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LL.M. Criminal Law and Criminal Administration Semester 3: Notes and Solved Previous Year Question Papers 2026

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  1. Penology Treatment of Offenders

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Penology Treatment of Offenders

    LL.M. · SEMESTER 3

    Strictly as per the University of Mumbai LL.M. syllabus in force

    For LL.M. students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in

    Penology Treatment of Offenders

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I

    1. What Penology Is 1
    2. The Scope of Penology, and the Four Questions It Asks 6
    3. Penology, Criminology and Criminal Law 10
    4. Punishment: the Concept and the Definition 14
    5. The Five Marks of a Punishment 18
    6. Why the State Alone Punishes 21
    7. A Short History of Punishment 25
    8. The Sources of Indian Penal Law Today 30
    9. The Punishments Indian Law Now Allows 34
    10. The Sentence of Death in the Sanhita 38
    11. Imprisonment for Life, and What It Means 43
    12. Rigorous and Simple Imprisonment 47
    13. Fine, and Imprisonment in Default 51
    14. Forfeiture of Property as a Punishment 56
    15. Community Service: the Punishment India Did Not Have 59
    16. Solitary Confinement Under the Sanhita 64
    17. Enhanced Punishment After a Previous Conviction 68
    18. The Limits on Punishment 72
    19. Commutation Under the Sanhita 76
    20. Which Court May Pass Which Sentence 80
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued

    1. The Classical Hindu Approach: Danda 84
    2. Danda in the Dharmasastra: Who Was Punished and How 88
    3. The Classical Islamic Approach: Hadd, Qisas and Tazir 92
    4. Islamic Criminal Justice: Proof, Pardon and Compensation 96
    5. What the Classical Approaches Are Worth Today 100
    6. The Ideal Penal System 104
    7. The Ideal System Measured Against India's 108
    8. What a Theory of Punishment Is 112
    9. The Deterrent Theory 116
    10. Does Punishment Deter? The Evidence 120
    11. Deterrence and Heinous Crimes Against Women 124
    12. The Retributive Theory 129
    13. Retribution and Just Deserts 133
    14. The Preventive or Incapacitative Theory 137
    15. The Reformative Theory 141
    16. Reformation in the Supreme Court 146
    17. The Expiation Theory 150
    18. Compensation and the Restorative Approach 154
    19. The Theories Compared 158
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued

    1. Which Theory Indian Law Has Adopted 162
    2. Anti-Social Conduct Does Not Finally Pay 166

    Module II

    1. Capital Punishment: What It Is, and Where India Keeps It 170
    2. The Offences Punishable With Death 174
    3. Capital Punishment in the World Today 178
    4. The First Constitutional Challenge: Jagmohan Singh 182
    5. Rajendra Prasad and the Attempt to Narrow the Sentence 186
    6. Bachan Singh and the Rarest of Rare 190
    7. Machhi Singh and the Five Categories 194
    8. Mithu and the Mandatory Death Sentence 199
    9. Bariyar and What Went Wrong With the Rarest of Rare 203
    10. The Judicial Doubt: Sangeet and Shankar Kisanrao Khade 207
    11. Manoj and the Mitigation Framework 211
    12. Capital Punishment and Article 21 216
    13. Can the Right to Life Be Curtailed in the Name of Justice? 220
    14. Capital Punishment and Article 14 224
    15. The Merits Claimed for the Death Penalty 228
    16. The Demerits of the Death Penalty 232
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. The Deterrence Argument Tested 237
    2. Irrevocability, and the Wrongly Convicted 241
    3. Confirmation by the High Court 245
    4. The Death Warrant, and Shabnam 249
    5. The Mode of Execution 253
    6. Delay in Execution: Triveniben 257
    7. Delay, Mental Illness and Shatrughan Chauhan 261
    8. The Death Row Phenomenon 265
    9. Review, Curative Petition and Mohd. Arif 269
    10. Mercy: Articles 72 and 161 272
    11. Kehar Singh and the Nature of the Pardon Power 276
    12. Epuru Sudhakar and the Judicial Review of Mercy 280
    13. Commutation of a Death Sentence to Life Imprisonment 284
    14. Judge-Centric Sentencing: MU's Own Question 288
    15. Life Without Remission: Shraddananda and Sriharan 292
    16. What the Law Commission Has Recommended 297
    17. Who May Not Be Executed 301

    Module III

    1. What Sentencing Is 305
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. Where Sentencing Sits in a Criminal Trial 309
    2. The Sentencing Hearing 315
    3. Reasons for a Sentence 319
    4. The Approaches to Sentencing 323
    5. Individualisation of Punishment 327
    6. Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances 331
    7. Proportionality in Sentencing 335
    8. India Without a Sentencing Policy 339
    9. Sentencing Guidelines: What Has Been Proposed 343
    10. Concurrent and Consecutive Sentences 347
    11. Set-Off and Time Already Served 351
    12. The Sentence of Fine, and How It Is Recovered 355
    13. Compensation to the Victim 360
    14. The Victim Compensation Scheme 364
    15. Community Service as a Sentence 368
    16. Probation: the Idea 373
    17. Probation as a New Form of Social and Legal Control 377
    18. The Probation of Offenders Act 1958: the Scheme 382
    19. Release After Admonition: Section 3 386
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. Release on Probation of Good Conduct: Section 4 390
    2. Compensation and Costs Under Section 5 394
    3. Offenders Under Twenty-One: Section 6 398
    4. Breach of the Bond, and What Follows 402
    5. Removal of the Disqualification of Conviction 406
    6. The Probation Officer 409
    7. The Functions of the Probation Officer 413
    8. Where Probation Does Not Apply 417
    9. Probation Under Section 401 of the Sanhita 422
    10. Probation and Parole Distinguished 427
    11. Parole and Furlough in India 430
    12. The Place of Probation in Penal Policy 435
    13. Probation as an Alternative to Imprisonment, and Its Utility 439
    14. Plea Bargaining: What It Is 443
    15. Plea Bargaining in India Before 2005 448
    16. The Statutory Scheme of Plea Bargaining 453
    17. Plea Bargaining: the Procedure Step by Step 459
    18. Plea Bargaining in the United States 463
    19. Plea Bargaining in England and Elsewhere 468
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. Plea Bargaining in India Compared With the West 473
    2. White Collar Crime: the Concept 477
    3. White Collar Crime in Different Sectors in India 481
    4. The Difficulty in Sentencing White Collar Criminals 486
    5. What the Courts Have Done About White Collar Sentencing 491
    6. The Recidivist and the Habitual Offender 495
    7. Provisions for Sentencing a Recidivist 499
    8. Habitual Offender Legislation, and Surveillance 504
    9. Collective Fine 509
    10. Summary Punishment 514
    11. Forfeiture of Property as a Sentence 520

    Module IV

    1. Imprisonment: What It Is 525
    2. The Prisons of India: the Institutions 530
    3. The Prisons Act 1894: the Scheme 534
    4. Who Runs a Prison 539
    5. The Superintendent and the Records He Keeps 544
    6. The Medical Officer 549
    7. The Jailer and the Subordinate Staff 554
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. The Duties of Custodial Staff 559
    2. Admission of a Prisoner 564
    3. Classification of Prisoners 569
    4. Separation, Association and Segregation 573
    5. Solitary Confinement in Prison 578
    6. The Prisoner Under Sentence of Death 583
    7. Food, Clothing and Bedding 588
    8. The Employment of Prisoners 593
    9. Corrective Labour and Prison Wages 598
    10. Health and the Prison Hospital 603
    11. Visits, Letters and Contact With the Outside 608
    12. Prohibited Articles and Communication With Prisoners 613
    13. Prison Offences 618
    14. Summary Punishment by the Superintendent 623
    15. Whipping, Fetters and Irons 628
    16. Prison Rules and the Model Prison Manual 633
    17. The Model Prisons and Correctional Services Act 2023 638
    18. Rights of Prisoners: the Foundation 643
    19. The Right to Life in Prison 648
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. Sunil Batra: Solitary Confinement and Bar Fetters 653
    2. Sunil Batra (II) and the Prison Under the Constitution 658
    3. Charles Sobraj and the Limits of Prison Discipline 663
    4. Handcuffs: Prem Shankar Shukla 667
    5. Fetters and Handcuffs After Citizens for Democracy 672
    6. The Right to Legal Aid in Prison 677
    7. Speedy Trial and the Undertrial 682
    8. The Undertrial Today: Section 479 687
    9. Attendance of Prisoners in Court 692
    10. Women Prisoners 698
    11. Children of Women Prisoners 703
    12. Custodial Violence and Custodial Death 708
    13. Compensation for a Custodial Wrong 713
    14. Caste in the Prison 717
    15. Judicial Surveillance of the Prison 722
    16. Prison Reform: the History to 1947 727
    17. Prison Reform Since 1947 731
    18. The Judicial Approach to Prison Reform 735
    19. The Challenges Prison Reform Faces 740
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. The Jail as a Reformative Institution 744
    2. The Open Prison 749
    3. Remission and the Remission System 754
    4. The Restriction on Remission 759
    5. Premature Release 763
    6. Transfer and Repatriation of Prisoners 768
    7. Identification and Measurement of Convicts 775
    8. The Prisoner of Unsound Mind 780
    9. Juvenile Institutions 787
    10. What May Be Done With a Child in Conflict With Law 793
    11. Rehabilitation Programmes for Juveniles 799
    12. After-Care and Social Re-Integration 805
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    810 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 810 pages.
    Papers
    Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2023, 2025, 2026
    Every chapter in the notes: 181 chapters across 4 modules

    Module I 41 chapters

    1. 1 What Penology Is pages 1 to 5
    2. 2 The Scope of Penology, and the Four Questions It Asks pages 6 to 9
    3. 3 Penology, Criminology and Criminal Law pages 10 to 13
    4. 4 Punishment: the Concept and the Definition pages 14 to 17
    5. 5 The Five Marks of a Punishment pages 18 to 20
    6. 6 Why the State Alone Punishes pages 21 to 24
    7. 7 A Short History of Punishment pages 25 to 29
    8. 8 The Sources of Indian Penal Law Today pages 30 to 33
    9. 9 The Punishments Indian Law Now Allows pages 34 to 37
    10. 10 The Sentence of Death in the Sanhita pages 38 to 42
    11. 11 Imprisonment for Life, and What It Means pages 43 to 46
    12. 12 Rigorous and Simple Imprisonment pages 47 to 50
    13. 13 Fine, and Imprisonment in Default pages 51 to 55
    14. 14 Forfeiture of Property as a Punishment pages 56 to 58
    15. 15 Community Service: the Punishment India Did Not Have pages 59 to 63
    16. 16 Solitary Confinement Under the Sanhita pages 64 to 67
    17. 17 Enhanced Punishment After a Previous Conviction pages 68 to 71
    18. 18 The Limits on Punishment pages 72 to 75
    19. 19 Commutation Under the Sanhita pages 76 to 79
    20. 20 Which Court May Pass Which Sentence pages 80 to 83
    21. 21 The Classical Hindu Approach: Danda pages 84 to 87
    22. 22 Danda in the Dharmasastra: Who Was Punished and How pages 88 to 91
    23. 23 The Classical Islamic Approach: Hadd, Qisas and Tazir pages 92 to 95
    24. 24 Islamic Criminal Justice: Proof, Pardon and Compensation pages 96 to 99
    25. 25 What the Classical Approaches Are Worth Today pages 100 to 103
    26. 26 The Ideal Penal System pages 104 to 107
    27. 27 The Ideal System Measured Against India's pages 108 to 111
    28. 28 What a Theory of Punishment Is pages 112 to 115
    29. 29 The Deterrent Theory pages 116 to 119
    30. 30 Does Punishment Deter? The Evidence pages 120 to 123
    31. 31 Deterrence and Heinous Crimes Against Women pages 124 to 128
    32. 32 The Retributive Theory pages 129 to 132
    33. 33 Retribution and Just Deserts pages 133 to 136
    34. 34 The Preventive or Incapacitative Theory pages 137 to 140
    35. 35 The Reformative Theory pages 141 to 145
    36. 36 Reformation in the Supreme Court pages 146 to 149
    37. 37 The Expiation Theory pages 150 to 153
    38. 38 Compensation and the Restorative Approach pages 154 to 157
    39. 39 The Theories Compared pages 158 to 161
    40. 40 Which Theory Indian Law Has Adopted pages 162 to 165
    41. 41 Anti-Social Conduct Does Not Finally Pay pages 166 to 169

    Module II 33 chapters

    1. 42 Capital Punishment: What It Is, and Where India Keeps It pages 170 to 173
    2. 43 The Offences Punishable With Death pages 174 to 177
    3. 44 Capital Punishment in the World Today pages 178 to 181
    4. 45 The First Constitutional Challenge: Jagmohan Singh pages 182 to 185
    5. 46 Rajendra Prasad and the Attempt to Narrow the Sentence pages 186 to 189
    6. 47 Bachan Singh and the Rarest of Rare pages 190 to 193
    7. 48 Machhi Singh and the Five Categories pages 194 to 198
    8. 49 Mithu and the Mandatory Death Sentence pages 199 to 202
    9. 50 Bariyar and What Went Wrong With the Rarest of Rare pages 203 to 206
    10. 51 The Judicial Doubt: Sangeet and Shankar Kisanrao Khade pages 207 to 210
    11. 52 Manoj and the Mitigation Framework pages 211 to 215
    12. 53 Capital Punishment and Article 21 pages 216 to 219
    13. 54 Can the Right to Life Be Curtailed in the Name of Justice? pages 220 to 223
    14. 55 Capital Punishment and Article 14 pages 224 to 227
    15. 56 The Merits Claimed for the Death Penalty pages 228 to 231
    16. 57 The Demerits of the Death Penalty pages 232 to 236
    17. 58 The Deterrence Argument Tested pages 237 to 240
    18. 59 Irrevocability, and the Wrongly Convicted pages 241 to 244
    19. 60 Confirmation by the High Court pages 245 to 248
    20. 61 The Death Warrant, and Shabnam pages 249 to 252
    21. 62 The Mode of Execution pages 253 to 256
    22. 63 Delay in Execution: Triveniben pages 257 to 260
    23. 64 Delay, Mental Illness and Shatrughan Chauhan pages 261 to 264
    24. 65 The Death Row Phenomenon pages 265 to 268
    25. 66 Review, Curative Petition and Mohd. Arif pages 269 to 271
    26. 67 Mercy: Articles 72 and 161 pages 272 to 275
    27. 68 Kehar Singh and the Nature of the Pardon Power pages 276 to 279
    28. 69 Epuru Sudhakar and the Judicial Review of Mercy pages 280 to 283
    29. 70 Commutation of a Death Sentence to Life Imprisonment pages 284 to 287
    30. 71 Judge-Centric Sentencing: MU's Own Question pages 288 to 291
    31. 72 Life Without Remission: Shraddananda and Sriharan pages 292 to 296
    32. 73 What the Law Commission Has Recommended pages 297 to 300
    33. 74 Who May Not Be Executed pages 301 to 304

    Module III 50 chapters

    1. 75 What Sentencing Is pages 305 to 308
    2. 76 Where Sentencing Sits in a Criminal Trial pages 309 to 314
    3. 77 The Sentencing Hearing pages 315 to 318
    4. 78 Reasons for a Sentence pages 319 to 322
    5. 79 The Approaches to Sentencing pages 323 to 326
    6. 80 Individualisation of Punishment pages 327 to 330
    7. 81 Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances pages 331 to 334
    8. 82 Proportionality in Sentencing pages 335 to 338
    9. 83 India Without a Sentencing Policy pages 339 to 342
    10. 84 Sentencing Guidelines: What Has Been Proposed pages 343 to 346
    11. 85 Concurrent and Consecutive Sentences pages 347 to 350
    12. 86 Set-Off and Time Already Served pages 351 to 354
    13. 87 The Sentence of Fine, and How It Is Recovered pages 355 to 359
    14. 88 Compensation to the Victim pages 360 to 363
    15. 89 The Victim Compensation Scheme pages 364 to 367
    16. 90 Community Service as a Sentence pages 368 to 372
    17. 91 Probation: the Idea pages 373 to 376
    18. 92 Probation as a New Form of Social and Legal Control pages 377 to 381
    19. 93 The Probation of Offenders Act 1958: the Scheme pages 382 to 385
    20. 94 Release After Admonition: Section 3 pages 386 to 389
    21. 95 Release on Probation of Good Conduct: Section 4 pages 390 to 393
    22. 96 Compensation and Costs Under Section 5 pages 394 to 397
    23. 97 Offenders Under Twenty-One: Section 6 pages 398 to 401
    24. 98 Breach of the Bond, and What Follows pages 402 to 405
    25. 99 Removal of the Disqualification of Conviction pages 406 to 408
    26. 100 The Probation Officer pages 409 to 412
    27. 101 The Functions of the Probation Officer pages 413 to 416
    28. 102 Where Probation Does Not Apply pages 417 to 421
    29. 103 Probation Under Section 401 of the Sanhita pages 422 to 426
    30. 104 Probation and Parole Distinguished pages 427 to 429
    31. 105 Parole and Furlough in India pages 430 to 434
    32. 106 The Place of Probation in Penal Policy pages 435 to 438
    33. 107 Probation as an Alternative to Imprisonment, and Its Utility pages 439 to 442
    34. 108 Plea Bargaining: What It Is pages 443 to 447
    35. 109 Plea Bargaining in India Before 2005 pages 448 to 452
    36. 110 The Statutory Scheme of Plea Bargaining pages 453 to 458
    37. 111 Plea Bargaining: the Procedure Step by Step pages 459 to 462
    38. 112 Plea Bargaining in the United States pages 463 to 467
    39. 113 Plea Bargaining in England and Elsewhere pages 468 to 472
    40. 114 Plea Bargaining in India Compared With the West pages 473 to 476
    41. 115 White Collar Crime: the Concept pages 477 to 480
    42. 116 White Collar Crime in Different Sectors in India pages 481 to 485
    43. 117 The Difficulty in Sentencing White Collar Criminals pages 486 to 490
    44. 118 What the Courts Have Done About White Collar Sentencing pages 491 to 494
    45. 119 The Recidivist and the Habitual Offender pages 495 to 498
    46. 120 Provisions for Sentencing a Recidivist pages 499 to 503
    47. 121 Habitual Offender Legislation, and Surveillance pages 504 to 508
    48. 122 Collective Fine pages 509 to 513
    49. 123 Summary Punishment pages 514 to 519
    50. 124 Forfeiture of Property as a Sentence pages 520 to 524

    Module IV 57 chapters

    1. 125 Imprisonment: What It Is pages 525 to 529
    2. 126 The Prisons of India: the Institutions pages 530 to 533
    3. 127 The Prisons Act 1894: the Scheme pages 534 to 538
    4. 128 Who Runs a Prison pages 539 to 543
    5. 129 The Superintendent and the Records He Keeps pages 544 to 548
    6. 130 The Medical Officer pages 549 to 553
    7. 131 The Jailer and the Subordinate Staff pages 554 to 558
    8. 132 The Duties of Custodial Staff pages 559 to 563
    9. 133 Admission of a Prisoner pages 564 to 568
    10. 134 Classification of Prisoners pages 569 to 572
    11. 135 Separation, Association and Segregation pages 573 to 577
    12. 136 Solitary Confinement in Prison pages 578 to 582
    13. 137 The Prisoner Under Sentence of Death pages 583 to 587
    14. 138 Food, Clothing and Bedding pages 588 to 592
    15. 139 The Employment of Prisoners pages 593 to 597
    16. 140 Corrective Labour and Prison Wages pages 598 to 602
    17. 141 Health and the Prison Hospital pages 603 to 607
    18. 142 Visits, Letters and Contact With the Outside pages 608 to 612
    19. 143 Prohibited Articles and Communication With Prisoners pages 613 to 617
    20. 144 Prison Offences pages 618 to 622
    21. 145 Summary Punishment by the Superintendent pages 623 to 627
    22. 146 Whipping, Fetters and Irons pages 628 to 632
    23. 147 Prison Rules and the Model Prison Manual pages 633 to 637
    24. 148 The Model Prisons and Correctional Services Act 2023 pages 638 to 642
    25. 149 Rights of Prisoners: the Foundation pages 643 to 647
    26. 150 The Right to Life in Prison pages 648 to 652
    27. 151 Sunil Batra: Solitary Confinement and Bar Fetters pages 653 to 657
    28. 152 Sunil Batra (II) and the Prison Under the Constitution pages 658 to 662
    29. 153 Charles Sobraj and the Limits of Prison Discipline pages 663 to 666
    30. 154 Handcuffs: Prem Shankar Shukla pages 667 to 671
    31. 155 Fetters and Handcuffs After Citizens for Democracy pages 672 to 676
    32. 156 The Right to Legal Aid in Prison pages 677 to 681
    33. 157 Speedy Trial and the Undertrial pages 682 to 686
    34. 158 The Undertrial Today: Section 479 pages 687 to 691
    35. 159 Attendance of Prisoners in Court pages 692 to 697
    36. 160 Women Prisoners pages 698 to 702
    37. 161 Children of Women Prisoners pages 703 to 707
    38. 162 Custodial Violence and Custodial Death pages 708 to 712
    39. 163 Compensation for a Custodial Wrong pages 713 to 716
    40. 164 Caste in the Prison pages 717 to 721
    41. 165 Judicial Surveillance of the Prison pages 722 to 726
    42. 166 Prison Reform: the History to 1947 pages 727 to 730
    43. 167 Prison Reform Since 1947 pages 731 to 734
    44. 168 The Judicial Approach to Prison Reform pages 735 to 739
    45. 169 The Challenges Prison Reform Faces pages 740 to 743
    46. 170 The Jail as a Reformative Institution pages 744 to 748
    47. 171 The Open Prison pages 749 to 753
    48. 172 Remission and the Remission System pages 754 to 758
    49. 173 The Restriction on Remission pages 759 to 762
    50. 174 Premature Release pages 763 to 767
    51. 175 Transfer and Repatriation of Prisoners pages 768 to 774
    52. 176 Identification and Measurement of Convicts pages 775 to 779
    53. 177 The Prisoner of Unsound Mind pages 780 to 786
    54. 178 Juvenile Institutions pages 787 to 792
    55. 179 What May Be Done With a Child in Conflict With Law pages 793 to 798
    56. 180 Rehabilitation Programmes for Juveniles pages 799 to 804
    57. 181 After-Care and Social Re-Integration pages 805 to 810
    Every paper that is solved: 7 papers
    • 2025-26
    • 2024-25
    • 2023
    • 2019
    • 2018
    • 2016
    • 2015

  2. Forensic Science and Scientific Investigation of Crime

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Forensic Science and Scientific Investigation of Crime

    LL.M. · SEMESTER 3

    Strictly as per the University of Mumbai LL.M. syllabus in force

    For LL.M. students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in

    Forensic Science and Scientific Investigation of Crime

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I

    1. What This Paper Is About 1
    2. What Forensic Science Is 6
    3. The Principles Forensic Science Rests On 11
    4. The Scope of Forensic Science, and Where It Stops 16
    5. The Criminal Justice System of India 20
    6. Forensic Science as an Integral Component 24
    7. How Forensic Evidence Reaches a Criminal Trial 28
    8. The Expert Witness: Section 39(1) 32
    9. The Examiner of Electronic Evidence: Section 39(2) 37
    10. Facts Bearing on the Opinion of Experts: Section 40 41
    11. Opinion as to Handwriting and Signature: Section 41 45
    12. When the Court Compares for Itself: Section 72 49
    13. Reports of Government Scientific Experts: Section 329 54
    14. When the Expert Need Not Be Called: Section 330 58
    15. The Successor in Office: Section 336 62
    16. The Weight of Expert Evidence 66
    17. The Forensic Expert at the Crime Scene: Section 176(3) 71
    18. Seizure, Sealing and Forwarding an Exhibit 75
    19. The Chain of Custody 79
    20. Medical Examination of the Arrested Person: Sections 51 to 53 84
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued

    1. Medical Examination of the Victim: Section 184 89
    2. Inquest and Post-Mortem: Section 194 93
    3. Specimen Signatures, Handwriting and Voice Samples: Section 349 98
    4. The Criminal Procedure (Identification) Act 2022 102
    5. Article 20(3) and the Evidence the Body Carries 107
    6. Consent, and the Limits on Involuntary Techniques 111
    7. Article 21, Privacy and the Holding of Forensic Data 116
    8. Where the System Fails 120
    9. Before the Laboratories: India Before 1849 124
    10. How the Subject Grew Abroad 128
    11. The Chemical Examiners to Government 133
    12. Anthropometry, and Why India Abandoned It 137
    13. The Fingerprint Bureau of 1897 141
    14. The Government Examiner of Questioned Documents 145
    15. The Serologist to the Government 149
    16. The Scientific Sections of the Police 153
    17. The State Forensic Science Laboratories 157
    18. The Central Forensic Science Laboratories 160
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued

    1. The Bureau of Police Research and Development, and the Directorate 163
    2. The National Crime Records Bureau and the Finger Print Bureaux 166
    3. The Committees and Commissions 170
    4. The Statutes: 1920 to 2022 174
    5. The DNA Bills, and Why India Still Has No DNA Statute 178
    6. The Three New Criminal Laws of 2023 182
    7. The National Forensic Sciences University Act 2020 186
    8. Where Indian Forensic Science Stands Now 189

    Module II

    1. Module II: The Sentence the University Did Not Finish 193
    2. What a Forensic Science Laboratory Does 197
    3. How a Laboratory Is Divided 201
    4. Forensic Ballistics: What the Branch Is 204
    5. Firearms and Their Classification 208
    6. Internal, External and Terminal Ballistics 212
    7. Rifling, Striations and the Identification of a Firearm 216
    8. Cartridge Cases, Firing Pin and Breech Face Marks 220
    9. Range of Fire, and Entry and Exit Wounds 223
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. Gunshot Residue 226
    2. Ballistics Evidence in an Indian Court 230
    3. Forensic Biology: What the Branch Is 234
    4. Blood: Is It Blood, Whose Species, Whose Group 238
    5. Serology: Semen, Saliva and the Other Fluids 242
    6. Hair, Fibre and Botanical Trace 246
    7. DNA and DNA Profiling 250
    8. DNA Evidence in Indian Criminal Courts 254
    9. DNA in Paternity and Other Civil Questions 258
    10. India Has No DNA Statute 262
    11. Forensic Chemistry: What the Branch Is 265
    12. Forensic Toxicology: What the Branch Is 268
    13. The Classes of Poison, and How Each Is Detected 272
    14. Viscera, Sampling and the Chemical Examiner's Report 276
    15. Narcotic Drugs, Their Analysis, and the Quantity Question 280
    16. Alcohol, Its Estimation, and Drunken Driving 284
    17. Explosives, Arson and Fire Debris 289
    18. Forensic Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence 293
    19. The Medico-Legal Autopsy 297
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. Identification of the Living and the Dead 301
    2. Time Since Death 304
    3. Injuries and Wounds 308
    4. Asphyxial Deaths 312
    5. Sexual Offences and the Medical Evidence 316
    6. The Medical Witness in Court 320
    7. Forensic Anthropology: What the Branch Is 324
    8. The Analysis of Human Bones 327
    9. Age Determination and the Law 331
    10. Superimposition and Facial Reconstruction 335
    11. Forensic Odontology 338
    12. Fingerprints: The Three Principles 342
    13. Fingerprint Patterns and Their Types 346
    14. Classification, and the Henry System 350
    15. Developing and Lifting a Latent Print 354
    16. Comparison, Points of Similarity, and the Automated Systems 358
    17. Fingerprint Evidence in an Indian Court 362
    18. Questioned Documents: What the Branch Is 366
    19. Handwriting Identification 370
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. Signatures and the Classes of Forgery 374
    2. Alterations, Erasures, Obliterations and Indented Writing 378
    3. Ink, Paper, Typescript and Printing 382
    4. Counterfeit Currency 386
    5. Questioned Document Evidence in an Indian Court 390
    6. Forensic Physics and the Instruments 394
    7. Ultraviolet and Infrared in Crime Detection 397
    8. Forensic Psychology and the Detection of Deception 400
    9. Digital and Cyber Forensics 404
    10. Voice and Speaker Identification 408
    11. Forensic Photography and Videography 412
    12. Crime Scene Management 416
    13. The Other Divisions a Laboratory Holds 420

    Module III

    1. What Module III Asks 424
    2. The Modern Devices, Listed and Grouped 427
    3. Modern Techniques of Crime Control 430
    4. Narco-Analysis 434
    5. The Polygraph 438
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. Brain Electrical Activation Profile and Brain Mapping 442
    2. The Constitutional Line Across All Three 446
    3. Closed Circuit Television and Video Surveillance 450
    4. Facial Recognition 454
    5. Number Plate Recognition and Traffic Enforcement 458
    6. Biometric Identification and the Measurements Database 463
    7. The Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and the Inter-operable Criminal Justice System 467
    8. The National Databases a Police Officer Can Search 471
    9. Explosive Trace Detection and the Portable Bomb Sniffer 474
    10. Screening: Metal Detectors, Scanners and Baggage Systems 479
    11. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Aerial Surveillance 483
    12. Interception of Communications and Call Data Records 488
    13. Mobile Device Forensics and Location Evidence 495
    14. Electronic Records in Evidence: Section 63 and the Certificate 500
    15. Tracking Devices and Vehicle Telematics 505
    16. Artificial Intelligence and Predictive Policing 509
    17. Designing Crime Out: Situational Prevention 513
    18. What Technological Crime Control Costs 517
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV

    1. What an Inter-State Crime Is 522
    2. Inter-State Crimes as the University Sets Them 526
    3. Why the Constitution Makes Them Hard 530
    4. Territorial Jurisdiction Under the Sanhita 535
    5. The Extra-Territorial Reach of the Nyaya Sanhita 540
    6. Organised Crime: Section 111 544
    7. Petty Organised Crime: Section 112 548
    8. Terrorist Act: Section 113 and the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act 552
    9. Investigating Across a State Line 558
    10. Arrest Outside Jurisdiction and Transit Remand 563
    11. The Central Bureau of Investigation and the Act of 1946 569
    12. State Consent, General Consent, and Its Withdrawal 575
    13. The National Investigation Agency 580
    14. Records, Coordination and the National Picture 587
    15. The Inter-State Criminal: History Sheets and Surveillance 591
    16. INTERPOL: What It Is 596
    17. How INTERPOL Is Constituted 601
    18. What INTERPOL Does: Its Functions and Its Databases 607
    19. INTERPOL Notices 611
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. India and INTERPOL 617
    2. What INTERPOL Cannot Do 623
    3. Extradition 628
    4. Mutual Legal Assistance and Letters Rogatory 636
    5. Transnational Crime 642
    6. The Scientific Investigation of an Inter-State Crime 648
    7. Where the System Fails 653
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    658 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 658 pages.
    Papers
    Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2023, 2025, 2026
    Every chapter in the notes: 155 chapters across 4 modules

    Module I 46 chapters

    1. 1 What This Paper Is About pages 1 to 5
    2. 2 What Forensic Science Is pages 6 to 10
    3. 3 The Principles Forensic Science Rests On pages 11 to 15
    4. 4 The Scope of Forensic Science, and Where It Stops pages 16 to 19
    5. 5 The Criminal Justice System of India pages 20 to 23
    6. 6 Forensic Science as an Integral Component pages 24 to 27
    7. 7 How Forensic Evidence Reaches a Criminal Trial pages 28 to 31
    8. 8 The Expert Witness: Section 39(1) pages 32 to 36
    9. 9 The Examiner of Electronic Evidence: Section 39(2) pages 37 to 40
    10. 10 Facts Bearing on the Opinion of Experts: Section 40 pages 41 to 44
    11. 11 Opinion as to Handwriting and Signature: Section 41 pages 45 to 48
    12. 12 When the Court Compares for Itself: Section 72 pages 49 to 53
    13. 13 Reports of Government Scientific Experts: Section 329 pages 54 to 57
    14. 14 When the Expert Need Not Be Called: Section 330 pages 58 to 61
    15. 15 The Successor in Office: Section 336 pages 62 to 65
    16. 16 The Weight of Expert Evidence pages 66 to 70
    17. 17 The Forensic Expert at the Crime Scene: Section 176(3) pages 71 to 74
    18. 18 Seizure, Sealing and Forwarding an Exhibit pages 75 to 78
    19. 19 The Chain of Custody pages 79 to 83
    20. 20 Medical Examination of the Arrested Person: Sections 51 to 53 pages 84 to 88
    21. 21 Medical Examination of the Victim: Section 184 pages 89 to 92
    22. 22 Inquest and Post-Mortem: Section 194 pages 93 to 97
    23. 23 Specimen Signatures, Handwriting and Voice Samples: Section 349 pages 98 to 101
    24. 24 The Criminal Procedure (Identification) Act 2022 pages 102 to 106
    25. 25 Article 20(3) and the Evidence the Body Carries pages 107 to 110
    26. 26 Consent, and the Limits on Involuntary Techniques pages 111 to 115
    27. 27 Article 21, Privacy and the Holding of Forensic Data pages 116 to 119
    28. 28 Where the System Fails pages 120 to 123
    29. 29 Before the Laboratories: India Before 1849 pages 124 to 127
    30. 30 How the Subject Grew Abroad pages 128 to 132
    31. 31 The Chemical Examiners to Government pages 133 to 136
    32. 32 Anthropometry, and Why India Abandoned It pages 137 to 140
    33. 33 The Fingerprint Bureau of 1897 pages 141 to 144
    34. 34 The Government Examiner of Questioned Documents pages 145 to 148
    35. 35 The Serologist to the Government pages 149 to 152
    36. 36 The Scientific Sections of the Police pages 153 to 156
    37. 37 The State Forensic Science Laboratories pages 157 to 159
    38. 38 The Central Forensic Science Laboratories pages 160 to 162
    39. 39 The Bureau of Police Research and Development, and the Directorate pages 163 to 165
    40. 40 The National Crime Records Bureau and the Finger Print Bureaux pages 166 to 169
    41. 41 The Committees and Commissions pages 170 to 173
    42. 42 The Statutes: 1920 to 2022 pages 174 to 177
    43. 43 The DNA Bills, and Why India Still Has No DNA Statute pages 178 to 181
    44. 44 The Three New Criminal Laws of 2023 pages 182 to 185
    45. 45 The National Forensic Sciences University Act 2020 pages 186 to 188
    46. 46 Where Indian Forensic Science Stands Now pages 189 to 192

    Module II 60 chapters

    1. 47 Module II: The Sentence the University Did Not Finish pages 193 to 196
    2. 48 What a Forensic Science Laboratory Does pages 197 to 200
    3. 49 How a Laboratory Is Divided pages 201 to 203
    4. 50 Forensic Ballistics: What the Branch Is pages 204 to 207
    5. 51 Firearms and Their Classification pages 208 to 211
    6. 52 Internal, External and Terminal Ballistics pages 212 to 215
    7. 53 Rifling, Striations and the Identification of a Firearm pages 216 to 219
    8. 54 Cartridge Cases, Firing Pin and Breech Face Marks pages 220 to 222
    9. 55 Range of Fire, and Entry and Exit Wounds pages 223 to 225
    10. 56 Gunshot Residue pages 226 to 229
    11. 57 Ballistics Evidence in an Indian Court pages 230 to 233
    12. 58 Forensic Biology: What the Branch Is pages 234 to 237
    13. 59 Blood: Is It Blood, Whose Species, Whose Group pages 238 to 241
    14. 60 Serology: Semen, Saliva and the Other Fluids pages 242 to 245
    15. 61 Hair, Fibre and Botanical Trace pages 246 to 249
    16. 62 DNA and DNA Profiling pages 250 to 253
    17. 63 DNA Evidence in Indian Criminal Courts pages 254 to 257
    18. 64 DNA in Paternity and Other Civil Questions pages 258 to 261
    19. 65 India Has No DNA Statute pages 262 to 264
    20. 66 Forensic Chemistry: What the Branch Is pages 265 to 267
    21. 67 Forensic Toxicology: What the Branch Is pages 268 to 271
    22. 68 The Classes of Poison, and How Each Is Detected pages 272 to 275
    23. 69 Viscera, Sampling and the Chemical Examiner's Report pages 276 to 279
    24. 70 Narcotic Drugs, Their Analysis, and the Quantity Question pages 280 to 283
    25. 71 Alcohol, Its Estimation, and Drunken Driving pages 284 to 288
    26. 72 Explosives, Arson and Fire Debris pages 289 to 292
    27. 73 Forensic Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence pages 293 to 296
    28. 74 The Medico-Legal Autopsy pages 297 to 300
    29. 75 Identification of the Living and the Dead pages 301 to 303
    30. 76 Time Since Death pages 304 to 307
    31. 77 Injuries and Wounds pages 308 to 311
    32. 78 Asphyxial Deaths pages 312 to 315
    33. 79 Sexual Offences and the Medical Evidence pages 316 to 319
    34. 80 The Medical Witness in Court pages 320 to 323
    35. 81 Forensic Anthropology: What the Branch Is pages 324 to 326
    36. 82 The Analysis of Human Bones pages 327 to 330
    37. 83 Age Determination and the Law pages 331 to 334
    38. 84 Superimposition and Facial Reconstruction pages 335 to 337
    39. 85 Forensic Odontology pages 338 to 341
    40. 86 Fingerprints: The Three Principles pages 342 to 345
    41. 87 Fingerprint Patterns and Their Types pages 346 to 349
    42. 88 Classification, and the Henry System pages 350 to 353
    43. 89 Developing and Lifting a Latent Print pages 354 to 357
    44. 90 Comparison, Points of Similarity, and the Automated Systems pages 358 to 361
    45. 91 Fingerprint Evidence in an Indian Court pages 362 to 365
    46. 92 Questioned Documents: What the Branch Is pages 366 to 369
    47. 93 Handwriting Identification pages 370 to 373
    48. 94 Signatures and the Classes of Forgery pages 374 to 377
    49. 95 Alterations, Erasures, Obliterations and Indented Writing pages 378 to 381
    50. 96 Ink, Paper, Typescript and Printing pages 382 to 385
    51. 97 Counterfeit Currency pages 386 to 389
    52. 98 Questioned Document Evidence in an Indian Court pages 390 to 393
    53. 99 Forensic Physics and the Instruments pages 394 to 396
    54. 100 Ultraviolet and Infrared in Crime Detection pages 397 to 399
    55. 101 Forensic Psychology and the Detection of Deception pages 400 to 403
    56. 102 Digital and Cyber Forensics pages 404 to 407
    57. 103 Voice and Speaker Identification pages 408 to 411
    58. 104 Forensic Photography and Videography pages 412 to 415
    59. 105 Crime Scene Management pages 416 to 419
    60. 106 The Other Divisions a Laboratory Holds pages 420 to 423

    Module III 23 chapters

    1. 107 What Module III Asks pages 424 to 426
    2. 108 The Modern Devices, Listed and Grouped pages 427 to 429
    3. 109 Modern Techniques of Crime Control pages 430 to 433
    4. 110 Narco-Analysis pages 434 to 437
    5. 111 The Polygraph pages 438 to 441
    6. 112 Brain Electrical Activation Profile and Brain Mapping pages 442 to 445
    7. 113 The Constitutional Line Across All Three pages 446 to 449
    8. 114 Closed Circuit Television and Video Surveillance pages 450 to 453
    9. 115 Facial Recognition pages 454 to 457
    10. 116 Number Plate Recognition and Traffic Enforcement pages 458 to 462
    11. 117 Biometric Identification and the Measurements Database pages 463 to 466
    12. 118 The Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and the Inter-operable Criminal Justice System pages 467 to 470
    13. 119 The National Databases a Police Officer Can Search pages 471 to 473
    14. 120 Explosive Trace Detection and the Portable Bomb Sniffer pages 474 to 478
    15. 121 Screening: Metal Detectors, Scanners and Baggage Systems pages 479 to 482
    16. 122 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Aerial Surveillance pages 483 to 487
    17. 123 Interception of Communications and Call Data Records pages 488 to 494
    18. 124 Mobile Device Forensics and Location Evidence pages 495 to 499
    19. 125 Electronic Records in Evidence: Section 63 and the Certificate pages 500 to 504
    20. 126 Tracking Devices and Vehicle Telematics pages 505 to 508
    21. 127 Artificial Intelligence and Predictive Policing pages 509 to 512
    22. 128 Designing Crime Out: Situational Prevention pages 513 to 516
    23. 129 What Technological Crime Control Costs pages 517 to 521

    Module IV 26 chapters

    1. 130 What an Inter-State Crime Is pages 522 to 525
    2. 131 Inter-State Crimes as the University Sets Them pages 526 to 529
    3. 132 Why the Constitution Makes Them Hard pages 530 to 534
    4. 133 Territorial Jurisdiction Under the Sanhita pages 535 to 539
    5. 134 The Extra-Territorial Reach of the Nyaya Sanhita pages 540 to 543
    6. 135 Organised Crime: Section 111 pages 544 to 547
    7. 136 Petty Organised Crime: Section 112 pages 548 to 551
    8. 137 Terrorist Act: Section 113 and the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act pages 552 to 557
    9. 138 Investigating Across a State Line pages 558 to 562
    10. 139 Arrest Outside Jurisdiction and Transit Remand pages 563 to 568
    11. 140 The Central Bureau of Investigation and the Act of 1946 pages 569 to 574
    12. 141 State Consent, General Consent, and Its Withdrawal pages 575 to 579
    13. 142 The National Investigation Agency pages 580 to 586
    14. 143 Records, Coordination and the National Picture pages 587 to 590
    15. 144 The Inter-State Criminal: History Sheets and Surveillance pages 591 to 595
    16. 145 INTERPOL: What It Is pages 596 to 600
    17. 146 How INTERPOL Is Constituted pages 601 to 606
    18. 147 What INTERPOL Does: Its Functions and Its Databases pages 607 to 610
    19. 148 INTERPOL Notices pages 611 to 616
    20. 149 India and INTERPOL pages 617 to 622
    21. 150 What INTERPOL Cannot Do pages 623 to 627
    22. 151 Extradition pages 628 to 635
    23. 152 Mutual Legal Assistance and Letters Rogatory pages 636 to 641
    24. 153 Transnational Crime pages 642 to 647
    25. 154 The Scientific Investigation of an Inter-State Crime pages 648 to 652
    26. 155 Where the System Fails pages 653 to 658
    Every paper that is solved: 7 papers
    • 2025-26
    • 2024-25
    • 2023
    • 2019
    • 2018
    • 2016
    • 2015

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