pdf 2 1 Syllabus Mumbai University by munotes
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UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
Revised Syllabus for
Program - M.Sc.
Course‐ Biotechnology ( PSBT)
(First Year – Sem. I & II)
(Choice Based Credit Grading System with effect
from the academic year 2019 -2020)
Page 3
Page 2 of 28 Preamble
The biotechnology sector, now recognized as one of the key priority sectors under the various government
initiatives like ‘Make in India’, ‘Skill India’ and ‘Startup India’, is expected to contribute towards
invention, innovation and economic growth of the country. It has also highlighted importance of human
resource development and the need for nurturing tailor -made human capital for advanced scientific
research and entrepreneurship.
The post -graduate course in biotechnology started by the University of Mumbai in the late 1990’s has
gone through various phases of restructuring. The present adhoc Board of Studies in Biotechnology
during its meeting on the 28th of Jan 2019, discussed and reviewed the existing syllabi of the Master’s
degree program in biotechnology of University of Mumbai with that of various National Universities as
well as that of the revised curriculum of DBT -India . Also, keeping in view the National Biotechnology
Development Strategy (2015 – 2020) released by DBT -India, that identifies a strategic roadmap for
India’s emergence as a global biotechnology innovation and manufacturing hub, it was deemed essential
to revamp the existing syllabus in a manner that would not only interest students but also equip them for
their future be it in research or in other areas.
It was decided during the board meeting that faculty, students, alumni, and experts from industry would
be consulted whilst framing the syllabus for the Master’s program in biotechnology. Subject -wise experts
were identified, and the drafts communicated to them for their opinion and revision. Along with 3
members in the Board of Studies, 17 others actively p articipated in drafting the course contents. It was
decided that the practical assessment pattern also needed to be revised to better assess the knowledge of
the learner.
The draft was revised multiple times and finalized after collating inputs from students, alumni, staff of
affiliated and autonomous colleges as well as experts from industry. The Board of Studies is now
confident that the newly designed syllabus would equip students with basic as well as applied knowledge
in the subject enabling them to compete at National as well as International level.
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Page 3 of 28 List of members who have contributed to the drafting and revising of the syllabus
Sr
No Name of the faculty Affiliation
1 Dr. Kelkar Mane Varsha Chairperson, Adhoc BOS in Biotechnology
2 Dr. Shembekar Vishwas Member Adhoc BOS in Biotechnology
3 Dr. D’Souza Jacinta Member Adhoc BOS in Biotechnology
4. Dr. Rao G.K. Retd Senior technical officer, Central Institute of Fisheries
Education, Mumbai. Specialization: Biostatistics
5. Dr. Karkhanis Deepali Faculty and Head, Dept of Biotechnology,
KET’z Vaze college, Mumbai
6 Dr. Tara Menon Faculty and Head, Dept of Biotechnology, SIES college,
Mumbai
7 Dr. Rao Chunduri Jayaprada Faculty and Head, Dept of Biotechnology,
Mithibai college, Mumbai, (Autonomous)
8 Dr. Sadani Geeta Faculty, Dept of Biotechnology, Khalsa College
9 Dr. Kokitkar Seema Head, Dept of Biotechnology, C K Thakur college, Panvel
10 Ms. Vaishampayan Madhuri Faculty, Dept of Biotechnology, C K Thakur college, Panvel
11 Mr. Ghatge Sushil Faculty, Dept of Biotechnology, C K Thakur college, Panvel
12 Ms. Raut Maithilee Faculty, Dept of Biotechnology, Viva college
13 Ms. Fernandes Norine Faculty, Dept of Biotechnology,
Mumbai (Autonomous) St Xaviers college,
14 Ms. Bhave Rashmi Faculty and Head Dept of Biotechnology, Gogate Joglekar
College
15 Dr. Khadke Prashant Commercial Head, Premas Life Sciences
16 Dr. Singh B B Scientific Adviser -IPR and Advocate, High court
17 Dr. Toprani Sneh Post Doc Harvard University, Chief learning officer, Startup
India, USA and Alumni, Dept of Biotechnology University
of Mumbai
18 Mr. Mirgal Swapnil Team Manager, Biosimilar Business, Reliance Bio product
Trials and Alumni, Dept of Biotechnology University of
Mumbai
19 Mr. Kamble Dhiraj Senior Officer, R&D Microbiology, Lupin and Alumni,
Dept of Biotechnology University of Mumbai
20 Mr. Vartak Kaushal Jr Research Associate, Advance biotech lab, IPCA, Mumbai
and Alumni, Dept of Biotechnology University of Mumbai
Further to the suggestions and contribution from the faculty as listed above from various colleges,
industry and alumni , major portion of the syllabus has been drawn from DBT’s remodeled MSc
Biotechnology Curriculum, May 2017, Dept of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology,
Government of India.
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MSc Biotechnology Course Structure
Semester I
Course code
Title Theory
/Practical Marks Credits Nos of
Lectures
/week
PSBT 101 Biochemistry Theory 100 4 1
PSBT 102 Immunology Theory 100 4 1
PSBT 103 Cell Biology Theory 100 4 1
PSBT 104 Emerging
technologies
and
molecular
diagnostics Theory 100 4 1
PSBTP101
Practical I Practical 50 2 4
PSBTP102
Practical II Practical 50 2 4
PSBTP10 3
Practical I II Practical 50 2 4
PSBTP10 4
Practical I V Practical 50 2 4
TOTAL 600 24
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MSc Biotechnology Course Structure
Semester II
Course
code Title Theory
/Practical Marks Credits Nos of
Lectures/
week
PSBT 201 Bioinformatics and
Biostatistics Theory 100 4 1
PSBT 202 Plant and Animal
Biotechnology Theory 100 4 1
PSBT 203 Bioprocess Engineering
and technology Theory 100 4 1
PSBT 204 Intellectual property
rights and Bioethics Theory 100 4 1
PSBTP 201
Practical I Practical 50 2 4
PSBTP 202
Practical II Practical 50 2 4
PSBTP 203
Practical III Practical 50 2 4
PSBTP 204
Practical IV Practical 50 2 4
TOTAL 600 24
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Page 6 of 28 Teaching pattern:
One (01) Credit would be of thirty - forty (30 -40) learning hours; of this more than fifty percent of the time
will be spent on class room instructions including practical as prescribed by the University. Rest of the time
spent invested for assignments, projects, journal writing, case studies, library work, industrial visits, atte nding
seminars / workshops, preparations for examinations etc. would be considered as notional hours. The present
syllabus considers (60L as class room teaching and 15 lectures as Notional hours/ paper). Each lecture
duration would be for 60 min . The names of the reference books provided in the syllabus are for guidance
purpose only. Students and faculty are encouraged to explore additional reference books, online lectures,
videos, science journals for latest/ additional information.
Scheme of Examinations :
(a) Internal assessment of 40 marks per course per semester should be conducted .
(b) External assessment of 60 marks per course per semester at the end of every semester
(c) Practical examination of 200 marks should be conducted at the end of every semes ter.
A. Theory -Internal assessment (40% ) -40 marks
Sr No Evaluation type Marks
1. Assignment s that can include article writing, report writing, preparation of a
review, on any topic selected from each paper
30 OR
PowerPoint presentation on a topic from the syllabus or related to the
syllabus
Note: The student can submit only 2 assignments and give 2 PowerPoint
presentations per semester. Respective college/department can decide the
allocation.
2. a. Active participation in routine class instructional deliveries 05
b Overall conduct as a responsible student, w .r.t manners, skill in
articulation, leadership qualities demonstrated through organizing co -
curricular activities, etc. 05
Total Marks 40
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Page 7 of 28 B. Theory -External examination -60%
Semester End Theory Assessment - 60 marks
The duration of these exam will be of 2.5 h ours
The theory question paper will have 5 questions each of 12 marks.
For each unit there will be one question and the fifth will be based on all the four units .
The fifth question will have 6 subquestions out of which the student has to attempt any 3.
All questions shall be compulsory with internal choice within the questions such that each
question will be set of 24 marks with options.
Practical Examination Evaluation scheme (50 marks per paper)
A Certified copy journal is essential to appear for the practical examination.
1. Practical Question 1 25
2. Practical Question 2 15
3. Journal 5
4. Viva Voce 5
OR
1. Practical Question 40
2. Journal 5
3. Viva Voce 5
Note:
In case of any changes in the above -mentioned evaluation scheme, the chairperson of examinations
would provide the necessary details and the format.
The practical examinations at a center would be evaluated by one external assigned by the Universit y
and one internal examiner assigned by the college/department.
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M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester –I
Paper -I Biochemistry ( PSBT 101)
Units Topics Credit No of
lectures
Unit-I
Glycobiology
&
Membrane
Biochemistry Glycosylation of Biomolecules - Synthesis N -linked, O -
linked, and GPI linked glycoproteins and role of
glycosylation. Lipid aggregates: micelles, bilayers and
liposomes - structure, types, preparation, characterization,
and therapeutic applica tions of liposomes.
Composition and Architecture of membrane: structural
lipids in membranes, membrane bo und proteins -
structure, properties, and function. Membrane Dynamics:
lipid movements, flippase, FRAP, Lipid raft, Membrane
fusion. Solubilization of the membrane by using different
detergents. 1 15
Unit- II Denaturation and Renaturation of proteins; Denaturants
and their mode of action; Anfinsen’s classical
experiment; Folding curves and transitions; Types of
protein folding and intermediates; Models of protein
folding; Assisted protein folding (Chaperones);
Misfolding and diseases.
Protein degradation: Ubiquitin -proteasome pathway and
lysosomal proteolysis.
15 Protein Folding
1
Unit- III
Biochemistry
of Nucleic acids Forces stabilizing nucleic acid structures, triple helix.
Superhelix topology - linking number, Twist and writhing
number, measurement of supercoiling and
Topoisomerases. Nucleic acid binding protein – Leucine
Zipper, Zinc fingers, OB fold, Beta Barrel, Helix -turn-
helix, Hel ix-loop-helix. Biosynthesis of nucleic acids and
inborn errors of nucleic acid Metabolism.
Methodologies for detection: Protein –Protein and DNA –
Protein interactions: Gel retardation assay, DNA foot
printing, Yeast 2 Hybrid Method advantages and
limitati ons, yeast split -hybrid and reverse two -hybrid
systems, Co -Immunoprecipitation (Co -IP) and Far -
Western Blot Analysis. 1 15
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Page 9 of 28 Unit- IV
Bioenergetics and
regulation of
metabolism Biosynthesis of Amino acids; phenylalanine, tyrosine,
threonine and methionine.
Bioenergetics - coupled interconnecting reactions in
metabolism; oxidation of carbon fuels; recurring motifs in
metabolism.
Elucidation of metabolic pathways: Experimental
approaches to the study of Metabolism.
Integration of central metabolism; entry/ exit of various
biomolecules from central pathways, principles of
metabolic regulation.
Strategies of energy Metabolism: organ specialization -
Brain, Muscle, Adipose Tissue, Liver, Kidney.
Metabolic Hom eostasis: Regulation of Appetite, Energy
Expenditure, and Body Weight; Metabolic Adaptation:
Starve –Feed Cycles, insulin signaling and Diabetes
Mellitus, target of rapamycin (TOR). 1 15
References:
1. Stryer, L. (2015). Biochemistry . (8th edition) New York: Freeman.
2. Lehninger, A. L. (2012). Principles of Biochemistry (6th edition). New York, NY: Worth.
3. Voet, D., & Voet, J. G. (2016). Biochemistry (5th edition). Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley & Sons.
4. Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., & W alter, P. (2008).
5. Lodish, H. F. (2016). Molecular Cell Biology (8th Ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman.
6. Krebs, J. E., Lewin, B., Kilpatrick, S. T., & Goldstein, E. S. (2014).
7. Lewin's Genes XI . Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
8. Cooper, G. M., & Hausman, R. E. (2013). The Cell: a Molecular Approach (6th Ed.).
Washington: ASM; Sunderland.
9. Laouini et.al. Preparation, Characterization and Applications of Liposomes: State of the Art.
journal of Colloid Science and Biotechnology Vol. 1, 147 –168, 2012
10. Watson, Ja mes D., Baker, Tania A., Bell, Stephen P. & Gann, Alexander: Molecular biology of
the gene. (6th ed.) New York. Pearson Education Inc., 2008. 0-321-50781 -9
Page 11
Page 10 of 28 Paper II – Immunology ( PSBT102)
Unit Topic
s Credit No of
Lectures
I
Vaccinology Active and passive immunization; live, killed, attenuated,
subunit vaccines; vaccine technology: role and properties
of adjuvants, recombinant DNA and protein based
vaccines, plant -based vaccines, reverse vaccinology;
peptide vaccines, conjugate vaccines; antibody genes and
antibody engineering: chimeric, generation of monoclonal
antibodies, hybrid monoclonal antibodies; catalytic
antibodies and generation of immunoglobulin gene
libraries, idiotypic vaccines and marker vaccines, viral -
like particles (VLPs), dendritic cell based vaccines,
vaccine against cancer, T cell based vaccine, edible
vaccine and therapeutic vaccine. 1 15
II
Clinical
Immunology Immunity to infection : bacteria, viral, fungal and
parasitic infections (with examples from each group);
hypersensitivity: Type I -IV; transplantation:
immunological basis of graft rejection; clinical
transplantation and immunosuppressive therapy; tumor
immunology: tumor antigens; immune response to tumors
and tumor evasion of the immune system, cancer
immunotherapy; immunodeficiency:
primary immunodeficiencies,
acquired or secondary immunodeficiencies, autoimmune
disorder, anaphylactic shock, immunosenescence,
immune exhaustion in chronic viral infection, immune
tolerance, NK cells in chronic
viral infection and malignancy 1
15
III-
Immuno genetic s Major histocompatibility complex genes and their role in
autoimmune and infectious diseases, HLA typing, human
major histocompatibility complex (MHC), Complement
genes of the human major histocompatibility complex:
implication for linkage disequilibrium and disease
associations, genetic studies of autoimmunity; types of
autoimmune diseases; mechanism and role of CD4+ T
cells; MHC and TCR in autoimmunity; treatment of
autoim mune diseases; rheumatoid arthritis, systemic
lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis, genetics of
human immunoglobulin, immunogenetics of spontaneous
control of HIV, KIR complex. 1 1
15
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Page 11 of 28 IV: Antigen -
antibody
interactions Precipitation, agglutination and complement mediated
immune reactions; advanced immunological techniques:
RIA, ELISA, Western blotting, ELISPOT assay,
immunofluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry and
immunoelectron microscopy; biose nsor assays for
assessing ligand –receptor interaction; CMI techniques:
lymphoproliferation assay, mixed lymphocyte reaction,
cell cytotoxicity assays, apoptosis, transgenic mice, gene
knock outs. 1 15
References:
1. Kindt , T. J., Goldsby, R. A., Osborne, B. A., & Kuby, J. (2006). Kuby Immunology. New York:
W.H. Freeman.
2. Brostoff, J., Seaddin, J. K., Male, D., & Roitt, I. M. (2002). Clinical Immunology. London:
Gower Medical Pub.
3. Murphy, K., Travers, P., Walport, M., & Janeway, C. (2012). Janeway’s Immunobiology. New
York: Garland Science.
4. Paul, W. E. (2012). Fundamental Immunology. New York: Raven Press.
5. Goding, J. W. (1996). Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice: Production and
Application of Monoclonal Antibo dies in Cell Biology, Biochemistry, and Immunology. London:
Academic Press.
6. Parham, P. (2005). The Immune System. New York: Garland Science
7. An introduction to Immunology C V Rao Narosa Publishing house
8. Immunology essential and fundamental, Second edition S Pathak & U Palan Parveen Publishing
House
9. Text Book of Medical Biochemistry, Praful Godkar. Bahalani Publishers
10. Immunology, An introduction, fourth edition. Ian R Tizard Thomson
11. Immunology, sixth Ed Roitt, Brostoff, Male Mosby, An imprint of Elsevier scie nce Ltd
12. Medical Microbiology, Anantnarayan
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Paper III - Cell Biology ( PSBT 103)
Unit Topics Credit Number
of
lectures
I- Dynamics
and organization
of cell Universal features of cells; cell chemistry and
biosynthesis: chemical organization of cells; internal
organization of the cell - cell membranes and cell
organelle; dynamics of DNA and mechanisms based on
central dogma; chromatin control: gene transcription and
silencing by chromatin Writers, -Readers a nd –Erasers;
replication, transcription and translation machineries
mitochondrial genetic code translation product cleavage,
modification and activation.
1 15
II- Cellular
signaling,
transport and
trafficking Cellular signaling Molecular mechanisms of me mbrane
transport, nuclear transport, transport across mitochondria
and chloroplasts; intracellular vesicular trafficking from
endoplasmic reticulum through Golgi apparatus to
lysosomes/cell exterior. Cell signaling - intercellular
communications - nerve impu lses, neurotransmitters;
agonist and antagonist reactions 1 15
III- Cellular
processes –
manipulations Cell cycle and its regulation; cell divisions and related
machineries; cell differentiation: stem cells, their
differentiation into different cell types and organization
into specialized tissues; cell -ECM and cell -cell
interactions; cell receptors and transmembrane signaling;
cell motility and migration; cell death: different modes of
cell death and their regulation. Isolation of cells and basics
of cell culture; observing cells under a microscope,
analyzing and manipulating DNA, RNA and proteins. 1 15
IV- Genome
instability and
cell
transformation Mutations, proto -oncogenes, oncogenes and tumor
suppressor genes, physical, chemical and biological
mutagens; types of mutations; Epigenetic mutations intra -
genic and inter -genic suppression; transpositions -
transposable genetic elements in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes, role of transposons in genome; viral and
cellular oncogenes; tumor suppressor genes; s tructure,
function and mechanism of action; activation and
suppression of tumor suppressor genes; oncogenes as
transcriptional activators. 1 15
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References:
1. Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., & Walter, P. (2002). Molecular Biology of
the Cell. New York: Garland Science.
2. Lodish, H. F. (2000). Molecular Cell Biology. New York: W.H. Freeman.
3. Krebs, J. E., Lewin, B., Kilpatrick, S. T., & Goldstein, E. S. (2014). Lewin’s Genes XI. Burlington,
MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
4. Cooper, G. M., & Hausman, R. E. (2009). The Cell: a Molecular Approach. Washington: ASM;
Sunderland.
5. Hardin, J., Bertoni, G., Kleinsmith, L. J., & Becker, W. M. (2012). Becker’s World of the Cell. Boston:
Benjamin Cummings.
6. Watson, J. D. (1987). Molecular Biology of the Gene (7th ed.). Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings.
7.Ernst J M Helmreich The Biochemistry cell signaling. Oxford University Press (Indian Edition)
Page 15
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Paper IV Emerging technologies and molecular diagnostics ( PSBT 104)
Unit Topics Credit Lectures
Unit I - Genomics Gene expression by SAGE and
Functional Microarrays - Construction of microarrays –
genomics and genomic arrays, cDNA arrays and oligo arrays and
proteomics its applications, NGS platforms, high and low read
sequences
Proteomics; Separation and Identification of
Proteins 2D-PAGE, isoelectric focusing, Edman
reaction Protein tryptic digestion and peptide mass
fingerprinting mass spectrometry, MALDI -TOF
Protein Expression Profiling ; Protein
Microarrays/ Protein chips: Types and applications 1
Gel-based quantitative proteomics: DIGE 15
(Difference in Gel Electrophoresis); Gel-free based
quantitative proteomic: Surface plasmon
resonance, MS based used with stable -isotope
tagging, In vivo labelling - SILAC, Invitro
labelling - ICAT: Clinical and biomedical
applications of proteomics, Introduction to
metabolomics, lipidomics, metagenomics and
systems biology.
Unit II Light Microscopy: lenses and microscopes,
1 15 Basic and resolution: Rayleigh’s Approach, Darkfield; Phase
Advanced Contrast; Differential Interference Contrast;
Microscopy: fluorescence and fluorescence microscopy: what is
fluorescence, what makes a molecule fluorescent,
fluorescence microscope; optical arrangement,
light source; filter sets: excitation filter, dichroic
mirror, and barrier, optical layout for image
capture; CCD cameras; back illumination, binning;
recording color; three CCD elements with dichroic
beamsplitters, boosting the signal. Confocal
microscopy. Advanced fluorescence techniques:
FLIM, FRET, and FCS, Fluorescence Lifetime,
Fluorescence Resonant Energy Transfer (FRET),
Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS),
Evanescent Wave Microscopy; Near -Field and
Evanescent Waves, Total Internal Reflection
Microscopy; Near -Field Microscopy; Beyond the
Diffraction Limit: Stimulated Emission Depletion
(STED), Super -Resolution Summary, Super -
Resolution Imaging with Stochastic Optical
Reconstruction Microscopy (STORM) and
Photoactivated Localization Microscopy (PALM).
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Page 15 of 28 Unit III
CRISPER CAS
and Molecular
cytogenetics CRISPER CAS : History of its discovery,
elucidation of the mechanism including
introduction to all the molecular players
development of applications for in vivo genome
engineering for genetic studies, promise of the
technology as a next generation therapeutic method
Introduction to chromosomal abnormalities.
Advanced Cytogenetic techniques and
applications - FISH , M -FISH ,SKY, CGH,
Microarrays principle, methodology. Molecular
Approaches for Delineating, Marker
Chromosomes, Prenatal Diagnosis of Common
Aneuploidies, Preimplantation FISH Diagnosis of
Aneuploidies, Molecular Cytogenetics in
Reproductive Pathology
Interphase FISH Studies of Chronic Myeloid
Leukemia, FISH Detection of HER2 Amplification
in Breast Cancer, Chromogenic In Situ
Hybridization and FISH in Pathology, 1 15
Unit IV
Diagnostic
Microbiology Techniques:
Molecular amplification techniques
Target amplification systems
Probe amplification systems
Signal amplification
PCR in molecular diagnostics; viral and bacterial
detection
Quantitation of organisms – internal controls,
external standards, calibrators, absolute and
relative quantification
Identif ication and classification of organisms using
molecular markers - 16S rRNA typing/sequencing
Detection and identity of microbial diseases Direct
detection and identification of pathogenic -
organisms/ viruses E.g. TB and HIV
Clinical utility of molecular dia gnostics tests
(NAAT) for Hepatitis and AIDS.
Molecular identification of fungal pathogens
Pharmacogenetics 1 15
References :
1. Campbell, I. D. (2012). Biophysical Techniques . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2. Serdyuk, I. N., Zaccai, N. R., & Zaccai , G. (2007). Methods in Molecular Biophysics: Structure,
Dynamics, Function . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3. Phillips, R., Kondev, J., & Theriot, J. (2009). P hysical Biology of the Cell . New York: Garland
Science.
4. Huang, B., Bates, M., & Zhuang, X. (2009). Super -Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy. Annual
Review of Biochemistry, 78(1), 993 -1016. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.77.061906.092014.
5. Mohanraju, P., Makarova, K. S., Zetsche, B., Zhang, F., Koonin, E. V., & Oost, J. V. (2016).
Diverse Evolutionar y Roots and Mechanistic Variations of the CRISPR -Cas Systems. Science,
353(6299). doi:10.1126/science.aad5147.
Page 17
Page 16 of 28 6. Lander, E. (2016). The Heroes of CRISPR. Cell, 164(1 -2), 18 -28. doi:10.1016/j. cell.2015.12 .041.
7. Ledford, H. (2016). The Unsung Heroes of CRISPR . Nature, 535(7612), 342 -344.
doi:10.1038/535342a.
8. Molecular Imaging Theranostics, 4(4), 386 -398. doi:10.7150/thno.8006 Coleman, W. B., &
Tsongalis, G. J. (2010). Molecular Diagnostics: for the Clinical Laboratorian . Totowa, NJ:
Humana Press.
9. Molecular biology of the cell by Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Rafi,
Keith Roberts, and Peter Walter. 5th ed. 2008
10. Molecular Microbiology Diagnostic Principles and practice third edition, Dav id H. Persing and
Fred C. Tenover Copyright _ 2016 by ASM Press
11. Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 204: Molecular Cytogenetics: Protocols and Applications,
Edited by: Y. S. Fan © Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ 2001
12. Genome 3 TA Brown
13. Molecular Biotechnology – Principles and applications of recombinant technology, Glick 4th
edition 2010
14. Microarray and Microplates: Applications in biomedical sciences Shu Ye, Ian Day, 2003, Bios
Scientific Ltd, oxford.
15. Human Molecular Genetics. Tom Strachan and Andrew Read, 2004, 3rd Edition, Garland
Science.
16. Introduction to human molecular genetics. Jack Pasternak, 2005, 2nd Edition, Wiley publication.
17. Microarray bioinformatics by Dov Sketel , Cambridge university press 2003
Page 18
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Practical I PSBT P101+ PSBT P104 4 Credits
1. To prepare an Acetate and Phosphate buffers using the Henderson -Hassel Bach equation.
2. To determine an unknown protein concentration by plotting a standard grap h of BSA using UV -Vis
Spectrophotometer and validating the Beer - Lambert’s Law.
3. Protein gel staining techniques: silver staining, Activity staining: LDH, glycoprotein staining
4. Viscosity studies of proteins
5. Identification of sugars in fruit juices using thin layer chromatography.
6. Isolation of starch from potato and its estimation by anthrone method.
7. The isolation and assay of glycogen from liver and skeletal muscles of bird/mammal.
8. Antimicrobial sensitivity test and demonstration of drug resistance.
9. Opera tion and maintenance of light microscope – Write up
10. Microscopy types Confocal, Fluorescence, STORM – demonstrations/videos and pictures – Write
up
11. Photo album of chromosomal abnormalities in normal and disease condition
numerical detected by using different probes – centromeric, locus specific, telomeric Structural -
Translocations and fusion genes
Detection of inversions and interstitial deletions by SKY
CGH for a disease or cancer
12. Demonstration/ video of 2D PAGE
13. Demonstration of Affinity chromatog raphy
References
1. Principles and techniques of Biochemistry and molecular biology (7th Ed, 2010) Keith Wilson
and John Walker, Cambridge university Press.
2. Biochemistry Laboratory (2nd Ed, 2012) Rodney Boyer, Pearson’s Publication.
3. Biochemical Methods, Sadasivam and Manikam(3rd Ed, 2008)New age international
publishers,2008.
4. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry (3rd Edition), David T Plummer, Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Company Limited, 1992.
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Practical II PSBT P102+PSBT P103 4 credits
1. Preparation of TAB and sterility testing
2. Demonstration of Western blotting
3. Perform serum electrophoresis (horizontal)
4. To perform the Dot blot assays
5. In-vitro demonstration of phagocytosis and calculating phagocytic index.
6. Latex bead agglutination / precipitation test for detection of rheumatoid factor (RF)
7. Separation of lymphocytes on Ficol Histopaque and viability count
8. Visit to a blood bank and preparation of report
9. Cell permeability testing - osmotic fragility
10. Isolation of cell organelle by differential centrifugation techniques from plant / animal sources
11. Isolation of mitochondrial DNA
12. Isolation of chloroplast DNA
13. Cell motility studies ( bacteria, algae, cyanobacteria, protozoans,)
14. Cell death /apoptosis studies usi ng flow -cytometry demonstration
15. Isolation and identification of mutagens of plant origin (demonstration/ video)
References
1. A Handbook of Practical Immunology – G P Talkwar
2. Practical immunology, Frank Hay, 4th Edition , Blackwell Science
3. Introduction to P ractical Biochemistry, D.T. Plummer, Tata MacGraw Hill
4. Biochemical Methods, Sadasivam and Manikam(3rd Ed, 2008). New age international
publishers,2008.
5. Laboratory Manual of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jyoti Saxena Mamta
Baunthiyal Indu Ravi , Scientific Publishers (India) 5 A, New Pali Road, P.O. Box 91 Jodhpur
342 001 (India)
6. Medical Laboratory Technology 2nd edition Authors Kanai, L Mukherjee and Swarajit Ghosh
.McGraw Hill publications,2010.
7. Practical Immunology,Frank Hay,4thEdit ion,BlackwellScience
8. Medical Microbiology,Anantnarayan
9. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry (3rd Edition), David T Plummer, Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Company Limited, 1992.
10. Nigam and Ayyagari. (2007). Lab Manual in Biochemistry, Immunology and Biote chnology.
TATA McGraw Hill.
11. Cell Biology Lab Manual -http://www.ihcworld.com/_protocols/lab_protocols/cellbiology -lab-
manual -heidcamp.htm
12. Text Book of Medical Biochemistry , Praful Godkar. Bahalani
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MSc Biotechnology
Semester II
Paper I -Biostatistics and Bioinformatics ( PSBT 201)
Unit Topic Credit lectures
I
Basics of
Bioinformatics
and DNA
sequence
analysis Bioinformatics basics: Computers in biology and
medicine; Introduction to Unix and Linux systems and
basic commands; Database concepts; Protein and nucleic
acid databases; Structural databases; Biological XML
DTD’s; pattern matching algorithm basics; datab ases and
search tools: biological background for sequence
analysis; Identification of protein sequence from DNA
sequence; searching of databases similar sequence;
NCBI; publicly available tools; resources at EBI;
resources on web; database mining tools.
DNA sequence analysis: gene bank sequence database;
submitting DNA sequences to databases and database
searching; sequence alignment; pairwise alignment
techniques; motif discovery and gene prediction; local
structural variants of DNA, their relevance in mol ecular
level processes, and their identification; assembly of data
from genome sequencing. 1 15
II Multiple
sequence
alignments and
protein
modelling Multiple sequence analysis; multiple sequence
alignment; flexible sequence similarity searching with
the FASTA3 program package; use of CLUSTALW and
CLUSTALX for multiple sequence alignment;
submitting DNA protein sequence to databases: where
and how to su bmit, SEQUIN, genome centres;
submitting aligned sets of sequences, updating submitted
sequences, methods of phylogenetic analysis.
Protein modelling: introduction; force field methods;
energy, buried and exposed residues; side chains and
neighbours; fixed regions; hydrogen bonds; mapping
properties onto surfaces; fitting monomers; RMS fit of
conformers; assigning secondary structures; sequence
alignment - methods, evaluation, scoring; protein
completion: backbone construction and side chain
addition; small peptide methodology; software
accessibility; building peptides; protein displays;
substructure manipulations, annealing. 1 15
III-Biostatistics Introduction and scope of statistics in biological studies
and basic concepts. Collection of data, by different
sampling methods: Simple random sampling, stratifies
random sampling and systemic sampling. Measures of
central tendency; Mean, Median and Mode. Measures of 1 15
Page 21
Page 20 of 28 Dispersion: Variance/ standard deviation, coefficient of
variation and standard error. Confidence limits for mean
and proportion. Probability and Basic concepts: Normal
and binomial distribution. Correlation and regression
analysis for a bivariate data: Scatter diagram
IV- Biostatistics Test of Hypothesis: Null hypothesis, alternate
hypothesis, test statistics, Type I and Type II errors, level
of significance and critical region. Z test: for a single
sample, two samples and two sample proportion. t -test a
single sample, two samples and testing the significance
of the correlation. Coefficient: t paired test, x2 test: As a
goodness of fit and in 2x2 contingency test 1 15
References:
1. Lesk, A. M. (2002). Introduction to Bioinformatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2. Mount, D. W. (2001). Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
3. Baxevanis, A. D., & Ouellette, B. F. (2001). Bioinformatics: a Practical Guide to the Analysis of
Genes and Proteins. New York: Wiley -Interscience.
4. Pevsner, J. (2015). Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics. Hoboken, NJ.: Wiley -Blackwell.
5. Bourne, P. E., & Gu, J. (2009). Structural Bioinformatics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley -Liss.
6. Lesk, A. M. (2004). Introduction to Protein Science: Architecture, Fun ction, and Genomics. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
7. S. P. Gupta, Statistical Methods, (45th Revised Edition), Publisher SCHAND
8. William G. Cochran, Sampling Techniques (3th Edition), Wiley and sons
9. Boris V. Gnedenko, Theory of Probability (6th Edition), CRC Press, 13-May-1998
10. Oscar Kempthorne, Klaus Hinkelmann, Design and Analysis of Experiments, Volume1: Introduction
to Experimental Design, 2nd Edition, ISBN: 978 -0-471-72756 -9 December 2007
11. Acheson Johnston Duncan, Quality Control and Industri al Statistics (5th Edition), Irwin; 5 edition
January 1, 1986
12. BK Mahajan, Methods in Biostatistics (7th Edition), Published December 1st 2008 by JP Medical Ltd
Page 22
Page 21 of 28
Paper II -Plant and Animal Biotechnology ( PSBT 202)
Unit Topic Credit lectures
I Plant tissue Plant tissue culture: historical perspective; totipotency;
1 15 culture and organogenesis; Somatic embryogenesis; establishment of
Animal cell cultures – callus culture, cell suspension culture, media
culture preparation – nutrients and plant hormones; sterilization
techniques; applications of tissue culture -
micropropagation; somaclonal variation; androgenesis
and its applications in genetics and plant breeding;
germplasm conservation and cryopreservation; synthetic
seed production; protoplast culture and somatic
hybridization - protoplast isolation; culture and usage;
somatic hybridization - methods and applications;
cybrids and somatic cell genetics; plant cell cultures for
secondary metabolite production. Animal cell culture:
brief history of animal cell culture; cell culture media and
reagents; culture of mammalian cells, tissues and organs;
primary culture, secondary culture, continuous cell lines,
suspension cultures; application of animal cell culture for
virus isolation and in vitro testing of drugs, testing of
toxicity of environmental pollutants in cell culture,
application of cell culture technology in production of
human and animal viral vaccines and pharmaceutical
proteins.
II Plant Genetic engineering: Agrobacterium -plant interaction;
1 15 Genetic virulence; Ti and Ri plasmids; opines and their
manipulations significance; T -DNA transfer; disarmed Ti plasmid;
Genetic transformation - Agrobacterium -mediated gene
delivery; cointegrate and binary vectors and their utility;
direct gene transfer - PEG -mediated, electroporation,
particle bombardment and alternative methods;
screenable and selectable markers; characterization of
transgenics; chloroplast transformation; marker -free
methodologies; advanced methodologies - cisgenesis,
intragenesis and genome editing; molecular pharming -
concept of plants as biofactories, production of industrial
enzymes and pharmaceutically important compounds.
III Animal Animal reproductive biotechnology: structure of sperms
1 15 reproductive and ovum; cryopreservation of sperms and ova of
biotechnology livestock; artificial insemination; super ovulation,
and embryo recovery and in vitro fertilization; culture of
Vaccinology embryos; cryopreservation of embryos; embryo transfer
technology; transgenic manipulation of animal embryos;
applications of transgenic animal technology; animal
cloning - basic concept, cloning for conservation for
conservation endangered species; Vaccinology: history of
development of vaccines, introduction to the concept of
vaccines, conventional methods of animal vaccine
Page 23
Page 22 of 28 production, recombinant approaches to vaccine
production, modern vaccines.
IV Molecular Molecular markers - hybridization and PCR based
1 15 mapping and markers RFLP, RAPD, STS, SSR, AFLP, SNP markers;
marker DNA fingerprinting -principles and applications;
assisted introduction to mapping of genes/QTLs; marker -assisted
selection selection - strategies for Introducing genes of biotic and
abiotic stress resistance in plants: genetic basis for
disease resistance in animals; molecular diagnostics of
pathogens in plants and animals; detection of meat
adulteration using DNA based methods.
References
1. Biology of plant metabolomics, Robert Hall, Annual Plant Reviews, 43, Chichester, West Sussex;
Ames, Iowa : Wiley -Blackwell, 2011
2. Plant Biotechnology. Umesha, S. (2013).
3. Glick, B. R., & Pasternak, J. J. (2010). Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Applications of
Recomb inant DNA. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press.
4. Brown, T. A. (2006). Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell
Publishers.
5. Primrose, S. B., & Twyman, R. M. (2006). Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics.
Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.
6. Slater, A., Scott, N. W., & Fowler, M. R. (2003). Plant Biotechnology: The Genetic Manipulation
of Plants. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7. Gordon, I. (2005). Reproductive Techniques in Farm Animals. Oxford: CAB International.
8. Levine, M. M. (2004). New Gen eration Vaccines. New York: M. Dekker.
9. Pörtner, R. (2007). Animal Cell Biotechnology: Methods and Protocols. Totowa, NJ: Humana
Press.
10. Chawla, H. S. (2000). Introduction to Plant Biotechnology. Enfield, NH: Science.
11. Razdan, M. K. (2003). Introduction to Pl ant Tissue Culture. Enfield, NH: Science.
12. Slater, A., Scott, N. W., & Fowler, M. R. (2008). Plant Biotechnology: n Introduction to Genetic
Engineering. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
13. Buchanan, B. B., Gruissem, W., & Jones, R. L. (2015). Biochemistry & Mo lecular Biology of
Plants, Wiley 2002
Page 24
Page 23 of 28 Paper III -Bioprocess engineering and technology ( PSBT 203)
Unit Topics Credit Lectures
I Basic
principles
of biochemical
engineering Sources of Microorganisms Used in Biotechnology -
Literature search and culture collection supply,
Isolation de novo of organisms producing metabolites
of economic importance.
Strain Improvement -
Selection from naturally occurring variants,
Manipulation of the genome of industrial organisms in
strain improvement
Bioreactor design and analysis
Media formulation and optimization
methods; sterilization of bioreactors
aeration and agitation in bioreactors
KLa value (factors affecting and methods of
determination), heat transfer in biopr ocess
measurement and control of bioprocess parameters.
Bioprocess economics 1 15
Unit II
Production of
proteins from
recombinant
microorganisms Principles of Microbial Growth
Batch Fermentation, Fed -Batch Fermentation
Continuous Fermentation
Maximizing the Efficiency of the Fermentation
Process
High -Density Cell Cultures, Increasing Plasmid
Stability, Quiescent E. coli Cells, Protein Secretion and
Reducing Acetate
Bioreactors
Typical Large -Scale Fermentation Systems
Two-Stage Fermentation in Tandem Airlift Reactors,
Two-Stage Fermentation in a Single Stirred -Tank
Reactor, Batch versus Fed -Batch Fermentation
Harvesting Microbial Cells
Disrupting Microbial Cells
Downstream Processing
Protein Solubilization
Large -Scale P roduction of plasmid DNA
. 1 15
Unit III
Applications of
enzyme
technology
in food
processing Introduction and scope
1. Enzymes sourced from animals and plants used in
food manufacturing technology
2. Enzyme usage in food applications.
Mechanism of enzyme function and reactions in
food processes
1 Starch -processing and related carbohydrates .
2. Lipases for the production of food components:
interesterified fat
Enzymes in protein modification: hydrolyzed protein
4., Enzymes in bread making - flavour, texture and
keeping quality 1 15
Page 25
Page 24 of 28 Unit IV 1.Microbial biomass production: mushrooms, SCP
1 15 Applications of 2.Fermented foods from: meat and fish, bread,
microbial Vegetables (sauerkraut, cucumber) , Legumes and Oil
technology in Seeds soya bean fermentations
food process 3. Beverages
operations and a) Stimulant Beverages -coffee, cocoa and tea
production, fermentations
biofuels and b) Alcoholic beverages - Cider production
biorefinery 4.Food additives and supplements
a) Lipids, Nucleosides, nucleotides and related
compounds - Vitamins
b) Natural food preservatives - bacteriocins from lactic
acid bacteria – production and applications e.g. Nisin
c) Microbial production of colours and flavours.
d) Polyhydric alcohols: low -calorie sweetener
particularly useful for sweetening food products for
diabetics
e) Microbial exopolysaccharides - Xanthan gum
5. Process Food wastes - for bioconversion to useful
products (Compost, biofuels, biomass cheap source of
raw material in fermentation etc).
References:
1. Shuler, M. L., & Kargi, F. (2002). Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concepts. Upper Saddle River,
NJ: Prentice Hall.
2. Stanbury, P. F., & Whitaker, A. (2010). Principles of Fermentation Technology. Oxford:
Pergamon Press.
3. Bailey, J. E., & Ollis, D. F. (1986). Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals. New York:
McGraw -Hill.
4. El-Mansi, M., & Bryce, C. F. (2007). Fermentation Microbiology and Biotechnology. Boca
Raton: CRC/Taylor & Francis.
5. Lee, Y. K. (2013). Microbial Biotechnology: Principles and Applicati ons. Hackensack, NJ:
World Scientific.
6. Alexander N. Glazer and Hiroshi Nikaido -Microbial Biotechnology: Fundamentals of Applied
Microbiology, 2nd Edition
7. Michael Waites and Morgan , Rockney and Highton -Industrial microbiology : An Introduction
8. Robert Whi tehurst and Maarten Van Oort - Enzymes in food technology 2nd ed
9. Nduka Okafor Modern industrial microbiology and biotechnology Science Publishers, Enfield,
NH, USA (2007) 5. Enzymes in dairy product manufacture
6. Enzymes in fruit and vegetable processing and juice
extraction
7.Enzymes in fish and meat processing
8. Beer Production using Immobilized Cell Technology.
Page 26
Page 25 of 28 Paper IV Intellectual property rights and Bioethics ( PSBT 204)
Title Details Credits Number
of
lectures
Unit 1 Introduction to intellectual property; types of IP:
1 15 Introduction to patents, trademarks, trade secrets, copyright & related
IPR rights, industrial design, geographical indications,
Biodiversity importance and legislation, International
convention and treaties; plant variety protection and
farmers rights act. , traditional knowledge.
Unit 2 Basics of patents: eligibility criteria, classification of
1 15 Patents patents, categories, special patents and patenting
biological products. Patentable and Non -patentable
inventions in India and abroad. Process of Patenting,
Patent Search and Inventor’s homework, drafting patent
applications, patenting systems. Rights of the patent
holder, assignment and licensing of patents and patent
Infringement, case studies. Patent Agent.
Unit 3 Patentability of Biotechnology Inventions in India,
1 15 Patentability of Statutory Provisions Regarding Biotechnological
Biotechnology Inventions Under the Current Patent Act 1970 (as
Inventions Amended 2005). Biotechnological Inventions as
Patentable Subject Matter, Territorial Nature of
Patents,: From Territorial to Global Patent Regime,
Interpreting TRIPS in the Light of Biotechnology
Inventions, Feasibility of a Uniform Global Patent
System, Merits and Demerits of Uniform Patent Law,
Relevance of the Existing International Patent,
Tentative Harmonisation Efforts, Implications of
Setting up a Uniform World Patent System.
Unit 4 Introduction, bioethics in health care - euthanasia,
1 15 Bioethics artificial reproductive technologies, prenatal diagnosis,
genetic screening, gene therapy, organ transplantation.
Ethics of clinical research, Bioethics in research –
cloning and stem cell research, Human and animal
experimentation, Agricultural biotechnology -
Genetically engineered food, environmental risk,
labelling and public opinion. Bioterrorism.
Page 27
Page 26 of 28
References
1. Ganguli, P. (2001). Intellectual Property Rights: Unleashing the Knowledge Economy . Tata
McGraw -Hill Publishing Company.
2. Karen F. Greif, Jon F. Merz - Current Controversies in the Biological Sciences_ Case Studies of
Policy Challenges from New Technologies (Basic Bioethics) -The MIT Press (2007)
3. V. Sreekrishna - Bioethics and Biosafety in Biotechnology -to New Age International Pvt Ltd
Publishers (2007)
4. Padma Nambisan (Auth.) - An Introduction to Ethical, Safety and Intellectual Property Rights
Issues in Biotechnology - Academic Press (2017)
5. Kshitij Kumar Singh (auth.) - Biotechnology and Intellectual Property Rights_ Legal and Social
Implications -Springer India (2015)
6. David Castle - The Role of Intellectual Property Rights in Biotechnology Innovation (2011)
7. Goel, D., & Parashar, S. (2013). IPR, Biosafety and Bioethics . Pearson Education India.
8. Singh, S. S. (2004). The Law of Intellectual Property Rights. Deep and Deep Publications, New
Delhi , 96.
9. Talwar Shabana; Intellectual Property Rights in WTO and Developing Countries , Edition 2010,
Serials Publications, New Delhi.
10. Helga Kuhse_ Udo Schüklenk_ Peter Singer_ (eds.) - Bioethics_ An Anthology -Wiley -Blackwell
(2016)
11. National Guidelines for Biomedical and Health Research on Human Participants (ICMR – 2017)
12. ICMR -DBT National Guidelines for Stem Cell Research - 2017
Page 28
Page 27 of 28 Practical III -PSBT P201+ PSBT P203 4 credits
1. Using NCBI and Unip rot web resources
2. Introduction and use of various genome databases.
3. Sequence information resource: Using NCBI, EMBL, Genbank, Entrez, Swissprot/ TrEMBL,
UniProt.
4. Similarity searches using tools like BLAST and interpretation of results.
5. Multiple sequence al ignment using ClustalW.
6. Phylogenetic analysis of protein and nucleotide sequences.
7. Use of gene prediction methods (GRAIL, Genscan, Glimmer).
8. Using RNA structure prediction tools.
9. Use of various primer designing and restriction site prediction tools.
10. Use of different protein structure prediction databases (PDB, SCOP, CATH).
(Practicals in biostatistics could be clubbed into a test paper for 25M for the practical
examinations/ problems could be asked for 5 / 10M)
11. Measures of central tendency: Mean, medi an and mode for grouped and ungrouped data
12. Measures of dispersion: Standard deviation for grouped and ungrouped data: standard value for
the mean and proportion
Confidence limits for the mean and proportion
13. Probability: Normal distribution and Binomial distribution use of normal tables
14. Correlation and Regression: Estimation of correlation coefficient, to fit regression equations from
bivariate data
15. Test of hypothesis: a) Z -test, b) t -test c) x2 test d) f-test
16. Use of microorganism to produce a product. De tect utilization of substrate and formation of
product at time intervals. Attempt purification of product e.g. enzyme.
1. Immobilize an organism / enzyme and detect the conversion of substrate to product.
2. Microbial pigment:
a. production – factors affecting – pH, temp, nutrients, static/ shaker conditions, submerged/
surface.
b. extraction – soluble and insoluble pigments - organic solvent extraction and purification.
3. Demonstration of media optimization by Placket Burman test - demonstration
4. Methods for measurement of cell mass:
a. Direct physical measurement of dry weight, wet weight, or volume of cells after
centrifugation.
b. Indirect measurement of chemical activity such as nutrient utilization and product
synthesized.
c. Turbidity measurements employ a variety of instruments to determine the amount of light
scattered by a suspension of cells.
5. Analytical techniques like HPLC, FPLC, GC, GC -MS etc. for measurement of amounts of
products/substrates. Demonstration
6. Quality Assurance in a food industry – Field visit and report
7. Method validation for any biochemical test (Accuracy, Limit of Detection, Limit of Quantitation,
Specificity, Linearity and range, Ruggedness and Robustness) – Report writing
Page 29
Page 28 of 28 Practical IV PSBT P202 +PSBT P204 4 credits
Plant tissue culture
1. Prepare culture media with various supplements for plant tissue culture.
2. Prepare explants of Valleriana wallichii for inoculation under aseptic conditions.
3. Isolate plant protoplast by enzymatic and mechanical methods and attempt fusion by PEG
(available material).
4. Culture Agrobacterium tumefaciens and attempt transformation of any dicot species.
5. Generate a RAPD and ISSR profile of Eremurus persicus and Valleriana wallichii .
6. Prepare karyotypes and study the morphology of somatic chromosomes of Allium cepa, A.
sativum, A. tuberosum and compare them on the basis of karyotypes.
7. Undertake plant genomic DNA isolation by CTAB method and its quantitation by visual as well
as spectrop hotometric methods.
8. Study genetic fingerprinting profiles of plants and calculate polymorphic information content.
Demonstration
Animal cell culture:
9. Count cells of an animal tissue and check their viability.
10. Prepare culture media with various supplements for plant and animal tissue culture.
11. Prepare single cell suspension from spleen and thymus.
12. Monitor and measure doubling time of animal cells.
13. Chromosome preparations from cultured animal cells
14. Isolate DNA from animal tissue by SDS method.
15. Attempt animal cell fusion using PEG.
16. To study a patent and to develop a patent application for a product or process.
17. To write SOPs of 4 laboratory equipment or instruments.
18. Journal club - a minimum 2 weeks activity of reading and discussing research papers preferably
with a mentor and making a poster in a group of 3/2 for presentation in form of Microsoft
PowerPoint /coral draw. Poster prepared to be appended in the journal. Teachers are requested to
encourage students to participate/ attend conferences/ seminars/ avishka r. The group of students
to be evaluated for the same for 5M each in the practical examinations
19. Compilation of information on recommended biosafety practices in a Biotechnology/ Biology
laboratory. (demonstration by field visit or video)
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