pages 329 to 336
Module 4 14 chapters
1. 58 The Third Generation: Solidarity Rights pages 337 to 341
2. 59 The Right to Food and the National Food Security Act pages 342 to 345
3. 60 The Right to a Healthy Environment in International Law pages 346 to 353
4. 61 The Right to a Healthy Environment in India pages 354 to 364
5. 62 Indian Environmental Legislation as Human Rights Law pages 365 to 376
6. 63 The Genome and Human Dignity pages 377 to 382
7. 64 The Genome: Rights of the Person Concerned pages 383 to 388
8. 65 Bodily Integrity and Intervention Without Consent pages 389 to 395
9. 66 Euthanasia, the Living Will and Dying with Dignity pages 396 to 402
10. 67 Abortion and the Law: The Sanhita's Offence and the MTP Act's Exception pages 403 to 410
11. 68 The MTP Act: When a Pregnancy May Be Terminated pages 411 to 419
12. 69 The MTP Act Before the Courts: Reproductive Autonomy pages 420 to 428
13. 70 Sex Selection, and Why the PCPNDT Act Was Made pages 429 to 434
14. 71 Female Foeticide and Infanticide pages 435 to 440
Module 5 26 chapters
1. 72 What Makes a Group Disadvantaged pages 441 to 444
2. 73 Disadvantage, Vulnerability and Marginalisation pages 445 to 448
3. 74 Women as a Disadvantaged Group pages 449 to 453
4. 75 Women's Rights in Indian Law: Domestic Violence and the Shared Household pages 454 to 462
5. 76 Sexual Harassment at the Workplace: Vishaka and the POSH Act pages 463 to 474
6. 77 CEDAW in Indian Law: From Vishaka to the Statute Book pages 475 to 482
7. 78 Children's Rights in Indian Law pages 483 to 492
8. 79 The Rights of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes pages 493 to 500
9. 80 Tribal Rights and Development: Displacement, Forests and Consent pages 501 to 508
10. 81 The Rights of Older Persons in International Law pages 509 to 515
11. 82 Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens pages 516 to 523
12. 83 The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities pages 524 to 531
13. 84 The CRPD: Reasonable Accommodation and the Duty of an Employer pages 532 to 539
14. 85 Disability Rights in Indian Law: The RPwD Act 2016 pages 540 to 547
15. 86 LGBT Rights in International Law pages 548 to 553
16. 87 LGBT Rights in India: NALSA, Navtej and the Transgender Persons Act pages 554 to 563
17. 88 Refugees: The 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol pages 564 to 570
18. 89 Non-Refoulement and the Core Protection of a Refugee pages 571 to 578
19. 90 Refugees and Aliens in India pages 579 to 589
20. 91 Human Rights of Stateless Persons: Who Is One pages 590 to 594
21. 92 India and Statelessness: the Citizenship Act pages 595 to 600
22. 93 The Judiciary and the Unorganised Worker pages 601 to 604
23. 94 The HIV and AIDS Act: Discrimination and Consent pages 605 to 610
24. 95 The ITPA Offences: Brothels, Earnings, Procuring, Detaining and Soliciting pages 611 to 618
25. 96 Trafficking and Sex Work Before the Courts, and the Wider Law pages 619 to 626
26. 97 Domestic Workers, Migrant Workers and Prisoners as Vulnerable Groups pages 627 to 635
Module 6 15 chapters
1. 98 The UN Human Rights Machinery: Charter Bodies pages 636 to 641
2. 99 The UN Human Rights Machinery: Treaty Bodies and the High Commissioner pages 642 to 646
3. 100 The Human Rights Committee and State Reporting pages 647 to 651
4. 101 The ICESCR: The Committee and the Optional Protocol pages 652 to 656
5. 102 CEDAW: Scheme and Obligations pages 657 to 663
6. 103 CEDAW: The Committee, the Optional Protocol and India's Declarations pages 664 to 670
7. 104 The Convention on the Rights of the Child: Scheme pages 671 to 676
8. 105 The CRC: The Four General Principles and the Rights pages 677 to 683
9. 106 The CRC: The Optional Protocols and the Committee pages 684 to 690
10. 107 Non-Governmental Organizations in the Protection of Human Rights pages 691 to 699
11. 108 The European Regional Arrangement: The Convention pages 700 to 707
12. 109 The European Court of Human Rights pages 708 to 717
13. 110 The American Regional Arrangement pages 718 to 728
14. 111 The African Regional Arrangement pages 729 to 737
15. 112 Asia and the Absence of a Regional Arrangement pages 738 to 745
Module 7 14 chapters
1. 113 The Protection of Human Rights Act 1993: Scheme and Definitions pages 746 to 751
2. 114 The National Human Rights Commission: Constitution and Appointment pages 752 to 757
3. 115 The NHRC: Functions and Powers pages 758 to 767
4. 116 The NHRC: Procedure, the Armed Forces Proviso and the One-Year Bar pages 768 to 776
5. 117 State Human Rights Commissions and Human Rights Courts pages 777 to 785
6. 118 The National Commission for Women pages 786 to 793
7. 119 The Commissions for Protection of Child Rights, and the Children's Courts pages 794 to 799
8. 120 The National Commission for Minorities pages 800 to 807
9. 121 The National Commission for Scheduled Castes pages 808 to 815
10. 122 The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes pages 816 to 823
11. 123 The Role of the Judiciary: Public Interest Litigation pages 824 to 832
12. 124 The Role of the Judiciary: Expanding Article 21 pages 833 to 844
13. 125 The Role of the Judiciary: Compensation as a Public Law Remedy pages 845 to 852
14. 126 The Role of the Judiciary: International Law in Indian Courts pages 853 to 861
Module 8 3 chapters
1. 127 Human Rights Education in International Law pages 862 to 865
2. 128 Human Rights Education in India pages 866 to 869
3. 129 The UGC and the Universities in Human Rights Education pages 870 to 874
Law of Tort and Consumer Protection
Official Notes munotes.in

Law of Tort and Consumer Protection

SPPU B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 8

Strictly as per the CBCS 2023 syllabus of Savitribai Phule Pune University, as amended on 18 July 2024

For students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and all its affiliated law colleges

munotes.in Fourth Year

Law of Tort and Consumer Protection

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Savitribai Phule Pune University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module 01 Introduction and Principles of Liability in Tort
1. What a Tort Is 1
2. The Nature and Scope of Tortious Liability 6
3. The Object of the Law of Torts 12
4. Law of Tort or Law of Torts 17
5. The Evolution of the Law of Torts, in England and in India 21
6. Tort in India 27
7. The Mental Element in Tort 32
8. Tort Distinguished from Crime 36
9. Tort Distinguished from Breach of Contract and Other Wrongs 40
10. Damnum Sine Injuria 44
11. Injuria Sine Damno 48
12. Ubi Jus Ibi Remedium 52
13. Who May Sue 56
14. Death and the Fatal Accidents Act 1855 61
15. Who May Not Be Sued 67
16. Extinguishment and Discharge of Liability in Tort 72
17. Limitation in an Action for Tort 76
Module 02 General Defences / Justifications in an action for Tort
1. General Defences I 82
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Contents continued

Module 02 continued General Defences / Justifications in an action for Tort
1. Volenti Non Fit Injuria 86
2. The Act of a Third Party as a Defence 91
3. General Defences II 94
4. Damage, Causation and Remoteness 99
Module 03 Torts against Persons
1. Trespass to the Person 103
2. Battery 107
3. Assault 110
4. Mayhem 113
5. Nervous Shock 116
6. False Imprisonment 120
7. Malicious Prosecution 125
8. Malicious Abuse of Legal Process 129
9. Fraud or Deceit 133
10. Conspiracy as a Tort 137
11. Torts Affecting Personal Relations 145
Module 04 Torts against Reputation
1. Defamation: What It Is 148
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Contents continued

Module 04 continued Torts against Reputation
1. Libel and Slander 152
2. The Essentials of Defamation 156
3. Defences to Defamation 159
4. Defamation in India 164
5. Intermediary Liability and the Safe Harbour 168
6. Modern Media and Privacy 177
7. Privacy After Puttaswamy 183
Module 05 Torts against Property
1. Trespass to Land 190
2. Trespass ab Initio 194
3. Remedies for Trespass to Land 197
4. Trespass to Goods 201
5. Detinue 204
6. Conversion 208
7. Passing Off 212
8. Infringement of a Registered Trade Mark 217
9. Infringement of Copyright 221
10. What Infringement of a Patent Is 229
11. Nuisance: What It Is 234
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Contents continued

Module 05 continued Torts against Property
1. Public Nuisance 237
2. Private Nuisance 241
3. Defences and Remedies in Nuisance 245
Module 06 Unintentional Torts
1. Product Liability 249
2. Negligence: What It Is 253
3. The Duty of Care 257
4. Breach of Duty and the Standard of Care 262
5. Res Ipsa Loquitur 266
6. Contributory and Composite Negligence 270
7. Medical Negligence 274
8. Occupiers' Liability: Invitees, Licensees, Trespassers and Children 279
9. The Motor Vehicles Act 1988: Scheme and Definitions 286
10. What a Motor Accident Claim Is 290
11. Claims Tribunals: Constitution and Jurisdiction 294
12. The Application for Compensation 298
13. The Award of the Claims Tribunal 304
14. Computing Just Compensation 309
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Contents continued

Module 06 continued Unintentional Torts
1. Appeal, Recovery and Rules 314
2. Liability without Fault 318
3. Hit and Run, and the Golden Hour 326
4. Compulsory Third-Party Insurance 332
5. The Insurer: Duties, Defences and Pay and Recover 338
6. The Rest of the Motor Vehicles Act I: Licensing 346
7. The Rest of the Motor Vehicles Act II: Conductors and Registration 350
8. The Rest of the Motor Vehicles Act III: Permits and State Undertakings 354
9. The Rest of the Motor Vehicles Act IV: Construction, Traffic and Foreign Vehicles 358
10. The Rest of the Motor Vehicles Act V: Offences and Miscellaneous 363
Module 07 Liability for the Wrong Committed
1. Strict Liability: The Rule in Rylands v. Fletcher 370
2. Exceptions to Strict Liability 375
3. Absolute Liability 379
4. The Bhopal Gas Disaster 384
5. The Public Liability Insurance Act 1991 388
6. Vicarious Liability: Basis and Justification 393
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Module 07 continued Liability for the Wrong Committed
1. Who Is a Servant 397
2. Course of Employment 401
3. Liability for an Independent Contractor 405
4. Other Relations that Attract Vicarious Liability 408
5. Vicarious Liability of the State 411
6. Constitutional Tort 415
7. Joint Tortfeasors 420
Module 08 Remedies in Tort law
1. Judicial Remedies: Damages 424
2. Kinds of Damages 427
3. Injunction and Specific Restitution of Property 431
4. Replevin and Ejectment: Recovering Goods and Land 435
5. Extra-Judicial Remedies 439
Module 09 Consumer Protection Law
1. Why a Consumer Law, and the Scheme of the Act of 2019 443
2. Who Is a Consumer 447
3. Goods and Defect 451
4. Service and Deficiency 455
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Contents continued

Module 09 continued Consumer Protection Law
1. Types of Services and Denial of Service 459
2. Commercial and Professional Services 462
3. Medical Services under the Act 465
4. Unfair and Restrictive Trade Practices 469
5. Misleading Advertisements and the Liability of an Endorser 473
6. Consumer Rights and the Consumer Protection Councils 477
7. The Central Consumer Protection Authority 480
8. The District Commission 484
9. The State Commission 488
10. The National Commission 492
11. Judicial Review of the Consumer Commissions 496
12. How a Complaint Is Decided 501
13. Mediation under the Act 505
14. Offences and Penalties under the Consumer Law 509
15. Frivolous and Vexatious Consumer Complaints, and Costs 513
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Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
515 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 515 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 116 chapters across 9 modules
Module 01 17 chapters
1. 1 What a Tort Is pages 1 to 5
2. 2 The Nature and Scope of Tortious Liability pages 6 to 11
3. 3 The Object of the Law of Torts pages 12 to 16
4. 4 Law of Tort or Law of Torts pages 17 to 20
5. 5 The Evolution of the Law of Torts, in England and in India pages 21 to 26
6. 6 Tort in India pages 27 to 31
7. 7 The Mental Element in Tort pages 32 to 35
8. 8 Tort Distinguished from Crime pages 36 to 39
9. 9 Tort Distinguished from Breach of Contract and Other Wrongs pages 40 to 43
10. 10 Damnum Sine Injuria pages 44 to 47
11. 11 Injuria Sine Damno pages 48 to 51
12. 12 Ubi Jus Ibi Remedium pages 52 to 55
13. 13 Who May Sue pages 56 to 60
14. 14 Death and the Fatal Accidents Act 1855 pages 61 to 66
15. 15 Who May Not Be Sued pages 67 to 71
16. 16 Extinguishment and Discharge of Liability in Tort pages 72 to 75
17. 17 Limitation in an Action for Tort pages 76 to 81
Module 02 5 chapters
1. 18 General Defences I pages 82 to 85
2. 19 Volenti Non Fit Injuria pages 86 to 90
3. 20 The Act of a Third Party as a Defence pages 91 to 93
4. 21 General Defences II pages 94 to 98
5. 22 Damage, Causation and Remoteness pages 99 to 102
Module 03 11 chapters
1. 23 Trespass to the Person pages 103 to 106
2. 24 Battery pages 107 to 109
3. 25 Assault pages 110 to 112
4. 26 Mayhem pages 113 to 115
5. 27 Nervous Shock pages 116 to 119
6. 28 False Imprisonment pages 120 to 124
7. 29 Malicious Prosecution pages 125 to 128
8. 30 Malicious Abuse of Legal Process pages 129 to 132
9. 31 Fraud or Deceit pages 133 to 136
10. 32 Conspiracy as a Tort pages 137 to 144
11. 33 Torts Affecting Personal Relations pages 145 to 147
Module 04 8 chapters
1. 34 Defamation: What It Is pages 148 to 151
2. 35 Libel and Slander pages 152 to 155
3. 36 The Essentials of Defamation pages 156 to 158
4. 37 Defences to Defamation pages 159 to 163
5. 38 Defamation in India pages 164 to 167
6. 39 Intermediary Liability and the Safe Harbour pages 168 to 176
7. 40 Modern Media and Privacy pages 177 to 182
8. 41 Privacy After Puttaswamy pages 183 to 189
Module 05 14 chapters
1. 42 Trespass to Land pages 190 to 193
2. 43 Trespass ab Initio pages 194 to 196
3. 44 Remedies for Trespass to Land pages 197 to 200
4. 45 Trespass to Goods pages 201 to 203
5. 46 Detinue pages 204 to 207
6. 47 Conversion pages 208 to 211
7. 48 Passing Off pages 212 to 216
8. 49 Infringement of a Registered Trade Mark pages 217 to 220
9. 50 Infringement of Copyright pages 221 to 228
10. 51 What Infringement of a Patent Is pages 229 to 233
11. 52 Nuisance: What It Is pages 234 to 236
12. 53 Public Nuisance pages 237 to 240
13. 54 Private Nuisance pages 241 to 244
14. 55 Defences and Remedies in Nuisance pages 245 to 248
Module 06 24 chapters
1. 56 Product Liability pages 249 to 252
2. 57 Negligence: What It Is pages 253 to 256
3. 58 The Duty of Care pages 257 to 261
4. 59 Breach of Duty and the Standard of Care pages 262 to 265
5. 60 Res Ipsa Loquitur pages 266 to 269
6. 61 Contributory and Composite Negligence pages 270 to 273
7. 62 Medical Negligence pages 274 to 278
8. 63 Occupiers' Liability: Invitees, Licensees, Trespassers and Children pages 279 to 285
9. 64 The Motor Vehicles Act 1988: Scheme and Definitions pages 286 to 289
10. 65 What a Motor Accident Claim Is pages 290 to 293
11. 66 Claims Tribunals: Constitution and Jurisdiction pages 294 to 297
12. 67 The Application for Compensation pages 298 to 303
13. 68 The Award of the Claims Tribunal pages 304 to 308
14. 69 Computing Just Compensation pages 309 to 313
15. 70 Appeal, Recovery and Rules pages 314 to 317
16. 71 Liability without Fault pages 318 to 325
17. 72 Hit and Run, and the Golden Hour pages 326 to 331
18. 73 Compulsory Third-Party Insurance pages 332 to 337
19. 74 The Insurer: Duties, Defences and Pay and Recover pages 338 to 345
20. 75 The Rest of the Motor Vehicles Act I: Licensing pages 346 to 349
21. 76 The Rest of the Motor Vehicles Act II: Conductors and Registration pages 350 to 353
22. 77 The Rest of the Motor Vehicles Act III: Permits and State Undertakings pages 354 to 357
23. 78 The Rest of the Motor Vehicles Act IV: Construction, Traffic and Foreign Vehicles pages 358 to 362
24. 79 The Rest of the Motor Vehicles Act V: Offences and Miscellaneous pages 363 to 369
Module 07 13 chapters
1. 80 Strict Liability: The Rule in Rylands v. Fletcher pages 370 to 374
2. 81 Exceptions to Strict Liability pages 375 to 378
3. 82 Absolute Liability pages 379 to 383
4. 83 The Bhopal Gas Disaster pages 384 to 387
5. 84 The Public Liability Insurance Act 1991 pages 388 to 392
6. 85 Vicarious Liability: Basis and Justification pages 393 to 396
7. 86 Who Is a Servant pages 397 to 400
8. 87 Course of Employment pages 401 to 404
9. 88 Liability for an Independent Contractor pages 405 to 407
10. 89 Other Relations that Attract Vicarious Liability pages 408 to 410
11. 90 Vicarious Liability of the State pages 411 to 414
12. 91 Constitutional Tort pages 415 to 419
13. 92 Joint Tortfeasors pages 420 to 423
Module 08 5 chapters
1. 93 Judicial Remedies: Damages pages 424 to 426
2. 94 Kinds of Damages pages 427 to 430
3. 95 Injunction and Specific Restitution of Property pages 431 to 434
4. 96 Replevin and Ejectment: Recovering Goods and Land pages 435 to 438
5. 97 Extra-Judicial Remedies pages 439 to 442
Module 09 19 chapters
1. 98 Why a Consumer Law, and the Scheme of the Act of 2019 pages 443 to 446
2. 99 Who Is a Consumer pages 447 to 450
3. 100 Goods and Defect pages 451 to 454
4. 101 Service and Deficiency pages 455 to 458
5. 102 Types of Services and Denial of Service pages 459 to 461
6. 103 Commercial and Professional Services pages 462 to 464
7. 104 Medical Services under the Act pages 465 to 468
8. 105 Unfair and Restrictive Trade Practices pages 469 to 472
9. 106 Misleading Advertisements and the Liability of an Endorser pages 473 to 476
10. 107 Consumer Rights and the Consumer Protection Councils pages 477 to 479
11. 108 The Central Consumer Protection Authority pages 480 to 483
12. 109 The District Commission pages 484 to 487
13. 110 The State Commission pages 488 to 491
14. 111 The National Commission pages 492 to 495
15. 112 Judicial Review of the Consumer Commissions pages 496 to 500
16. 113 How a Complaint Is Decided pages 501 to 504
17. 114 Mediation under the Act pages 505 to 508
18. 115 Offences and Penalties under the Consumer Law pages 509 to 512
19. 116 Frivolous and Vexatious Consumer Complaints, and Costs pages 513 to 515
Company Law
Official Notes munotes.in

Company Law

SPPU B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 8

Strictly as per the CBCS 2023 syllabus of Savitribai Phule Pune University, as amended on 18 July 2024

For students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and all its affiliated law colleges

munotes.in Fourth Year

Company Law

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Savitribai Phule Pune University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module 01 Preliminary
1. What a Company Is 1
2. The Characteristics of a Company 7
3. Lifting the Corporate Veil 13
4. Citizenship, Nationality and Residence of a Company 19
5. Types of Companies by Liability and Membership 23
6. Types of Companies by Control and Purpose 29
7. Companies with Charitable Objects 35
8. Producer Companies 41
9. Companies Incorporated Outside India 56
10. Government Companies, Registration Offices, Statistics and Nidhis 67
11. Registered Valuers, and Removal of a Company's Name from the Register 77
12. Promoters: Position, Duties and Liabilities 87
Module 02 Registration of company & Company’s Basic Documents
1. Formation and Incorporation of Companies 94
2. The Registered Office and Service of Documents 99
3. Commencement of Business 105
4. Rectification of Name and Other Incidental Matters 110
5. Companies Authorised to Register under this Act 116
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 02 continued Registration of company & Company’s Basic Documents
1. The Memorandum of Association 125
2. Alteration of the Memorandum and the Articles 132
3. The Articles of Association 139
4. The Doctrine of Ultra Vires 144
5. Constructive Notice and Indoor Management 150
Module 03 Prospectus and Securities in company
1. How a Company Raises Money: Public Offer and Private Placement 156
2. What a Prospectus Is, and What It Must Say 161
3. Kinds of Prospectus 168
4. The Golden Rule, or Golden Legacy 175
5. Civil Liability for Mis-statements in a Prospectus 180
6. Criminal Liability, Fraudulent Inducement and Personation 186
7. Private Placement and Global Depository Receipts 193
8. Kinds of Share Capital and the Nature of a Share 200
9. Issue and Redemption of Preference Shares 206
10. The ICDR Regulations: IPO, FPO, Bonus Issue and Qualified Institutions Placement 212
11. Allotment of Securities 217
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 03 continued Prospectus and Securities in company
1. Share Certificates, Calls and Variation of Shareholders' Rights 223
2. Calls, Lien, Forfeiture and Surrender of Shares 230
3. Sweat Equity, Share Premium and the Ban on Shares at a Discount 237
4. Further Issue of Share Capital and Bonus Shares 243
5. Restrictions on Purchase of Own Shares, and Buy-back 250
6. Transfer and Transmission of Securities 258
7. Membership of a Company: Who May Be a Member, How Membership Begins and Ends, and What It Carries 265
8. The Register of Members, and Significant Beneficial Owners 270
9. Power of a Limited Company to Alter its Share Capital 280
10. Reduction of Share Capital 286
11. Declaration and Payment of Dividend 292
12. Debentures and the Power to Nominate 301
13. Acceptance of Deposits: What a Deposit Is and Who May Take One 308
14. Repayment, Damages for Fraud, and Punishment 315
15. Registration of Charges: Creation and Registration 322
16. Fixed Charges, Floating Charges and Crystallisation 329
17. Modification, Satisfaction and Rectification of Charges 336
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 03 continued Prospectus and Securities in company
1. The Depositories Act, 1996: Rights and Obligations, and Rematerialisation 344
2. Dematerialisation 350
Module 04 Company Administration
1. Who is a Director, and the Director Identification Number 357
2. Types of Directors 364
3. Appointment and Reappointment of Directors 372
4. Disqualification, Vacation of Office, Resignation and Removal 378
5. Powers of the Board, and the Restrictions on Them 387
6. Duties of Directors 399
7. Rights of Directors, and the Registers Kept About Them 406
8. Loans to Directors 413
9. Disclosure of Interest and Related Party Transactions 420
10. Loan and Investment by a Company 430
11. Other Provisions About the Board and its Officers 440
12. Corporate Governance 449
13. Insider Trading: The Definitions 458
14. Insider Trading: Trading Plans, Window Closure and Penalties 467
15. Appointment of Key Managerial Personnel 478
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 04 continued Company Administration
1. Managing Directors, Whole-Time Directors and Managers 485
2. Remuneration of Managerial Personnel 496
3. Board Composition and Independent Directors 509
4. The Company Secretary 522
5. Secretarial Audit 528
6. Kinds of Meetings: The Annual General Meeting and the Extraordinary General Meeting 532
7. Notice, Quorum, Chairman and Proxy 540
8. Voting and its Types, and Types of Resolutions 549
9. Circulation of Members' Resolutions, and Minutes 558
10. Resolutions to be Filed, and the Report on the Annual General Meeting 567
11. The Annual Return 574
12. Meetings of the Board and its Committees 581
13. Board Committees 588
14. Books of Account and Financial Statements 597
15. Auditors: Appointment, Rotation, Resignation, Removal and Disqualification 606
16. Rights, Duties and Liabilities of Auditors 616
17. The Audit Report, Internal Audit and Cost Audit 626
18. The National Financial Reporting Authority 633
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 05 Protection of Minority
1. Majority Rule, Minority Rights and the Principle of Non-interference 640
2. Prevention of Oppression and Mismanagement 648
3. Class Action 660
4. Inspection, Inquiry and Investigation 669
5. The Tribunal and the Appellate Tribunal 684
6. Special Courts and the Trial of Offences 697
7. Fraud, Penalties and the Closing Provisions 708
Module 06 Winding up & Merger, Amalgamation, Reconstruction
1. Winding Up: The Modern Map 723
2. Voluntary Liquidation under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 731
3. Winding Up by the Tribunal: The Petition and the Order 739
4. The Company Liquidator 749
5. Contributories, Calls and the Conduct of a Winding Up 761
6. Provisions Applicable to Every Mode of Winding Up 773
7. Official Liquidators, Records and the Close of a Winding Up 790
8. Winding Up of Unregistered Companies 803
9. Compromises and Arrangements 811
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 06 continued Winding up & Merger, Amalgamation, Reconstruction
1. Mergers, Amalgamations and the Acquisition of Minority Shares 824
Module 07 Corporate Social Responsibility in India
1. Corporate Social Responsibility 838
2. Corporate Social Responsibility: Its History, Theories and Models 847
3. Corporate Social Responsibility Under the Companies Act, 2013 852
4. Corporate Social Responsibility Under Section 135 of the Companies Act 858
5. CSR Reporting, the National Guidelines, SEBI and the Governance of CSR 866
6. The Board's Report, the Annual Report and Integrated Reporting 872
7. CSR in Practice: Its Themes, Partnerships with Government and NGOs, and Technology 880
8. CSR: The Challenges, and the Road Ahead in India 886
9. Environmental, Social and Governance 891
munotes.in
Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
897 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 897 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 111 chapters across 7 modules
Module 01 12 chapters
1. 1 What a Company Is pages 1 to 6
2. 2 The Characteristics of a Company pages 7 to 12
3. 3 Lifting the Corporate Veil pages 13 to 18
4. 4 Citizenship, Nationality and Residence of a Company pages 19 to 22
5. 5 Types of Companies by Liability and Membership pages 23 to 28
6. 6 Types of Companies by Control and Purpose pages 29 to 34
7. 7 Companies with Charitable Objects pages 35 to 40
8. 8 Producer Companies pages 41 to 55
9. 9 Companies Incorporated Outside India pages 56 to 66
10. 10 Government Companies, Registration Offices, Statistics and Nidhis pages 67 to 76
11. 11 Registered Valuers, and Removal of a Company's Name from the Register pages 77 to 86
12. 12 Promoters: Position, Duties and Liabilities pages 87 to 93
Module 02 10 chapters
1. 13 Formation and Incorporation of Companies pages 94 to 98
2. 14 The Registered Office and Service of Documents pages 99 to 104
3. 15 Commencement of Business pages 105 to 109
4. 16 Rectification of Name and Other Incidental Matters pages 110 to 115
5. 17 Companies Authorised to Register under this Act pages 116 to 124
6. 18 The Memorandum of Association pages 125 to 131
7. 19 Alteration of the Memorandum and the Articles pages 132 to 138
8. 20 The Articles of Association pages 139 to 143
9. 21 The Doctrine of Ultra Vires pages 144 to 149
10. 22 Constructive Notice and Indoor Management pages 150 to 155
Module 03 30 chapters
1. 23 How a Company Raises Money: Public Offer and Private Placement pages 156 to 160
2. 24 What a Prospectus Is, and What It Must Say pages 161 to 167
3. 25 Kinds of Prospectus pages 168 to 174
4. 26 The Golden Rule, or Golden Legacy pages 175 to 179
5. 27 Civil Liability for Mis-statements in a Prospectus pages 180 to 185
6. 28 Criminal Liability, Fraudulent Inducement and Personation pages 186 to 192
7. 29 Private Placement and Global Depository Receipts pages 193 to 199
8. 30 Kinds of Share Capital and the Nature of a Share pages 200 to 205
9. 31 Issue and Redemption of Preference Shares pages 206 to 211
10. 32 The ICDR Regulations: IPO, FPO, Bonus Issue and Qualified Institutions Placement pages 212 to 216
11. 33 Allotment of Securities pages 217 to 222
12. 34 Share Certificates, Calls and Variation of Shareholders' Rights pages 223 to 229
13. 35 Calls, Lien, Forfeiture and Surrender of Shares pages 230 to 236
14. 36 Sweat Equity, Share Premium and the Ban on Shares at a Discount pages 237 to 242
15. 37 Further Issue of Share Capital and Bonus Shares pages 243 to 249
16. 38 Restrictions on Purchase of Own Shares, and Buy-back pages 250 to 257
17. 39 Transfer and Transmission of Securities pages 258 to 264
18. 40 Membership of a Company: Who May Be a Member, How Membership Begins and Ends, and What It Carries pages 265 to 269
19. 41 The Register of Members, and Significant Beneficial Owners pages 270 to 279
20. 42 Power of a Limited Company to Alter its Share Capital pages 280 to 285
21. 43 Reduction of Share Capital pages 286 to 291
22. 44 Declaration and Payment of Dividend pages 292 to 300
23. 45 Debentures and the Power to Nominate pages 301 to 307
24. 46 Acceptance of Deposits: What a Deposit Is and Who May Take One pages 308 to 314
25. 47 Repayment, Damages for Fraud, and Punishment pages 315 to 321
26. 48 Registration of Charges: Creation and Registration pages 322 to 328
27. 49 Fixed Charges, Floating Charges and Crystallisation pages 329 to 335
28. 50 Modification, Satisfaction and Rectification of Charges pages 336 to 343
29. 51 The Depositories Act, 1996: Rights and Obligations, and Rematerialisation pages 344 to 349
30. 52 Dematerialisation pages 350 to 356
Module 04 33 chapters
1. 53 Who is a Director, and the Director Identification Number pages 357 to 363
2. 54 Types of Directors pages 364 to 371
3. 55 Appointment and Reappointment of Directors pages 372 to 377
4. 56 Disqualification, Vacation of Office, Resignation and Removal pages 378 to 386
5. 57 Powers of the Board, and the Restrictions on Them pages 387 to 398
6. 58 Duties of Directors pages 399 to 405
7. 59 Rights of Directors, and the Registers Kept About Them pages 406 to 412
8. 60 Loans to Directors pages 413 to 419
9. 61 Disclosure of Interest and Related Party Transactions pages 420 to 429
10. 62 Loan and Investment by a Company pages 430 to 439
11. 63 Other Provisions About the Board and its Officers pages 440 to 448
12. 64 Corporate Governance pages 449 to 457
13. 65 Insider Trading: The Definitions pages 458 to 466
14. 66 Insider Trading: Trading Plans, Window Closure and Penalties pages 467 to 477
15. 67 Appointment of Key Managerial Personnel pages 478 to 484
16. 68 Managing Directors, Whole-Time Directors and Managers pages 485 to 495
17. 69 Remuneration of Managerial Personnel pages 496 to 508
18. 70 Board Composition and Independent Directors pages 509 to 521
19. 71 The Company Secretary pages 522 to 527
20. 72 Secretarial Audit pages 528 to 531
21. 73 Kinds of Meetings: The Annual General Meeting and the Extraordinary General Meeting pages 532 to 539
22. 74 Notice, Quorum, Chairman and Proxy pages 540 to 548
23. 75 Voting and its Types, and Types of Resolutions pages 549 to 557
24. 76 Circulation of Members' Resolutions, and Minutes pages 558 to 566
25. 77 Resolutions to be Filed, and the Report on the Annual General Meeting pages 567 to 573
26. 78 The Annual Return pages 574 to 580
27. 79 Meetings of the Board and its Committees pages 581 to 587
28. 80 Board Committees pages 588 to 596
29. 81 Books of Account and Financial Statements pages 597 to 605
30. 82 Auditors: Appointment, Rotation, Resignation, Removal and Disqualification pages 606 to 615
31. 83 Rights, Duties and Liabilities of Auditors pages 616 to 625
32. 84 The Audit Report, Internal Audit and Cost Audit pages 626 to 632
33. 85 The National Financial Reporting Authority pages 633 to 639
Module 05 7 chapters
1. 86 Majority Rule, Minority Rights and the Principle of Non-interference pages 640 to 647
2. 87 Prevention of Oppression and Mismanagement pages 648 to 659
3. 88 Class Action pages 660 to 668
4. 89 Inspection, Inquiry and Investigation pages 669 to 683
5. 90 The Tribunal and the Appellate Tribunal pages 684 to 696
6. 91 Special Courts and the Trial of Offences pages 697 to 707
7. 92 Fraud, Penalties and the Closing Provisions pages 708 to 722
Module 06 10 chapters
1. 93 Winding Up: The Modern Map pages 723 to 730
2. 94 Voluntary Liquidation under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code pages 731 to 738
3. 95 Winding Up by the Tribunal: The Petition and the Order pages 739 to 748
4. 96 The Company Liquidator pages 749 to 760
5. 97 Contributories, Calls and the Conduct of a Winding Up pages 761 to 772
6. 98 Provisions Applicable to Every Mode of Winding Up pages 773 to 789
7. 99 Official Liquidators, Records and the Close of a Winding Up pages 790 to 802
8. 100 Winding Up of Unregistered Companies pages 803 to 810
9. 101 Compromises and Arrangements pages 811 to 823
10. 102 Mergers, Amalgamations and the Acquisition of Minority Shares pages 824 to 837
Module 07 9 chapters
1. 103 Corporate Social Responsibility pages 838 to 846
2. 104 Corporate Social Responsibility: Its History, Theories and Models pages 847 to 851
3. 105 Corporate Social Responsibility Under the Companies Act, 2013 pages 852 to 857
4. 106 Corporate Social Responsibility Under Section 135 of the Companies Act pages 858 to 865
5. 107 CSR Reporting, the National Guidelines, SEBI and the Governance of CSR pages 866 to 871
6. 108 The Board's Report, the Annual Report and Integrated Reporting pages 872 to 879
7. 109 CSR in Practice: Its Themes, Partnerships with Government and NGOs, and Technology pages 880 to 885
8. 110 CSR: The Challenges, and the Road Ahead in India pages 886 to 890
9. 111 Environmental, Social and Governance pages 891 to 897
Alternate Dispute Resolution System
Official Notes munotes.in

Alternate Dispute Resolution System

SPPU B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 8

Strictly as per the CBCS 2023 syllabus of Savitribai Phule Pune University, as amended on 18 July 2024

For students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and all its affiliated law colleges

munotes.in Fourth Year

Alternate Dispute Resolution System

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Savitribai Phule Pune University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module 01 Introduction
1. What Alternative Dispute Resolution Is, and Why a Law Student Studies It 1
2. Why ADR Is Needed: International Commitments, Domestic Needs and the Disputes ADR Suits 7
3. The Adversarial and Inquisitorial Methods, and the Other Methods of Dispute Resolution 14
4. Mediation: What It Is, and How It Differs from Conciliation and Arbitration 18
5. The Right to Free Legal Aid: Article 39A and the Cases That Made It Real 24
6. The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987: Its Shape, Its Commencement and Its Definitions 30
7. The National Legal Services Authority and the Supreme Court Committee 36
8. The State Legal Services Authority and the High Court Legal Services Committee 42
9. The District Legal Services Authority and the Taluk Legal Services Committee 47
10. Who Is Entitled to Legal Services, and on What Test 52
11. What 'Legal Services' Actually Means, and How a Person Applies for Them 58
12. Paying for It: Grants, the Three Funds, Accounts and Audit 63
13. Lok Adalats: What They Are, and How One Is Organised 67
14. How a Case Reaches a Lok Adalat: Cognizance, Reference and Pre-Litigation Matters 73
15. The Award of a Lok Adalat: A Decree That Cannot Be Appealed 78
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 01 continued Introduction
1. The Powers of a Lok Adalat, and the Court Fee That Comes Back 85
2. Permanent Lok Adalats: The Forum for Public Utility Services 90
3. How a Permanent Lok Adalat Decides, and Why It May Decide at All 95
4. Para-Legal Training, Legal Literacy and Legal Services Clinics 102
5. Lok Adalats in Practice: National Lok Adalats, Mobile and Continuous Sittings 108
6. The Rest of the Act: Public Servants, Good Faith, Overriding Effect, Rules and Regulations 113
7. The Legislative and Judicial Sanction for ADR, and Online Dispute Resolution 119
8. Section 89 of the Code of Civil Procedure: How a Court Sends a Case Out to Be Settled 123
9. Pre-Institution Mediation: The One Place Mediation Is Compulsory 130
10. Conciliation in Family Disputes: the Family Courts Act, 1984 and the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 135
11. Family Courts in Maharashtra: Section 9, Counselling and the Rules 139
12. ADR under the MSMED Act, RERA and the Companies Act 142
13. Conciliation in Industrial Disputes: the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 and the Industrial Relations Code, 2020 147
14. Mediation under the Act 152
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 02 Negotiation and Mediation
1. Negotiation: The Skill Underneath Every Other Method 156
2. Styles of Negotiation and Approaches to Negotiation 162
3. The Phases of Negotiation, the Qualities of a Negotiator and the Power to Negotiate 165
4. Models of Mediation and the Code of Conduct for Mediators 169
5. The Mediator: Qualities and Role, and the Essential Characteristics of the Mediation Process 173
6. The Mediation Act 2023: The Whole Scheme, and How Much of It Is Actually in Force 179
7. The Mediation Act 2023: Its Reach, the Mediator and the Proceedings 186
8. Mediated Settlement Agreements, the Mediation Council of India and Mediation Institutions 191
Module 03 Conciliation
1. Conciliation: What It Is, and How Proceedings Begin 196
2. Kinds of Conciliation, and the Conciliator: Qualities, Duties, Role and the Stages of Conciliation 201
3. The Conciliator's Role, and How a Conciliation Is Conducted 206
4. The Settlement Agreement: How It Is Made, and Why It Is as Good as an Award 212
5. Confidentiality, Termination, Costs, and What the Conciliator May Never Do Afterwards 217
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 04 Arbitration
1. Arbitration: Meaning, Attributes, General Principles and Kinds, and the Qualities of an Arbitrator 223
2. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Arbitration 228
3. Definitions, and How Far Part I Reaches 231
4. Part IA: The Arbitration Council of India, In Force but Not in Existence 237
5. The Arbitration Agreement: What Makes One, and What Breaks One 242
6. Arbitrability: What Cannot Be Sent to Arbitration at All 248
7. Section 8: When a Court Must Send the Parties to Arbitration 253
8. Written Communications, Waiver of the Right to Object, and the Limit on Judicial Intervention 258
9. Deposits, Lien, Death, Insolvency, Jurisdiction, Confidentiality and Limitation 263
Module 05 Structure, Powers and Functions of Arbitral Tribunal
1. How Many Arbitrators, and How They Are Appointed 269
2. Independence and Impartiality: The Fifth and Seventh Schedules 275
3. Challenging an Arbitrator, and What Happens When One Cannot Act 282
4. Section 16: The Tribunal Rules on Its Own Jurisdiction 286
5. Section 17: Interim Measures by the Tribunal, and How They Are Enforced 290
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 05 continued Structure, Powers and Functions of Arbitral Tribunal
1. Section 9: Interim Measures by the Court, Before, During and After 295
Module 06 Arbitration Proceedings and Award
1. Conducting the Arbitration: Equal Treatment, Procedure, Place, Commencement and Language 300
2. What Law the Tribunal Applies, and How a Panel Decides 305
3. Pleadings, Hearings, and What Happens When a Party Does Not Turn Up 310
4. Experts Appointed by the Tribunal, and Court Assistance in Taking Evidence 315
5. Time Limits for the Award, and the Fast Track Procedure 319
6. Section 30: Settling During an Arbitration, and the Award on Agreed Terms 324
7. The Arbitral Award: Form, Contents, Reasons, Interest and Costs 329
8. Termination of Proceedings, Correction, Interpretation and Additional Awards 334
9. Section 34: Setting Aside an Award, and What 'Public Policy' Now Means 339
10. Finality and Enforcement: Section 36 and the Automatic Stay That Was Abolished 346
11. Section 37: Which Orders Can Be Appealed, and Which Cannot 351
12. Part IV: Rules, Repeals, and the Section the Supreme Court Struck Down 355
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 06 continued Arbitration Proceedings and Award
1. The Schedules: Grounds of Ineligibility, Fees, and the One That Was Deleted 360
Module 07 International Perspectives and Enforcement of Foreign Awards - International Perspectives
1. The Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996: Where It Came From and How It Is Built 366
2. Foreign Awards: Why Part II Has Two Chapters, and What a Convention Does 372
3. New York Convention Awards: Definition, Reference to Arbitration, and When an Award Binds 378
4. Section 48: The Grounds for Refusing a Foreign Award, and the Narrow Public Policy Test 383
5. Enforcing a Foreign Award in India: Procedure, Appeals and Savings 390
6. Geneva Convention Awards: The Older Scheme, and Why It Still Sits in the Act 395
7. The India International Arbitration Centre Act 2019 401
munotes.in
Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
404 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 404 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 77 chapters across 7 modules
Module 01 29 chapters
1. 1 What Alternative Dispute Resolution Is, and Why a Law Student Studies It pages 1 to 6
2. 2 Why ADR Is Needed: International Commitments, Domestic Needs and the Disputes ADR Suits pages 7 to 13
3. 3 The Adversarial and Inquisitorial Methods, and the Other Methods of Dispute Resolution pages 14 to 17
4. 4 Mediation: What It Is, and How It Differs from Conciliation and Arbitration pages 18 to 23
5. 5 The Right to Free Legal Aid: Article 39A and the Cases That Made It Real pages 24 to 29
6. 6 The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987: Its Shape, Its Commencement and Its Definitions pages 30 to 35
7. 7 The National Legal Services Authority and the Supreme Court Committee pages 36 to 41
8. 8 The State Legal Services Authority and the High Court Legal Services Committee pages 42 to 46
9. 9 The District Legal Services Authority and the Taluk Legal Services Committee pages 47 to 51
10. 10 Who Is Entitled to Legal Services, and on What Test pages 52 to 57
11. 11 What 'Legal Services' Actually Means, and How a Person Applies for Them pages 58 to 62
12. 12 Paying for It: Grants, the Three Funds, Accounts and Audit pages 63 to 66
13. 13 Lok Adalats: What They Are, and How One Is Organised pages 67 to 72
14. 14 How a Case Reaches a Lok Adalat: Cognizance, Reference and Pre-Litigation Matters pages 73 to 77
15. 15 The Award of a Lok Adalat: A Decree That Cannot Be Appealed pages 78 to 84
16. 16 The Powers of a Lok Adalat, and the Court Fee That Comes Back pages 85 to 89
17. 17 Permanent Lok Adalats: The Forum for Public Utility Services pages 90 to 94
18. 18 How a Permanent Lok Adalat Decides, and Why It May Decide at All pages 95 to 101
19. 19 Para-Legal Training, Legal Literacy and Legal Services Clinics pages 102 to 107
20. 20 Lok Adalats in Practice: National Lok Adalats, Mobile and Continuous Sittings pages 108 to 112
21. 21 The Rest of the Act: Public Servants, Good Faith, Overriding Effect, Rules and Regulations pages 113 to 118
22. 22 The Legislative and Judicial Sanction for ADR, and Online Dispute Resolution pages 119 to 122
23. 23 Section 89 of the Code of Civil Procedure: How a Court Sends a Case Out to Be Settled pages 123 to 129
24. 24 Pre-Institution Mediation: The One Place Mediation Is Compulsory pages 130 to 134
25. 25 Conciliation in Family Disputes: the Family Courts Act, 1984 and the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 pages 135 to 138
26. 26 Family Courts in Maharashtra: Section 9, Counselling and the Rules pages 139 to 141
27. 27 ADR under the MSMED Act, RERA and the Companies Act pages 142 to 146
28. 28 Conciliation in Industrial Disputes: the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 and the Industrial Relations Code, 2020 pages 147 to 151
29. 29 Mediation under the Act pages 152 to 155
Module 02 8 chapters
1. 30 Negotiation: The Skill Underneath Every Other Method pages 156 to 161
2. 31 Styles of Negotiation and Approaches to Negotiation pages 162 to 164
3. 32 The Phases of Negotiation, the Qualities of a Negotiator and the Power to Negotiate pages 165 to 168
4. 33 Models of Mediation and the Code of Conduct for Mediators pages 169 to 172
5. 34 The Mediator: Qualities and Role, and the Essential Characteristics of the Mediation Process pages 173 to 178
6. 35 The Mediation Act 2023: The Whole Scheme, and How Much of It Is Actually in Force pages 179 to 185
7. 36 The Mediation Act 2023: Its Reach, the Mediator and the Proceedings pages 186 to 190
8. 37 Mediated Settlement Agreements, the Mediation Council of India and Mediation Institutions pages 191 to 195
Module 03 5 chapters
1. 38 Conciliation: What It Is, and How Proceedings Begin pages 196 to 200
2. 39 Kinds of Conciliation, and the Conciliator: Qualities, Duties, Role and the Stages of Conciliation pages 201 to 205
3. 40 The Conciliator's Role, and How a Conciliation Is Conducted pages 206 to 211
4. 41 The Settlement Agreement: How It Is Made, and Why It Is as Good as an Award pages 212 to 216
5. 42 Confidentiality, Termination, Costs, and What the Conciliator May Never Do Afterwards pages 217 to 222
Module 04 9 chapters
1. 43 Arbitration: Meaning, Attributes, General Principles and Kinds, and the Qualities of an Arbitrator pages 223 to 227
2. 44 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Arbitration pages 228 to 230
3. 45 Definitions, and How Far Part I Reaches pages 231 to 236
4. 46 Part IA: The Arbitration Council of India, In Force but Not in Existence pages 237 to 241
5. 47 The Arbitration Agreement: What Makes One, and What Breaks One pages 242 to 247
6. 48 Arbitrability: What Cannot Be Sent to Arbitration at All pages 248 to 252
7. 49 Section 8: When a Court Must Send the Parties to Arbitration pages 253 to 257
8. 50 Written Communications, Waiver of the Right to Object, and the Limit on Judicial Intervention pages 258 to 262
9. 51 Deposits, Lien, Death, Insolvency, Jurisdiction, Confidentiality and Limitation pages 263 to 268
Module 05 6 chapters
1. 52 How Many Arbitrators, and How They Are Appointed pages 269 to 274
2. 53 Independence and Impartiality: The Fifth and Seventh Schedules pages 275 to 281
3. 54 Challenging an Arbitrator, and What Happens When One Cannot Act pages 282 to 285
4. 55 Section 16: The Tribunal Rules on Its Own Jurisdiction pages 286 to 289
5. 56 Section 17: Interim Measures by the Tribunal, and How They Are Enforced pages 290 to 294
6. 57 Section 9: Interim Measures by the Court, Before, During and After pages 295 to 299
Module 06 13 chapters
1. 58 Conducting the Arbitration: Equal Treatment, Procedure, Place, Commencement and Language pages 300 to 304
2. 59 What Law the Tribunal Applies, and How a Panel Decides pages 305 to 309
3. 60 Pleadings, Hearings, and What Happens When a Party Does Not Turn Up pages 310 to 314
4. 61 Experts Appointed by the Tribunal, and Court Assistance in Taking Evidence pages 315 to 318
5. 62 Time Limits for the Award, and the Fast Track Procedure pages 319 to 323
6. 63 Section 30: Settling During an Arbitration, and the Award on Agreed Terms pages 324 to 328
7. 64 The Arbitral Award: Form, Contents, Reasons, Interest and Costs pages 329 to 333
8. 65 Termination of Proceedings, Correction, Interpretation and Additional Awards pages 334 to 338
9. 66 Section 34: Setting Aside an Award, and What 'Public Policy' Now Means pages 339 to 345
10. 67 Finality and Enforcement: Section 36 and the Automatic Stay That Was Abolished pages 346 to 350
11. 68 Section 37: Which Orders Can Be Appealed, and Which Cannot pages 351 to 354
12. 69 Part IV: Rules, Repeals, and the Section the Supreme Court Struck Down pages 355 to 359
13. 70 The Schedules: Grounds of Ineligibility, Fees, and the One That Was Deleted pages 360 to 365
Module 07 7 chapters
1. 71 The Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996: Where It Came From and How It Is Built pages 366 to 371
2. 72 Foreign Awards: Why Part II Has Two Chapters, and What a Convention Does pages 372 to 377
3. 73 New York Convention Awards: Definition, Reference to Arbitration, and When an Award Binds pages 378 to 382
4. 74 Section 48: The Grounds for Refusing a Foreign Award, and the Narrow Public Policy Test pages 383 to 389
5. 75 Enforcing a Foreign Award in India: Procedure, Appeals and Savings pages 390 to 394
6. 76 Geneva Convention Awards: The Older Scheme, and Why It Still Sits in the Act pages 395 to 400
7. 77 The India International Arbitration Centre Act 2019 pages 401 to 404
International Economic Law
Official Notes munotes.in

International Economic Law

SPPU B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 8

Strictly as per the CBCS 2023 syllabus of Savitribai Phule Pune University, as amended on 18 July 2024

For students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and all its affiliated law colleges

munotes.in Fourth Year

International Economic Law

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Savitribai Phule Pune University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module 01 Introduction to International Economic Law
1. What International Economic Law Is: Its Content, Nature, Sources and Relation to National Law 1
2. The Sources of Law for Global Trade, and the Constitution of India 5
3. The World Before the System: Trade Law to 1944 9
4. The Bretton Woods Conference of 1944 14
5. State Sovereignty and International Trade Agreements 19
6. The Global Market and Sovereignty over Resources 23
7. Developing Countries, Least-Developed Countries and Special Treatment 26
8. The Global North-South Divide: Rich and Poor, Stability and Progress 31
9. Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources 36
10. The New International Economic Order 39
11. What Sustainable Development Means 44
Module 02 World Events that shaped the Global Financial Order
1. The First World War: Course and Results 47
2. The Cold War: Meaning, Stages, Effects and Examples 52
3. Bipolarity, 1949 to 1991: The Cold War World 55
4. Non-Alignment and the Non-Aligned Movement: Importance, Factors, Basis and Achievements 61
5. Crises That Shaped the Global Financial Order: Suez, the Oil Shocks, the Asian Crisis and Covid-19 64
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 03 International Monetary and Development Law
1. The International Monetary Fund 69
2. Balance of Payments Disequilibrium, and Restrictions to Safeguard It 74
3. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 78
4. Regional Organisations and Groupings 82
Module 04 International Trade Law I
1. The Classical Theory: Absolute Advantage and Comparative Cost 86
2. The Comparative Cost Theory Examined: Assumptions, Criticism and Restatement 91
3. The Modern Theory: The Heckscher-Ohlin Theory of International Trade 96
4. The Havana Charter and the Organization That Never Was 101
5. GATT 1947: The Agreement That Stood In 105
6. How GATT Worked, and How Far It Succeeded 109
7. The Rounds: Geneva 1947 to Tokyo 1979 114
8. The Uruguay Round 118
9. The Marrakesh Agreement, Article by Article 123
10. Objectives, Scope and Functions of the WTO 128
11. The Organisational Chart: Ministerial Conference to the Committees 132
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 04 continued International Trade Law I
1. Decision-Making: Consensus, Voting, Interpretations and Waivers 136
2. Membership, Accession, Non-Application and Withdrawal 140
3. Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment: Article I 144
4. The Exceptions to MFN: Preferences, the Enabling Clause and Waivers 148
5. National Treatment I: Internal Taxation, Article III:2 152
6. National Treatment II: Regulation and Procurement, Article III:4 and III:8 156
7. Schedules of Concessions and Tariff Bindings: Article II 160
8. Safeguards: Article XIX and the Agreement 165
9. Safeguards II: Injury, Causation and Parallelism 171
10. The General Exceptions: Article XX 178
11. The Security Exceptions: Article XXI 183
12. The Dispute Settlement Body and the Coverage of the DSU: Articles 1 to 3 188
13. Consultations, Good Offices, Conciliation and Mediation: Articles 4 and 5 193
14. Panels: Articles 6 to 15 197
15. Appellate Review: Article 17 203
16. Implementation, Compensation and Retaliation: Articles 21 and 22 208
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 04 continued International Trade Law I
1. India and the Dispute Settlement Process 213
Module 05 International Trade Law II
1. Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures 218
2. Technical Barriers to Trade 225
3. Why Services Entered the Trading System 230
4. Trade in Services Defined: The Four Modes 235
5. MFN under the GATS: Article II and the Exemptions 239
6. Market Access: Article XVI 243
7. The Salient Features of the GATS, Drawn Together 247
8. Why Intellectual Property Entered the Trade System 252
9. The Structure of TRIPS: Seven Parts 257
10. General Provisions and Basic Principles: Articles 1 to 8 261
11. TRIPS and Public Health: Doha, Article 31bis and the Pandemic 266
12. Trade-Related Investment Measures 272
13. The Agreement on Agriculture 277
14. Agriculture and India: Public Stockholding to the Sugar Dispute 283
15. The Ministerial Conferences: Singapore to Yaounde 288
16. The Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies 292
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 05 continued International Trade Law II
1. Trade and the Environment: Tuna Dolphin to Shrimp and After 296
2. The Appellate Body Crisis and the MPIA 301
Module 06 International Investment Law
1. Foreign Direct Investment in India 308
2. Foreign Investment: Its Significance, the Factors behind It, and the Trends 323
3. Bilateral Investment Treaties, and India's Model BIT 327
4. Investment Treaty Arbitration, and the Cases from South Asia 330
Module 07 International Business Law
1. The International Sale of Goods, and the Vienna Convention 334
2. The CISG: Sphere of Application 338
3. The CISG: Formation of the Contract 346
4. The CISG: Obligations and Remedies 353
5. Carriage of Goods by Sea 365
6. The Hamburg Rules 371
munotes.in
Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
375 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 375 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 76 chapters across 7 modules
Module 01 11 chapters
1. 1 What International Economic Law Is: Its Content, Nature, Sources and Relation to National Law pages 1 to 4
2. 2 The Sources of Law for Global Trade, and the Constitution of India pages 5 to 8
3. 3 The World Before the System: Trade Law to 1944 pages 9 to 13
4. 4 The Bretton Woods Conference of 1944 pages 14 to 18
5. 5 State Sovereignty and International Trade Agreements pages 19 to 22
6. 6 The Global Market and Sovereignty over Resources pages 23 to 25
7. 7 Developing Countries, Least-Developed Countries and Special Treatment pages 26 to 30
8. 8 The Global North-South Divide: Rich and Poor, Stability and Progress pages 31 to 35
9. 9 Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources pages 36 to 38
10. 10 The New International Economic Order pages 39 to 43
11. 11 What Sustainable Development Means pages 44 to 46
Module 02 5 chapters
1. 12 The First World War: Course and Results pages 47 to 51
2. 13 The Cold War: Meaning, Stages, Effects and Examples pages 52 to 54
3. 14 Bipolarity, 1949 to 1991: The Cold War World pages 55 to 60
4. 15 Non-Alignment and the Non-Aligned Movement: Importance, Factors, Basis and Achievements pages 61 to 63
5. 16 Crises That Shaped the Global Financial Order: Suez, the Oil Shocks, the Asian Crisis and Covid-19 pages 64 to 68
Module 03 4 chapters
1. 17 The International Monetary Fund pages 69 to 73
2. 18 Balance of Payments Disequilibrium, and Restrictions to Safeguard It pages 74 to 77
3. 19 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development pages 78 to 81
4. 20 Regional Organisations and Groupings pages 82 to 85
Module 04 28 chapters
1. 21 The Classical Theory: Absolute Advantage and Comparative Cost pages 86 to 90
2. 22 The Comparative Cost Theory Examined: Assumptions, Criticism and Restatement pages 91 to 95
3. 23 The Modern Theory: The Heckscher-Ohlin Theory of International Trade pages 96 to 100
4. 24 The Havana Charter and the Organization That Never Was pages 101 to 104
5. 25 GATT 1947: The Agreement That Stood In pages 105 to 108
6. 26 How GATT Worked, and How Far It Succeeded pages 109 to 113
7. 27 The Rounds: Geneva 1947 to Tokyo 1979 pages 114 to 117
8. 28 The Uruguay Round pages 118 to 122
9. 29 The Marrakesh Agreement, Article by Article pages 123 to 127
10. 30 Objectives, Scope and Functions of the WTO pages 128 to 131
11. 31 The Organisational Chart: Ministerial Conference to the Committees pages 132 to 135
12. 32 Decision-Making: Consensus, Voting, Interpretations and Waivers pages 136 to 139
13. 33 Membership, Accession, Non-Application and Withdrawal pages 140 to 143
14. 34 Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment: Article I pages 144 to 147
15. 35 The Exceptions to MFN: Preferences, the Enabling Clause and Waivers pages 148 to 151
16. 36 National Treatment I: Internal Taxation, Article III:2 pages 152 to 155
17. 37 National Treatment II: Regulation and Procurement, Article III:4 and III:8 pages 156 to 159
18. 38 Schedules of Concessions and Tariff Bindings: Article II pages 160 to 164
19. 39 Safeguards: Article XIX and the Agreement pages 165 to 170
20. 40 Safeguards II: Injury, Causation and Parallelism pages 171 to 177
21. 41 The General Exceptions: Article XX pages 178 to 182
22. 42 The Security Exceptions: Article XXI pages 183 to 187
23. 43 The Dispute Settlement Body and the Coverage of the DSU: Articles 1 to 3 pages 188 to 192
24. 44 Consultations, Good Offices, Conciliation and Mediation: Articles 4 and 5 pages 193 to 196
25. 45 Panels: Articles 6 to 15 pages 197 to 202
26. 46 Appellate Review: Article 17 pages 203 to 207
27. 47 Implementation, Compensation and Retaliation: Articles 21 and 22 pages 208 to 212
28. 48 India and the Dispute Settlement Process pages 213 to 217
Module 05 18 chapters
1. 49 Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures pages 218 to 224
2. 50 Technical Barriers to Trade pages 225 to 229
3. 51 Why Services Entered the Trading System pages 230 to 234
4. 52 Trade in Services Defined: The Four Modes pages 235 to 238
5. 53 MFN under the GATS: Article II and the Exemptions pages 239 to 242
6. 54 Market Access: Article XVI pages 243 to 246
7. 55 The Salient Features of the GATS, Drawn Together pages 247 to 251
8. 56 Why Intellectual Property Entered the Trade System pages 252 to 256
9. 57 The Structure of TRIPS: Seven Parts pages 257 to 260
10. 58 General Provisions and Basic Principles: Articles 1 to 8 pages 261 to 265
11. 59 TRIPS and Public Health: Doha, Article 31bis and the Pandemic pages 266 to 271
12. 60 Trade-Related Investment Measures pages 272 to 276
13. 61 The Agreement on Agriculture pages 277 to 282
14. 62 Agriculture and India: Public Stockholding to the Sugar Dispute pages 283 to 287
15. 63 The Ministerial Conferences: Singapore to Yaounde pages 288 to 291
16. 64 The Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies pages 292 to 295
17. 65 Trade and the Environment: Tuna Dolphin to Shrimp and After pages 296 to 300
18. 66 The Appellate Body Crisis and the MPIA pages 301 to 307
Module 06 4 chapters
1. 67 Foreign Direct Investment in India pages 308 to 322
2. 68 Foreign Investment: Its Significance, the Factors behind It, and the Trends pages 323 to 326
3. 69 Bilateral Investment Treaties, and India's Model BIT pages 327 to 329
4. 70 Investment Treaty Arbitration, and the Cases from South Asia pages 330 to 333
Module 07 6 chapters
1. 71 The International Sale of Goods, and the Vienna Convention pages 334 to 337
2. 72 The CISG: Sphere of Application pages 338 to 345
3. 73 The CISG: Formation of the Contract pages 346 to 352
4. 74 The CISG: Obligations and Remedies pages 353 to 364
5. 75 Carriage of Goods by Sea pages 365 to 370
6. 76 The Hamburg Rules pages 371 to 375
Civil Procedure Code and Limitation Act
Official Notes munotes.in

Civil Procedure Code and Limitation Act

SPPU B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 8

Strictly as per the CBCS 2023 syllabus of Savitribai Phule Pune University, as amended on 18 July 2024

For students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and all its affiliated law colleges

munotes.in Fourth Year

Civil Procedure Code and Limitation Act

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Savitribai Phule Pune University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module 01 Introduction to CPC
1. Procedural Law and Substantive Law 1
2. The Code of Civil Procedure: Its History, Extent and Application 5
3. The Code of Civil Procedure at a Glance: Its Scheme, Its Features, State Amendments and the Adversarial Method 10
4. Definitions 15
Module 02 Jurisdiction of Courts
1. Jurisdiction of Civil Courts 21
2. The Civil Courts of Maharashtra, and How a Suit Is Valued 26
3. Chartered High Courts and Small Cause Courts 33
4. Essentials of a Suit and Cause of Action 40
5. Bar to Further Suit 44
6. Parties to a Suit 49
7. Death, Marriage and Insolvency of Parties 55
8. Institution of a Suit and Summons 61
9. Res Sub Judice 67
10. Res Judicata 71
11. Foreign Judgments 86
12. Place of Suing 93
13. Objections to Jurisdiction 98
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 02 continued Jurisdiction of Courts
1. Transfer of Suits 103
2. Summonses Across Borders: Foreign Summonses (Section 29) and Summonses to Witnesses (Section 31) 108
3. Examination of Parties, Interrogatories, Discovery, Inspection and Admissions 113
Module 03 Institution of Civil Suits
1. Pleadings 121
2. The Plaint 125
3. Object and Features of the Limitation Act 1963 131
4. Bar of Limitation and Condonation of Delay 137
5. Legal Disability 142
6. Computation of the Period of Limitation 148
7. Effect of Acknowledgment and Part Payment 155
8. Acquisition of Ownership by Possession 161
9. The Schedule: How to Find a Period of Limitation 169
Module 04 Hearing and Trial of Civil Suits
1. The Written Statement 177
2. Set-off and Counterclaim 183
3. Appearance and Consequences of Non-appearance 188
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 04 continued Hearing and Trial of Civil Suits
1. Trial, Witnesses and Evidence 194
2. Affidavits and Exemption from Personal Appearance 200
3. Adjournments, Judicial Discretion and the Problem of Arrears 206
4. Commissions 212
5. Framing of Issues and Disposal at the First Hearing 219
6. Settlement of Disputes Outside the Court 224
7. Withdrawal and Adjustment of Suits 229
Module 05 Judgment and decree
1. Judgment and Decree 234
2. Temporary Injunctions and Interim Orders 239
3. Appointment of Receivers 247
4. Costs 252
5. Payment into Court and Security for Costs 258
6. Meaning of Execution and the Court which Executes 264
7. Transfer of a Decree for Execution 270
8. Questions to be Determined by the Executing Court 276
9. Mode of Execution and Stay of Execution 281
10. Arrest and Detention in Execution 288
11. Attachment of Property 294
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 05 continued Judgment and decree
1. Sale in Execution 303
2. Resistance to Delivery of Possession 311
Module 06 Suits in Particular Cases
1. Suits by and against the Government and Public Officers 317
2. Suits by Aliens and by or against Foreign Rulers, Ambassadors and Envoys 322
3. Suits Relating to Public Matters: Public Nuisances and Public Charities 328
4. Attachment before Judgment 333
5. Suits by and against Minors, Corporations, Firms and Others 339
6. Suits by Indigent Persons 346
7. Interpleader Suits 352
8. Summary Procedure 358
9. Suits Relating to Mortgages of Immovable Property 365
10. Special Case 371
Module 07 Appeals, Revision, Review and Refernce
1. Appeals from Original Decrees 376
2. Appeals from Appellate Decrees 385
3. Appeals from Orders 390
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 07 continued Appeals, Revision, Review and Refernce
1. Appeals to the Supreme Court 395
2. Reference, Review and Revision 401
3. Inherent Powers, Caveat and Miscellaneous 409
munotes.in
Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
416 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 416 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 68 chapters across 7 modules
Module 01 4 chapters
1. 1 Procedural Law and Substantive Law pages 1 to 4
2. 2 The Code of Civil Procedure: Its History, Extent and Application pages 5 to 9
3. 3 The Code of Civil Procedure at a Glance: Its Scheme, Its Features, State Amendments and the Adversarial Method pages 10 to 14
4. 4 Definitions pages 15 to 20
Module 02 16 chapters
1. 5 Jurisdiction of Civil Courts pages 21 to 25
2. 6 The Civil Courts of Maharashtra, and How a Suit Is Valued pages 26 to 32
3. 7 Chartered High Courts and Small Cause Courts pages 33 to 39
4. 8 Essentials of a Suit and Cause of Action pages 40 to 43
5. 9 Bar to Further Suit pages 44 to 48
6. 10 Parties to a Suit pages 49 to 54
7. 11 Death, Marriage and Insolvency of Parties pages 55 to 60
8. 12 Institution of a Suit and Summons pages 61 to 66
9. 13 Res Sub Judice pages 67 to 70
10. 14 Res Judicata pages 71 to 85
11. 15 Foreign Judgments pages 86 to 92
12. 16 Place of Suing pages 93 to 97
13. 17 Objections to Jurisdiction pages 98 to 102
14. 18 Transfer of Suits pages 103 to 107
15. 19 Summonses Across Borders: Foreign Summonses (Section 29) and Summonses to Witnesses (Section 31) pages 108 to 112
16. 20 Examination of Parties, Interrogatories, Discovery, Inspection and Admissions pages 113 to 120
Module 03 9 chapters
1. 21 Pleadings pages 121 to 124
2. 22 The Plaint pages 125 to 130
3. 23 Object and Features of the Limitation Act 1963 pages 131 to 136
4. 24 Bar of Limitation and Condonation of Delay pages 137 to 141
5. 25 Legal Disability pages 142 to 147
6. 26 Computation of the Period of Limitation pages 148 to 154
7. 27 Effect of Acknowledgment and Part Payment pages 155 to 160
8. 28 Acquisition of Ownership by Possession pages 161 to 168
9. 29 The Schedule: How to Find a Period of Limitation pages 169 to 176
Module 04 10 chapters
1. 30 The Written Statement pages 177 to 182
2. 31 Set-off and Counterclaim pages 183 to 187
3. 32 Appearance and Consequences of Non-appearance pages 188 to 193
4. 33 Trial, Witnesses and Evidence pages 194 to 199
5. 34 Affidavits and Exemption from Personal Appearance pages 200 to 205
6. 35 Adjournments, Judicial Discretion and the Problem of Arrears pages 206 to 211
7. 36 Commissions pages 212 to 218
8. 37 Framing of Issues and Disposal at the First Hearing pages 219 to 223
9. 38 Settlement of Disputes Outside the Court pages 224 to 228
10. 39 Withdrawal and Adjustment of Suits pages 229 to 233
Module 05 13 chapters
1. 40 Judgment and Decree pages 234 to 238
2. 41 Temporary Injunctions and Interim Orders pages 239 to 246
3. 42 Appointment of Receivers pages 247 to 251
4. 43 Costs pages 252 to 257
5. 44 Payment into Court and Security for Costs pages 258 to 263
6. 45 Meaning of Execution and the Court which Executes pages 264 to 269
7. 46 Transfer of a Decree for Execution pages 270 to 275
8. 47 Questions to be Determined by the Executing Court pages 276 to 280
9. 48 Mode of Execution and Stay of Execution pages 281 to 287
10. 49 Arrest and Detention in Execution pages 288 to 293
11. 50 Attachment of Property pages 294 to 302
12. 51 Sale in Execution pages 303 to 310
13. 52 Resistance to Delivery of Possession pages 311 to 316
Module 06 10 chapters
1. 53 Suits by and against the Government and Public Officers pages 317 to 321
2. 54 Suits by Aliens and by or against Foreign Rulers, Ambassadors and Envoys pages 322 to 327
3. 55 Suits Relating to Public Matters: Public Nuisances and Public Charities pages 328 to 332
4. 56 Attachment before Judgment pages 333 to 338
5. 57 Suits by and against Minors, Corporations, Firms and Others pages 339 to 345
6. 58 Suits by Indigent Persons pages 346 to 351
7. 59 Interpleader Suits pages 352 to 357
8. 60 Summary Procedure pages 358 to 364
9. 61 Suits Relating to Mortgages of Immovable Property pages 365 to 370
10. 62 Special Case pages 371 to 375
Module 07 6 chapters
1. 63 Appeals from Original Decrees pages 376 to 384
2. 64 Appeals from Appellate Decrees pages 385 to 389
3. 65 Appeals from Orders pages 390 to 394
4. 66 Appeals to the Supreme Court pages 395 to 400
5. 67 Reference, Review and Revision pages 401 to 408
6. 68 Inherent Powers, Caveat and Miscellaneous pages 409 to 416
Competition Law
Official Notes munotes.in

Competition Law

SPPU B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 8

Strictly as per the CBCS 2023 syllabus of Savitribai Phule Pune University, as amended on 18 July 2024

For students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and all its affiliated law colleges

munotes.in Fourth Year

Competition Law

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Savitribai Phule Pune University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module 01 Introduction
1. What Competition Is, and Its Merits and Demerits 1
2. Market Structure: The Four Forms 6
3. Perfect Competition 12
4. Monopoly 18
5. Oligopoly 26
6. Monopsony 33
7. The Practices Competition Law Controls: An Overview 38
8. The Constitution and the Regulation of Trade: Articles 19(1)(g), 19(6), 38, 39 and 298 42
9. Freedom of Trade, Commerce and Intercourse: Articles 301 to 307 47
10. Competition Policy and Competition Law 52
11. The Functions and Elements of Competition Law 56
12. The Economics Behind Competition Law 60
Module 02 Historical Development of Competition Law
1. Why Trade Is Regulated, and How India’s Competition Law Grew 65
2. The Sherman Antitrust Act, 1890 70
3. The Clayton Act, 1914 75
4. The Federal Trade Commission Act, 1914 80
5. The UK Enterprise Act, 2002 86
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 02 continued Historical Development of Competition Law
1. Competition Law in the European Union: Articles 101 and 102 TFEU and Merger Control 91
2. The Committees Behind Indian Competition Law: Hazari, the Monopolies Inquiry Commission, Sachar and Raghavan 95
3. The MRTP Act, 1969: Its Objects, Scheme and Machinery 100
4. Restrictive Trade Practices under the MRTP Act 105
5. The Competition Act, 2002: Its Salient Features and Amendments 111
6. From the MRTP Act to the Competition Act 116
7. The Definitions in the Competition Act 121
Module 03 Anti-Competitive Agreements
1. Anti-Competitive Agreements: Section 3 126
2. The Rule of Reason and the Per Se Rules 131
3. Appreciable Adverse Effect on Competition, and the Per Se Rules 137
4. The Exemptions: Intellectual Property and Exports 141
5. Cartels and Bid Rigging 145
6. Vertical Agreements: Tie-in, Exclusive Dealing, Refusal to Deal and Resale Price Maintenance 151
Module 04 Regulation of Abuse of Dominant Position
1. Dominant Position and the Relevant Market 156
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Contents continued

Module 04 continued Regulation of Abuse of Dominant Position
1. Abuse of Dominant Position: Section 4 160
2. Predatory Pricing 165
3. The UK Competition Act, 1998 169
Module 05 Regulation of Combinations
1. Combinations: Section 5 173
2. The Regulation of Combinations 178
3. Horizontal, Vertical and Conglomerate Mergers, Private Equity Investments, and Merger Control Abroad 184
Module 06 Enforcement Mechanisms
1. The Competition Commission of India: Establishment and Composition 189
2. Meetings of the Commission, and How It Works 193
3. The Duties and Functions of the Commission 196
4. The Competition Fund, Rules, Regulations and the Central Government’s Powers 200
5. How the Commission Inquires: Information, Prima Facie Opinion and Investigation 204
6. The Director General: Appointment, Duties and Powers 209
7. The Orders and Powers of the Commission 213
8. Interim Orders: Temporary Injunctions in Competition Cases 217
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Contents continued

Module 06 continued Enforcement Mechanisms
1. Penalties under the Competition Act 221
2. Lesser Penalty, Settlement and Commitment 226
3. Appeals: The Competition Appellate Tribunal and the NCLAT 230
4. Competition Advocacy 235
5. The Leading Cases under the Competition Act 238
6. Working a Competition Law Problem 242
Module 07 The interface of Competition Law with other Laws
1. Anti-Competitive Practices in Contractual Licences: Article 40 247
2. Competition Law Across Borders: The Effects Doctrine 252
3. Unfair Trade Practices: From the MRTP Act to Consumer Law 257
4. The Consumer Protection Act, 1986: Its Relevant Provisions 263
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Page 1 onwards

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268 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 268 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 55 chapters across 7 modules
Module 01 12 chapters
1. 1 What Competition Is, and Its Merits and Demerits pages 1 to 5
2. 2 Market Structure: The Four Forms pages 6 to 11
3. 3 Perfect Competition pages 12 to 17
4. 4 Monopoly pages 18 to 25
5. 5 Oligopoly pages 26 to 32
6. 6 Monopsony pages 33 to 37
7. 7 The Practices Competition Law Controls: An Overview pages 38 to 41
8. 8 The Constitution and the Regulation of Trade: Articles 19(1)(g), 19(6), 38, 39 and 298 pages 42 to 46
9. 9 Freedom of Trade, Commerce and Intercourse: Articles 301 to 307 pages 47 to 51
10. 10 Competition Policy and Competition Law pages 52 to 55
11. 11 The Functions and Elements of Competition Law pages 56 to 59
12. 12 The Economics Behind Competition Law pages 60 to 64
Module 02 12 chapters
1. 13 Why Trade Is Regulated, and How India’s Competition Law Grew pages 65 to 69
2. 14 The Sherman Antitrust Act, 1890 pages 70 to 74
3. 15 The Clayton Act, 1914 pages 75 to 79
4. 16 The Federal Trade Commission Act, 1914 pages 80 to 85
5. 17 The UK Enterprise Act, 2002 pages 86 to 90
6. 18 Competition Law in the European Union: Articles 101 and 102 TFEU and Merger Control pages 91 to 94
7. 19 The Committees Behind Indian Competition Law: Hazari, the Monopolies Inquiry Commission, Sachar and Raghavan pages 95 to 99
8. 20 The MRTP Act, 1969: Its Objects, Scheme and Machinery pages 100 to 104
9. 21 Restrictive Trade Practices under the MRTP Act pages 105 to 110
10. 22 The Competition Act, 2002: Its Salient Features and Amendments pages 111 to 115
11. 23 From the MRTP Act to the Competition Act pages 116 to 120
12. 24 The Definitions in the Competition Act pages 121 to 125
Module 03 6 chapters
1. 25 Anti-Competitive Agreements: Section 3 pages 126 to 130
2. 26 The Rule of Reason and the Per Se Rules pages 131 to 136
3. 27 Appreciable Adverse Effect on Competition, and the Per Se Rules pages 137 to 140
4. 28 The Exemptions: Intellectual Property and Exports pages 141 to 144
5. 29 Cartels and Bid Rigging pages 145 to 150
6. 30 Vertical Agreements: Tie-in, Exclusive Dealing, Refusal to Deal and Resale Price Maintenance pages 151 to 155
Module 04 4 chapters
1. 31 Dominant Position and the Relevant Market pages 156 to 159
2. 32 Abuse of Dominant Position: Section 4 pages 160 to 164
3. 33 Predatory Pricing pages 165 to 168
4. 34 The UK Competition Act, 1998 pages 169 to 172
Module 05 3 chapters
1. 35 Combinations: Section 5 pages 173 to 177
2. 36 The Regulation of Combinations pages 178 to 183
3. 37 Horizontal, Vertical and Conglomerate Mergers, Private Equity Investments, and Merger Control Abroad pages 184 to 188
Module 06 14 chapters
1. 38 The Competition Commission of India: Establishment and Composition pages 189 to 192
2. 39 Meetings of the Commission, and How It Works pages 193 to 195
3. 40 The Duties and Functions of the Commission pages 196 to 199
4. 41 The Competition Fund, Rules, Regulations and the Central Government’s Powers pages 200 to 203
5. 42 How the Commission Inquires: Information, Prima Facie Opinion and Investigation pages 204 to 208
6. 43 The Director General: Appointment, Duties and Powers pages 209 to 212
7. 44 The Orders and Powers of the Commission pages 213 to 216
8. 45 Interim Orders: Temporary Injunctions in Competition Cases pages 217 to 220
9. 46 Penalties under the Competition Act pages 221 to 225
10. 47 Lesser Penalty, Settlement and Commitment pages 226 to 229
11. 48 Appeals: The Competition Appellate Tribunal and the NCLAT pages 230 to 234
12. 49 Competition Advocacy pages 235 to 237
13. 50 The Leading Cases under the Competition Act pages 238 to 241
14. 51 Working a Competition Law Problem pages 242 to 246
Module 07 4 chapters
1. 52 Anti-Competitive Practices in Contractual Licences: Article 40 pages 247 to 251
2. 53 Competition Law Across Borders: The Effects Doctrine pages 252 to 256
3. 54 Unfair Trade Practices: From the MRTP Act to Consumer Law pages 257 to 262
4. 55 The Consumer Protection Act, 1986: Its Relevant Provisions pages 263 to 268
Civil Minor Acts
Official Notes munotes.in

Civil Minor Acts

SPPU B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 8

Strictly as per the CBCS 2023 syllabus of Savitribai Phule Pune University, as amended on 18 July 2024

For students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and all its affiliated law colleges

munotes.in Fourth Year

Civil Minor Acts

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Savitribai Phule Pune University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module 01 Introduction to Civil Minor Acts
1. Civil Minor Acts: What They Are, Why They Matter and How They Came to Be 1
2. Civil Minor Acts Across the States: Court Fees, Valuation and Stamps Compared 6
Module 02 The Interest Act, 1978
1. The Interest Act 1978: Its Purpose and the Court's Power to Allow Interest 11
2. Interest under Other Laws, and Calculating Interest in a Digital Age 17
3. Payment in Due Course, and Interest 23
4. Interest 27
5. The Arbitral Award: Form, Contents, Reasons, Interest and Costs 32
Module 03 The Maharashtra Civil Courts Act, 1869
1. The Maharashtra Civil Courts Act 1869: Its History, Its Judges and Temporary Vacancies 37
2. The Civil Courts of Maharashtra, and How a Suit Is Valued 44
3. Transfer of Cases, Officers, and the Union Territory Courts 51
4. e-Courts, e-Filing and Virtual Hearings 56
Module 04 The Suits Valuation Act, 1887
1. The Suits Valuation Act 1887: Its History, Its Relevance and Suits Relating to Land 62
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Contents continued

Module 04 continued The Suits Valuation Act, 1887
1. The Suits Valuation Act 1887: Other Suits, and Objections on Appeal 68
Module 05 The Maharashtra Court Fees Act, 1959
1. The Maharashtra Court-fees Act 1959: The Levy, Its Kinds and the Documents It Reaches 74
2. Computing Court-fees on Suits under Section 6, and Valuation Rules Compared 80
3. Court-fee Stamps, Questions of Valuation and Refunds 86
Module 06 The Registration Act, 1908
1. What the Registration Act Does, and the Registration Establishment 91
2. Documents of Which Registration Is Compulsory 96
3. Documents of Which Registration Is Optional 101
4. Time for Presenting Documents, and Delay 105
5. The Time from Which a Registered Document Operates 109
6. The Effect of Non-registration 112
7. The Rest of the Registration Act 117
Module 07 The Maharashtra Stamp Act, 1958
1. The Maharashtra Stamp Act: What It Is For, and Its Definitions 123
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Module 07 continued The Maharashtra Stamp Act, 1958
1. Liability of Instruments to Duty 128
2. Kinds of Stamps and the Mode of Using Them 134
3. The Time of Stamping 140
4. Duty Payable by Whom 144
5. Adjudication as to Proper Stamp 148
6. Impounding of Instruments, and Admissibility in Evidence 153
7. Allowances for Stamps 160
8. Reference, Revision and Appeal 167
9. The Rest of the Maharashtra Stamp Act 174
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Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
181 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 181 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 33 chapters across 7 modules
Module 01 2 chapters
1. 1 Civil Minor Acts: What They Are, Why They Matter and How They Came to Be pages 1 to 5
2. 2 Civil Minor Acts Across the States: Court Fees, Valuation and Stamps Compared pages 6 to 10
Module 02 5 chapters
1. 3 The Interest Act 1978: Its Purpose and the Court's Power to Allow Interest pages 11 to 16
2. 4 Interest under Other Laws, and Calculating Interest in a Digital Age pages 17 to 22
3. 5 Payment in Due Course, and Interest pages 23 to 26
4. 6 Interest pages 27 to 31
5. 7 The Arbitral Award: Form, Contents, Reasons, Interest and Costs pages 32 to 36
Module 03 4 chapters
1. 8 The Maharashtra Civil Courts Act 1869: Its History, Its Judges and Temporary Vacancies pages 37 to 43
2. 9 The Civil Courts of Maharashtra, and How a Suit Is Valued pages 44 to 50
3. 10 Transfer of Cases, Officers, and the Union Territory Courts pages 51 to 55
4. 11 e-Courts, e-Filing and Virtual Hearings pages 56 to 61
Module 04 2 chapters
1. 12 The Suits Valuation Act 1887: Its History, Its Relevance and Suits Relating to Land pages 62 to 67
2. 13 The Suits Valuation Act 1887: Other Suits, and Objections on Appeal pages 68 to 73
Module 05 3 chapters
1. 14 The Maharashtra Court-fees Act 1959: The Levy, Its Kinds and the Documents It Reaches pages 74 to 79
2. 15 Computing Court-fees on Suits under Section 6, and Valuation Rules Compared pages 80 to 85
3. 16 Court-fee Stamps, Questions of Valuation and Refunds pages 86 to 90
Module 06 7 chapters
1. 17 What the Registration Act Does, and the Registration Establishment pages 91 to 95
2. 18 Documents of Which Registration Is Compulsory pages 96 to 100
3. 19 Documents of Which Registration Is Optional pages 101 to 104
4. 20 Time for Presenting Documents, and Delay pages 105 to 108
5. 21 The Time from Which a Registered Document Operates pages 109 to 111
6. 22 The Effect of Non-registration pages 112 to 116
7. 23 The Rest of the Registration Act pages 117 to 122
Module 07 10 chapters
1. 24 The Maharashtra Stamp Act: What It Is For, and Its Definitions pages 123 to 127
2. 25 Liability of Instruments to Duty pages 128 to 133
3. 26 Kinds of Stamps and the Mode of Using Them pages 134 to 139
4. 27 The Time of Stamping pages 140 to 143
5. 28 Duty Payable by Whom pages 144 to 147
6. 29 Adjudication as to Proper Stamp pages 148 to 152
7. 30 Impounding of Instruments, and Admissibility in Evidence pages 153 to 159
8. 31 Allowances for Stamps pages 160 to 166
9. 32 Reference, Revision and Appeal pages 167 to 173
10. 33 The Rest of the Maharashtra Stamp Act pages 174 to 181

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Contents

Module 1 Introduction

Contents continued

Module 1 continued Introduction

Module 2 First Generation Human Rights

Contents continued

Module 2 continued First Generation Human Rights

Module 3 Second Generation Human Rights

Contents continued

Module 3 continued Second Generation Human Rights

Module 4 Third And Fourth Generation Human Rights

Contents continued

Module 4 continued Third And Fourth Generation Human Rights

Module 5 Human Rights of Vulnerable and Disadvantaged Groups

Contents continued

Module 5 continued Human Rights of Vulnerable and Disadvantaged Groups

Module 6 Enforcement Mechanism of International Human Rights - Constitution

Contents continued

Module 6 continued Enforcement Mechanism of International Human Rights - Constitution

Module 7 Human Rights Enforcement In India

Contents continued

Module 7 continued Human Rights Enforcement In India

Module 8 Significance Of Human Rights Education

Contents

Module 01 Introduction and Principles of Liability in Tort

Module 02 General Defences / Justifications in an action for Tort

Contents continued

Module 02 continued General Defences / Justifications in an action for Tort

Module 03 Torts against Persons

Module 04 Torts against Reputation

Contents continued

Module 04 continued Torts against Reputation

Module 05 Torts against Property

Contents continued

Module 05 continued Torts against Property

Module 06 Unintentional Torts

Contents continued

Module 06 continued Unintentional Torts

Module 07 Liability for the Wrong Committed

Contents continued

Module 07 continued Liability for the Wrong Committed

Module 08 Remedies in Tort law

Module 09 Consumer Protection Law

Contents continued

Module 09 continued Consumer Protection Law

Contents

Module 01 Preliminary

Module 02 Registration of company & Company’s Basic Documents

Contents continued

Module 02 continued Registration of company & Company’s Basic Documents

Module 03 Prospectus and Securities in company

Contents continued

Module 03 continued Prospectus and Securities in company

Contents continued

Module 03 continued Prospectus and Securities in company

Module 04 Company Administration

Contents continued

Module 04 continued Company Administration

Contents continued

Module 05 Protection of Minority

Module 06 Winding up & Merger, Amalgamation, Reconstruction

Contents continued

Module 06 continued Winding up & Merger, Amalgamation, Reconstruction

Module 07 Corporate Social Responsibility in India

Contents

Module 01 Introduction

Contents continued

Module 01 continued Introduction

Contents continued

Module 02 Negotiation and Mediation

Module 03 Conciliation

Contents continued

Module 04 Arbitration

Module 05 Structure, Powers and Functions of Arbitral Tribunal

Contents continued

Module 05 continued Structure, Powers and Functions of Arbitral Tribunal

Module 06 Arbitration Proceedings and Award

Contents continued

Module 06 continued Arbitration Proceedings and Award