USGE5 Updated Geology 5th 6th Sem June 2018 1 Syllabus Mumbai University by munotes
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University of Mumbai
Syllabus
For B.Sc . Vth Semester Courses in
Geology
(June 201 8 onwards)
Contents:
Theory Syllabus for Courses:
o USGE 501 – Precambrian Geology of India
o USGE 502 – Igneous Petrology
o USGE 503 - Structural G eology
o USGE 5 04 – Metamorphic Petrology
Practical Course Syllabus for: USGE 5 PR
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T.Y. B.Sc. Geology Course: USGE 501
Title: Precambrian Geology of India
Learning Objectives:
1. To bring about an understanding of the principals of Stratigraphy.
2. Understand the Precambrian Stratigraphy of India.
Number of lectures: 60
Unit 1
Introduction (15 lectures)
Earth’s Crustal Structure and Tectonic framework of India - Cratons.
Tectonic Elements of Continents & Oceans.
Tectonic Divisions of India.
Indian Cratons:
Dharwar Craton,
Bastar Craton,
Singhbhum Craton
Aravalli Craton
Unit 2
Proterozoic History (15 lectures)
Proterozoic Sedimentary Basins:
Vindhyan Basin,
Delhi Basin
Cuddapah & Kurnool Basins.
Kaladgi Basin.
Unit 3
Mobile Belts (15 lectures)
Proterozoic Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt
Marginal & Transition Zone
Western Charnockite Zone
Western & Eastern Khondalite Zone.
Satpura Mobile Belt
Central Indian Tectonic Zone
Saus ar, Mahakoshal & Betul Supracrustal Belts.
Unit 4
Precambrians of Extra – Peninsula (15 lectures)
Precambrian of Himalaya (Lesser & Higher Himalayas)
Precambrian of the Tethyan Basement
Salkhala Group
Vaikrita Group
Jutogh Group
Daling Group
Precambrians of the Lesser Himalaya
Western Sector
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Central Sector
Eastern Himalaya
List Of Recommended Reference Books
1. Dasgupta, A. (2010) Phanerozoic Stratigraphy of India; World Press, Kolkata.
2. Ramakrishnan, M. and Vaidhyanadhan, R. (2010) Geology of India - Vol. 1, Geological
Society of India, Bangalore.
3. Vaidhyanadhan, R. and Ramakrishnan, M. (2008) Geology of India - Vol. 2, Geological
Society of India, Bangalore.
4. Prasad, C.V.R.K. (2005) Elementary Exercises in Geology; Universities Press (India)
Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad.
5. Directorate of Geology and Mining, Nagpur. (2000) Geology and Mineral Resources of
Maharashtra.
6. Deshpan de, G.G. (1998) Geology of Maharashtra; Geological Society of India,
Bangalore.
7. Kumar, R. (1996) Fundamentals of Historical Geology and Stratigraphy of India, 4th ed.,
New Age International (P) Limited, Publishers.
8. Lemon, R.R. (1990) Principles of Stratigr aphy; Merrill Publishing Company, Ohio.
9. Wadia, D.N. (1984) Geology of India, 4th ed., Tata McGraw -Hill Publishing, New York.
10. Krishnan, M.S. (1982) Geology of India and Burma; 6th Ed. CBS Publishers &
Distributors (India).
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Practical :
Stratigraphy and Geology of India
I) Study of common sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks in Hand specimen
from different stratigraphic horizons.
II) Diagrammatic examples of Lithostratigraphic boundaries and classification.
III) Study of Geological maps with geological history of the area in chronological order.
IV) Problems:
a) Stratigraphic sequence from geological section.
b) Characteristics of a Fold & Fault from a geological map.
c) Stratigraphic Boundary Problem.
d) Understanding Precambrian Geological Time Scale.
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T.Y. B.Sc. Geology Course : USGE 502
Title: Igneous Petrology
Learning objective:
To provide students a systematic approach in understanding the origin of igneous rocks,
nomenclature, classification and their association with particular tectonic settings.
Number of lectures: 60
Unit -1 (15 lectures)
The Interior of the Earth:
Evidence of the Earth’s Composition and Mineralogy: Seismic data, The Geothermal Gradient,
Meteorites, Xenoliths.
Mantle Petrology; Low Velocity Zone, Pressure and Temperature variations with Depth and high
pressure experimentation.
Classification and Description of Igneous Rocks:
The IUGS Classification System, Other aspects of classification; Chemical Classification;
Textures of Igneous rocks,
Crystallinity, Granularity, Shape of Crystals and Mutual Relations.
Equigranular, Inequigranular, Directiv e and Intergrowth Textures.
Terms related to some specific Textures and Microstructures : Perlitic Cracks, Spherulites,
Orbicular Structure, Rapakivi Structure, Zoned Crystals, Xenocrysts, Quench Texture, Crystal
Pseudomorph, and Cumulus Crystals.
Charact ers of the Common Igneous Rocks: Plutonic and Volcanic types; Examples of Common
Igneous Rock Types and their Indian Occurrences.
Unit 2 (15 lectures)
The Phase Rule and crystallization and melting relations in one, two and three
component Systems :
Melting Behavior of Natural Magmas, Phase Equilibrium and The Phase Rule, One Component
Systems, Two Component (Binary Systems) and Its Petrogenetic Significance.
Binary Systems with Complete Solid Solution, Binary Eutectic Systems, Binary Peritectic
Systems, the Alkali Feldspar System,
Ternary Systems: - Ternary Eutectic Systems, Ternary Systems with Solid Solution
Reaction Series, The Effect of Pressure and Fluid on Melting Behavior. The effects of Pressure
on the Melting and Crystallization of Magma ; Time and Crystallization; Rock Types and Mode
of Occurrence.
Unit 3 (15 lectures)
The Evolution of Magmas:
Differentiation: Fractional Crystallization; Other Differentiation Mechanisms.
Magmatic Mixing and Assimilation.
Melting of the Mantle, Pa rtial Melting, Magma Generation and Differentiation.
Generation of Basaltic magma from a Chemically Uniform Mantle.
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Unit 4 (15 lectures)
Brief study of Plate tectonic settings and associated igneous rocks.
Subduction –Related Activity: Island Arc Volcanism, Rocks and Magma Series, The Ophiolite
Suite; Calcalkaline and Tholeiite Groups; Petrogenesis of Island Arc Magmas, Plutonic Rocks –
Batholiths related to subduction zones.
Gabbroic Layered Intrusions; Ano rthosites; Alkali Basalts and Nephelinites; Carbonatites,
Kimberlites and related Rocks.
List Of Recommended Reference Books
1. Bose M.K. (1997), Igneous Petrology. The World Press Pvt. Ltd. 568 p.
2. Bowen N.L. (1928), The evolution of Igneous Rocks. Pr inceton Univ. Press. N.J 332 p.
3. Hall A. (1987), Igneous Petrology. Longman. 573p.
4. Hatch F.H., Wells A.K and Wells M.K. (1984), Petrology of the igneous rocks. CBS
Publishers, 551 p.
5. Philpotts A.R. (1994), Principles of igneous and metamorphic P etrology, Prentice Hall of
India. 498p.
6. Turner F.J & Verhoogen J. (1951), Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks, McGraw Hill.
7. Williams H, Turner F.J & Gilbert C.M. (1955), Petrography. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman
and company. 406p
8. Winter J. D. (2001), an Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, Prentice Hall,
697p.
9. Ehlers, E.G. and H. Blatt (1982), Petrology, Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic, W.H
Freeman, San Francisco.
10. Philpotts A. R. (2009), Petrography of Igneous and Metamorphi c Rocks, Cambridge
University Press, 686p.
Practical Course:
Megascopic identification and Petrography of Igneous Rocks
Igneous Textures.
Equigranular:
a. Coarse –grained, Holocrystalline, Panidomorphic.
b. Coarse –grained, Holocrystalline, Hypidiomorphic
c. Medium –grained, Holocrystalline, Hypidiomorphic
d. Fine –grained, Holocrystalline, Panidomorphic. (Orthophyric)
e. Fine –grained, Holo/ Hemicrystalline, Hypidiomorphic
f. Fine-grained, Holocrystalline, Allotriomorphic (Aplitic)
g. Fine- grained, Hemicrystalline, Aphanitic, (Felsitic)
h. Fine –grained, Holohyaline, Aphanitic
Inequigranular:
a. Coarse/Medium/Fine, Holo/Hemicrystalline, Porphyritic
b. Coarse/Medium/Fine, Holo/Hemicrystalline, Glomeroporphyritic
c. Coarse/Medium, Holo/Hemicrystalline, Ophitic/ Subophitic
d. Medium/ Fine, Holo/Hemicrystalline, Poikilitic
e. Medium/Fine, Holocrystalline, Intergranular
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f. Medium/Fine, Hemicrystalline, Intersertal
g. Medium/Fine, Intergranular -cum-ophitic (Ophimottling)
Directive:
a. Fine, Hemicrystalline/Holohyaline, Banded (Fluidal)
b. Fine, Hemicr ystalline, Trachytic
Intergrowth:
a. Graphic/Micrographic
b. Perthitic
c. Granophyric
Igneous Mega -Structures
1. Vesicular/ Amygdaloidal Lava
2. Blockery/ Clinkery Lava
3. Ropy Lava Surface
4. Columnar Joint Block
5. Flow Banding
6. Glomeroporphyritic Clustures
7. Intrusive Contacts and Xenoliths
Igneous Micro -Structures
1. Reaction: (a. Corona , b. Myrmekite)
2. Xenolithic
3. Spherulitic/ Variolitic
4. Perlitic Fracture
Study of the Texture, Mineral composition, Mode of occurrence, and Association of the
following Rock Types.
1. Granite
2. Rhyolite
3. Pegmatite
4. Aplite
5. Quartz porphyry
6. Pitchstone
7. Obsidian
8. Syenite (Hornblende / Biotite)
9. Trachyte
10. Feldspar porphyry
11. Nepheline Syenite
12. Diorite
13. Gabbro
14. Norite
15. Dolerite
16. Basalt (Vesicular/ Non - Vesicular/ Porphyritic, Amygdaloidal)
17. Picrite
18. Peridotite
19. Dunite
20. Anorthosite
21. Carbonatite
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T.Y.B.Sc Geology Course: USGE 503
Title: Structural Geology
Learning Objectives:
To understand the concept of stress and strain and how rock behaves under different stress
regimes. A detailed study of various geological structures i.e. Joints, Folds and Faults
Number of lectures: 60
Unit 1 (15 lectures)
Introduction, Types of Structures, Stress, Strain, Measurements of Stress and Strain,
Mechanical Behaviour of Rocks
Introduction and Review
Structures and Structural Geology
Fundamental Concepts
Stress
Definitions
Stress on a Plane
Stress at a Point
Mohr Construction
Mohr’s Hypothesis
Stress Ellipsoid
Strain
Definitions
Kinds of Strain
Strain Ellipsoid
Mohr Circles for Strain
Simple and Pure Shear
Measurement of Strain in Rocks
Kinds of Strain
Strain Markers
Flinn Diagram
Mechanical Behavior of Rock Materials
Elastic (Hooken) Behavior
Permanent Deformation – Ductility
Controlling Factors
Unit 2 (15 lectures)
Study of Structures I: Joints and Faults
Joints and Shear Fractures
Griffith and Coulomb theory of fractures
Joints and Fract ure Mechanics
Classification of joints
Fault Classification and Terminology
Anatomy of Faults
Criteria for Faulting
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Fault Mechanics
Anderson’s Fault Types
Brittle versus Ductile Faults
Shear Zones
Shear – Sense Indicators
Thrust Faults
Nature of Thrust Faults
Detachment within a Sedimentary Sequence
Small – Scale Features of Thrust Sheets
Strike – Slip Faults
Properties and Geometry
Environments of Strike – Slip Faulting
Fault Geometry and Other Fault Types
Termination of Strike – Slip Faults
Transforms
Normal Faults
Properties and Geometry
Unit 3 (15 lectures)
Study of Structures II: Folds -I
Fold Geometry and Classifications
Descriptive Anatomy of Simple Folds
Map – Scale Parallel Folds and Similar Folds
Recognition of Folds
Fold Classifications
Based on interlimb angle
Ramsay standard classification
Noncylindrical and Sheath Folds
Fundamentals of Parallel Folds and Similar Folds
Complex Folds
Identification of overturned folds
Occurrence and Recognition
Fold Interference Patterns
Recognition of Multiple Fold Phases
Unit 4. (15 lectures)
Study of Structures II: Folds -II
Fold Mechanics
Fold Mechanisms and Accompanying Phenomena
Deformation Mechanisms and Strain
Theory of progressive evolution of fold shapes in single competent layers.
Layer parallel shortening
Dependence of fold shape on viscosity contrast in a single layer buckles
High competence contrast, Low Competence contrast
Zone of contact strain and its interrelationship with buckle folds
Change of fold shape with packing distance of competent layers
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Fold styles in multilayers
List Of Recommended Reference Books
1. Fossen, H. (2010), Structural Geology, Cambridge University Press
2. Hobbs D.W., Means W.D. And Williams P.F. (1976), An Outline of Structural Geology,
John Wiley.
3. Benninson, G and Moseley, K. (2003), An introduction to geological structures and
maps, 7th edition, Arnold Publications
4. Lisley, R (2003) Geological structures and maps: a practical guide , Butterworth -
Heinemann Ltd.
5. Billings M.P. (1972), Structural Geology, 3rd ed., Prentice - Hall, Inc., Englewood cliffs,
New Jersey.
6. Ragan D.M. (1968), Structural Geology - An Introduction to Geometrical Techniques, 2nd
ed., John Wiley and Sons.
7. Ramsay J. G. and Huber M.I. (2002), The Techniques of modern structural geology, 2nd
ed., Vol. 2, Elsevier Science Ltd.
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Practical Course:
Profiles and cross sections of geological maps with showin g various structural features:
folds, faults, dykes, two series of dipping beds. (8 maps atleast )
Patterns of dipping strata; Three -Point problems.
Trigonometric solution of fault problems
Equal -area net part I
a. Plotting a line that lies in a plane
b. Determin ing the angle between two lines
c. True strike and Dip from apparent dips
d. Attitude of intersection of two planes
Equal -area net part II
a. Determining the angle between two planes
b. Determining the orthographic projection of a line on a plane
c. Determining the angle between a line and a plane
d. Bisecting the angle between two lines
e. Bisecting the angle between two planes
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T.Y. B.Sc. Geology Course: USGE 504
Title: Metamorphic Petrology .
Learning Objectives:
As a branch of petrology, metamorphic petrology deals with the change in rock structure,
composition and texture based on the varying pressure and temperature conditions. This course
aims at preparing the learner for a ppreciating the processes that lead t o such changes. The learner
will be able to identify in hand specimen as well as through pe trographic examination, the
various rocks.
Number of lectures: 60
Unit 1: (15 lectures)
Introduction to Metamorphic Petrology
Definition of metamorphism.
Agents of metamorphism
Types of Metamorphism
Introduction to metamorphic fluids
Metasomatism and examples of metasomatism
Classification of Metamorphic rocks
Textures and structures of metamorphic rocks
Unit 2: (15 lectures)
Thermodynamics and metamorphism
Phase rule and phase diagrams
Introduction to chemographic projections
Types of metamorphic reaction s
Concept of metamorphic facies
Unit 3: (15 lectures)
Metamorphism - types and products -I
Metamorphis m of basic rocks and their facies
UHP and UHT metamorphism of basic rocks
Introduction to P -T-t paths
Metamorphism of pelitic rocks - Barrovian zones
Partial melting and migmatites
Unit 4: (15 lectures)
Metamorphism - types and products -II
Metamorphism of carbonate rocks - Contact and regional
Zones of metamorphism of calc -silicate rocks
Charno ckites and Khondalites -Granulites with reference to Indian examples
Porphyroblasts and Tectonism: pre -, syn - and post - tectonic porphyroblasts
Introduc tion to paired metamorphic belts
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List Of Recommended Books:
1. Winter J.D (2013) Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology (Second Edition), PHI
Learning Private Limited, Delhi.
2. Williams H, Turner F.J & Gilbert C.M. (1955), Petrography, W. H. Freeman and
company. San Francisco, 406p.
3. Greensmith J. (1989), Petrology of the Sedimentary rocks (7 th Edition), C.B.C.
Publishers, New Delhi.
4. Blatt H., Tracy R.J. and Owens B.E. (2006), Petrology – Igneous, sedimentary and
Metamorphic (3 rd Edition), W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.
5. Yardley Bruce W.D. (1989), An Introduction to Metamorphic Petrology, Longman
Singapore Publishers (Pvt.) Ltd.
6. Harker Alfred (1974), Metamorphism, Chapman and Hall, London.
7. Turner F.J and Verhoogen J. ( 1960), Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, Mc Graw -
Hill.
8. Bayley B. (1996), Introduction to Petrology, Prentice Hall, New York.
9. Miyashiro A. (1998), Metamorphism and Metamorphic Belts, George Allen & Unwin,
New York.
10. Mason Roger (1984), Petrology of the Metamorphic Rocks, CBS Publishers and
Distributors, New Delhi.
11. Winkler Helmut G.F. (1987), Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks (Fifth Edition), Narosa
Publishing House, New Delhi.
12. Philpotts A and Ague J. (2009) Principles of Igneous and Metamo rphic Petrology (Second
Edition), Cambridge University Press, UK.
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Practical Course:
Calculations of stable mineral composition at equilibrium
Megascopic and Microscopic Identification of Metamo rphic Rocks.
Metamorphic Textures
1. Idioblastic
2. Porphyroblastic
3. Granuloblastic
4. Xenoblastic
Metamorphic Structures
1. Cataclastic
2. Slaty c leavage
3. Maculose
4. Granulose
5. Schistose
6. Gneissose
Metamorphic Rocks
1. Quartzite
2. Marble
3. Sla te
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4. Phyllite
5. Mica Schist (with Staurolite/ Garnet)
6. Actinolite/ Chlorite Schist
7. Mica - Gneiss
8. Hornblende Gneiss.
9. Granulite
10. Eclogite
11. Serpentinite
12. Khondolite
13. Charnockite
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University of Mumbai
Syllabus
for B.Sc . VIth Semester Courses in
Geology
(June 2018 onwards)
Contents:
Theory Syllabus for Courses:
o USGE 601 – Phanerozoic Geology of India
o USGE 602 – Sedimentary Petrology
o USGE 603 - Engineering Geology
o USGE 604 - Photogrammetry, Photo Interpretation & Fundamentals
of GIS
Practical Course Syllabus for USGE 6 PR
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T.Y. B .Sc. Geology Course: USGE 601
Title: Phanerozoic Geology of India
Learning Objectives: To bring about an understanding of the principals of stratigraphy
and Understand the Phanerozoic stratigraphy of India .
Unit 1: (15 lectures)
Palaeozoic History
Tectonic History
Precambrian Cambrian Boundary
Marine Palaeozoic Formations of India
Kashmir Basin
Spiti Basin
Krol Basin
Unit 2: (15 lectures)
Mesozoic History
Tectonic History
Permian Triassic Boundary
Marine Mesozoic Formations of India - Kashmir Basin
Marine Transgressive Sequences of Kachchh and Tiruchirapal li.
Unit 3: (15 lectures)
Gondwana Sequence of India
Sedimentation and Palaeoclimates
Lower Gondwana Sequence of different basins.
Upper Gondwana Sequence of different basins.
Unit 4: (15 lectures)
Cenozoic History
Tectonic History
Boundary Problems
Indian Palaeogene - Neogene Formations:
Siwalik Supergroup
Assam –Arakan Region
Andaman -Nicobar Islands
Sirmur Group
Geology and Stratigraphy of Maharashtra
Deccan Flood Basalts.
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Reference Books:
1. Dasgupta, A. (2010) Phanerozoic Stratigraphy of India; World Press, Kolkata.
2. Deshpande, G.G. (1998) Geology of Maharashtra; Geological Society of India,
Bangalore.
3. Directorate of Geology and Mining, Nagpur. (2000) Geology and Mineral Resources of
Maharasht ra.
4. Krishnan, M.S. (1982) Geology of India and Burma; 6th Ed. CBS Publishers &
Distributors (India).
5. Kumar, R. (1996) Fundamentals of Historical Geology and Stratigraphy of India, 4th ed.,
New Age International (P) Limited, Publishers.
6. Lemon, R.R. (1990) Principles of Stratigraphy; Merrill Publishing Company, Ohio.
7. Prasad, C.V.R.K. (2005) Elementary Exercises in Geology; Universities Press (India)
Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad.
8. Ramakrishnan, M. and Vaidhyanadhan, R. (2010) Geology of India - Vol. 1, Geological
Socie ty of India, Bangalore.
9. Vaidhyanadhan, R. and Ramakrishnan, M. (2008) Geology of India - Vol. 2, Geological
Society of India, Bangalore.
10. Wadia, D.N. (1984) Geology of India, 4th ed., Tata McGraw -Hill Publishing, New York.
__________________________________ ____________________________
Practical Course :
Stratigraphy and Geology of India, Maharashtra and Mumbai
I) Study of characteristic index fossils of a particular stratigraphic horizon.
II) Diagrammatic examples of Lithostratigraphic boundaries and classification.
III) Study of Geological maps with geological history of the area in chronological order.
IV) Problems:
a) Stratigraphic sequence from geological section.
b) Interpretation of depositional environments for stratigraphic sequences .
c) Stratigraphic Boundary Problem.
d) Understanding Phanerozoic Time Scale.
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T.Y B.Sc . Geology Course: USGE 60 2
Title: Sedimentary Petrology
Learning Objectives:
To understand the various provenances, processes of formation and environments of deposition
of sedimentary rocks.
Number of Lectures - 60
Unit 1: (15 lectures)
Introduction
Origin, transportation and deposition of sediments.
Class ification of Sedimentary rocks
Basin, environment and facies concept .
Field techniques:
Sedimen tary structures - Basic measurements and data records
Sketches and lithologs
Sediment interpretation in cores
Sedimentary Texture analysis :
Grain Size scales and laboratory methods of analysis
Shape analysis
Concept of maturity
Unit 2: (15 lectures)
Siliciclastic sedimentary rocks
Sandstones
Field observations
Petrography and classification
Heavy minerals and other provenance indicators
Concept of diagenesis and authigenesis
Conglomerates and breccia
Classification and field observations
Depositional environments for sandstones and conglomerates
Mudrocks:
Field Observations: Textures, Structures, Colour, Nomenclature
Laborator y Studies: Mineral composition and provenance .
Unit 3: (15 lectures)
Limestones and dolomites
Field Observ ations
Components and mineralogy of limestones
Classification of limestones and petrography
Carbonate diagenesis
Dolomitization and dedolomitization
Silicification of limestone
Carbonate depositional environments
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Unit 4: (15 lectures)
Other Types of Sedimentary Rocks:
Evaporites -
Origin of Giant Evaporite Deposits
Palaeoclimatic interpretation from evaporites
Bedded Cherts and Phosphate Rocks - Origin, mineralogy and types
Coal and petroleum
Organic deposits - Modern and ancient
Coal petrology
Oil shales
Formation of Kerogen and Petroleum
Volcaniclastic sediments - Types and field characters.
List Of Recommended Books:
1. Collinson J.D and Thompson D.B (2006) , Sedimentary Structures ( 2nd Edition),
2. Lindholm R.C. (1987), A practical approach to Sedimentology, Allen and Unwin,
London.
3. Nichols, G. (2009), Sedimentology and stratigraphy (2nd Edition), Wiley India.
4. Pettijohn F.J. (1984), Sedimentary Rocks (3rd Edition) , CBS Publishers and Distributors,
New Delhi .
5. Staw, A.V.D (2005), Sedimentary rocks in the field: A colour guide, Manson Publishing,
London.
6. Tucker, M. E (2001), Sedimentary Pe trology (3rd Edition ), Blackwell Science Ltd.
Unwin Hyman Ltd, Sydney.
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Pract ical Course
Megascopic and Microscopic Identification of Sedimentary Rocks.
Sedimentary Textures. ( Clastic)
Rudaceous (Conglomeratic/ Brecciatic), Arenaceous (Gritty/ Sandy), Argillaceous
Sedimentary Structures
1. Parallel bedding
2. Current Bedding
3. Graded Bedding
4. Ripple Marks
5. Rain Imprints
6. Concretions/Secretions
Grain size and shape analysis
Preparation of lithologs and sections
Paleocurrent analysis
Identification and description of heavy minerals
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T.Y. B.Sc. Geology Course : USGE 60 3
Title: Engineering Geology
Learning Objectives: To understand the engineering properties of rocks and their use as
construction material. Detailed study of various geological and geotechnical investigations for
various civil engineering projects. To understand t he impact of Geological activities on the
environment.
Number of lectures: 60
Unit 1: (15 lectures)
Engineering Properties of Rocks:
Specific Gravity
Porosity
Sorption
Compressive Strength
Tensile Strength
Elasticity of Rocks
Residual Stress and Shear Stress in Rocks.
Engineering properties of soil
Soil classification
Soil gradation
Compressive and shear strength
Atterberg limits
Consolidation and swelling of clays
Unit 2: (15 lectures)
Rocks as Construction Materials:
Types of Rocks used in construction: How are they obtained in nature? Use of Rocks as
facing stone. Factors influencing Engineering usefulness of Rocks.
Use of Rocks as aggregates: Use of rock as an aggregate in different types of
constructions, sources of different grades of aggregates. Properties of aggregates (Shape,
Size, Surface Texture, Roundness, Coating), Cement aggregate reaction, Thermal effects
on aggregate. Highway aggregate, Rail – road ballast, Runway aggrega te.
Source of Rock aggregate :
Types of quarries, Exploration for quarries, processing of aggregates.
Source of sand and gravel
Unit 3: (15 lectures)
Geological and Geotechnical investigations for Civil Engineering Projects:
Tunnels: Terminology, Geological conditions for tunnel sites, Tunnels in folded rocks
and bedded rocks. Influence of divisional planes, Effects of faults, Crushed zones,
Tunnels near slopes, Role of Groundwater in tunneling.
Landslides: Causes, types and preventi on of landslides. Influence of divisional planes,
effects of faults, Crushed zones.
Bridges : Classification, abutments, foundations, investigations for site selection.
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Unit 4
Geological and Geotechnical investigations for Civil Engineering Projects:
Dams and Reservoirs: Geological conditions for the selection of dam and reservoir
sites. Terminology associated with dams. Types of dams: Masonary Dams (Gravity
Buttress and Arch types), Earthen dams. Types of spillways. Locations of all the
important dams and Hydro – electric projects in India.
Dam failures -causes and case studies.
List Of Recommended Reference Books
Engineering Geology
1. Narayanswami S.B.S. (2000), Engineering Geology, Dhanpat Rai & Co, India.
2. Legget F. R and Hatheway A.W. (1988), Geology and Engineering., 3rd ed. McGraw -
Hill.
3. Gupte R.B. (1992), A Textbook of Engineering Geology.2nd ed. Pune Vidyarthi Griha
Prakashan.
4. Krynine D.P. And Judd W.R (2003), Principles of Engineering Geology and
Geotechni ques, CBS Publishers.
5. Wahlstrom E.E. (1974), Dams, Dam Foundations and Reservoir Sites. Elsevier Scientific.
6. Dunn I.S., Anderson L.R and Kiefer F.W. (1980), Fundamentals of Geotechnical
Analysis , John Wiley.
7. Maslov N.N. (1987), Basic Engineering Geology and Soil Mechanics. Mir Publishers.
8. Gokhale K.V.G.K and Rao D.M. (1981), Experiments in Engineering Geology. Tata
McGraw -Hill.
Practical Course:
Engineering Geology
Geological maps to demarcate and evaluate the suitability of sites for engineering
projects such as Tunnels, Dams and Reservoir construction.
Correlation of borehole data.
Determining uniaxial compressive strength of rocks.
Equal-area net
a) Locus of rotating line
b) Determining core -pole angle and orientation of plane in recovered core
c) Determining slope stability
d) Determining orientation of bed in rotational fault
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T.Y. B.Sc. Geology Course: USGE 60 4
Title: Photogrammetry, Aerial Photo Interpretation and Fundamentals of G eographical
Information Systems
Learning Objectives:
1.To bring about an understanding of the principles of Photogrammetry and about the various
analytical techniques used. To understand the construction and working of various instruments
used in the process of aerial photo interpretation
2.Understand the pr inciples of GIS and study its application in Earth Sciences.
Number of lectures: 60
Unit 1 (15 lectures)
Principles of Aerial Photography
Early history of aerial photography;
Aerial cameras, Film resolution .
Electronic Imaging, Aerial Videography.
Basic Geometric Characteristics of Aerial Photographs: Geometric types of Aerial Photographs,
Taking Vertical Aeri al Photographs, Geometric Elements of Vertical Photograph.
Photographic Scale.
Ground Coverage of Aerial Photographs.
Area Measurement on aerial photographs.
Unit 2 (15 lectures)
Principles of Photogrammetry:
Relief Displacement of Vertical Features in aerial photographs.
Characteristics of R elief Displacement,
Object height determination from Relief Displacement Measureme nt.
Correction for Relief Displacement.
Image Parallax: Characteristics of Image Parallax, Parallax Measurement.
Ground Control for Aerial Photography.
Mapping with Aerial Photographs: Stereoscopic Plottin g Instruments, Orthophotos,
Photogrammetric Work Stations.
Flight Planning.
Unit 3 (15 lectures)
Aerial Photo Interpretation:
Fundamentals of Visual Image Interpretation.
Basic Visual Image Interpretation Equipment - Construction and Working.
Land -use/Land cover mapping.
Geologic and Soil mapping.
Water Resource Applications.
Archaeological Applications.
Environmental Assessment
Principles of Landform Identification.
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Unit 4 (15 lectures)
Basics of Geographical Information Systems
Definitions of GIS
The components of a geographical information system.
Basic requirements for a GIS.
Data Models: Conceptual models of real world geographical phenomena.
Conceptual models of space.
Geographical Data models: Vector models o f Entities – Simple points, lines and polygons.
Raster Data Structures -The grid Cell Data Types: Boolean, Nominal, Ordinal, Integer, Real,
Topological. Data Input: Sources of Geographical Data, Geographica l data Collectors and
providers .
Geo-referencing.
Reference Books:
1. Lillisand Thoma s M., Ralph W. Kiefer and Jonathan W. Chapman, (2004), Remote
Sensing and Image Interpretation , 5th ed., Wiley.
2. Jensen John R., (2007), Remote Sensing of the Environment – An Earth Resource
perspective , 2nd ed. Pearson Education Series.
3. Linder Wilfried (20 03), Digital Photogrammetry - Theory and Applications , Springer.
4. Ramasamy S.M. (2005), Remote Sensing in Geomorphology, New India Publishing
Agency.
5. Misra R.P. and Ramesh A. (1999), Fundamentals of Cartography , 2nd ed., Concept
Publishing Company. New Delhi.
6. Longley Paul A, Michael F. Goodchild, David J. Maguire and David W. Rhind (2005),
Geographic Information Systems and Science , 2nd ed., Wiley
7. Nag P. and Sengupta Smita (2008), Introduction to Geographical Information System.,
Concept Publishing Compa ny, New Delhi.
8. Burrough Peter A. and R achael A. McDonnell (1998), Principles of Geographical
Information Systems , Oxford University Press.
9. Chang K. (2002), Introduction to Geographical Information Systems , Tata McGraw -Hill
Edition.
10. Mora in Stan and Shirley Lopez Baros (ed.) (1996), Raster Imagery in Geographical
Information Systems., Onward Press.
11. Davis Bruce E (1996), GIS – A Visual Approach., Onward Press .
Practical Course:
Test and Exercise for Stereoscopic vision
Determination of Photo Scale and numerical problems on photo scale.
Orientation of Stereographic pair of aerial photographs under a mirror stereoscope and
point transfer. Plotting of principal point, flight line and match line .
Construction of stereogram
Handling of a parallax bar and hei ght calculation
Numerical problems on height calculation using measured relief displacement on a single
aerial photograph.
Flight Planning: Calculations necessary to develop a flight plan and draw a flight map.
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Interpretation of aerial photographs: various landforms, erosion types , horizontally
bedded sandstones, shale and limestone . Intrusive igneous rocks, extrusive (lava flows).
Aeolian Landforms: transverse sand dunes, longitudinal sand dunes, loess. Glacial
landforms: end moraine, basal moraine, drumlins, eskers. Fluvial Landforms: alluvial
fans, deltas. Coastal landforms: b each ridges, beach cusps, dunes, surface expressions of
anthropogenic activities.
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