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KSLU LL.M. (Two Years) Semester 4 Notes 2026

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  1. International Trade Law

    Official Notes munotes.in

    International Trade Law

    KSLU LL.M. (TWO YEARS) · SEMESTER 4

    Strictly as per the 2019-20 LL.M. (Two Years) syllabus of Karnataka State Law University

    For students of Karnataka State Law University and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in Second Year

    International Trade Law

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Karnataka State Law University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Karnataka State Law University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I

    1. International Trade Law: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book 1
    2. What International Trade Law Is: Its Concept, Nature and Origins 5
    3. The World Before the System: Trade Law to 1944 11
    4. The Sources of Law for Global Trade, and the Constitution of India 16
    5. Mercantilism: The First Theory of Trade 20
    6. The Classical Theory: Absolute Advantage and Comparative Cost 27
    7. The Comparative Cost Theory Examined: Assumptions, Criticism and Restatement 32
    8. The Modern Theory: The Heckscher-Ohlin Theory of International Trade 37
    9. The Bretton Woods Conference of 1944 42
    10. The International Monetary Fund 47
    11. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 52
    12. The Havana Charter and the Organization That Never Was 56
    13. GATT 1947: The Agreement That Stood In 60
    14. How GATT Worked, and How Far It Succeeded 64
    15. The Rounds: Geneva 1947 to Tokyo 1979 69
    16. The Uruguay Round 73
    17. The Final Act and the Single Undertaking 78
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued

    1. The Marrakesh Agreement, Article by Article 82
    2. Objectives, Scope and Functions of the WTO 87
    3. The Organisational Chart: Ministerial Conference to the Committees 91
    4. The Secretariat and the Director-General 95
    5. Decision-Making: Consensus, Voting, Interpretations and Waivers 99
    6. Membership, Accession, Non-Application and Withdrawal 103
    7. Amending the Agreements 107
    8. GATT and the WTO Compared 111
    9. The Trade Policy Review Mechanism 115
    10. The Plurilateral Agreements of Annex 4 118
    11. The Ministerial Conferences: Singapore to Yaounde 122
    12. The WTO and the United Nations 126
    13. Developing Countries, Least-Developed Countries and Special Treatment 132
    14. India and the WTO 137
    15. The Mission Statement, and Whether the Trade Is Fair and Free 142

    Module II

    1. The Basic Principles of International Trade Law 147
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. What GATT 1994 Consists Of 152
    2. Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment: Article I 156
    3. Schedules of Concessions and Tariff Bindings: Article II 160
    4. National Treatment I: Internal Taxation, Article III:2 165
    5. National Treatment II: Regulation and Procurement, Article III:4 and III:8 169
    6. The Exceptions to MFN: Preferences, the Enabling Clause and Waivers 173
    7. Customs Unions and Free-Trade Areas: Article XXIV 177
    8. The General Exceptions: Article XX 181
    9. The Security Exceptions: Article XXI 186
    10. Trade and the Environment: Tuna Dolphin to Shrimp and After 191
    11. The Economic Principles of International Trade 196
    12. Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures 202
    13. Safeguards: Article XIX and the Agreement 209
    14. Safeguards II: Injury, Causation and Parallelism 215

    Module III

    1. Trade-Related Investment Measures 222
    2. Dumping I: The Concept and Article VI 227
    3. Dumping II: The Investigation, the Duty and the Review 231
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. Dumping III: India's Law and Practice 237
    2. Subsidies I: Definition, Specificity and the Prohibited List 241
    3. Subsidies II: Countervailing Duties, and India's Cases 247
    4. The Brazil-Canada Aircraft Dispute 251
    5. The Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies 256
    6. The Agreement on Agriculture 260
    7. Agriculture and India: Public Stockholding to the Sugar Dispute 266
    8. The Sugar Dispute 271

    Module IV

    1. Intellectual Property Before TRIPS: Paris, Berne and WIPO 276
    2. Why Intellectual Property Entered the Trade System 280
    3. The Structure of TRIPS: Seven Parts 285
    4. General Provisions and Basic Principles: Articles 1 to 8 289
    5. Copyright and Related Rights: Articles 9 to 14 294
    6. Trademarks: Articles 15 to 21 299
    7. Geographical Indications: Articles 22 to 24 305
    8. Industrial Designs: Articles 25 and 26 311
    9. Patents: Articles 27 to 34 315
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. Layout-Designs of Integrated Circuits: Articles 35 to 38 321
    2. Undisclosed Information: Article 39 325
    3. Anti-Competitive Practices in Contractual Licences: Article 40 330
    4. Enforcement: Articles 41 to 61 335
    5. Acquisition, Transparency and Dispute Settlement: Articles 62 to 64 342
    6. Transitional Arrangements and the Institutions: Articles 65 to 73 347
    7. TRIPS and Public Health: Doha, Article 31bis and the Pandemic 353
    8. TRIPS: Developing Country Concerns and Contemporary Issues 359
    9. What TRIPS Changed in India I: The Patents Act 365
    10. What TRIPS Changed in India II: Trademarks and Geographical Indications 371
    11. What TRIPS Changed in India III: Copyright, Designs, Circuits, Secrets and Plants 377
    12. Why Services Entered the Trading System 382
    13. Trade in Services Defined: The Four Modes 387
    14. Scope and Definitions: Articles I and XXVIII 391
    15. MFN under the GATS: Article II and the Exemptions 395
    16. The General Obligations: Articles III to V bis 399
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. Domestic Regulation: Article VI 403
    2. Recognition of Qualifications: Article VII 407
    3. Monopolies, Exclusive Suppliers and Business Practices: Articles VIII and IX 411
    4. The Unfinished Rules: Articles X to XIII and XV 415
    5. The GATS Exceptions: Articles XIV and XIV bis 419
    6. Market Access: Article XVI 423
    7. National Treatment and Additional Commitments: Articles XVII and XVIII 427
    8. Schedules of Specific Commitments, and How to Read One 431
    9. Progressive Liberalisation and Modifying a Schedule: Articles XIX and XXI 435
    10. Consultation, Dispute Settlement and the Final Provisions: Articles XXII to XXIX 439
    11. The Annexes: Movement of Persons, Air Transport, Telecommunications 443
    12. Financial Services 448
    13. Telecommunication Services: The Annex, the Basic Telecommunications Agreement and the Reference Paper 452
    14. Professional Services, and the Lawyers' Question 458
    15. India's Services Trade, Sector by Sector 462
    16. The Salient Features of the GATS, Drawn Together 467
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module V

    1. Dispute Settlement under GATT, and Why It Had to Change 472
    2. The Dispute Settlement Body and the Coverage of the DSU: Articles 1 to 3 477
    3. Consultations, Good Offices, Conciliation and Mediation: Articles 4 and 5 482
    4. Panels: Articles 6 to 15 486
    5. Appellate Review: Article 17 492
    6. Adoption and the Reverse Consensus Rule: Articles 16, 19 and 20 497
    7. Implementation, Compensation and Retaliation: Articles 21 and 22 501
    8. The System's Discipline: Articles 23 to 27 506
    9. The Stages of a WTO Dispute, End to End 511
    10. Developing Countries in Dispute Settlement 516
    11. India and the Dispute Settlement Process 521
    12. The Appellate Body Crisis and the MPIA 526
    13. UNCITRAL and International Commercial Arbitration 533
    14. The Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996: Where It Came From and How It Is Built 546
    15. Definitions, and How Far Part I Reaches 552
    16. Foreign Awards: Why Part II Has Two Chapters, and What a Convention Does 558
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module V continued

    1. New York Convention Awards: Definition, Reference to Arbitration, and When an Award Binds 564
    2. Section 48: The Grounds for Refusing a Foreign Award, and the Narrow Public Policy Test 569
    3. Enforcing a Foreign Award in India: Procedure, Appeals and Savings 576
    4. The UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules 581
    5. Conciliation: What It Is, and How Proceedings Begin 588
    6. The Conciliator's Role, and How a Conciliation Is Conducted 593
    7. The Settlement Agreement: How It Is Made, and Why It Is as Good as an Award 599
    8. Confidentiality, Termination, Costs, and What the Conciliator May Never Do Afterwards 604
    9. The UNCITRAL Conciliation Rules 610
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    616 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 616 pages.
    Every chapter in the notes: 124 chapters across 5 modules

    Module I 32 chapters

    1. 1 International Trade Law: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book pages 1 to 4
    2. 2 What International Trade Law Is: Its Concept, Nature and Origins pages 5 to 10
    3. 3 The World Before the System: Trade Law to 1944 pages 11 to 15
    4. 4 The Sources of Law for Global Trade, and the Constitution of India pages 16 to 19
    5. 5 Mercantilism: The First Theory of Trade pages 20 to 26
    6. 6 The Classical Theory: Absolute Advantage and Comparative Cost pages 27 to 31
    7. 7 The Comparative Cost Theory Examined: Assumptions, Criticism and Restatement pages 32 to 36
    8. 8 The Modern Theory: The Heckscher-Ohlin Theory of International Trade pages 37 to 41
    9. 9 The Bretton Woods Conference of 1944 pages 42 to 46
    10. 10 The International Monetary Fund pages 47 to 51
    11. 11 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development pages 52 to 55
    12. 12 The Havana Charter and the Organization That Never Was pages 56 to 59
    13. 13 GATT 1947: The Agreement That Stood In pages 60 to 63
    14. 14 How GATT Worked, and How Far It Succeeded pages 64 to 68
    15. 15 The Rounds: Geneva 1947 to Tokyo 1979 pages 69 to 72
    16. 16 The Uruguay Round pages 73 to 77
    17. 17 The Final Act and the Single Undertaking pages 78 to 81
    18. 18 The Marrakesh Agreement, Article by Article pages 82 to 86
    19. 19 Objectives, Scope and Functions of the WTO pages 87 to 90
    20. 20 The Organisational Chart: Ministerial Conference to the Committees pages 91 to 94
    21. 21 The Secretariat and the Director-General pages 95 to 98
    22. 22 Decision-Making: Consensus, Voting, Interpretations and Waivers pages 99 to 102
    23. 23 Membership, Accession, Non-Application and Withdrawal pages 103 to 106
    24. 24 Amending the Agreements pages 107 to 110
    25. 25 GATT and the WTO Compared pages 111 to 114
    26. 26 The Trade Policy Review Mechanism pages 115 to 117
    27. 27 The Plurilateral Agreements of Annex 4 pages 118 to 121
    28. 28 The Ministerial Conferences: Singapore to Yaounde pages 122 to 125
    29. 29 The WTO and the United Nations pages 126 to 131
    30. 30 Developing Countries, Least-Developed Countries and Special Treatment pages 132 to 136
    31. 31 India and the WTO pages 137 to 141
    32. 32 The Mission Statement, and Whether the Trade Is Fair and Free pages 142 to 146

    Module II 15 chapters

    1. 33 The Basic Principles of International Trade Law pages 147 to 151
    2. 34 What GATT 1994 Consists Of pages 152 to 155
    3. 35 Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment: Article I pages 156 to 159
    4. 36 Schedules of Concessions and Tariff Bindings: Article II pages 160 to 164
    5. 37 National Treatment I: Internal Taxation, Article III:2 pages 165 to 168
    6. 38 National Treatment II: Regulation and Procurement, Article III:4 and III:8 pages 169 to 172
    7. 39 The Exceptions to MFN: Preferences, the Enabling Clause and Waivers pages 173 to 176
    8. 40 Customs Unions and Free-Trade Areas: Article XXIV pages 177 to 180
    9. 41 The General Exceptions: Article XX pages 181 to 185
    10. 42 The Security Exceptions: Article XXI pages 186 to 190
    11. 43 Trade and the Environment: Tuna Dolphin to Shrimp and After pages 191 to 195
    12. 44 The Economic Principles of International Trade pages 196 to 201
    13. 45 Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures pages 202 to 208
    14. 46 Safeguards: Article XIX and the Agreement pages 209 to 214
    15. 47 Safeguards II: Injury, Causation and Parallelism pages 215 to 221

    Module III 11 chapters

    1. 48 Trade-Related Investment Measures pages 222 to 226
    2. 49 Dumping I: The Concept and Article VI pages 227 to 230
    3. 50 Dumping II: The Investigation, the Duty and the Review pages 231 to 236
    4. 51 Dumping III: India's Law and Practice pages 237 to 240
    5. 52 Subsidies I: Definition, Specificity and the Prohibited List pages 241 to 246
    6. 53 Subsidies II: Countervailing Duties, and India's Cases pages 247 to 250
    7. 54 The Brazil-Canada Aircraft Dispute pages 251 to 255
    8. 55 The Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies pages 256 to 259
    9. 56 The Agreement on Agriculture pages 260 to 265
    10. 57 Agriculture and India: Public Stockholding to the Sugar Dispute pages 266 to 270
    11. 58 The Sugar Dispute pages 271 to 275

    Module IV 41 chapters

    1. 59 Intellectual Property Before TRIPS: Paris, Berne and WIPO pages 276 to 279
    2. 60 Why Intellectual Property Entered the Trade System pages 280 to 284
    3. 61 The Structure of TRIPS: Seven Parts pages 285 to 288
    4. 62 General Provisions and Basic Principles: Articles 1 to 8 pages 289 to 293
    5. 63 Copyright and Related Rights: Articles 9 to 14 pages 294 to 298
    6. 64 Trademarks: Articles 15 to 21 pages 299 to 304
    7. 65 Geographical Indications: Articles 22 to 24 pages 305 to 310
    8. 66 Industrial Designs: Articles 25 and 26 pages 311 to 314
    9. 67 Patents: Articles 27 to 34 pages 315 to 320
    10. 68 Layout-Designs of Integrated Circuits: Articles 35 to 38 pages 321 to 324
    11. 69 Undisclosed Information: Article 39 pages 325 to 329
    12. 70 Anti-Competitive Practices in Contractual Licences: Article 40 pages 330 to 334
    13. 71 Enforcement: Articles 41 to 61 pages 335 to 341
    14. 72 Acquisition, Transparency and Dispute Settlement: Articles 62 to 64 pages 342 to 346
    15. 73 Transitional Arrangements and the Institutions: Articles 65 to 73 pages 347 to 352
    16. 74 TRIPS and Public Health: Doha, Article 31bis and the Pandemic pages 353 to 358
    17. 75 TRIPS: Developing Country Concerns and Contemporary Issues pages 359 to 364
    18. 76 What TRIPS Changed in India I: The Patents Act pages 365 to 370
    19. 77 What TRIPS Changed in India II: Trademarks and Geographical Indications pages 371 to 376
    20. 78 What TRIPS Changed in India III: Copyright, Designs, Circuits, Secrets and Plants pages 377 to 381
    21. 79 Why Services Entered the Trading System pages 382 to 386
    22. 80 Trade in Services Defined: The Four Modes pages 387 to 390
    23. 81 Scope and Definitions: Articles I and XXVIII pages 391 to 394
    24. 82 MFN under the GATS: Article II and the Exemptions pages 395 to 398
    25. 83 The General Obligations: Articles III to V bis pages 399 to 402
    26. 84 Domestic Regulation: Article VI pages 403 to 406
    27. 85 Recognition of Qualifications: Article VII pages 407 to 410
    28. 86 Monopolies, Exclusive Suppliers and Business Practices: Articles VIII and IX pages 411 to 414
    29. 87 The Unfinished Rules: Articles X to XIII and XV pages 415 to 418
    30. 88 The GATS Exceptions: Articles XIV and XIV bis pages 419 to 422
    31. 89 Market Access: Article XVI pages 423 to 426
    32. 90 National Treatment and Additional Commitments: Articles XVII and XVIII pages 427 to 430
    33. 91 Schedules of Specific Commitments, and How to Read One pages 431 to 434
    34. 92 Progressive Liberalisation and Modifying a Schedule: Articles XIX and XXI pages 435 to 438
    35. 93 Consultation, Dispute Settlement and the Final Provisions: Articles XXII to XXIX pages 439 to 442
    36. 94 The Annexes: Movement of Persons, Air Transport, Telecommunications pages 443 to 447
    37. 95 Financial Services pages 448 to 451
    38. 96 Telecommunication Services: The Annex, the Basic Telecommunications Agreement and the Reference Paper pages 452 to 457
    39. 97 Professional Services, and the Lawyers' Question pages 458 to 461
    40. 98 India's Services Trade, Sector by Sector pages 462 to 466
    41. 99 The Salient Features of the GATS, Drawn Together pages 467 to 471

    Module V 25 chapters

    1. 100 Dispute Settlement under GATT, and Why It Had to Change pages 472 to 476
    2. 101 The Dispute Settlement Body and the Coverage of the DSU: Articles 1 to 3 pages 477 to 481
    3. 102 Consultations, Good Offices, Conciliation and Mediation: Articles 4 and 5 pages 482 to 485
    4. 103 Panels: Articles 6 to 15 pages 486 to 491
    5. 104 Appellate Review: Article 17 pages 492 to 496
    6. 105 Adoption and the Reverse Consensus Rule: Articles 16, 19 and 20 pages 497 to 500
    7. 106 Implementation, Compensation and Retaliation: Articles 21 and 22 pages 501 to 505
    8. 107 The System's Discipline: Articles 23 to 27 pages 506 to 510
    9. 108 The Stages of a WTO Dispute, End to End pages 511 to 515
    10. 109 Developing Countries in Dispute Settlement pages 516 to 520
    11. 110 India and the Dispute Settlement Process pages 521 to 525
    12. 111 The Appellate Body Crisis and the MPIA pages 526 to 532
    13. 112 UNCITRAL and International Commercial Arbitration pages 533 to 545
    14. 113 The Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996: Where It Came From and How It Is Built pages 546 to 551
    15. 114 Definitions, and How Far Part I Reaches pages 552 to 557
    16. 115 Foreign Awards: Why Part II Has Two Chapters, and What a Convention Does pages 558 to 563
    17. 116 New York Convention Awards: Definition, Reference to Arbitration, and When an Award Binds pages 564 to 568
    18. 117 Section 48: The Grounds for Refusing a Foreign Award, and the Narrow Public Policy Test pages 569 to 575
    19. 118 Enforcing a Foreign Award in India: Procedure, Appeals and Savings pages 576 to 580
    20. 119 The UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules pages 581 to 587
    21. 120 Conciliation: What It Is, and How Proceedings Begin pages 588 to 592
    22. 121 The Conciliator's Role, and How a Conciliation Is Conducted pages 593 to 598
    23. 122 The Settlement Agreement: How It Is Made, and Why It Is as Good as an Award pages 599 to 603
    24. 123 Confidentiality, Termination, Costs, and What the Conciliator May Never Do Afterwards pages 604 to 609
    25. 124 The UNCITRAL Conciliation Rules pages 610 to 616

  2. Law Relating to Consumer Protection and Competition

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Law Relating to Consumer Protection and Competition

    KSLU LL.M. (TWO YEARS) · SEMESTER 4

    Strictly as per the 2019-20 LL.M. (Two Years) syllabus of Karnataka State Law University

    For students of Karnataka State Law University and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in Second Year

    Law Relating to Consumer Protection and Competition

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Karnataka State Law University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Karnataka State Law University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I

    1. Consumer Protection and Competition: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book 1
    2. Consumer Welfare Policy and Legislation 6
    3. The Development of Consumer Protection in the United Kingdom 9
    4. The Development of Consumer Protection in the United States 13
    5. The Development of Consumer Protection in India 17
    6. The Concepts of Consumer and Consumerism 21
    7. State Monopoly and the Consumer Interest 25
    8. Consumer Protection at Common Law 29
    9. Sanctity of Contract 33
    10. Freedom of Contract 38
    11. Limitations on Sanctity of Contract 42
    12. The Standard-form Contract 47
    13. Inequality of Bargaining Power 52
    14. Legislative Intervention 57
    15. The Contract of Sale of Goods 62
    16. Caveat Emptor and Its Exceptions 68
    17. Caveat Venditor: When the Seller Must Beware 79
    18. Conditions and Warranties 83
    19. Fraud and Misrepresentation 90
    20. Suits for Breach of the Contract of Sale 96
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued

    1. Damages 103
    2. Exemption Clauses 109
    3. Supply of Services 114

    Module II

    1. Why a Consumer Law, and the Scheme of the Act of 2019 118
    2. Who Is a Consumer 122
    3. Who Is a Consumer: The Judicial Interpretations 126
    4. Consumer Rights and the Consumer Protection Councils 132
    5. Consumer Disputes and Their Kinds 135
    6. Goods and Defect 140
    7. Service and Deficiency 144
    8. Types of Services and Denial of Service 148
    9. Commercial and Professional Services 151
    10. Liability for Deficiency in Services 154
    11. The Sale of Hazardous Goods 159
    12. Consumer Protection in Electronic Commerce 164
    13. The Electronic Service Provider 172
    14. Unfair and Restrictive Trade Practices 176
    15. Misleading Advertisements and the Liability of an Endorser 180
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. The Central Consumer Protection Authority 184
    2. The District Commission 188
    3. The State Commission 192
    4. The National Commission 196
    5. How a Complaint Is Decided 200
    6. Judicial Review of the Consumer Commissions 204
    7. Mediation under the Act 209
    8. Product Liability 213
    9. Exceptions to the Jurisdiction of the Consumer Commissions 217
    10. The Remedies Available to Consumers under the Act 222
    11. Offences and Penalties under the Consumer Law 226
    12. The Consumer Protection Act, 1986: Its Relevant Provisions 230
    13. The Consumer Protection Acts of 1986 and 2019 Compared 236

    Module III

    1. Consumer Protection through Voluntary Agencies 241
    2. The International Organisation of Consumer Unions 245
    3. The United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection 249
    4. The OECD Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce 253
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. Making Essential Commodities Available at Fair Prices 257
    2. The Law against Food Adulteration 261
    3. Drugs and Cosmetics 266
    4. Weights and Measures 271
    5. The Standards of Packaged Commodities 276
    6. The Bureau of Indian Standards 280
    7. Education and the Consumer Law 284
    8. Medical Services under the Act 288
    9. Medical Negligence 292
    10. Legal Services and the Consumer Law 297

    Module IV

    1. The Origins and Historical Development of Antitrust Law in the United States 301
    2. The Aims, Objectives and Scope of Antitrust Law 306
    3. Restraint of Trade: From the Common Law to the Sherman Act 310
    4. Agreements in Restraint of Trade, Marriage and Legal Proceedings 314
    5. The Rule of Reason and the Per Se Rules 320
    6. The Sherman Antitrust Act, 1890 326
    7. The Clayton Act, 1914 331
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. The Federal Trade Commission Act, 1914 336
    2. Monopolization 342
    3. Mergers and Acquisitions in American Antitrust Law 346
    4. Competition Law Across Borders: The Effects Doctrine 351
    5. Antitrust as an American Policy 356

    Module V

    1. What Competition Is, and Its Merits and Demerits 360
    2. The Economics Behind Competition Law 365
    3. Competition Policy and Competition Law 370
    4. The Functions and Elements of Competition Law 374
    5. The Practices Competition Law Controls: An Overview 378
    6. Why Trade Is Regulated, and How India’s Competition Law Grew 382
    7. The MRTP Act, 1969: Its Objects, Scheme and Machinery 387
    8. Restrictive Trade Practices under the MRTP Act 392
    9. Unfair Trade Practices: From the MRTP Act to Consumer Law 398
    10. From the MRTP Act to the Competition Act 404
    11. The Competition Act, 2002: Its Salient Features and Amendments 409
    12. The Definitions in the Competition Act 414
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module V continued

    1. Anti-Competitive Agreements: Section 3 419
    2. Appreciable Adverse Effect on Competition, and the Per Se Rules 424
    3. Cartels and Bid Rigging 428
    4. Vertical Agreements: Tie-in, Exclusive Dealing, Refusal to Deal and Resale Price Maintenance 434
    5. Dominant Position and the Relevant Market 439
    6. Abuse of Dominant Position: Section 4 443
    7. Predatory Pricing 448
    8. Combinations: Section 5 452
    9. The Regulation of Combinations 457
    10. The Exemptions: Intellectual Property and Exports 463
    11. The UK Competition Act, 1998 467
    12. The UK Enterprise Act, 2002 471
    13. The Competition Commission of India: Establishment and Composition 476
    14. Meetings of the Commission, and How It Works 480
    15. The Duties and Functions of the Commission 483
    16. How the Commission Inquires: Information, Prima Facie Opinion and Investigation 487
    17. The Director General: Appointment, Duties and Powers 492
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module V continued

    1. The Orders and Powers of the Commission 496
    2. Interim Orders: Temporary Injunctions in Competition Cases 500
    3. Penalties under the Competition Act 504
    4. Lesser Penalty, Settlement and Commitment 509
    5. Competition Advocacy 513
    6. The Competition Fund, Rules, Regulations and the Central Government’s Powers 516
    7. Appeals: The Competition Appellate Tribunal and the NCLAT 520
    8. The Leading Cases under the Competition Act 525
    9. Working a Competition Law Problem 530
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    534 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 534 pages.
    Every chapter in the notes: 115 chapters across 5 modules

    Module I 23 chapters

    1. 1 Consumer Protection and Competition: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book pages 1 to 5
    2. 2 Consumer Welfare Policy and Legislation pages 6 to 8
    3. 3 The Development of Consumer Protection in the United Kingdom pages 9 to 12
    4. 4 The Development of Consumer Protection in the United States pages 13 to 16
    5. 5 The Development of Consumer Protection in India pages 17 to 20
    6. 6 The Concepts of Consumer and Consumerism pages 21 to 24
    7. 7 State Monopoly and the Consumer Interest pages 25 to 28
    8. 8 Consumer Protection at Common Law pages 29 to 32
    9. 9 Sanctity of Contract pages 33 to 37
    10. 10 Freedom of Contract pages 38 to 41
    11. 11 Limitations on Sanctity of Contract pages 42 to 46
    12. 12 The Standard-form Contract pages 47 to 51
    13. 13 Inequality of Bargaining Power pages 52 to 56
    14. 14 Legislative Intervention pages 57 to 61
    15. 15 The Contract of Sale of Goods pages 62 to 67
    16. 16 Caveat Emptor and Its Exceptions pages 68 to 78
    17. 17 Caveat Venditor: When the Seller Must Beware pages 79 to 82
    18. 18 Conditions and Warranties pages 83 to 89
    19. 19 Fraud and Misrepresentation pages 90 to 95
    20. 20 Suits for Breach of the Contract of Sale pages 96 to 102
    21. 21 Damages pages 103 to 108
    22. 22 Exemption Clauses pages 109 to 113
    23. 23 Supply of Services pages 114 to 117

    Module II 28 chapters

    1. 24 Why a Consumer Law, and the Scheme of the Act of 2019 pages 118 to 121
    2. 25 Who Is a Consumer pages 122 to 125
    3. 26 Who Is a Consumer: The Judicial Interpretations pages 126 to 131
    4. 27 Consumer Rights and the Consumer Protection Councils pages 132 to 134
    5. 28 Consumer Disputes and Their Kinds pages 135 to 139
    6. 29 Goods and Defect pages 140 to 143
    7. 30 Service and Deficiency pages 144 to 147
    8. 31 Types of Services and Denial of Service pages 148 to 150
    9. 32 Commercial and Professional Services pages 151 to 153
    10. 33 Liability for Deficiency in Services pages 154 to 158
    11. 34 The Sale of Hazardous Goods pages 159 to 163
    12. 35 Consumer Protection in Electronic Commerce pages 164 to 171
    13. 36 The Electronic Service Provider pages 172 to 175
    14. 37 Unfair and Restrictive Trade Practices pages 176 to 179
    15. 38 Misleading Advertisements and the Liability of an Endorser pages 180 to 183
    16. 39 The Central Consumer Protection Authority pages 184 to 187
    17. 40 The District Commission pages 188 to 191
    18. 41 The State Commission pages 192 to 195
    19. 42 The National Commission pages 196 to 199
    20. 43 How a Complaint Is Decided pages 200 to 203
    21. 44 Judicial Review of the Consumer Commissions pages 204 to 208
    22. 45 Mediation under the Act pages 209 to 212
    23. 46 Product Liability pages 213 to 216
    24. 47 Exceptions to the Jurisdiction of the Consumer Commissions pages 217 to 221
    25. 48 The Remedies Available to Consumers under the Act pages 222 to 225
    26. 49 Offences and Penalties under the Consumer Law pages 226 to 229
    27. 50 The Consumer Protection Act, 1986: Its Relevant Provisions pages 230 to 235
    28. 51 The Consumer Protection Acts of 1986 and 2019 Compared pages 236 to 240

    Module III 14 chapters

    1. 52 Consumer Protection through Voluntary Agencies pages 241 to 244
    2. 53 The International Organisation of Consumer Unions pages 245 to 248
    3. 54 The United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection pages 249 to 252
    4. 55 The OECD Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce pages 253 to 256
    5. 56 Making Essential Commodities Available at Fair Prices pages 257 to 260
    6. 57 The Law against Food Adulteration pages 261 to 265
    7. 58 Drugs and Cosmetics pages 266 to 270
    8. 59 Weights and Measures pages 271 to 275
    9. 60 The Standards of Packaged Commodities pages 276 to 279
    10. 61 The Bureau of Indian Standards pages 280 to 283
    11. 62 Education and the Consumer Law pages 284 to 287
    12. 63 Medical Services under the Act pages 288 to 291
    13. 64 Medical Negligence pages 292 to 296
    14. 65 Legal Services and the Consumer Law pages 297 to 300

    Module IV 12 chapters

    1. 66 The Origins and Historical Development of Antitrust Law in the United States pages 301 to 305
    2. 67 The Aims, Objectives and Scope of Antitrust Law pages 306 to 309
    3. 68 Restraint of Trade: From the Common Law to the Sherman Act pages 310 to 313
    4. 69 Agreements in Restraint of Trade, Marriage and Legal Proceedings pages 314 to 319
    5. 70 The Rule of Reason and the Per Se Rules pages 320 to 325
    6. 71 The Sherman Antitrust Act, 1890 pages 326 to 330
    7. 72 The Clayton Act, 1914 pages 331 to 335
    8. 73 The Federal Trade Commission Act, 1914 pages 336 to 341
    9. 74 Monopolization pages 342 to 345
    10. 75 Mergers and Acquisitions in American Antitrust Law pages 346 to 350
    11. 76 Competition Law Across Borders: The Effects Doctrine pages 351 to 355
    12. 77 Antitrust as an American Policy pages 356 to 359

    Module V 38 chapters

    1. 78 What Competition Is, and Its Merits and Demerits pages 360 to 364
    2. 79 The Economics Behind Competition Law pages 365 to 369
    3. 80 Competition Policy and Competition Law pages 370 to 373
    4. 81 The Functions and Elements of Competition Law pages 374 to 377
    5. 82 The Practices Competition Law Controls: An Overview pages 378 to 381
    6. 83 Why Trade Is Regulated, and How India’s Competition Law Grew pages 382 to 386
    7. 84 The MRTP Act, 1969: Its Objects, Scheme and Machinery pages 387 to 391
    8. 85 Restrictive Trade Practices under the MRTP Act pages 392 to 397
    9. 86 Unfair Trade Practices: From the MRTP Act to Consumer Law pages 398 to 403
    10. 87 From the MRTP Act to the Competition Act pages 404 to 408
    11. 88 The Competition Act, 2002: Its Salient Features and Amendments pages 409 to 413
    12. 89 The Definitions in the Competition Act pages 414 to 418
    13. 90 Anti-Competitive Agreements: Section 3 pages 419 to 423
    14. 91 Appreciable Adverse Effect on Competition, and the Per Se Rules pages 424 to 427
    15. 92 Cartels and Bid Rigging pages 428 to 433
    16. 93 Vertical Agreements: Tie-in, Exclusive Dealing, Refusal to Deal and Resale Price Maintenance pages 434 to 438
    17. 94 Dominant Position and the Relevant Market pages 439 to 442
    18. 95 Abuse of Dominant Position: Section 4 pages 443 to 447
    19. 96 Predatory Pricing pages 448 to 451
    20. 97 Combinations: Section 5 pages 452 to 456
    21. 98 The Regulation of Combinations pages 457 to 462
    22. 99 The Exemptions: Intellectual Property and Exports pages 463 to 466
    23. 100 The UK Competition Act, 1998 pages 467 to 470
    24. 101 The UK Enterprise Act, 2002 pages 471 to 475
    25. 102 The Competition Commission of India: Establishment and Composition pages 476 to 479
    26. 103 Meetings of the Commission, and How It Works pages 480 to 482
    27. 104 The Duties and Functions of the Commission pages 483 to 486
    28. 105 How the Commission Inquires: Information, Prima Facie Opinion and Investigation pages 487 to 491
    29. 106 The Director General: Appointment, Duties and Powers pages 492 to 495
    30. 107 The Orders and Powers of the Commission pages 496 to 499
    31. 108 Interim Orders: Temporary Injunctions in Competition Cases pages 500 to 503
    32. 109 Penalties under the Competition Act pages 504 to 508
    33. 110 Lesser Penalty, Settlement and Commitment pages 509 to 512
    34. 111 Competition Advocacy pages 513 to 515
    35. 112 The Competition Fund, Rules, Regulations and the Central Government’s Powers pages 516 to 519
    36. 113 Appeals: The Competition Appellate Tribunal and the NCLAT pages 520 to 524
    37. 114 The Leading Cases under the Competition Act pages 525 to 529
    38. 115 Working a Competition Law Problem pages 530 to 534

  3. Corporate Finance and Law

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Corporate Finance and Law

    KSLU LL.M. (TWO YEARS) · SEMESTER 4

    Strictly as per the 2019-20 LL.M. (Two Years) syllabus of Karnataka State Law University

    For students of Karnataka State Law University and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in Second Year

    Corporate Finance and Law

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Karnataka State Law University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Karnataka State Law University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I

    1. Corporate Finance and Law: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book 1
    2. Corporate Finance: Meaning, Importance and Scope 4
    3. What Financial Management Is: Meaning, Objectives, Scope and Functions 9
    4. Corporate Finance: the Map 12
    5. Capital Needs and Capitalisation 17
    6. Capital Structure, and the Questions Its Theories Answer 23
    7. Pricing the Issue 25
    8. Private Placement 30
    9. Further Issues: Rights and Bonus 36
    10. Borrowing and the Lender 43
    11. Public Deposits 51
    12. Borrowing 58
    13. State Borrowing and the Union's Consent 63
    14. The Legislative Entries of Corporate Finance: List I and Entry 24 of List II 69

    Module II

    1. Kinds of Share Capital and Voting 77
    2. Preference Capital 83
    3. Reduction of Capital 88
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. Buy-back and Financial Assistance 93
    2. Retained Earnings: Financing from Within 101
    3. The Cost of Retained Earnings 106
    4. Dividends 108
    5. The Public Offer 117
    6. Prospectus Varieties and Deemed Prospectuses 124
    7. Allotment, Listing and Depository Receipts 132
    8. Debentures 139
    9. Charges: Creation and Registration 146
    10. Charges: Satisfaction and Rectification 154
    11. Mortgage Defined, and the Six Kinds of Mortgage 163
    12. Mortgages in Company Finance 168

    Module III

    1. Investor Protection: the Design 174
    2. Individual, Corporate and Qualified Membership Rights 180
    3. Members and the Registers 186
    4. Majority Rule and Its Limits 193
    5. Derivative Actions 202
    6. Who May Apply, and Waiver 208
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. Oppression: the Concept 216
    2. Class Actions 225
    3. Alteration of Capital 235
    4. Schemes of Compromise and Arrangement 240
    5. Civil Liability for the Prospectus 252
    6. Criminal Liability for the Prospectus 260
    7. Personation and Allotment Abuses 268
    8. Insider Trading and Market Abuse 275
    9. SEBI: the Board and Its Powers 284
    10. SEBI Enforcement and Appeals 295
    11. Resource Mobilisation in the Capital Market 306

    Module IV

    1. Dematerialisation 311
    2. Depository Receipts: IDR, ADR and GDR 318
    3. Development Finance Institutions 324
    4. Public Financial Institutions: IDBI, ICICI, IFCI and the State Financial Corporations 328
    5. Mutual Funds and Collective Investment Schemes 333
    6. Institutional Investors: LIC, UTI and the Banks 339
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. Foreign Direct Investment in India 345
    2. FDI Instruments, Reporting and Enforcement 360
    3. NRI Investment and Foreign Portfolio Investment 370
    4. The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank 375
    5. The National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development 380

    Module V

    1. Derivatives and the Law 385
    2. Mergers and Amalgamations 393
    3. Fast-track Mergers 405
    4. Dissent, Squeeze-outs and Minority Buy-outs 414
    5. Why Firms Merge: Synergy and Its Limits 424
    6. Valuing a Target Company 427
    7. Takeovers, the SEBI Regulations and the Competition Act 430
    8. Behavioural Finance 434
    9. Entrepreneurial Finance 440
    10. Financial Modelling 447
    11. Registered Valuers 453
    12. Financial Engineering 460
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module V continued

    1. Risk, Return and the Portfolio 467
    2. Foreign Exchange Risk, and How a Multinational Manages It 470
    3. Risk Management and the Board 473
    4. Zero-Base Budgeting 479
    5. Corporate Social Responsibility 483
    6. The IBC and Corporate Rescue 489
    7. Resolution and Its Gatekeepers 500
    8. The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code: Its Impact on Corporate Finance 512
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    519 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 519 pages.
    Every chapter in the notes: 77 chapters across 5 modules

    Module I 14 chapters

    1. 1 Corporate Finance and Law: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book pages 1 to 3
    2. 2 Corporate Finance: Meaning, Importance and Scope pages 4 to 8
    3. 3 What Financial Management Is: Meaning, Objectives, Scope and Functions pages 9 to 11
    4. 4 Corporate Finance: the Map pages 12 to 16
    5. 5 Capital Needs and Capitalisation pages 17 to 22
    6. 6 Capital Structure, and the Questions Its Theories Answer pages 23 to 24
    7. 7 Pricing the Issue pages 25 to 29
    8. 8 Private Placement pages 30 to 35
    9. 9 Further Issues: Rights and Bonus pages 36 to 42
    10. 10 Borrowing and the Lender pages 43 to 50
    11. 11 Public Deposits pages 51 to 57
    12. 12 Borrowing pages 58 to 62
    13. 13 State Borrowing and the Union's Consent pages 63 to 68
    14. 14 The Legislative Entries of Corporate Finance: List I and Entry 24 of List II pages 69 to 76

    Module II 15 chapters

    1. 15 Kinds of Share Capital and Voting pages 77 to 82
    2. 16 Preference Capital pages 83 to 87
    3. 17 Reduction of Capital pages 88 to 92
    4. 18 Buy-back and Financial Assistance pages 93 to 100
    5. 19 Retained Earnings: Financing from Within pages 101 to 105
    6. 20 The Cost of Retained Earnings pages 106 to 107
    7. 21 Dividends pages 108 to 116
    8. 22 The Public Offer pages 117 to 123
    9. 23 Prospectus Varieties and Deemed Prospectuses pages 124 to 131
    10. 24 Allotment, Listing and Depository Receipts pages 132 to 138
    11. 25 Debentures pages 139 to 145
    12. 26 Charges: Creation and Registration pages 146 to 153
    13. 27 Charges: Satisfaction and Rectification pages 154 to 162
    14. 28 Mortgage Defined, and the Six Kinds of Mortgage pages 163 to 167
    15. 29 Mortgages in Company Finance pages 168 to 173

    Module III 17 chapters

    1. 30 Investor Protection: the Design pages 174 to 179
    2. 31 Individual, Corporate and Qualified Membership Rights pages 180 to 185
    3. 32 Members and the Registers pages 186 to 192
    4. 33 Majority Rule and Its Limits pages 193 to 201
    5. 34 Derivative Actions pages 202 to 207
    6. 35 Who May Apply, and Waiver pages 208 to 215
    7. 36 Oppression: the Concept pages 216 to 224
    8. 37 Class Actions pages 225 to 234
    9. 38 Alteration of Capital pages 235 to 239
    10. 39 Schemes of Compromise and Arrangement pages 240 to 251
    11. 40 Civil Liability for the Prospectus pages 252 to 259
    12. 41 Criminal Liability for the Prospectus pages 260 to 267
    13. 42 Personation and Allotment Abuses pages 268 to 274
    14. 43 Insider Trading and Market Abuse pages 275 to 283
    15. 44 SEBI: the Board and Its Powers pages 284 to 294
    16. 45 SEBI Enforcement and Appeals pages 295 to 305
    17. 46 Resource Mobilisation in the Capital Market pages 306 to 310

    Module IV 11 chapters

    1. 47 Dematerialisation pages 311 to 317
    2. 48 Depository Receipts: IDR, ADR and GDR pages 318 to 323
    3. 49 Development Finance Institutions pages 324 to 327
    4. 50 Public Financial Institutions: IDBI, ICICI, IFCI and the State Financial Corporations pages 328 to 332
    5. 51 Mutual Funds and Collective Investment Schemes pages 333 to 338
    6. 52 Institutional Investors: LIC, UTI and the Banks pages 339 to 344
    7. 53 Foreign Direct Investment in India pages 345 to 359
    8. 54 FDI Instruments, Reporting and Enforcement pages 360 to 369
    9. 55 NRI Investment and Foreign Portfolio Investment pages 370 to 374
    10. 56 The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank pages 375 to 379
    11. 57 The National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development pages 380 to 384

    Module V 20 chapters

    1. 58 Derivatives and the Law pages 385 to 392
    2. 59 Mergers and Amalgamations pages 393 to 404
    3. 60 Fast-track Mergers pages 405 to 413
    4. 61 Dissent, Squeeze-outs and Minority Buy-outs pages 414 to 423
    5. 62 Why Firms Merge: Synergy and Its Limits pages 424 to 426
    6. 63 Valuing a Target Company pages 427 to 429
    7. 64 Takeovers, the SEBI Regulations and the Competition Act pages 430 to 433
    8. 65 Behavioural Finance pages 434 to 439
    9. 66 Entrepreneurial Finance pages 440 to 446
    10. 67 Financial Modelling pages 447 to 452
    11. 68 Registered Valuers pages 453 to 459
    12. 69 Financial Engineering pages 460 to 466
    13. 70 Risk, Return and the Portfolio pages 467 to 469
    14. 71 Foreign Exchange Risk, and How a Multinational Manages It pages 470 to 472
    15. 72 Risk Management and the Board pages 473 to 478
    16. 73 Zero-Base Budgeting pages 479 to 482
    17. 74 Corporate Social Responsibility pages 483 to 488
    18. 75 The IBC and Corporate Rescue pages 489 to 499
    19. 76 Resolution and Its Gatekeepers pages 500 to 511
    20. 77 The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code: Its Impact on Corporate Finance pages 512 to 519

  4. Media and Law

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Media and Law

    KSLU LL.M. (TWO YEARS) · SEMESTER 4

    Strictly as per the 2019-20 LL.M. (Two Years) syllabus of Karnataka State Law University

    For students of Karnataka State Law University and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in Second Year

    Media and Law

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Karnataka State Law University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Karnataka State Law University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I

    1. Media and Law: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book 1
    2. Media: Meaning, Characteristics and Functions 6
    3. The Kinds of Media, and How Each Grew in India 11
    4. Who Owns the Media: Patterns of Ownership 16
    5. The Prasar Bharati Act 1990: India's Public Broadcaster 22
    6. Mass Media and Its Impact 28
    7. Mass Media and Crime 34
    8. The Press in a Plural Society 37
    9. The Media in a Democracy: Its Role and Its Importance 44
    10. The Media and Human Rights 48

    Module II

    1. The Press Under the Company 53
    2. The Press Under the Crown 65
    3. The Freedom of the Press After 1947 76
    4. Freedom of Speech, and the Freedom of the Press Inside It 81
    5. Freedom of Speech and Expression 85
    6. Freedom of Speech in Three Constitutions 92
    7. The Reasonable Restrictions of Article 19(2) 97
    8. Commercial Speech as a Fundamental Right 102
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. Misleading Advertisements and the Liability of an Endorser 106
    2. The Laws That Regulate Advertisements 110
    3. Prior Restraint and Pre-Censorship 115
    4. Cinema as a Means of Expression Under Article 19(1)(a) 119
    5. Film Certification and the Guiding Principles 124

    Module III

    1. Decency, Morality and Obscenity as Limits on the Media 129
    2. Obscenity 133
    3. Indecency, Obscenity and the Courts 139
    4. What Contempt of Court Is, and Where the Power Comes From 149
    5. Criminal Contempt: Section 2(c) and Its Three Limbs 155
    6. What Is Not Contempt: Sections 3 to 9 and Section 13 161
    7. Contempt, Criticism and Accountability 168
    8. The Media and Contempt: The Trends and the Cases 174
    9. Defamation: What It Is 180
    10. The Essentials of Defamation 184
    11. Defences to Defamation 187
    12. Defamation 192
    13. Defamation in India 197
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. Remedies for Defamation by the Media 201
    2. Online Defamation 206
    3. Hate Speech, and the Limits of Toleration 211
    4. Hate Speech: The Offences 218
    5. Hate Speech and the Freedom of Speech 224
    6. Group Defamation 228
    7. Reporting Hate Speech, and Hate Speech on Social Media 233

    Module IV

    1. Professional Deviance of Journalists 239
    2. The Press Council of India: Constitution, Functions and Powers 242
    3. The Press Council Against Unprofessional and Unethical Journalism 246
    4. Privacy 250
    5. The Evolution of Privacy Law in the United States and the United Kingdom 255
    6. Privacy After Puttaswamy 262
    7. Modern Media and Privacy 269
    8. Sting Operations 275
    9. Trial by Media and the Sting Operation 280
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. Legislative Privilege 284
    2. The Privileges of Parliament and Its Members 290
    3. The Privileges of a State Legislature 297
    4. The Press and the Legislature 302
    5. Privilege and Fundamental Rights 306
    6. Reporting Judicial Proceedings: The Open Justice Rule 312
    7. Exceptions to the Open Justice Rule 317
    8. Trial by Media and the Judicial Approach 322
    9. The Media Guidelines Case 328

    Module V

    1. Broadcasting, and How Its Law Grew in India 333
    2. The Right to Broadcast in the Courts 338
    3. The Hero Cup Judgment 343
    4. The Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act 1995 348
    5. The Programme Code and the Advertising Code 353
    6. Broadcast and Digital Media, and Who Regulates Them 358
    7. Codes of Ethics and Broadcasting Standards 361
    8. The Internet as New Media 366
    9. Social Media in Law 370
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module V continued

    1. Section 66A, and Shreya Singhal 381
    2. Blocking Public Access to Information 388
    3. Intermediary Liability and the Safe Harbour 397
    4. The Information Technology Act 2000 and the Media: The Relevant Provisions 406
    5. The Code of Ethics and the Three-Tier Mechanism 411
    6. Fake News, Misinformation and the Fact Check Unit 420
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    426 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 426 pages.
    Every chapter in the notes: 76 chapters across 5 modules

    Module I 10 chapters

    1. 1 Media and Law: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book pages 1 to 5
    2. 2 Media: Meaning, Characteristics and Functions pages 6 to 10
    3. 3 The Kinds of Media, and How Each Grew in India pages 11 to 15
    4. 4 Who Owns the Media: Patterns of Ownership pages 16 to 21
    5. 5 The Prasar Bharati Act 1990: India's Public Broadcaster pages 22 to 27
    6. 6 Mass Media and Its Impact pages 28 to 33
    7. 7 Mass Media and Crime pages 34 to 36
    8. 8 The Press in a Plural Society pages 37 to 43
    9. 9 The Media in a Democracy: Its Role and Its Importance pages 44 to 47
    10. 10 The Media and Human Rights pages 48 to 52

    Module II 13 chapters

    1. 11 The Press Under the Company pages 53 to 64
    2. 12 The Press Under the Crown pages 65 to 75
    3. 13 The Freedom of the Press After 1947 pages 76 to 80
    4. 14 Freedom of Speech, and the Freedom of the Press Inside It pages 81 to 84
    5. 15 Freedom of Speech and Expression pages 85 to 91
    6. 16 Freedom of Speech in Three Constitutions pages 92 to 96
    7. 17 The Reasonable Restrictions of Article 19(2) pages 97 to 101
    8. 18 Commercial Speech as a Fundamental Right pages 102 to 105
    9. 19 Misleading Advertisements and the Liability of an Endorser pages 106 to 109
    10. 20 The Laws That Regulate Advertisements pages 110 to 114
    11. 21 Prior Restraint and Pre-Censorship pages 115 to 118
    12. 22 Cinema as a Means of Expression Under Article 19(1)(a) pages 119 to 123
    13. 23 Film Certification and the Guiding Principles pages 124 to 128

    Module III 20 chapters

    1. 24 Decency, Morality and Obscenity as Limits on the Media pages 129 to 132
    2. 25 Obscenity pages 133 to 138
    3. 26 Indecency, Obscenity and the Courts pages 139 to 148
    4. 27 What Contempt of Court Is, and Where the Power Comes From pages 149 to 154
    5. 28 Criminal Contempt: Section 2(c) and Its Three Limbs pages 155 to 160
    6. 29 What Is Not Contempt: Sections 3 to 9 and Section 13 pages 161 to 167
    7. 30 Contempt, Criticism and Accountability pages 168 to 173
    8. 31 The Media and Contempt: The Trends and the Cases pages 174 to 179
    9. 32 Defamation: What It Is pages 180 to 183
    10. 33 The Essentials of Defamation pages 184 to 186
    11. 34 Defences to Defamation pages 187 to 191
    12. 35 Defamation pages 192 to 196
    13. 36 Defamation in India pages 197 to 200
    14. 37 Remedies for Defamation by the Media pages 201 to 205
    15. 38 Online Defamation pages 206 to 210
    16. 39 Hate Speech, and the Limits of Toleration pages 211 to 217
    17. 40 Hate Speech: The Offences pages 218 to 223
    18. 41 Hate Speech and the Freedom of Speech pages 224 to 227
    19. 42 Group Defamation pages 228 to 232
    20. 43 Reporting Hate Speech, and Hate Speech on Social Media pages 233 to 238

    Module IV 18 chapters

    1. 44 Professional Deviance of Journalists pages 239 to 241
    2. 45 The Press Council of India: Constitution, Functions and Powers pages 242 to 245
    3. 46 The Press Council Against Unprofessional and Unethical Journalism pages 246 to 249
    4. 47 Privacy pages 250 to 254
    5. 48 The Evolution of Privacy Law in the United States and the United Kingdom pages 255 to 261
    6. 49 Privacy After Puttaswamy pages 262 to 268
    7. 50 Modern Media and Privacy pages 269 to 274
    8. 51 Sting Operations pages 275 to 279
    9. 52 Trial by Media and the Sting Operation pages 280 to 283
    10. 53 Legislative Privilege pages 284 to 289
    11. 54 The Privileges of Parliament and Its Members pages 290 to 296
    12. 55 The Privileges of a State Legislature pages 297 to 301
    13. 56 The Press and the Legislature pages 302 to 305
    14. 57 Privilege and Fundamental Rights pages 306 to 311
    15. 58 Reporting Judicial Proceedings: The Open Justice Rule pages 312 to 316
    16. 59 Exceptions to the Open Justice Rule pages 317 to 321
    17. 60 Trial by Media and the Judicial Approach pages 322 to 327
    18. 61 The Media Guidelines Case pages 328 to 332

    Module V 15 chapters

    1. 62 Broadcasting, and How Its Law Grew in India pages 333 to 337
    2. 63 The Right to Broadcast in the Courts pages 338 to 342
    3. 64 The Hero Cup Judgment pages 343 to 347
    4. 65 The Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act 1995 pages 348 to 352
    5. 66 The Programme Code and the Advertising Code pages 353 to 357
    6. 67 Broadcast and Digital Media, and Who Regulates Them pages 358 to 360
    7. 68 Codes of Ethics and Broadcasting Standards pages 361 to 365
    8. 69 The Internet as New Media pages 366 to 369
    9. 70 Social Media in Law pages 370 to 380
    10. 71 Section 66A, and Shreya Singhal pages 381 to 387
    11. 72 Blocking Public Access to Information pages 388 to 396
    12. 73 Intermediary Liability and the Safe Harbour pages 397 to 405
    13. 74 The Information Technology Act 2000 and the Media: The Relevant Provisions pages 406 to 410
    14. 75 The Code of Ethics and the Three-Tier Mechanism pages 411 to 419
    15. 76 Fake News, Misinformation and the Fact Check Unit pages 420 to 426

  5. Law Relating to Writs and Public Service

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Law Relating to Writs and Public Service

    KSLU LL.M. (TWO YEARS) · SEMESTER 4

    Strictly as per the 2019-20 LL.M. (Two Years) syllabus of Karnataka State Law University

    For students of Karnataka State Law University and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in Second Year

    Law Relating to Writs and Public Service

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Karnataka State Law University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Karnataka State Law University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I

    1. Law Relating to Writs and Public Service: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book 1
    2. The Right to Constitutional Remedies as the Heart and Soul of the Constitution 6
    3. The Map of Remedies 9
    4. The Five Writs and Where They Came From 11
    5. The Evolution of Writs in India: From the Presidency High Courts to Articles 32 and 226 14
    6. The Nature of Writs in England: Prerogative Writs and Judicial Writs 20
    7. The Five Writs in English Law Today, Compared with India 25
    8. The Writ of Habeas Corpus 30
    9. Habeas Corpus in Practice: Preventive Detention and ADM Jabalpur 33
    10. The Writ of Mandamus 36
    11. Mandamus: Who May Ask, Against Whom, and What Bars It 39
    12. The Writ of Certiorari 42
    13. The Writ of Prohibition, and How It Differs from Certiorari 45
    14. The Writ of Quo Warranto 48
    15. Obsolete Writs 51

    Module II

    1. The Writ Remedy Is Discretionary, Not a Matter of Right 56
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. Locus Standi: Who May Ask the Court to Review 58
    2. The State under Article 12, and Who Can Be Sued in a Writ 61
    3. Writs Against Other Authorities and Private Bodies: "Any Person or Authority" in Article 226 65
    4. Public Interest Litigation and Judicial Review 70
    5. How Public Interest Litigation Actually Works 73
    6. The Abuse of Public Interest Litigation 76
    7. Alternative Remedies 79
    8. Territorial Jurisdiction: Article 226(2) and Where the Cause of Action Arises 82
    9. Laches and Delay, which KSLU Prints as Latches 85
    10. Res Judicata in Writ Jurisdiction 88
    11. Constructive Res Judicata and Successive Petitions 91
    12. The Petitioner's Own Conduct 94
    13. Impleading the Proper Parties to a Writ Petition 97
    14. Dismissal in Limine, and the Rule That a Petition Is Not Dismissed Without a Speaking Order 102
    15. Raising a New Plea in Writ Proceedings 108
    16. Relief and Prayers in a Writ Petition 113
    17. The Review Petition in Writ Proceedings 119
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III

    1. Article 32: The Supreme Court's Writ Jurisdiction 124
    2. When Article 32 Is Available, and When It Is Not 127
    3. Articles 226 and 227: The High Court's Jurisdiction 131
    4. Article 226 Compared with Article 32 134
    5. Article 227: The Power of Superintendence 137
    6. "For Any Other Purpose": The Reach of Article 226 140
    7. Grounds and Procedure for Filing Each of the Five Writs 144
    8. Jurisdictional Error and the Collateral Fact Doctrine 149
    9. Error of Law Apparent on the Face of the Record 152
    10. The Writ Remedy in Practice: How a Petition Is Actually Brought 155
    11. What a Writ Petition Must Contain 158
    12. The Supreme Court Rules 2013 on Writ Petitions: Order XXXVIII 166
    13. A Writ Petition Under Article 32 172
    14. The Writ Proceedings Rules 1977 of the High Court of Karnataka 185
    15. How Far the Code of Civil Procedure Applies to Writ Proceedings 192
    16. A Writ Petition Under Article 226 196
    17. Disputed Questions of Fact 211
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. Evidence in Writ Proceedings: Affidavits, Documents and the Burden of Proof 214

    Module IV

    1. The Services Under the Union and a State 219
    2. The Doctrine of Pleasure and Its Limitations 224
    3. The Protection of Article 311 229
    4. Natural Justice in Service Cases: Article 311 235
    5. The Rights of Civil Servants 238
    6. The Domestic Inquiry: From the Charge to the Hearing 243
    7. The Inquiry Report, the Findings and the Standard of Proof 249
    8. Compassionate Appointments 254
    9. Voluntary Retirement 258
    10. Compulsory Retirement 262

    Module V

    1. Departmental Remedies and the Representation 267
    2. The Penalties Under the CCA Rules 271
    3. The Procedure for Imposing Penalties 275
    4. Appeals Under the CCA Rules 280
    5. Revision and Review Under the CCA Rules 284
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module V continued

    1. Administrative Tribunals: Articles 323A and 323B 288
    2. The Administrative Tribunals Act 1985 in Working Order 291
    3. Tribunals, Article 323A and L. Chandra Kumar 294
    4. Ouster Clauses in India: Article 323A(2)(d), Kihoto and L. Chandra Kumar 297
    5. Judicial Review of Service Matters 300
    6. The Limited Judicial Review of Disciplinary Proceedings 304
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    309 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 309 pages.
    Every chapter in the notes: 72 chapters across 5 modules

    Module I 15 chapters

    1. 1 Law Relating to Writs and Public Service: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book pages 1 to 5
    2. 2 The Right to Constitutional Remedies as the Heart and Soul of the Constitution pages 6 to 8
    3. 3 The Map of Remedies pages 9 to 10
    4. 4 The Five Writs and Where They Came From pages 11 to 13
    5. 5 The Evolution of Writs in India: From the Presidency High Courts to Articles 32 and 226 pages 14 to 19
    6. 6 The Nature of Writs in England: Prerogative Writs and Judicial Writs pages 20 to 24
    7. 7 The Five Writs in English Law Today, Compared with India pages 25 to 29
    8. 8 The Writ of Habeas Corpus pages 30 to 32
    9. 9 Habeas Corpus in Practice: Preventive Detention and ADM Jabalpur pages 33 to 35
    10. 10 The Writ of Mandamus pages 36 to 38
    11. 11 Mandamus: Who May Ask, Against Whom, and What Bars It pages 39 to 41
    12. 12 The Writ of Certiorari pages 42 to 44
    13. 13 The Writ of Prohibition, and How It Differs from Certiorari pages 45 to 47
    14. 14 The Writ of Quo Warranto pages 48 to 50
    15. 15 Obsolete Writs pages 51 to 55

    Module II 18 chapters

    1. 16 The Writ Remedy Is Discretionary, Not a Matter of Right pages 56 to 57
    2. 17 Locus Standi: Who May Ask the Court to Review pages 58 to 60
    3. 18 The State under Article 12, and Who Can Be Sued in a Writ pages 61 to 64
    4. 19 Writs Against Other Authorities and Private Bodies: "Any Person or Authority" in Article 226 pages 65 to 69
    5. 20 Public Interest Litigation and Judicial Review pages 70 to 72
    6. 21 How Public Interest Litigation Actually Works pages 73 to 75
    7. 22 The Abuse of Public Interest Litigation pages 76 to 78
    8. 23 Alternative Remedies pages 79 to 81
    9. 24 Territorial Jurisdiction: Article 226(2) and Where the Cause of Action Arises pages 82 to 84
    10. 25 Laches and Delay, which KSLU Prints as Latches pages 85 to 87
    11. 26 Res Judicata in Writ Jurisdiction pages 88 to 90
    12. 27 Constructive Res Judicata and Successive Petitions pages 91 to 93
    13. 28 The Petitioner's Own Conduct pages 94 to 96
    14. 29 Impleading the Proper Parties to a Writ Petition pages 97 to 101
    15. 30 Dismissal in Limine, and the Rule That a Petition Is Not Dismissed Without a Speaking Order pages 102 to 107
    16. 31 Raising a New Plea in Writ Proceedings pages 108 to 112
    17. 32 Relief and Prayers in a Writ Petition pages 113 to 118
    18. 33 The Review Petition in Writ Proceedings pages 119 to 123

    Module III 18 chapters

    1. 34 Article 32: The Supreme Court's Writ Jurisdiction pages 124 to 126
    2. 35 When Article 32 Is Available, and When It Is Not pages 127 to 130
    3. 36 Articles 226 and 227: The High Court's Jurisdiction pages 131 to 133
    4. 37 Article 226 Compared with Article 32 pages 134 to 136
    5. 38 Article 227: The Power of Superintendence pages 137 to 139
    6. 39 "For Any Other Purpose": The Reach of Article 226 pages 140 to 143
    7. 40 Grounds and Procedure for Filing Each of the Five Writs pages 144 to 148
    8. 41 Jurisdictional Error and the Collateral Fact Doctrine pages 149 to 151
    9. 42 Error of Law Apparent on the Face of the Record pages 152 to 154
    10. 43 The Writ Remedy in Practice: How a Petition Is Actually Brought pages 155 to 157
    11. 44 What a Writ Petition Must Contain pages 158 to 165
    12. 45 The Supreme Court Rules 2013 on Writ Petitions: Order XXXVIII pages 166 to 171
    13. 46 A Writ Petition Under Article 32 pages 172 to 184
    14. 47 The Writ Proceedings Rules 1977 of the High Court of Karnataka pages 185 to 191
    15. 48 How Far the Code of Civil Procedure Applies to Writ Proceedings pages 192 to 195
    16. 49 A Writ Petition Under Article 226 pages 196 to 210
    17. 50 Disputed Questions of Fact pages 211 to 213
    18. 51 Evidence in Writ Proceedings: Affidavits, Documents and the Burden of Proof pages 214 to 218

    Module IV 10 chapters

    1. 52 The Services Under the Union and a State pages 219 to 223
    2. 53 The Doctrine of Pleasure and Its Limitations pages 224 to 228
    3. 54 The Protection of Article 311 pages 229 to 234
    4. 55 Natural Justice in Service Cases: Article 311 pages 235 to 237
    5. 56 The Rights of Civil Servants pages 238 to 242
    6. 57 The Domestic Inquiry: From the Charge to the Hearing pages 243 to 248
    7. 58 The Inquiry Report, the Findings and the Standard of Proof pages 249 to 253
    8. 59 Compassionate Appointments pages 254 to 257
    9. 60 Voluntary Retirement pages 258 to 261
    10. 61 Compulsory Retirement pages 262 to 266

    Module V 11 chapters

    1. 62 Departmental Remedies and the Representation pages 267 to 270
    2. 63 The Penalties Under the CCA Rules pages 271 to 274
    3. 64 The Procedure for Imposing Penalties pages 275 to 279
    4. 65 Appeals Under the CCA Rules pages 280 to 283
    5. 66 Revision and Review Under the CCA Rules pages 284 to 287
    6. 67 Administrative Tribunals: Articles 323A and 323B pages 288 to 290
    7. 68 The Administrative Tribunals Act 1985 in Working Order pages 291 to 293
    8. 69 Tribunals, Article 323A and L. Chandra Kumar pages 294 to 296
    9. 70 Ouster Clauses in India: Article 323A(2)(d), Kihoto and L. Chandra Kumar pages 297 to 299
    10. 71 Judicial Review of Service Matters pages 300 to 303
    11. 72 The Limited Judicial Review of Disciplinary Proceedings pages 304 to 309

  6. Panchayat Raj Institutions

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Panchayat Raj Institutions

    KSLU LL.M. (TWO YEARS) · SEMESTER 4

    Strictly as per the 2019-20 LL.M. (Two Years) syllabus of Karnataka State Law University

    For students of Karnataka State Law University and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in Second Year

    Panchayat Raj Institutions

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Karnataka State Law University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Karnataka State Law University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I

    1. Panchayat Raj Institutions: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book 1
    2. Democracy and Decentralisation 4
    3. Democratic Decentralisation and Local Self-Government 9
    4. Local Self-Government and Federalism 16
    5. Local Government in Ancient India 21
    6. Local Government in British India 26
    7. Panchayat Raj After Independence, 1947 to 1992 31
    8. The Constituent Assembly and the Village 36
    9. Gandhi and Village Swaraj 41
    10. Ambedkar and the Village 46
    11. Article 40: Organisation of Village Panchayats 51
    12. Principles of Local Governance 55

    Module II

    1. The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee, 1957 60
    2. The Ashok Mehta Committee, 1978 65
    3. The G.V.K. Rao and L.M. Singhvi Committees 70
    4. Why the Constitution Has a Part on Panchayats 75
    5. The Gram Sabha, and the Three Tiers 79
    6. Composition, and Reservation of Seats 83
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. Duration, and Disqualification 88
    2. Where Part IX Does Not Reach 93
    3. The Eleventh Schedule 99
    4. Women in Local Government 103
    5. Reservation for the Weaker Sections 107
    6. Panchayats and the Socialist State 113
    7. The Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act 1996 118
    8. Land, Forest and the Gram Sabha's Consent 123

    Module III

    1. What a Panchayat Is Given To Do 131
    2. Democratising Panchayats by Law 135
    3. The Karnataka Gram Swaraj and Panchayat Raj Act 1993 139
    4. Directive Principles of Panchayat Policy 144
    5. The Habitation Sabha and the Ward Sabha 148
    6. The Gram Sabha in Karnataka 153
    7. The Grama Panchayat: Members, Adhyaksha and Committees 158
    8. What a Grama Panchayat Does 162
    9. The Taluk Panchayat 167
    10. The Zilla Panchayat 171
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. Control Over Panchayats in Karnataka 175

    Module IV

    1. Panchayat Finance 180
    2. What Karnataka Panchayats Can Raise 185
    3. The State Finance Commission 190
    4. The Finance Commission 194
    5. Finance Commission Grants to Panchayats 200
    6. Panchayat Elections 204
    7. Panchayat Elections in Karnataka 208
    8. Criminalisation of Politics in Panchayats 213
    9. Staff and Money: Personnel and Financial Resources 218
    10. Caste and the Panchayat 222
    11. What the 73rd and 74th Amendments Achieved 227

    Module V

    1. Panchayats as Development Institutions: Planning From Below 233
    2. The District Planning Committee 237
    3. Panchayats and Centrally Sponsored Schemes 241
    4. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Gramin) 244
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module V continued

    1. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana 247
    2. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and Samagra Shiksha 250
    3. Rural Employment and Panchayats: MGNREGA and the 2025 Act 253
    4. The Right to Education Act and Local Authorities 258
    5. The Food Security Act and Panchayats 262
    6. The Disaster Management Act and Local Authorities 266
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    269 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 269 pages.
    Every chapter in the notes: 58 chapters across 5 modules

    Module I 12 chapters

    1. 1 Panchayat Raj Institutions: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book pages 1 to 3
    2. 2 Democracy and Decentralisation pages 4 to 8
    3. 3 Democratic Decentralisation and Local Self-Government pages 9 to 15
    4. 4 Local Self-Government and Federalism pages 16 to 20
    5. 5 Local Government in Ancient India pages 21 to 25
    6. 6 Local Government in British India pages 26 to 30
    7. 7 Panchayat Raj After Independence, 1947 to 1992 pages 31 to 35
    8. 8 The Constituent Assembly and the Village pages 36 to 40
    9. 9 Gandhi and Village Swaraj pages 41 to 45
    10. 10 Ambedkar and the Village pages 46 to 50
    11. 11 Article 40: Organisation of Village Panchayats pages 51 to 54
    12. 12 Principles of Local Governance pages 55 to 59

    Module II 14 chapters

    1. 13 The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee, 1957 pages 60 to 64
    2. 14 The Ashok Mehta Committee, 1978 pages 65 to 69
    3. 15 The G.V.K. Rao and L.M. Singhvi Committees pages 70 to 74
    4. 16 Why the Constitution Has a Part on Panchayats pages 75 to 78
    5. 17 The Gram Sabha, and the Three Tiers pages 79 to 82
    6. 18 Composition, and Reservation of Seats pages 83 to 87
    7. 19 Duration, and Disqualification pages 88 to 92
    8. 20 Where Part IX Does Not Reach pages 93 to 98
    9. 21 The Eleventh Schedule pages 99 to 102
    10. 22 Women in Local Government pages 103 to 106
    11. 23 Reservation for the Weaker Sections pages 107 to 112
    12. 24 Panchayats and the Socialist State pages 113 to 117
    13. 25 The Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act 1996 pages 118 to 122
    14. 26 Land, Forest and the Gram Sabha's Consent pages 123 to 130

    Module III 11 chapters

    1. 27 What a Panchayat Is Given To Do pages 131 to 134
    2. 28 Democratising Panchayats by Law pages 135 to 138
    3. 29 The Karnataka Gram Swaraj and Panchayat Raj Act 1993 pages 139 to 143
    4. 30 Directive Principles of Panchayat Policy pages 144 to 147
    5. 31 The Habitation Sabha and the Ward Sabha pages 148 to 152
    6. 32 The Gram Sabha in Karnataka pages 153 to 157
    7. 33 The Grama Panchayat: Members, Adhyaksha and Committees pages 158 to 161
    8. 34 What a Grama Panchayat Does pages 162 to 166
    9. 35 The Taluk Panchayat pages 167 to 170
    10. 36 The Zilla Panchayat pages 171 to 174
    11. 37 Control Over Panchayats in Karnataka pages 175 to 179

    Module IV 11 chapters

    1. 38 Panchayat Finance pages 180 to 184
    2. 39 What Karnataka Panchayats Can Raise pages 185 to 189
    3. 40 The State Finance Commission pages 190 to 193
    4. 41 The Finance Commission pages 194 to 199
    5. 42 Finance Commission Grants to Panchayats pages 200 to 203
    6. 43 Panchayat Elections pages 204 to 207
    7. 44 Panchayat Elections in Karnataka pages 208 to 212
    8. 45 Criminalisation of Politics in Panchayats pages 213 to 217
    9. 46 Staff and Money: Personnel and Financial Resources pages 218 to 221
    10. 47 Caste and the Panchayat pages 222 to 226
    11. 48 What the 73rd and 74th Amendments Achieved pages 227 to 232

    Module V 10 chapters

    1. 49 Panchayats as Development Institutions: Planning From Below pages 233 to 236
    2. 50 The District Planning Committee pages 237 to 240
    3. 51 Panchayats and Centrally Sponsored Schemes pages 241 to 243
    4. 52 Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Gramin) pages 244 to 246
    5. 53 Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana pages 247 to 249
    6. 54 Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and Samagra Shiksha pages 250 to 252
    7. 55 Rural Employment and Panchayats: MGNREGA and the 2025 Act pages 253 to 257
    8. 56 The Right to Education Act and Local Authorities pages 258 to 261
    9. 57 The Food Security Act and Panchayats pages 262 to 265
    10. 58 The Disaster Management Act and Local Authorities pages 266 to 269

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