TYBSc Drugs and Dyes Syllabus Mumbai University by munotes
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T Y B Sc Chemistry
Choice Based Credit System
SEMESTER V
Applied Component
(Drugs and Dyes)
COURSE CODE: USACDD501 CREDITS: 02 LECTURES: 60
Unit Topics
I 1.1 General Introduction to Drugs (8L)
1.1.1 Definition of a drug, sources of drugs, requirements of an ideal drug,
classification of drugs (based on therapeutic action),
1.1.2 Nomenclature of drugs: Generic name, Brand name, Sy stematic name
1.1.3 Definition of the following medicinal terms: Pharmacon,
Pharmacology, Pharmacophore, Prodrug, Half – life efficiency, LD 50,
ED 50,GI50 Therapeutic Index.
1.1.4 Brief idea of the following terms: Receptors, Agonists, Antagonists,
Drug -receptor interaction, Drug Potency, Bioavailability, Drug
toxicity, Drug addiction, Spurious Drugs, Misbranded Drugs,
Adulterated Drugs, Pharmacopoeia.
1.2 Routes of Drug Administration and Dosage Forms (3L)
1.2.1 Oral and Parenteral routes with advantages and disadvantages.
1.2.2 Formulations & combination formulation, Different dosage forms
(including Patches & Adhesives, emphasis on sustained release
formulation s and enteric coated tablets).
1.3 Pharmacodynamic agents: A brief introduction of the following
pharmacodynamic agents and the study with respect to their chemical
structure, chemical class, therapeutic uses, and side effects.
1.3.1 CNS Drugs:
Classification based on pharmacological actions: CNS Depressants &
CNS Stimulants. Concept of sedation and hypnosis, anaesthesia.
Phenytoin (Hydantoin)
Trimethadione (Oxazolidinediones) ( Synthesis from acetone)
Alprazolam (Benzodiazepines)
Levetiracetam (Pyrrolidines)
Amphetamine (Phenethylamine) ( Asymmetric synthesis from
phenyl acetic acid)
Chlorpromazine (Phenothiaz ines)
(4L)
UNIT -II (Drugs)
2 2.1 Analgesics, Antipyretics and Anti -inflammatory Drugs. (4L)
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2.1.1 Analgesics and Antipyretics
Morphine (Phenanthrene alkaloids)
Tramadol (Cyclohexanols) ( Synthesis from salicylic acid)
Aspirin (Salicylates)
Paracetamol (p -Amino phenols)
2.1.2 Anti -inflammatory Drugs
Mechanism of inflammation and various inflammatory conditions.
Steroids: Prednisolone, Betamethasone
Sodium Diclofenac, Aceclofenac (N - Aryl anthranilic
acids) (Synthesis from 2,6-dichlorodiphenyl amine)
2.2 Antihistaminic Drugs (2L)
Diphenhydramine (Ethanol amines)
Cetrizene (Piperazine) ( Synthesis from 4 -
Chlorobenzhydryl chloride)
Chlorpheniramine maleate (Ethyl amines)
Pantoprazole (Benzimidazoles)
2.3 Cardiovascular drugs (3L)
Classification based on pharmacological action
Isosorbide dinitrate (Nitrates)
Valsartan (Amino acids) (structure not expected)
Atenolol (Aryloxy propanol amines)
(Synthesis from 3 -Hydroxy phenyl acetamide)
Amlodipine (Pyridines)
Frusemide /Furosemide (Sulfamoyl benzoic acid)
Rosuvastatin (Pyrimidine)
2.4 Antidiabetic Agents (2L)
General idea and types of diabetes; Insulin therapy
Glibenclamide (Sulphonyl ureas)
Metformin (Biguanides)
Dapagliflozin (Pyranose)
Pioglitazone (Thiazolidinediones) ( Synthesis from 2 -(5-
ethylpyridin -2-yl) ethanol)
2.5 Antiparkinsonism Drugs (2L)
Idea of Parkinson’s disease.
Procyclidine hydrochloride (Pyrrolidines)
Ethopropazine hydrochloride (Phenothiiazines )
Levodopa (Amino acids) ( Synthesis from Vanillin)
2.6 Drugs for Respiratory System
General idea of: Expectorants; Mucolytes; Bronchodilators;
Decongestants; Antitussives
Ambroxol (Cyclohexanol) ( Synthesis from paracetamol)
Salbutamol (Phenyl ethyl amines)
Oxymetazoline (Imidazolines) (2L)
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Codeine Phosphate (Opiates)
Reference Books: (For units I & II )
1. Foye's principles of medicinal chemistry. 6th Edition, Edited by Davis William & Thomas
Lemke, Indian edition by B I Publication Pvt Ltd, Lippmcolt Williams & Wilkins.
2. Text book of organic medicinal & pharmaceutical chemistry. Wilson &Gisovolds, 11th Edition
by John H Block, John M Beale Jr.
3. Medicinal chemistry. Ashutosh Kar, New Age International Pvt. Ltd Publisher. 4th edition.
4. Burger’s Me dicinal Chemistry, Drug Discovery and Development. Abraham and Rotella.
Wiley
5. Medicinal chemistry. Ashutosh Kar, New Age International Pvt. Ltd Publisher. 4th edition.
6. Medicinal chemistry. V.K. Ahluwalia and Madhu Chopra, CRC Press.
7. Principle of medicinal chemistry. Vol 1 &2 S. S. Kadam, K. R. Mahadik, K. G. Bothara
8. The Art of Drug synthesis. Johnson and Li. Wiley, 2007.
9. The organic chemistry of drug design & drug action. 2nd ed. By Richard B Silvermann, Academic
Press.
10. The Organic C hemistry of Drug Synthesis. Lednicer and Mitsher, Wliey.
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Unit III (Dyes )
3 3.1 Introduction to the dye -stuff Industry (5L)
3.1.1 Dyes
Definition of dyes, requirements of a good dye i.e. Colour,
Chromophore and Auxochrome, Solubility, Linearity,
Coplanarity, Fastness, Substantivity, Economic viability.
Definition of fastness and its properties and Mordants with examples
Explanation of nomenclature or abbreviations of commercial
dyes with at least one example suffixes – G, O, R, B, K, L, C, S H, 6B,
GK, 6GK,
Naming of dyes by colour index (two examples) used in dye industries.
3.1.2 Natural and Synthetic Dyes
Natural Dyes: Definition and limitations of natural dyes.
Examples and uses of natural dyes w.r.t Heena, Turmeric, Saffron,
Indigo, Madder, Chlorophyll –names of the chief dyeing material/s in
each natural dye [structures not expected] ,
Synthetic dyes: Definition of synthetic dyes, primaries and
intermedi ates. Important milestones in the development of synthetic dyes
– Emphasis on Name of the Scientist, dyes and the year of the discovery
is required. (structure is not expected)
3.2 Substrates for Dyes : Types of fibres (3L)
3.2.1 Natural: cellulosic and proteinaceous fibres, examples – wool, silk and
cotton structures and names of dyes applied on each of them.
3.2.2 Semi – synthetic: definition and examples [structures not expected]
3.2.3 Synthetic: Nylon, Polyesters and Polyamides structures and names of
dyes applied on each of them
3.2.4 Blended fabrics: definition and examples [structures not expected]
3.2.5 Binding forces of dyes on substrate: ionic forces, covalent linkages,
hydrogen bonding, vander -walls forces
3.3 Classification of dyes based on applications and dyeing methods (7L)
3.3.1 Dyeing methods
Basic Operations involved in dyeing process:
i. Preparation of fibres ii. Preparation of dyebath
iii. Application of dyes iv. Finishing
Dyeing Method of Cotton Fibres:
(i) Direct dyeing (ii) Vat dyeing
(iii) Mordant dyeing (iv) Disperse dyeing
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3.3.2 Classification of dyes based on applicability on substrates (examples with
structures)
(a) Acid Dyes - Orange II,
(b) Basic Dyes -methyl violet,
(c) Direct cotton Dyes - Benzofast Yellow 5GL
(d) Azoic Dyes – Diazo components; Fast yellow G, Fast orange R.
Coupling components. Naphthol AS, Naphthol ASG
(e) Mordant Dyes -Eriochrome Black A, Alizarin.
(f) Vat Dyes - Indanthrene brown RRD,
(g) Sulphur Dyes - Sulphur Black T (no structure)
(h) Disperse Dyes -Celliton Fast brown 3R,
(i) Reactive Dyes - Cibacron Brilliant Red B,
3.3.3 Optical Brighteners: General idea, important characteristics of optical
brighteners and their classes [Stilbene, Coumarin, Heterocyclic vinylene
derivatives, Diaryl pyrazolines, Naphthylamide derivatives] general
structure of each class.
Unit – IV (Dyes)
4 4.1 Colour and Chemical Constitution of Dyes (4L)
4.1.1 Absorption of visible light, Colour of wavelength absorbed, Complementary
colour.
4.1.2 Relation between colour and chemical constitution.
(i) Armstrong theory (quinonoid theory) and its limitations.
(ii) Witt’s Theory: Chromophore, Auxochrome, Bathochromic &
Hypsochromic Shift, Hypochromic & Hyperchromic effect
(iii) Valence Bond theory, comparative study and relation of colour
in the following classes of compounds/dyes: Benzene,
Nitrobenzene, Nitroanilines, Nit rophenols, Benzoquinones, Azo,
Triphenyl methane, Anthraquinones.
(iv) Molecular Orbital Theory.
4.2 Unit process and Dye Intermediates
4.2.1 A brief idea of Unit Processes (3L)
Introduction to primaries and intermediates
Unit processes: definition and brief ideas of below unit processes:
(a) Nitration (b) Sulphonation (c) Halogenation
(d) Diazotization: (3 different methods & its importance )
(e) Ammonolysis (f) Oxidation
NB: Definition, Reagents , Examples of each unit processes mentioned
above with reaction conditions (mechanism is not expected)
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4.2.2 Preparation of the Following Intermediates (8L)
Benzene derivatives : Benzenesulphonic acid; 1,3 -Benzenedisulphonic
acid; sulphanilic acid; o -, m-, p-chloronitrobenzenes;
o-, m-, p-nitroanilines; o -, m-, p-phenylene diamines; Naphthol ASG
Naphthalene Derivative : Schaeffer acid; Tobias acid; Naphthionic acid;
N.W. acid; clev e-6-acid; H -acid; Naphthol AS
Anthracene Derivative : 1-Nitroanthraquinone; 1 -Aminoanthraquinone
Anthraquinone -2-sulphonic acid; Benzanthrone.
References (For Units III & IV ):
1. Chemis try of Synthetic Dyes, Vol I – VIII, Venkatraman K., Academic Press 1972
2. The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes and Pigments, Lubs H.A., Robert E Krieger Publishing
Company, NY ,1995
3. Chemistry of Dyes and Principles of Dyeing, Shenai V.A., Sevak Publications, 1973
I] Practicals
SEMESTER V
(Drugs and Dyes)
COURSE CODE: USACDD5P1 CREDITS: 02
1. Estimation of Ibuprofen (back titration method)
2. Estimation of Acid neutralizing capacity of a drug
3. Preparation of Aspirin from salicylic acid.
4. Separation of components of natural pigments by paper chromatography (eg: chlorophyll)
II] Project:
Preparation of Orange II dye (semi -microscale1.0 gms) and its use for dyeing different
fabrics
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SEMESTER VI
(Drugs and Dyes)
COURSE CODE: USACDD601 CREDITS: 02 LECTURES: 60
UNIT – I (Drugs)
1 1.1 Drug Discovery, Design and Development (6L)
1.1.1 Discovery of a Lead compound: Screening, drug metabolism studies and
clinical observation , Lipinski’s rule of 5
1.1.2 Medicinal properties of compounds from Natural Sources: Anti -
infective and anticancer properties of Turmeric (Curcumin)
1.1.3 Development of drug: The Pharmacophore identification, modification
of structure or functional group, Structure activity relationship
(Sulphonamides).
1.1.4 Structure modification to increase potency: Homologation, Chain
branching and Extension of the structure.
1.1.5 Computer assisted drug design.
1.2 Drug Metabolism: Introduction, Absorption, Distribution, Bio -
transformation, Excretion Different types of chemical transformation of
drugs with specific examples. (3L)
1.3 Chemotherapeutic Agents: Study of the following chemotherapeutic
agents with respect to their chemical structure, chemical class,
therapeutic uses, side effects and introduction to MDR wherever
applicable.
1.3.1 Antibiotics and antivirals: Definition,
Amoxicillin ( - lactum antibiotics)
Cefpodoxime (Cephalosporins)
Doxycycline (Tetracyclines)
Levofloxacin (Quinolones) ( Synthesis from 2,3,4 – Trifluro -1-
nitrobenzene)
Aciclovir/Acyclovir (Purines) (2L)
5.3.2 Antimalarials: Types of malaria; Symptoms; Pathological detection
during window period (Life cycle of the parasites not to be discussed)
Chloroquine (3 -Amino quinolones)
Artemether(Benzodioxepins)
Following combination to be discussed: Atremether -Lumefantrine (no
structure) (2L)
1.3.3 Anthelmintics and AntiFungal agents
Drugs effective in the treatment of Nematodes and Cestodes
infestations. (2L)
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Diethyl carbamazine (Piperazines)
Albendazole (Benzimidazoles) ( Synthesis from 2 - Nitroaniline)
Clotrimazole (Imidazole)
Fluconazole (Triazole) ( Synthesis from 1 - Bromo – 2,4-
difluorobenzene)
UNIT – II(Drugs)
Chemotherapeutic Agents continued.
2 2.1 Antiamoebic Drugs
Types of Amoebiasis
Metronidazole, Ornidazole, Tinidazole (Imidazole)
Synthesis of Metronidazole from glyoxal by Debus -
Radziszewski imidazole synthesis route
Following combination therapy to be discussed: Ciprofloxacin -
Tinidazole (1L)
2.2 Antitubercular and Antileprotic Drugs
Types of Tuberculosis; Symptoms and diagnosis of Tuberculosis.
Types of Leprosy.
General idea of Antibiotics used in their treatment.
PAS (Amino salicylates)
Isoniazide (Hydrazides)
Pyrazinamide (Pyrazines)
(+) Ethambutol (Aliphatic diamines)
(Synthesis from 1 - Nitropropane)
Dapsone(Sulphonamides)
(Synthesis from 4 - Chloronitrobenzene)
Clofazimine (Phenazines)
Bedaquiline (Quinoline)
Following combination therapy to be discussed:
(i) Rifampin + Ethambutol + Pyrazinamide
(ii) Rifampin + Isoniazide + Py razinamide (3L)
2.3 Anti -Neoplastic Drugs
Idea of malignancy; Causes of cancer
Brief idea of Immuno Stimulants &Immuno depressants
Lomoustine (Nitrosoureas)
Anastrozole(Triazoles) ( Synthesis from 3,5 -bis (bromo
methyl) toluene)
Cisplatin (Chloro Platinum)
Vincristine, Vinblastine, Vindesine) (Vinca alkaloids) (structure
not expected) (2L)
2.4 Anti -HIV Drugs
Idea of HIV pathogenicity, Symptoms of AIDS
AZT/Zidovudine, Lamivudine, DDI (Purines) (1L)
2.5 Drug Intermediates: Synthesis and uses
1. 2,3,6 -Triamino -6- hydroxypyrimidine from Guanidine
2. p-[2’-(5-Chloro -2-methoxy benzamido) ethyl] -
benzenesulphonamide from Methyl -5-chloro -2- methoxybenzene
3. 3-(p-Chlorophenyl) -3- hydroxypiperidine from 3 -
Chloroacetophenone (2L)
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4. p-Acetyl amino benzenesulphonyl chloride from Aniline
5. Epichlorohydrine from propene
2.6 Nano particles in Medicinal Chemistry
Introduction; Carbon nano particles (structures) and Carbon nano tubes:
Functionalization for Pharmaceutical applications
Targeted drug delivery
In vaccine (Foot and mouth disease)
Use in Bio -physical treatment.
Gold nano particles in treatment of: Cancer; Parkinsonism;
Alzheimer.
Silver nano particles: Antimicrobial activity. (4L)
2.7 Drugs and Environmental Aspects
Impact of Pharma -industry on environment,
International regulation for human experimentation with
reference to: “The Nuremberg Code” and “The Helsinki
Declaration”. (2L)
Reference Books (For Units I & I I):
1. Foye's principles of medicinal chemistry. 6th Edition, Edited by Davis William & Thomas
Lemke, Indian edition by B I Publication Pvt Ltd, Lippmcolt Williams & Wilkins.
2. Text book of organic medicinal & pharmaceutical chemistry. Wilson &Gisovolds, 11th Edition
by John H Block, John M Beale Jr.
3. Medicinal chemistry. Ashutosh Kar, New Age International Pvt. Ltd Publisher. 4th edition.
4. Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Discovery & Development. Abraham & Rotella.
Wiley
5. Medicinal chemistry. Ashutosh Kar, New Age Intern ational Pvt. Ltd Publisher. 4th edition.
6. Medicinal chemistry. V.K. Ahluwalia and Madhu Chopra, CRC Press.
7. Principle of medicinal chemistry. Vol 1 & 2 S. S. Kadam, K. R. Mahadik, K. G. Bothara
8. The Art of Drug synthesis. Johnson and Li. Wiley, 2007.
9. The orga nic chemistry of drug design & drug action. 2nd ed. By Richard B Silvermann, Academic
Press.
10. The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis. Lednicer and Mitsher, Wliey.
11. Text book of drug design and discovery. Povl -Krog -Sgaard -Larsen, Tommy Liljefors and ULF
Mads en, 3rd Edition Taylor & Francis.
12. Bio-applications of nanoparticles. Edited by Warren C.W. Chan, Springer Publication.
13. Nanoparticle and technology for drug delivery (Drugs and pharmaceutical sciences). Ram
B.Gupta& Uday B.Kompella Pub. Informa Healthcare.
14. Nano forms of carbon and its applications. Edited by Maheshwar Sharon and Madhuri
Sharon.MonadNanotechPvt. Ltd.
15. Environmental Chemistry. A. K. De
16. Text Book on Law and Medicine. Chokhani and Ghormade. 2nd Edition. Hind Law House,Pune.
17. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology. K D Tripathi, Jaypee Brothers Medical publishers Pvt. ltd.
Practical organic chemistry, Vogel.
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SEMESTER VI
Unit – III (Dyes)
3 3.1 Classification of Dyes based on Chemical Constitution and
Synthesis of Selected Dyes (Synthesis of the dyes marked with * is
expected) (12L)
i)Nitro Dye : Naphthol Yellow S
ii) Nitroso Dye : Gambine Y
iii)Azo dyes:
a) Monoazo dyes: Orange IV *(from sulphanilic acid) & Eriochrome
Black T* (from β - naphthol)
b) Bisazo dyes: Congo Red* (from nitrobenzene)
c) Trisazo Dye: Direct Deep Black EW* (from benzidine)
iv)Diphenylmethane dye : Auramine O* (from N,N -dimethyl aniline)
v)Triphenylmethane dye :
a) Diamine series: Malachite Green* (from benzaldehyde)
b) Triamine series: Acid Magenta
c) Phenol series: Rosolic acid
vi)Heterocyclic Dyes :
a) Thiazine dyes: Methylene Blue
b) Azine dyes: Safranin T* (from o -toluidine)
c) Xanthene Dyes: Eosin* (from phthalic anhydride)
d) Oxazine Dyes: Capri Blue
e) Acridine Dyes: Acriflavine
vii)Quinone Dyes :
a) Naphthaquinone: Naphthazarin
b) Anthraquinone Dyes: Indanthrene Blue* (from anthraquinone)
viii) Indigoid Dyes : Indigo* (from aniline + monochloroacetic acid)
ix) Phthalocyanine Dyes : Monastral Fast Blue B
3.2 Health and Environmental Hazards of Synthetic Dyes and their
Remediation Processes (3L)
3.2.1 Impact of the textile and leather dye Industry on the environment
with special emphasis on water pollution
3.2.2 Health Hazards: Toxicity of dyes w.r.t food colours.
3.2.3 Effluent Treatment Strategies :
Brief introduction to effluent treatment plants (ETP)
Primary Remediation processes: (Physical Processes) Sedimentation,
Aeration, Sorption (activated charcoal, fly ashetc.)
Secondary Remediation processes: Biological Remediation –
Biosorption, bioremediation and biodegradation
Chemical Remediation: Oxidation Processes (chlorination) ,
Coagulation -flocculation -Precipitation
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Unit – IV (Dyes)
4 4.1 Non-textile uses of dyes: (8L)
4.1.1 Biomedical uses of dyes
i) Dyes used in formulations (Tablets, capsules, syrups etc)
Indigo carmine, Sunset yellow, Tartrazine
ii) Biological staining agents
Methylene blue, Crystal violet and Safranine T
iii) DNA markers
Bromophenol blue, Orange G, Cresol red
iv) Dyes as therapeutics
Mercurochrome, Acriflavine, Crystal Violet, Prontosil
4.1.2 Dyes used in food and cosmetics:
i) Properties of dyes used in food and cosmetics
ii) Introduction to FDA and FSSAI
iii) Commonly used food colours and their limits
4.1.3 Paper and leather dyes
i) Structural features of paper and leather
ii) Dyes applicable to paper and leather
4.1.4 Miscellaneous dyes
i) Hair dyes
ii) Laser dyes
iii) Indicators
iv) Security inks
iv) Coloured smokes and camouflage colours
4.2 Pigments (3L)
Definition of pigments, examples, properties of pigments, difference
between dyes and pigments.
Definition of Lakes and Toners
4.3 Dyestuff Industry - Indian Perspective (4L)
4.3.1 Growth and development of the Indian Dyestuff Industry
4.3.2 Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Challenges of the
Dyestuff industry in India
4.3.3 Make in India - Future Prospects of the Dye Industry
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References (For Units III & IV )
1. Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes, Vol I – IV, Venkatraman K., Academic Press 1972
2. The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes and Pigments, Lubs H.A., Robert E Krieger Publishing
Company, NY ,1995
3. Chemistry of Dyes and Principles of Dyeing, Shenai V.A., Sevak Publications, 1973
4. Environmental Studies, Joseph Benny, Tata McGraw Hill Education, 2005
5. Fundamental Concepts of Environmental Chemistry, Sodhi. G. S.,
Alpha Science International, 2009
6. Planning Commission, Niti Aayog, FSSAI and FDA websites
7. Green Chemistry for Dyes Removal from Waste Water - Research Trends and Applications,
Ed. Sharma S.K., Wiley, 2015
8. Environmental Pollution - Monitoring and Control, Khopkar S.M., New Age International (P)
Ltd, New Delhi, 1982
Practicals
SEMESTER V
(Drugs and Dyes)
COURSE CODE: USACDD6P1 CREDITS: 02
1. O-Methylation of β -naphthol.
2. Preparation of Paracetamol form p -aminophenol.
3. Preparation of Fluorescein
4. TLC of a mixture of dyes (safranine -T, Indigo carmine, methylene blue)
II] Preparation of monograph of any one drug from syllabus by I.P. method.
OR
Industrial visit Report.
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