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1 1
INTRODUCTION TO TOURISM
GEOGRAPHY
After going through this chapter you will be able to understand the
following features:
Unit Structure :
1.1 Objectives
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Subject discussion
1.4 Definition of Tourism Geography
1.5 Nature and Scope G eography and Tourism
1.6 Trend of tourism Development in world
1.7 Factors of Tourism Development - Geographical components
1.8 Factors of Tourism Development - Socio -cultural and political
1.9 Summary
1.10 Check your Progress/Exercise
1.11 Answers to the self learning questions
1.12 Technical words and their meaning
1.13 Task
1.14 References for further study
1.1 OBJECTIVES
By the end of this unit you will be able to –
Understand Definition of Tourism Geography
Learn Nature and Scope Geography and To urism
Know about Development of Tourism Study
Understand Role of Tourism in National Econom y munotes.in
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2 1.2 INTRODUCTION
In the first unit we have learnt the definition of Environmental Geography
along with its Nature and Scope. We have discussed Ecosystem also. In
the previous chapters we have studied the concept of resources,
classification of resources and Environmental problems associated with
forest, water and minerals. Bio -diversity, its concept and types along with
hotspots of bio -diversity and biodiversity i n India with emphasis on
Western Ghat have also been studied. We studied air, water, land and
noise pollution in details. In the fourth unit we studied the concept and
need of sustainable development along with various environmental issues.
In the last uni t we studied environmental issues and movements primarily.
Development projects and displacement of people and environmental
movements in India with special reference to Maharashtra have also been
learnt in the last unit. Now in the present unit we are goi ng to study the
definition of Tourism Geography at first. After that Nature and Scope of
Geography of Tourism will be learnt. In the latter part of this unit
development of Tourism and the role of Tourism in National Economy
will be discussed.
1.3 SUBJECT -DISCUSSION
Although the economic importance of tourism varies from place to place it
hasmade significant contributions to many countries wealth.
The perception of tourism as a new human activity slowly evolved. The
first attempts to define it emerged in t he transition period from the 19th to
the 20th century. Earlier tourists were “the English travellers who
journeyed to France, Italy or Switzerland”. Their purposes of travelling
included mere curiosity and relaxation. But with the expansion of
travelling visit to other nations came into being. Also the purposes of
travelling changed as journeys no longer remained merely wanderings but
acquired a sedentary nature. Moreover the changed motives for travelling
like rest, health and amusement increased the numb er of travellers. With
time tourism also emerged as an economic activity. Tourism may be
defined as “the activity of persons travelling”.
1.4 DEFINITION OF TOURISM GEOGRAPHY
Geography of Tourism is that branch of science which deals with the study
of trav el and its impact on places. In other words it is the study of travel
and tourism as an industry as well as a social and cultural activity.
Tourism geography has a wide range of interests covering the
environmental impact of tourism, the geographies of tou rism and leisure
economies. Moreover the sociology of tourism and locations of tourism
also fall within the framework of Geography of Tourism. Therefore
Tourism Geography is a subject that studies the relations between places,
landscapes and people, descri bing travel and tourism as an economic,
social and cultural activity. munotes.in
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Introduction to Tourism Geography
3 1.5 NATURE AND SCOPE GEOGRAPHY AND
TOURISM
Tourism is a phenomenon that demands attention. It is regarded as the
world’s largest industry as it prompts regular mass migrations of people.
Tourism also brings` about exploitation of resources, processes of
development and inevitable repercussions on places, economies, societies
and environments. Tourism Geography on the other hand reveals how
geographic perspectives can inform and illuminate the study of tourism.
So, Geography of Tourism is the study of travel and tourism as an
industry, as a human activity, and especially as a place phenomenon. From
a geographical point of view, tourism consists of different parameters such
as the places of tourist origin, tourist destinations, and the relationship
between origin and destination places, which includes transportation
routes, business relationships, and traveller motivations. Geography forms
a necessary base to the study of tourism because tour ism is geographical in
nature. Tourism occurring in many places involves movement and
activities between those places. The essential background of tourism is
provided by Physical geography because against this branch of geography
dealing with natural featu res, tourism places are created. Furthermore
environmental impacts and concerns are considered as major issues in
managing the development of tourism places. Human geography imparts
an understanding of the social and economic relationships. This helps
recreation opportunities and activities in tourism. Different place has
different meaning to the individuals and human geography acts as aid to
the special meaning that these places have. Denoting a place that people
will make a special trip to visit is often a key element behind tourism
development. This is because without the uniqueness and diversity of
places, tourism would lack excitement. It would rather become dull and
uninteresting. Geography, as an intrinsically eclectic subject with a
tradition in the synthesis of alternative perspectives, is better placed than
many to make sense of the patterns and practices of tourists. Geographical
approaches can aid wider understanding of tourism, including the spatial
distribution of tourism, analysis of impact, t ourism planning and spatial
modelling. The scope of tourism geography is also vast. Tourism is a
main economic activity of man, hence geography and geographers have
contributed much more in tourism research and have developed ideas
about tourist generatin g and tourist receiving areas by linking them.
Geography of tourism has three basic components. They are as follows:
a. Generating Area: The tourists who come from different countries are
known as generating area.
b. Local Areas: The destination area means touri st receiving countries or
regions or local areas.
c. The routes travelled between the respective locations.
A. K. Bhatia in his book, Tourism Development -Principles and
Practices, 1986 has opined that the three basic components of tourism munotes.in
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4 areTransport, Location and Accommodation.Nowadayspeople can get joy,
relief, entertainment, recreation from tourism activity. These activities in
turnhelp the tourists to become fresh, energetic from their busy and
hecticschedule. Thereforeon the basis of its nature of place and
geographical relation tourism can be classified into two categories like
Internal or Domestic tourism and International Tourism.
1.6 TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM
WORLD
Tourism is a relatively new area of business for many countries. It has
etched a significant area in the fields of applied human geography and
other social scientific fields. It has been the direct subject of geographical
analysis since the 1920s. During that period with the change of
methodologies and philosophies the subject matter a lso changed. In
American and German economic geography in the 1920s and 1930s
research regarding tourism was basically undertaken in the post -war
period on the economic impact of tourism.By1947 research on issues such
as seasonality and travel motivations was undertaken. The geography of
recreation and tourism played a significant role in this discipline in the
United States in the 1950s. Britain showed a different scenario when
sufficient research was done pre and post Second World War on the
development o f British seaside resorts. This research on tourism and
recreation in the United Kingdom continued till the 1960s. During the
1960s researches were done on geography of tourism and recreation in
Anglo -American geography also. French geography has a strong tradition
of research on tourism and recreation also. The reason behind this may be
the long recognition of tourism as a factor in the economic development of
French alpine regions and its impact on the cultural and physical
landscape. There was a rapid p hase of development since 1980 in the
study of geography of tourism. This phase is still continuing. There are
several reasons behind this. Recognition of the economic importance of
tourism by government and industry and increased use of tourism as a
mecha nism for regional development are the most important reasons
behind this development. Due to this recognition funding for university
courses in tourism increased. Monies for tourism research though in lesser
extent were also made available. Study of geogra phy of tourism developed
further because government, industry and the public identified that tourism
development may have substantial positive and negative impacts which
require effective management and planning.
1.6.1 Tourism development in India
Tourism development in India has many phases. The first organized
efforts to promote tourism in India were made in 1945. At this time a
committee was set up by the Government under the Chairmanship of Sir
John Sergeant, the then Educational Adviser to the Governme nt of India.
At Government level the development of tourist facilities was taken up in
a planned manner in 1956 coinciding with the Second Five Year Plan. The
approach has evolved from isolated planning of single unit facilities in the
Second and Third Fi ve Year Plans. The Sixth Plan marked the beginning munotes.in
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5 of a new era when tourism began to be considered a major instrument for
social integration and economic development. After the 80’s tourism
activity gained impetus as the Government took various noteworthy steps.
A National Policy on tourism was announced in 1982. Later in 1988, the
National Committee on Tourism formulated a comprehensive plan to
achieve a sustainable growth in tourism. In 1992, a National Action Plan
was prepared and in 1996 the National S trategy for Promotion of Tourism
was drafted. In 1997, the New Tourism Policy recognises the roles of
Central and State governments, public sector undertakings and the private
sector in the development of tourism were. The need for involvement of
Panchayat i Raj institutions, local bodies, non -governmental organisations
and the local youth in the creation of tourism facilities has also been
recognised. When the India Tourism Development Corporation was set up
in 1966 a major development in this field took pl ace. This was set up to
promote India as a tourist destination. The Tourism Finance Corporation
in 1989 was set up to finance tourism projects. 21 Government -run Hotel
Management and Catering Technology Institutes and 14 Food Craft
Institutes in total wer e established to impart specialised training in hotel
management and catering.
1.7. FACTORS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT –
GEOGRAPHICAL COMPONENTS
Following are some of the main factors influencing the growth of tourism.
Two main physical factors that have l ed to the growth of tourism are
stated under:
a. Good climate :
Climate is either the main tourism resource or it acts as a facilitator that
makes tourism activities possible and enjoyable. So, good climate is an
important factor in tourists’ decision mak ing. It also influences the
successful operation of tourism businesses. But tourist’s expectation of
certain climatic conditions when they travel to a place may differ from that
of their experience of the actual weather. Hence, in the first place tourists
and tourism businesses are likely to be affected by weather conditions. But
efficient travellers and tourism agencies in the long term will follow
systematic changes according to different climate change scenarios.
Pleasant, warm climate with ample sunshin e attracts tourists from the
temperate and colder regions. This is the reason why most of the sea -side
resorts in U.S.A and U.K are located on a warmer southeast. People from
summer areas on the other hand prefer to visit cooler regions to enjoy cold
envir onment. For instance, in India locations like Lonavala,
Mahabaleshwar near Mumbai, Kullu and Manali in Himachal Pradesh,
Shillong in Meghalaya and the state of Kashmir etc. are well -known for
their cool and pleasant climate. Some European countries with co oler
climate that attract tropical tourists are Switzerland, Sweden, etc.
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6 b. Beautiful scenery :
There are many beautiful tourist places around the world which attracts
the tourists for their natural beauty. Some places are rugged and barren
while others are blessed with lush greenery and amazing forests. Most
tourists visit these places to see the natural wonders in pristine condition.
Thus tourism booms at those spots with beautiful sceneries. For example,
sunrise and sunset points, long sea beaches, fr esh water lakes, waterfalls,
etc., often attract large numbers of tourists.
1.7.1 Economic factors :
One of the major factors that have indirect influence on tourism within a
region or around the globe is the economic factor. Tourism plays a major
role in most economies in the world. Even though this role varies from
country to country, economic factors influence the performance of the
tourism industry. A slight fluctuation in the economy can make people
spent less or more in the tourism industry. Tourism and hospitality will
perform poor when the global economy is declining.
There are many hidden costs attached to tourism. These have unfavourable
effects on the host country. Research on tourism reveals that benefits from
tourism in richer countries are hig her as compared to those that are less
developed. While this is the case, most poor nations are usually in need of
income and creation of new jobs for their local people and hardly realize
these benefits from the tourism industry. This is because most of t he
tourism revenues are always transferred to foreign countries, leaving host
nations in poor economic states. Moreover, tourism leads to exclusion of
domestic products and businesses. As a result some people or leaders are
not eager to embrace tourism act ivities that have negative effects on the
performance of their local commodities.
Tourism industry includes employment in the following sectors:
i. Hotel and other tourist accommodation,
ii. Restaurants and cafes etc.
iii. Bars, public houses and night -clubs
iv. Travel ag encies and tour operators
v. Libraries, museums and other cultural activates
vi. Sports and other recreation activity.
Tourist can buy their product in through internet, telephone, email, fax etc.
Tourism industries have their own website and they provide full pa ckage
or individual product for travellers.
Countries support tourism initiatives to get revenues for their economies
that are earned after eliminating taxes, wages and profits. In most
countries around the world, about 80% of travellers’ expenditures are
directed to airlines, international companies and hotels. When this munotes.in
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Introduction to Tourism Geography
7 happens, the local workers and companies hardly feel the fruits of tourism.
This is called leakages.
Sometimes local businesses are reluctant to support tourism since the
industry affects their businesses. As present day tourists go for all -
inclusive packages local business is hampered and they lose the chance to
make money from visiting guests. For example, when tourists choose to
operate from a resort or cruise ship, they deprive the loc als the market for
their products. Research shows that all -inclusive accommodation hotels
make a lot of money even though they usually have a limited economic
impact to the host country.
The infrastructure of a country may affect the performance of the tou rism
industry in different ways. A country requires good transport and
communication networks so that tourism thrives in that economy. If a
country proceeds into the tourism industry with poor infrastructure it
would experience huge expenses in order to at tain standards. Easy
international connectivity through airports will facilitate entry and exist of
tourists from different parts of the world. No tourist would enjoy visiting a
country that lacks connection to leading international cities. This is
applica ble to the local transport system also as good state of the same
would attract tourists from all over the world.
Tourism offers seasonal opportunities also. The tourists come to any state
for its beauty and nature in different seasons. For example, people prefer
travelling during the winter season to warm destinations and vice versa.
This situation leads to economic challenges for countries, which largely
depend on this sector. The workers in this sector have a tendency of job
insecurity, as they can be re ndered jobless once the peak season is over.
So many entrepreneurs and governments do not invest heavily in the
industry because of its unreliability.
1.8 FACTORS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT – SOCIO -
CULTURAL AND POLITICAL
Four important socio -economic factors that influence the
development of tourism:
a. Accessibility :
Among all socio -economic factors, accessibility is considered as the most
important one. All tourist centres must be easily accessible by various
modes of transportation like roads, railways, ai r and water. To enjoy
beautiful sites of the nature tourists prefer to travel by roads and railways
in and around the country. On the other hand to reach a destination in the
quickest possible time travellers choose airways. Waterways are selected
only whe n a tourist make a choice from other alternatives to enjoy a
luxury cruise experience in sea and/or interested to visit an isolated
archipelago.
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8 b. Accommodation :
Places of tourists' interest must be capable enough to provide good
accommodation and cat ering facilities. Tourists select a particular type of
accommodation on the basis of their life styles, standard of living,
capacity to spend money, nature of services expected, etc. Classification
of accommodation centres based on ratings like five stars and below is
necessary so that tourists can make a proper choice and plan their trips
accordingly. Therefore tourism will prospers in those areas where desired
quality of lodging and food facilities are available at reasonable prices.
c. Amenities :
Devel opment of tourism at a particular place is influenced by certain
factors like how well the site is maintained for touring activities like
skiing, roping, paragliding, rowing, fishing, surfing, safari adventure, etc.
Whether emergency facilities are availab le or not, so on.
d. Ancillary services :
The tour destination if equipped by supplementary services such as
banking and finance, the internet and telecom connectivity, hospitals,
insurance then that spot will attain success as a renowned tourist centre. It
will also be capable to retain more tourists for a longer time. This will in
turn boost the local economy.
1.9 SUMMARY
After going through this unit we may come to the conclusion that tourism
has various social, economical, cultural, psychological and e nvironmental
impacts on larger social fabric of society.Tourism geography studies the
relations between places, landscapes and people. It describes travel and
tourism as an economic, social and cultural activity. More precisely, it is
all about the spatial and temporal dynamics, as well as the interactions
between the tourism resources.Tourism in India has vast potential for
increasing foreign investments, foreign exchange earnings, for generating
employment, besides contributing towards the economic and so cial
development of the society.
1.10 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS/ EXERCISE
1. True and false
a. Earlier tourists were “the American travellers who journeyed to
France, Italy or Switzerland” ,
b. Tourism Geography is a subject that studies the relations between
places, landscapes and people.
c. When the India Tourism Development Committee was set up in 1966
a major development in this field took place.
d. A National Policy on tourism was announced in 1982 in India. munotes.in
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Introduction to Tourism Geography
9 e. Tourism may have a negative economic impact on the balance of
payments, on employment, on gross income and production.
2. Fill in the blanks
a. Tourism may be defined as “the activity of _______ travelling”.
b. Geography of tourism is the study of travel and tourism as an
_______as well as a social and cultural activity.
c. The tourists who come from different countries are known as
________ area.
d. The ________ _ Plan marked the beginning of a new era when
tourism began to be considered a major instrument for social integration
and economic development.
e. Tourism benefits the peo ple living in and around tourist centres
__________.
3. Multiple choice question
a. The three basic components of tourism are
i. transport, food and medicine
ii. transport, location and accommodation
iii. transport, climate and road condition
b. At Government level in India, the development of tourist facilities
was taken up in a planned manner in 1956
i. coinciding with the First Five Year Plan
ii. coinciding with the Fifth Five Year Plan
iii. coinciding with the Second Five Year Plan.
c. The Tourism Finance Cor poration in 1989 was set up to
i. finance tourism projects.
ii. finance tourism spots.
iii. finance transport projects.
d. The first organized efforts to promote tourism in India were made in
i. 1943.
ii. 1945
iii. 1946 munotes.in
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10 e. The India Tourism Development Cor poration was set up in 1966
i. to promote Maharashtra as a tourist destination.
ii. to promote neighbouring countries as tourist destinations
iii. to promote India as a tourist destination
4. Answer the Following Questions
1. What do you understand by the t erm Tourism Geography?
2. State the nature and scope of geography and tourism
3. Write a short note on development of tourism.
4. State the role of tourism in national economy
1.11 ANSWERS TO THE SELF LEARNING QUESTIONS
1.a. false, Earlier tourists were “the Engli sh travellers who journeyed to
France, Italy or Switzerland”
1.b. true
1.c. false, When the India Tourism Development Corporation was set up
in 1966 a major development in this field took place
1.d. true
1.e. false, Tourism may have a positive economic imp act on the balance of
payments, on employment, on gross income and production.
2.a. persons
2.b. industry
2.c. generating
2.d. Sixth
1.e. financially
3. a.ii.
3. b.iii.
3. c. i
3.d.ii.
3.e.iii.
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Introduction to Tourism Geography
11 1.12 TECHNICAL WORDS
Visitor - Visitor is any person travelli ng to a place other than that of
his/her usual environment for less than 12 months and whose main
purpose of trip is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated
from within the place visited;
Tourists : visitors who stay at least one night in a coll ective or private
accommodation in the place/country visited;
Same -day visitors : visitors who do not spend the night in a collective
or private accommodation in the place/country visited.
Travel : make a journey
Activities: a thing that a person or group do es or has done
Tourism : the commercial organization and operation of holidays and
visits to places of interest.
Recreation : activity done for enjoyment when one is not working
1.13 TASK
In a chart draw a world map and point out 10different tourist centres
around the world
In a chart draw a map of India and point out 10different tourist centres
in India
1.14 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER STUDY
The Geography of International : Ian M. Matley scientific publisher at
Jodhpur
Geography of Tourism: Robinson
Tourism Deve lopment, Principles and Practices: Bhatia A.K., Sterling
Publisher Ltd., NewDelhi
Dynamics of Tourism: Kaul R.N., Sterline Publisher Ltd.
Parytan bhugol: Dr. S. B. Shinde , Phadke Prakashan, Kolhapur.
Parytan bhugol:A.V. Bhagvat, Murlidhar Prakashan, Pune.
7. Parytan & Arthik Kriya :Prof. Dr. Shankar G. Chaudhari,
Himalaya Publication House, Mumbai.
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12 2
TYPES & IMPACT OF TOURISM
After going through this chapter you will be able to understand the
following features:
2.1 Objectives
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Subject -Discussion
2.4 Types o f Tourism
2.5 New Trends In Tourism
2.6. Positive impact of Tourism on Environment, Socio -culture and
Economy
2.7. Negative Impact of Tourism on Environment, Socio -culture and
Economy
2.8 Summary
2.9 Check Your Progress/ Exercise
2.10 Answers t o The Self Learning Questions
2.11 Technical Words
2.12 Task
2.13 References f or Further Study
2.1 OBJECTIVES
By the end of this unit you will be able to –
Understand different types of Tourism
Learn the new trends in Tourism
Know the classification of Tourism
2.2 INTRODUCTION
In the first two units we have learnt the definition of Environmental
Geography along with its Nature and Scope and have studied the concept
of resources, classification of resources and Environmental problems
associated with forest, water and minerals. Bio -diversity, its concept and
types al ong with hotspots of bio -diversity and biodiversity in India with
emphasis on Western Ghat have also been studied. We studied air, water, munotes.in
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Types & Impact of Tourism
13 land and noise pollution in details. In the fourth unit we studied the
concept and need of sustainable development alo ng with various
environmental issues. We studied environmental issues and movements
primarily in the fifth unit. Development projects and displacement of
people and environmental movements in India with special reference to
Maharashtra have also been learn t in that unit. In the previous unit we
learnt the definition of Tourism Geography at first. Nature and Scope of
Geography of Tourism has also been learnt. In the present unit we will
study different types of Tourism and learn the new trends in Tourism. In
the latter part of this unit we will study the classification of Tourism.
2.3 SUBJECT -DISCUSSION
Tourism has the potential to develop a country by contributing
economically and socially to the country and serve the mankind by
offering facilities of leisur e, pleasure, recreation and vacation. However,
tourism is largely based on geographical factors as geographical factors
provide resources for tourism like topography, natural beauty, culture,
traditions and a lot more. Hence, it forms an important compone nt of
geographical studies. On the other hand, it is a highly labour intensive
industry. This makes tourism important in social and economic studies
too. In developing countries like India, which has a huge diversity in
natural and manmade factors, tourism plays an important role in its growth
and development.
The tourist, the businesses providing tourist goods and services, the
government of the host community, and the host community tourism is the
processes, activities, and outcomes arising from the rel ationships and the
interactions among tourists, tourism suppliers, host governments, host
communities, and the surrounding environments that are involved in the
attracting and hosting of visitors. Tourism, therefore, is a composite of
activities, services, and industries that deliver a travel experience:
transportation, accommodations, foodservices, and attractions. Definitions
of tourism and tourists vary as the basis of distance travelled, length of
time spent, and purpose of the trip.
2.4 TYPES OF TOURIS M
2.4.1 Tourism can be broadly classified into the following three types:
a. Domestic Tourism : It involves visiting tourist destinations within the
country of residence. For example: Citizens of India visiting tourist
destinations of India.
b. Inbound Tourism : It involves tourism from one country to another
country where none of the countries is a resident country. For example:
Citizens of India going on a world tour where they travel from one to
another country besides India.
c. Outbound Tourism : It involves t ourism to another country besides the
residing country. For example: Residents of India visiting Dubai. munotes.in
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14 2.4.2 All the above forms of tourism can be combined to form three
more types of tourism
i. Internal Tourism which involves movement within a country and is a
combination of domestic tourism and inbound tourism
ii. National Tourism which involves movement between countries and is a
combination of domestic tourism and outbound tourism
iii. International Tourism which involves tourism within the countries but
is a co mbination of inbound tourism and outbound tourism.
2.4.3 Tourism Based on Purpose
Recently many new types of tourism based on the purpose of travel and/or
tourism have evolved. The list is exhausting, however following are some
of the prominent new type s of tourism:
I. Religious Tourism : Visits to religious places, places of worship and
holy locations. For example: trip to the holy caves of Amarnath, the
Golden Temple at Amritsar, Mecca and Madina, etc.
II. Adventure or Sports Tourism : This includes travel for the purpose of
experiencing adventure and involves trekking, adventurous sports etc.
For example: a trip to Uttarakhand may include spots of adventure
tourism like river rafting, paragliding, river crossing, trekking etc.
III. Cultural Tourism : Travel to place s of entertainment and landmarks
of a particular country or a place. It includes man made events like
tourism festivals, museums, musical concerts, famous locations etc.
For example: travelling to Delhi to enjoy the QutubMinar festival
which is organized i n November -December every year.
IV. Medical Tourism : Travel for medical and health purposes. In India,
Kerala has observed a rise in Medical tourism particularly for
Ayurveda in the last decade. Medical tourism is practiced due to two
reasons viz. non availab ility of medical infrastructure in the place of
residence and cheapness of the treatments in other locations. India
receives a large number of patients from all over the world due to the
relative lower costs of best treatments here. Mumbai is famous for
Allopathic treatments especially for cancer and heart related problems.
V. Rural Tourism : Travelling to rural areas to experience the lifestyle of
a village is called rural tourism. It is prominent in mega cities like
Mumbai where people move to destinatio ns in the periphery to enjoy
the bounty of nature and a life free from all the urban stresses and
tensions. Karjat is a famous rural tourism destination around Mumbai.
When visiting agricultural areas is included in rural tourism, it may
also be called as Agrotourism .
VI. Geotourism : Tourism to geologically important and extravagant
places is called geotourism. It includes visits to places of visible
landforms and geologically active locations like crater lakes, fossil munotes.in
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Types & Impact of Tourism
15 parks, active plate boundary locations, etc. The Siwalik Fossil Park in
Himachal Pradesh and the Lonar Crater Lake in Maharashtra are good
examples.
VII. Dark Tourism : Visits to places that involve danger to life at present
or have a history brutality are a part of dark tourism. Places that are
abandoned or have been struck by a massive disaster in the past are
also visited in this of tourism. The Jallianwala Baugh Massacre site
and the site of Chernobyl disaster are most suited examples.
VIII. Historical Tourism : Historical tourism involves travel t o places of
historical importance. Visits to forts, palaces, important locations in
history, caves, etc. are included in this. In India, the Red Fort in Delhi,
the TajMahal in Agra and the Victoria Memorial in Kolkata are some
of the famous examples.
IX. Disaster Tourism : It is visiting the site of disaster to study or observe
the effects of a disaster either occurred recently or in the past. The
effects of the disaster in this case may not be as detrimental as in the
case of dark tourism. Also, disaster tour ism is often observed at the
sites of natural disasters. Tourists may include people ranging from
politicians who visit to express sympathy and offer help to local
people who visit for research and observation purposes.
X. Slum Tourism : When people from aff luent backgrounds visit slum
areas to experience their poor conditions, conduct research related
activities and extend social service activities, it is termed as slum
tourism. It is observed in the developing countries of the third world
like India, Brazil and many African countries. In India, the Dharavi
slum in Mumbai is famous for its increasing slum tourism due to its
popularity as being the largest slum in Asia.
XI. Business Tourism : Travel to other places for business purposes is
called as business tour ism. Economically proliferating places like
country and state capitals, other business centres, industrial
development zones, etc. are famous business tourism destinations. In
India, all the four metropolitan cities of Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai and
Mumbai al ong with Bangalore, Pune, Nagpur, etc. are famous business
tourism centres.
XII. Coastal Tourism : Many coastal areas and experiencing particular
pressure from growth in lifestyles and grooming number of tourists.
Coastal environment is limited extent consisti ng of only a narrow strip
along the edge of the ocean. Coastal areas are becoming popular as
health resorts, beach resorts and water resorts facilities e.g.: - Wind –
surfing, Scuba diving etc. The 7500 -sq. km coastline of India offers
several beaches and related attractions.
XIII. Yoga Tourism : India’s Greater contribution is its ancient system of
yoga and aerobics. Several short term courses or crash courses are also
offered to the touristswho come for ashort visit. For the last ten years,
international yoga we ek is being organised at Rishikesh. munotes.in
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Geography of Tourism and Recreation
16 2.5 NEW TRENDS IN TOURISM
The speciality of tourism industry is that it is not static. This ever -
changing industry is filled with popular trends differing each year
globally. The concept of travel prevailed in the old da ys was like booking
flights or railway tickets and accommodation many months in advance is
no longer the dominant trend.
Some of the changes beginning to happen in the tourism industry
include :
a. Wellness Travel
As the population ages and the interest in p ro-active healthcare continues
to increase. This growth and development has given birth to a still new
sector of the tourism industry called Wellness Travel. Wellness tourism is
travel for the purpose of promoting health and well -being through
physical, ps ychological, or spiritual activities. Wellness travel allows us to
focus on the part (or parts) of our health that we may have been
neglecting, whatever it may be. Wellness tourism is a rapidly growing
travel niche for which spending is expected to hit $68 0 billion this year,
according to the Global Wellness Institute (GWI).
b. Sustainable Travel
The United Nations has declared 2017 as the International Year for
Sustainable Travel Development. Sustainable tourism is the concept of
visiting a place as a touris t where the visitor will choose more
‘environmentally friendly’ and ‘responsible’ options and try to make only
a positive impact on the environment, society and economy. Thus
travellers as well as the tourism industry play an important role to respect
the environment and its biodiversity along with the people, local traditions
and the culture of a destination and are more fixated on urging travellers to
get outside and enjoy the natural environment.
c. Solo Travel
Solo travelling is a wonderful and self -reward ing experience that forces
the traveller to grow. This in turn leaves the person feeling stronger and
more confident. People are aiming to travel solo for different reasons.
Some may want the freedom to do whatever they want, whenever they
want while some may be travelling alone for their own personal growth,
and seeking something deeper from their solo adventure. Solo travellers
prefer professionally guided tours. In spite of travelling solo is uplifting,
eye-opening, and fun it is sometimes lonely. Moreo ver safety is also a
high concern for solo travellers.
d. Female Solo Travel
Today, 80% of travel decisions are made by women. Female travellers are
found bold and independent. They look to explore new and raw munotes.in
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17 experiences. They decide on their own where to t ake a vacation, how to
get there, and many are choosing to go solo.
e. Food Tourism
Food tourism has become an emerging trend among travellers everywhere
because travelling is closely related to food at some point. Travelling
experts opine that food experienc es are not limited to simply dining out. It
includes cooking courses, farm tours and the classic food markets, which
make up about 95% of these experiences. These experiences are closely
tied to the culture of the location. Many travellers consider it to b e one of
the best ways to get to know the story of the place they're travelling to and
it works as a valuable resource for tourism companies.
f. Responsible Tourism
Any form of tourism that is consumed in a more responsible way is known
as Responsible tourism . It minimizes negative social, economic and
environmental impacts and generates greater economic benefits for local
people. It also intensifies the well -being of host communities. Responsible
Tourism is about “making better places for people to live in an d better
places for people to visit.” In Responsible Tourism needed the
responsibility must be taken by the tourists along with the operators,
hoteliers, governments and local people to make tourism more sustainable.
Nowadays most of the travellers are awa re of the impact their experiences
have on the planet and as a result, more are opting for sustainable
measures in their travel.
g. Sustainable tourism
Sustainable tourism can be defined as, "Tourism that takes full account of
its current and future economic , social and environmental impacts,
addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host
communities". Sustainable tourism is the concept of visiting a place as a
tourist and trying to make only a positive impact on the environment,
society and economy. We know that environmental resources constitute a
key element in tourism development and Sustainable tourism should make
optimal use of the same. As a result it would maintain essential ecological
processes and help to conserve natural he ritage and biodiversity.
Sustainable tourism should also respect the socio -cultural authenticity of
host communities as well as ensure viable, long -term economic
operations, providing socio -economic benefits to all stakeholders and
contribute to poverty al leviation.
h. Mobile Photography
Tourists in 2017 are looking for ways to document their travels. It is
natural that travellers capture their notable travelling moments. But at
present they use their brilliant cell phone devices instead of traditional
cameras . Tour organisers opine that nowadays most of the travellers who
set out to take photos use mobile phone cameras. The guides often help
those who do not have much photography experience. Some of them had munotes.in
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Geography of Tourism and Recreation
18 also done a course in nature photography so that he could help the tourist
regarding this.
i. Photo walk
Photo walk is a communal activity of camera enthusiasts. They gather in a
group to walk around with a camera and pictures. They generally take
pictures of things that interest each photographer. These even ts usually
take the form of a designated walking tour with a planned route or map. It
builds an additional layer for an already stunning nature tour. This attracts
tourists who otherwise might not have felt confident enough to take photos
otherwise.
j. Busi ness and Leisure Travel
Business and leisure travel or "bleisure" is another popular term among
tourism experts. Bleisure has been presented as a rising trend in Business
Travel for several years. Interestingly there is an increasing trend among
the busin ess travellers who are looking to extend their business trips,
turning them into leisure breaks when, and where, possible. Thus Bleisure
is the growing trend in business travel where the blurring of the
professional and personal lives of travellers occurs.
The following facts tell us how Bleisure works:
An employee is sent on a two to three days business trip.
He will take time off at the end of the week and add on a few days of
rest and relaxation.
He might even invite his partner or family to come along t oo In this
case he has to pay only for the extra air fare(s) and the extended hotel
stay.
k. Adventure travel
Adventure travel is a type of niche tourism. It involves exploration or
travel with a certain degree of risk. This may require special skills. In
2016, authentic adventure trips have become the passion of the travellers,
especially the millennials, who are taking the stage as leaders in the
industry.
l. Millennials
Millennials are a generation that is completely redefining what adventure
means and are loo king at the world through a more global perspective.
According to the United Nations, 200,000 million millennial tourists
generate more than $180 billion in annual tourism revenue, an increase of
nearly 30 percent since 2007.
m. Staycations
Staycations has em erged as a new trend in 2016. It is a latest form of
hassle -free vacation spending. This is suitable for people who prefer to munotes.in
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Types & Impact of Tourism
19 skip long queues at airports, huge backpacks and long drives. Many
travellers have trended in the direction of sticking around loc ally to enjoy
their vacation time. Thus city -based weekend holidays are fast gaining
popularity among the super -busy professionals. The local tour and activity
providers have gained a lot from this as more people are looking to boost
their local economies with trips close to home.
n. Strength of the Chinese market
Last, but not least, the strength of the Chinese market has been a proven
trend in 2016. A fact that continues into the new year as the Asian tourism
market is stronger than ever before.
2.5.1 Latest Tourism Trends in India
India has wonderful tourist spots, diverse topography, varied cultures and
heritage sites. So she stands as one of the most lucrative options for
tourists. Some of the latest trends prevailing in the tourism industry are as
follows :
1. Growing Options for Low Budget Travellers :
Numerous budget hotels, bed and breakfast and other such options are
there to cater the travellers, who are financially constrained. Taxes and
expenses to move within the country are comparatively low than that of
other foreign destinations. Hence it has become a better choice for budget
travellers from around the globe.
2. Visa on Arrival Boosting Tourism :
Visa on arrival in India which applies to tourists from over 40 countries
was started in 2014. An increase i n number of foreign visitors has been
observed since then. This policy is expected to be extended to more than
100 nationalities in the coming years.
3. Rise of Boutique Hotels :
There is a recent rise of boutique hotels in the country. It provides the
comfor t and let the visitors indulge more into their surroundings. Hence
promotes tourism. It has also offered a wide variety of staying options for
tourists.
4. Exploring New Destinations :
Domestic as well as international tourists both are expressing continued
interest in exploring new and lesser -known destinations in the country.
5. Travel Tradeshows Promoting Tourism :
Travel tradeshows like SATTE are working as a factor to promote tourism
in India, by offering a platform for the various stakeholders in the coun try
to showcase their services and products. munotes.in
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20 Therefore from the above discussion we may say that the future of the
Indian travel and tourism industry has a bright future with the latest trends
prevailing.
2.6. POSITIVE IMPACT OF TOURISM ON THE
ENRIRONMENT – SOCIO - CULTURE AND ECONOMY
POSITIVE IMPACT OF TOURISM ON THE ENVIRONMENT:
Sustainable tourism is the only way to go forward if the industry wants to
grow. But throughout the last couple decades, tourism has been already
growing and has introduced many new places to foreign visitors. In some
regions, having the option of welcoming paying guests, tourism has
brought many positive impacts on the environment. Let’s see their
examples.
1 Awareness raising and first -hand experience
Beautiful landscapes, animals in their natural environment, exotic
ecosystems attract visitors from around the world. They are the primary
reason why people travel. To get rest from their daily blues and experience
ultimate relaxation from the connection with natural world. To urism is the
best tool to raise awareness of environmental values.
You learn the best when you do get to experience something directly,
when you see it, touch it, and when you witness what threatens to destroy
it. Personal visit of natural areas introduce s you to the values they have for
life. It makes you care about them, since you get to enjoy their special
feeling. And memories you will have will encourage you to be
environmentally -conscious in travel and personal life In January 2021,
alarming pictures of the most touristy beaches in Bali buried in plastic
waste that washed up on the shore due to the monsoon weather, appeared
on social media of travelers and in the news . The images have drawn
global attention and created a bad rep for single -use plasti c items, making
us (consumers) more aware of the true impact.
2 Tourism for skills learning and education
This is a special side of tourism but plays also an important role in positive
impacts of tourism on the environment. Visitors do not have to be drawn
to places just for entertainment or relaxation, they may come with the
primary mission of learning a new skill or gaining certain knowledge.
Tourists come to see a special feature in an area and often pay for their
stay, for food, or training, which is a nice way to support the work they
came to admire. Additionally, they may also put the new knowledge to use
for their own projects.
One nice example of this form of tourism could be visiting a permaculture
farm with the purpose to learn about the practi ces applied on the farm and
exchange ideas on what might work at home. Another example, that could
inspire many, is spending time on edible forest farms, learning about
planting diversity of low maintenance plants on your piece of land. Or
visiting village s excelling in agroforestry farming practices which have munotes.in
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21 allowed them to harvest variety of products from their lands, while
protecting sensitive mountainous environments, where intensive farming
would not be an option.
3 Support of conservation and biodiversity protection activities
Africa is a prime example of a country where tourism has had a positive
effect on wildlife protection. Wildlife tourism in Africa makes around 36
percent of the tourism industry, contributing over $29 billion to the
continent’s economy and provides jobs to 3.6 million people.
The opportunity of seeing wild animals in their natural environment is
what Africa is the most known for. This form of tourism reduces poverty
and helps to empower women directly by giving them j obs, but even
indirectly by allocating funds to build infrastructure – schools, hospitals.
Africa, Asia, South America, and the South Pacific focus more and more
on the value of their wild natural areas. With the growth of tourism appear
even new national and wildlife parks that connect sustainable tourism with
biodiversity preservation.
4 Protection of endangered species
Countries begin to realize that their rare and endemic species are their
symbol in the eyes of foreign visitors who are often attracted t o the place
because of them. Wild animals, virgin forests and a colorful palette of
exotic plants are becoming an unusual sight in an economically developed
world. The remaining spots that are still a home to this disappearing world
are often turn to natur e reserves and protected areas. This ensures better
safety for endangered species that inhabit them.
Mountain gorilla
Virunga National Park in East Africa has a story of conservation success
to tell, even despite years of civil unrest and war in the surrou nding areas,
it has been declared an ecological pillar for the entire East and Central
African biodiversity, having the largest concentration of birds and rept iles
over other protected areas .
5 Prevention of illegal trade and exploitation
Tourism brings n ew opportunities even to most remote places. The
growing interest of tourists in visiting places where people live in
connection with nature and animals gives chance to locals to sustain their
families far from urban areas. In many cases, local communities quickly
realize the need to protect what they have in order to attract tourists, as the
stream of income from tourism is long -term and more advantageous than
one-time sales of finite resources or poached animals.
A glimmer of hope sparked by the vision of attracting tourists takes place
in two villages in Nepal that are known for being a transit points for illegal
trade in pangolin meat and scales to Tibet and India. munotes.in
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22 The villages have joined a community -based pangolin conservation and
education project. Th e goal of the project is to discourage local poachers
from selling scales of pangolins to illegal traders, and thus interrupt the
illegal trade pathway while protecting endangered pangolins. Participants
of the project are also trained to help with long -term monitoring of the
pangolin population (species ecology, identification of threats and
distribution).
POSITIVE IMPACT OF TOURISM ON THE SOCIO - CULTURE :
a. Better leisure facilities : Demand for tourism and related activities in a
destination leads t o the development of leisure and recreational
facilities which were not present earlier. This gives an advantage to the
local community foreven they can enjoy the facilities to the fullest.
b. Frequent social events : To boost tourism, the frequency and varie ty
of social events increases in the destination. This not only attracts
tourists from other areas but also helps the local culture to grow.
c. Conservation of local heritage : Besides natural beauty, cultural
features like monuments and cultural landmarks als o attract tourists.
Hence, local and state Government takes extra efforts to conserve the
heritage structures so that they remain as attractive as always.
d. Improved lifestyle : With additional leisure and economic
opportunities, the lifestyle of local peo ple improves. An increase in the
income leads to an increased educational and health status. This also
improves the standard of living style of living.
e. Restricts brain drain : Bran drain is a result of lack of employment
and educational opportunities in th e place of residence. Tourism brings
in development leading to infrastructural development making
education and employment available. People therefore do not need to
travel to other countries, restricting brain drain.
POSITIVE IMPACT OF TOURISM ON THE ECON OMY :
Tourism has a high potential to impact the economy in several ways.
Following are the positive and negative impacts of tourism on economy:
a. Increased domestic income and foreign currency earnings : the
travel and tourism sector generates income and wealth for private
individuals, companies and national governments. At international
level, the money that tourists spend in a country can make a
considerable contribution to the economic output of the country. Many
developing countries are therefore turn ing to tourism as a way of
increasing their foreign currency earnings which they use to improve
the status of health, education and social facilities.
b. Economic multiplier effect : At local level, revenue generated by
tourism development leads to multiplier effect. The money that is
spent by visitors in the destination area is re -circulated in the local
economy and is actually worth more to the area than its face value. munotes.in
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Types & Impact of Tourism
23 This is because the owners of travel business are likely to spend their
money locally whic h is actually earned from tourists outside that area.
c. Increased employment : Tourism’s ability to create jobs is one of the
main reasons of encouraging its development. It is a highly labour
intensive industry which has the potential to create direct and in direct
employment opportunities on a very large scale. Direct employment is
offered in hotels, travel agencies and as tour guides whereas indirect
employment is offered in the associated sectors like construction,
banking and transport companies.
d. Improved infrastructure : there exists a directly relationship between
tourism and infrastructure. Tourism development contributes to
infrastructure improvements in destination areas ranging from basic
supplies like water and electricity to luxurious facilities like airport
and telecommunications.
2.7. NEGATIVE IMPACT OF TOURISM ON THE
ENVIRONMENT – SOCIO - CULTURE AND ECONOMY
NEGATIVE IMPACT OF TOURISM ON THE ENVIRONMENT:
The impacts of tourism on environment are only negative which are as
follows:
a. Depletion of na tural resources : Tourism leads to overcrowding and
higher demand for natural resources like water, food and land. As
more and more is supplied, the stocks start depleting and natural
resources begin to become scarce.
b. Pollution : Destinations which were ea rlier clean and green, undergo
pollution of all types. Increased use of technology and luxurious
products, leads to air, water, land and noise pollution.
c. Loss of biodiversity : Tourism areas develop tourism activities for
which they need land. Deforestati on is carried on a large scale causing
loss of floral biodiversity. Faunal biodiversity is lost due to intrusion
of people in their habitat and due to loss of their habitat in the form of
individual trees and forests.
d. Depletion of ozone layer : Increased qu antities of greenhouse gases
from air conditioners, refrigerators and less use of conventional
sources of energy cause depletion of the ozone layer. In coastal
tourism destinations, depletion of mangroves is causing depletion of
ozone layer.
e. Climate chang e: Depletion of natural resources, loss of bio diversity
and ozone depletion is leading to climate change. This not only is
affecting the local community and their indigenous activities, but,
tourism is also getting affected due to unreliable climate patte rns.
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24 NEGATIVE IMPACT OF TOURISUM ON SOCIO - CULYURE:
Overcrowding : Sometimes, in certain destinations, the number of
people visiting exceeds the capacity it can hold. This not only puts
pressure on resources but may also irritate the local community as
their day to day activities may get restricted and life may not remain a
simple as it was.
Poor sanitation : Due to insufficient infrastructural facilities and
overcrowding, the sanitation facilities are poorly managed. This is
evident especially in the case o f religious tourism destinations as
people from different socio -economic -educational backgrounds gather
there and sanitation is poorly managed.
Intrusion of outsiders : People visiting a destination belong to
different societies. They are outsiders for the destination. Sometimes,
they settle there or start interfering in the local activities which may
not be accepted by the local people.
Demonstration effect : The local community observes the various
cultural and social values demonstrated by the visitors. The visitors
often try to portray their affluent side and this influences the local
people the youth in particular. Demonstration effect may lead to
positive and negative changes. Positive changes may include the urge
to get educated and negative changes m ay include the urge to get
richer through unfair means, establish liquor shops and imitation of
other cultures.
Increased crime and anti -social activities : Demonstration effect may
lead to crimes and anti -social activities. The comparatively poor local
community may indulge in robbery, theft and murders of visitors to
acquire their valuables or engage in crimes against women.
Loss of native culture : There is assimilation of the local culture with
several other cultures when visitors visit the destination . This may lead to
the loss of native culture and associated values.
NEGATIVE IMPACT OF TOURISM ON THE ECONOMY :
a. Leakage : A leakage occurs in tourism when money is lost from a
destination area. This could be because the hotels are owned by
companies t hat operate in other countries and the profits are taken
away from the local area. Further, local suppliers are often over -looked
and larger travel and tourism companies buy their goods and services
centrally in order to get best prices. Responsible touris m can help
reduce the leakage.
b. Decline in traditional employment : Tourism development can lead to
the loss of traditional jobs when workers move from industries such as
farming, forestry, mining and fishing into service jobs in tourism. This
is a major pro blem faced by the developing countries where people munotes.in
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Types & Impact of Tourism
25 engaged in the primary activities are getting attracted to service sector
jobs for economic gains.
c. Seasonal unemployment : Seasonal unemployment can be a problem
in tourist destinations that are not active all year round, putting extra
strain on local and national government resources. However, measures
to extent the tourist season not only will create extra revenue for
business but will also increase employment.
d. Increased living costs : An influx of visitor s to a holiday can push up
the price of goods and services particularly when demand is high in
peak season. This affects local people which may be to pay higher
prices for food, drinks, entertainment, transportation, etc... Extra
charges may be levied on t he local community to finance facilities and
services for visitors. This makes it difficult for the local community to
survive. Regulations of prices in such areas can prove to be beneficial.
2.8 SUMMARY
After going through this unit we may come to the con clusion that tourism
has various social, economical, cultural, psychological and environmental
impacts on larger social fabric of society.A synoptic definition of tourism
could be travel for leisure, pleasure, recreation or business purposes. The
nature of tourism is dynamic. It has the ability to change and grow with
the changing environment. The scope of the tourist industry is vast. It
includes all sectors of the economy and may be governed by public sector
and private sector in coherence. Tourism can be broadly classified into
Domestic Tourism, Inbound Tourism and Outbound Tourism. All these
forms of tourism can be combined to form three more types of tourism viz.
Internal Tourism, National Tourism and International Tourism. Travel &
tourism industry is the most growing industry from history to current era.
The recent trends of tourism include adventure travel, nature tourism,
wellness travel, sustainable travel, solo travel, cultural and heritage
tourism and vacationing with family etc. But now in addit ion to that, the
travellers are also looking for local hot spots or joints where they can
interact with local people and enjoy the local cuisine and find new
tradition in handicrafts.
2.9 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS/ EXERCISE
1. True and false .
a. Domestic Tourism invol ves visiting tourist destinations outside the
country of residence.
b. Trip to the holy caves of Amarnath is an example of religious tourism.
c. Travel for medical and health purposes is known as Medical Tourism.
d. Karjat is a famous rural tourism destination aro und Kolkata.
e. Disaster tourism is often observed at the sites of man -made disasters. munotes.in
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Geography of Tourism and Recreation
26 2. Fill in the blanks .
a. In India, _________ has observed a rise in Medical tourism
particularly for Ayurveda in the last decade.
b. ________ tourism, it may also be called as Agrotourism .
c. Visits to places that involve danger to life at present or have a history
brutality are a part of ___________ tourism.
d. ____________ is a latest form of hassle -free vacation spending.
e. ______________ travel involves exploration or travel with a certain
degree of risk
3. Multiple choice question
a. Outbound Tourism
i. involves tourism to another country besides the residing country.
ii. involves tourism from one country to another country where none
of the countries is a resident country.
iii. involves tourism wit hin the country of residence
b. Travel to places of entertainment and landmarks of a particular country
or a place is known as
i. medical tourism
ii. cultural tourism
iii. adventure tourism
c. When people from affluent backgrounds visit slum areas to experience
their poo r conditions it is known as
i. solo tourism
ii. geotourism
iii. slum tourism
d. Wellness tourism is travel
i. for the purpose of promoting boutique hotels through physical,
psychological, or spiritual activities.
ii. for the purpose of promoting health and well -being throug h fusion
foods.
iii. for the purpose of promoting health and well -being through
physical, psychological, or spiritual activities.
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Types & Impact of Tourism
27
e. Today, 80% of travel decisions are made by
i. men
ii. women
iii. children
4. Answer the Following Questions
1. What are the different types of tou rism?
2. State the New Trends in Tourism.
3. Write short notes on:
a. Dark tourism
b. solo tourism
c. adventure tourism
d. visa on arrival boosting tourism
e. Photo walk
2.10 ANSWERS TO THE SELF LEARNING QUESTIONS
1.a. false, Domestic Tourism involves visiting tourist destinati ons within
the country of residence.
1.b. true
1.c. true
1.d. false, Karjat is a famous rural tourism destination around Mumbai.
1.e. false, Disaster tourism is often observed at the sites of natural
disasters.
2.a. Kerala
2.b. Rural
2.c. dark
2.d. Staycat ions
2.e. Adventure
3.a.i.
3.b. ii
3.c.iii.
3.d.iii.
3.e.ii.
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28 2.11 TECHNICAL WORDS
Tourism: Tourism comprises of all the activities related to a person’s
travelling to and staying in places outside his/her usual environment
for not more than one consecutiv e year for leisure, business and other
purposes.
Host community: The people of tourism destinations are termed as
host community
Leisure: Use of free time for enjoyment
Pleasure: A feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment
Recreation: Done for enjoyment when one is not working.
Purposes of tourism: The aim for which tourism is undertaken
Resources: A stock or supply of money, materials, staff, and other
assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to
function effectively
Ministry of To urism: The Ministry of Tourism, a branch of the
Government of India, is the apex body for formulation and
administration of the rules, regulations and laws relating to the
development and promotion of tourism in India.
2.12 TASK
In a chart draw a table an d show the different types of tourism with
examples.
2.13 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER STUDY
Geography of Tourism: Robinson
Tourism Development, Principles and Practices: Bhatia A.K., Sterling
Publisher Ltd., NewDelhi
Dynamics of Tourism: Kaul R.N., Sterline Pub lisher Ltd.
Parytan bhugol: Dr. S. B. Shinde , Phadke Prakashan, Kolhapur.
Parytan bhugol: A.V. Bhagvat, Murlidhar Prakashan, Pune.
7. Parytan & Arthik Kriya :Prof. Dr. Shankar G. Chaudhari,
Himalaya Publication House, Mumbai.
munotes.in
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29 3
INFRASTRUCTURE OF TOURISM AND
ANCILLARY SERVICES
After going through this chapter you will be able to understand the
following features:
Unit Structure:
3.1 Objectives
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Subject -Discussion
3.4 Transportation
3.5 Accommodation
3.6 Tourist Organization
3.7 Agencies a nd Guides
3.8 Summary
3.9 Check Your Progress/ Exercise
3.10 Answers t o The Self Learning Questions
3.11 Technical Words
3.12 Task
3.13 References f or Further Study
3.1 OBJECTIVES
By the end of this unit you w ill be able to –
Understand different infrastructure and support services of tourism
Learn transportation as support services of tourism
Know about accommodation as support services of tourism
Analyse tourism organizations as infrastructure and support s ervices
Unde rstand agencies and guides infrastructure and support services
3.2 INTRODUCTION
In the first units we have learnt the definition of Environmental
Geography along with its Nature and Scope, concept of resources ,
classification of resources an d Environmen tal problems associated with
forest, water and minerals. We have also studied air, water, land and noise
pollution in details. In the fourth unit the concept and need of sustainable
development along with various environmental issues have been studied.
We studied environmental issues and movements primarily in the fifth munotes.in
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Geography of Tourism
and Recreation
30 unit. Development projects and displacement of people and environmental
movements in India with special reference to Maharashtra have also been
learnt in that unit. In the sixth unit we lear nt the definition of Tourism
Geography at first. In the seventh unit we learnt different types of Tourism
and the new trends in Tourism. In the last unit we learnt different factors
and impacts of tourism. In the present unit we will study the infrastruct ure
and support services of tourism such as transportation, accommodation,
tourism organizations, agencies and guides.
3.3 SUBJECT -DISCUSSION
Tourism is now a global industry. Many countries around the world have
made a place on world’s tourism map because of their great potential to
attract tourists.
In this lesson we will discuss the relationship between the status of
infrastructural development, including the transport network and hotel
accommodation and tourism. We shall also study the duti es of traine d
functionaries like tourist guides and tour operators at various levels with
reference to their places in the management of tourism.
3.4 TRANSPORTATION
Tourism is a set of permissible activities that are developed by visitors.
Transportation i s an integra l part of the tourism industry linking tourists
with various tourist attractions. There is a general like -mindedness among
us regarding tourism. We all agree that tourism expands more when there
are better transportation systems. It is observed in many par t of the world
that in spite of the presence of immense natural heritage in the country
tourism had been underperforming compared to it. The most important
reason for under performance is poor transportation systems. Maintenance
of the existing roads, cons truction of more roads or rail track or sea and air
transportation, and construction of local airports and enhancement of local
flight operations are the main transportation needs for tourism promotion
and tourism development. Moreover establis hment of a c ertain level of
security and safety in transportation systems is essential. Good planning of
transport is essential to make smooth traffic flow. In tourism the tourists
come to the destination where the tourism services are provided. Hence it
is difficult to think of tourism sector without transportation. Transportation
is the leading mean to carry the tourists to the actual site where tourism
services are provided. The rapid development of transportation sector and
application of technological innovations has enabled the tourists to reach
many destinations of the world. This is reflected in the statistics of World
Tourism Organization and according to which the tourism dynamics
changed and increased rapidly between 2005 and 2015. In 2010
interna tional the t ourist arrivals rose to 940 million. Furthermore role of
transportation in enriching the travel experience of a tourist entirely
depends on the mode of transportation and the frequency of use. The
effective factors to choose the mode of transp ortation in tourism are time
limit, distance, status, comfort, security, benefit, price, geographical
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31 Tourism is now a global industry involving hundreds of millions of people
in international as well as domestic travel each year . As a resul t of world
tourism growth an increase in traffic is observed which puts pressure on
transportation facilities. This has some adverse effects too. Those negative
effects are as follows:
Congestion – Congestion causes delays which leads to waste of time
and energy.
Safety and security – Tourism industry must assure that the mode of
transportation is safe and secure. It is the basic and most important
requirement for tourism.
Environment – an increase in traffic may have disastrous effect on the
environment i f that area does not have the carrying capacity for
additional tourists.
Seasonality – seasonal patterns of travel demand create overcrowding
at certain times. Adversely low occupancies and load factors will
occur at other periods.
3.3.1 Diffe rent modes o f transportation
a. Air Transportation
One of the most important transportation modes in tourism is air travel. It
has become the primary means of common -carrier travelling as it has
brought significant changes in people’s minds concerning time a nd
distance. To meet the increasing demand the airline companies spend a
mammoth amount and apply new technological innovations. The world’s
airline industry numbers 1,629 airlines, 27,271 aircraft, 3,733 airports,
29.6 million scheduled departures a year, and carries 2.7 billion of
passengers a year. The major aircraft making companies to share the
market will be Airbus and Boeing.
b. Automobile Transportation
Compared to other modes of transportation automobile transportation
comes forward for short distanc e travel. It makes it easy to for the tourists
to see local culture and visit nations. It shows flexibility in contrast to
other modes of transportation. Hence has occupied an important position
in tourism. This mode of transportation is frequently used by tourists
because of low prices. But sometimes the tourists hesitate to choose this
mode of transportation because it takes more time to cover a distance
when compared to air transportation.
c. Railway Transportation
Railway transportation, considered as the oldest one, is another mode that
affects tourism. In 19th century the railways were frequently used. At
present the railways are used for transportation of loads in many countries munotes.in
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32 so tourists choose air or automobile transportation instead of this one. On
the contrar y in many countries we also find very well developed railroads
which are included in various tour packages. Technological innovation has
given birth to fast trains that are capable to compete with air and
automobile modes of transportation.
d. Sea Transportat ion
Sea Transportation includes cruise travel, boat travel, yachting, ferry travel
etc. The cruise travel has a special place in tourism. While travelling with
a cruise ship, the tourists get the opportunity to see several countries at a
time. This type o f transportation is one the most expensive one.
So we may conclude that the tourist’s travel experience starts and ends
with transportation. In this sense, if the countries want to gain sustainable
development of tourism sector, they must pay attention to transportation
sector, reduce monopoly in this sector and provide sound competition
opportunities for the companies. Therefore in order to develop and
increase the role of transportation in tourism the countries should pay
attention to the fol lowing point s:
The transportation modes specific to the regions must be developed
The transportation costs must always be kept competitive
The passengers must be attracted to sea and railway modes of
transportation
New embarkation ports must be establish ed in order to develop cruise
travel
New fast train lines must be established and new fast trains must be
bought and foreign experience must be applied
The distance from stations must be kept less
New coaches must be brought to the country
New technolo gically adva nced aircraft must be put into air lines
The personnel must be trained
The governments should allocate financial support for the
development of transportation
3.5 ACCOMMODATION
Accommodation facilities play a vital role in attracting tourists to the
destinations places because it provides the opportunity for visitors to stay
for a length of time to enjoy the locality and its attractions. Their spending
contributes to the local economy also. It forms a base for the tourist’s
exploration of the urban and no n-urban environments. It does not generate
the tourist’s motivation for travelling. Accommodation attract tourist on its
own right only when it provides support services, the core element of
tourism industry.The motivation to travel is usually led by the d esire to
experience a wider tourism product at a particular resort or locality with
accommodation as one of the crucial tourism product. The location needs
to be accessible in terms of transport, information technology, and
infrastructure. Furt hermore the short distance principle applies to decision
making when considering accommodation locations. However, munotes.in
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Infrastructure of Tourism and Ancillary
33 accommodation is an integral part of the overall tourism infrastructure as
without it tourists will not visit the location. It is hard to asc ertain the
proportion of total tourist expenditure that a tourist allocateson
accommodation because this varies greatly according to the market price,
type of accommodation and nature of product purchased.Nevertheless a
general agreeable estimate regarding this is tha t a third of the total trip
expenditure is allocated to this sector. The rapid change in this sector of
tourism bringsextreme competition which forces to bring about new
products and new servicesstandards.
3.6 TOURIST ORGANIZATION
Tourist Orga nization is a commercial or non -commercial establishment
such as a company, bureau, or agency that promotes both domestic and
international tourism. It may be recognised as an association or a union
that organizes and conducts tourist trips. It may be a go vernmental
institution that determines state policy on tourism. In other words tourist
organization is a multinational association to facilitate tourist traffic.
There are various types of organizations that provide tourist services. They
are as follows:
a. Tour Operato rs
These offer comprehensive services through their own tourist facilities
like hotels, restaurants, and means of transportation. Sometimes services
are also provided through rented facilities.
b. Tourist Agencies
Tourist agencies act as interme diaries betw een several services and
tourist organisations. It offers services such as transportation to other
tourist and non -tourist organizations.
c. Clubs and Other Associations
Members of clubs and other associations are consumers of tourist
services. This group c onsists primarily of non -commercial public
organizations. These organizations are supported by members’ dues,
allocations from public funds, private donations, and sometimes
earnings from their own commercial ventures.
History of Tourist Organi sations
An E nglishman, Thomas Cook, organized the first commercial tour in
1841.
First tourist bureaus were established in France, Germany, and Italy in
the mid -19th century. In Russia tourist bureaus were established in the
1880’s and 1890’s. munotes.in
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34 The first internationa l tourist organization, founded in Luxembourg in
1898, was called the International League of Tourists Associations. In
1919 it was renamed the International Touring Alliance.
The USSR has a network of state and public tourist that operated un der
the guid ance of the Central Council on Tourism and Excursions
(CCTE) of the All -Union Central Council of Trade Unions, the all -
Union joint -stock company Inturist, the Sputnik Bureau of
International Youth Tourism, and the Central Children’s Excursion
Tour Station (CCETS).
In 1975 there were innumerable national tourist organizations around
the world. Among them approximately 100 associations, either directly
or indirectly related to tourism, operated on the world at regional or
sub-regional level.
International to urist organizations regulated legal procedures and
currency exchanges. These organisations also looked after the
development of uniform documentation, terminology, and statistical
records.
3.7 AGENCIES AND GUIDES
3.7.1 Travel Agencies
Travel agency is a service industry but does not have a long history. This
service depends largely on the goodwill of the people. The travel agency
business started first by Thomas Cook and American Express Company.
On June 9, 1841 Thomas Cook walked fifteen mile s to a tempe rance
meeting at Leicester. The idea of travel agency was conceived on this
journey when he hired a train to take his fellow members of the
temperance society.
Travel agents provide all facilities to the customers. A travel agent
arranges trav el services from suppliers such as airlines, steamship
companies, railways, bus companies, car rental firms, hotels and
sightseeing operators. In the modern world travelling is more complicated,
especially to foreign countries. The stations reveal that abo ut 15% of
people depend on travel agents for planning their journey. A successful
journey cannot be operated without the help of travel agents. It is the
travel agent who packages and processes all the various attractions of the
country and presents them t o the touris ts. So travel agents play a vital role
in the promotion of tourism.
In India travel agency business is relatively new.At the time of
independence there was hardly any travelagency. Organised travel agency
business actually startedafter independ ence.It is o bserved that by1949 six
travel agents in Indiahad set up an apex body called Travel Agents
Associationof India with head quarter at Bombay. This was headed by a
youngtravel agent Nari J. Katgara. The business of travel agencies munotes.in
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35 showedgreat deve lopment at p resent and it is now a major trade activity. It
generates direct employment. Considerableindirect employment is also
done by the business of travel agencies by bringing tourists.
3.7.2 Guides
Tour Guide is a person who is hired or employed, eit her directly by the
traveller, or an official /private tourist organization or a tours and travel
agency, to conduct a tour and point out objects of interest to the traveller.
They also play the role to inform, direct and advise the tourist before and
during his journ ey. A tour guide is an integral part of a travel agency.
They have great roles in developing tourism in regional as well as national
level. Their occupation is related to all the tourist activities that includes
tourist’s arrival in a country, several tour programmes and their departure.
Guides represent the cities. They are qualified for the same and are
capable of interpreting the culture and heritage of the area. A tour guide
has another role to play also. He is a person who guides the visito rs in the
language of their choice and leads a group of people around the museum,
town, and important venue. A tour guide informs all the tourist objects and
any point of interest in a particular region. For example while visiting any
historical place a gu ide narrates the history of that place in detail so
without a guide sometimes it becomes difficult to understand the sight and
its meaning. By this travellers get a precise knowledge of culture and the
way of life of inhabitants of a particular region. Whi le travellin g from one
destination to another a guide also entertains the traveller giving him
relevant information about the place where he will land up next. So his
role in developing tourism is very significant. He is expected to give the
best services to the touri sts so that they are highly satisfied and wish to
visit that particular tourist spot once again in future. Moreover if the
tourist is satisfied by the service of the tour guide he would not only come
back but also invite their friends, families or colleagu es. This will act as a
proof to their satisfaction with the tourist destination that they had visited.
Therefore the duty and responsibility of a tour guide is not negligible
regarding an uninterrupted tour of a traveller.
3.8 SUMMARY
Travelli ng is a very old phenomenon. In earlier days people used to go to
different places in search of food or pilgrimage.They visited new places
bycarts, bullock carts, camels and dolis. They stayed atdharmshalas and
sometimes in temples and other shelters.They were provide d food by the
priests ofthe temple. At present modern star hotels and transport operators
provide luxurious facilities.In India travel agency business is relatively
new.At the time of independence there was hardly any travelagency.It
isthe trav el agent who packages and processes all thevarious attractions of
the country and presents them tothe tourists.
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36 3.9 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS/ EXERCISE
1. True and false
a. Establishment of a certain level of security and safety in transportation
systems is essen tial.
b. As a r esult of world tourism growth an increase in traffic is observed
which puts pressure on tour guide facilities.
c. Tourism industry must assure that the mode of transportation is safe
and secure.
d. Railway transportation is considered as the newest one.
e. Sea Tra nsportation includes cruise travel, boat travel, yachting, ferry
travel etc.
2. Fill in the blanks
a. The most important reason for under performance is poor _________
systems.
b. In 2010 international the tourist arrivals rose to _________million.
c. Seasonal patt erns of travel demand create ____________ at certain
times.
d. Among other modes of transportation _________ transportation comes
forward for short distance travel.
e. __________ act as intermediaries between several services and tourist
organisation s
3. Multip le choice question
a. Good planning of transport is essential to
1. achieve maximum density under congestion
2. make smooth traffic flow
3. understand traffic volume
b. Congestion causes delays which leads to
1. waste of food and energy
2. waste of time and ene rgy
3. waste of energy and power
c. An increase in traffic may have disastrous effect on the environment
1. if that area have enough carrying capacity for additional tourists.
2. if that area does not have the feeding capacity for additional
tourists.
3. if that area d oes not have the carrying capacity for additional
tourists. munotes.in
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37
d. The mode of transportation frequently used by tourists because of low
prices is
1. automobile
2. air
3. rail
e. The travel agency business started first by
1. Timothy Cook and American Express Company.
2. Thom as Cook and European Express Company.
3. Thomas Cook and American Express Company.
3. Answer The Following Questions
1. State the role of transportation in infrastructure and support services of
tourism.
2. What is the role of accommodationin infrastructure and support
services of tourism?
3. How tourism organizations control the infrastructure and support
services of tourism?
4. Write a short note on agencies and guides of tourism.
3.10 ANSWERS TO THE SELF LEARNING QUESTIONS
1.a. true
1.b. false, As a result of world tourism gro wth an increase in traffic is
observed which puts pressure on transportation facilities.
1.c.true
1.d. false, Railway transportation is considered as the oldest one.
1.e. true
2.a. transportation
2.b. 940
2.c. overcrowding
2.d. Automobile
2.e. Tourist agen cies
3.a.ii.
3.b.ii.
3.c.iii.
3.d.i.
3.e.iii.
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38 3.11 TECHNICAL WORDS
Accommodation -Refer to a hotel or other places that provides room
for rent.
Agent -A business that is mainly focused on reselling tours and
activities in exchange for commissio n fees.
Currency -The form of money that a person uses in order to pay.
People from different countries typically have different currencies.
Destination -The place to which someone is going.
Guide -A professional that is accompanying a tour.
Hotel -A popu lar accommod ation choice made by travellers across the
globe. Hotels typically offer one -room accommodations but many also
have upgrades to suites available. They are often larger places to stay
that offer more amenities such as pools, gyms and restaurants .
Language -The different words and phrases that a person speaks
depending on the part of the world that they are from.
Locations -Destinations that people choose for their vacations.
Tourism Organisation -An organisation which helps travellers plan
trips while at the same time promoting businesses in a particular area.
3.12 TASK
Imagine you are a travel guide. Make a travel plan and find places to visit
in India.Write down its weather, what to eat, how to reach and other
information.
3.13 REFERENCES FO R FURTHER ST UDY
Geography of Tourism: Robinson
Tourism Development, Principles and Practices: Bhatia A.K., Sterling
Publisher Ltd., New Delhi
Dynamics of Tourism: Kaul R.N., Sterline Publisher Ltd.
Parytan bhugol: Dr. S. B. Shinde , Phadke Prakashan, Kolh apur.
Paryta n bhugol: A.V. Bhagvat, Murlidhar Prakashan, Pune.
Parytan & Arthik Kriya: Prof. Dr. Shankar G. Chaudhari,
Himalaya Publication House, Mumbai.
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39 4
PLANNING OF TOURISM AND
ORGANISATION
After going through this chapter you will be able to understand the
following features:
Unit Structure :
4.1 Objectives
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Subject -Discussion
4.4 Need of Planning
4.5 Elements of Planning
4.6 Levels of Planning
4.7 Tourism Organizations - IATA, PATA, I.T.D.C. and M.T.D.C
4.8 Summary
4.9 Check Your Progress/ Exercise
4.10 Answers t o The Self Learning Questions
4.11 Technical Words
4.12 Task
4.13 References f or Further Stu dy
4.1 OBJECTIVES
By the end of this unit you will be able to –
Understand need of planning for tourism
Learn about elements of planning
Know the level of planning
Understand the tourism organaztion
Understand Incredible India campaign
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40 4.2 INTRODUCTION
At first we have learnt the definition,nature and scope of Environmental
Geography along with concept of resources, classification of resources and
environmental proble ms associated with forest, water and minerals. We
have also studi ed air, water, land and noise pollution in details. In the
fourth unit the concept and need of sustainable development along with
various environmental issues have been studied. We studied
environmental issues and movements primarily in the fif th unit.
Development projects and displacement of people and environmental
movements in India with special reference to Maharashtra have also been
learnt in that unit. In the sixth unit we learnt the def inition of Tourism
Geography at first. In the seventh unit we lea rnt different types of Tourism
and the new trends in Tourism. In the last two units we learnt different
factors and impacts of tourismand study the infrastructure and support
services of tou rism such as transportation, accommodation, tourism
organizations , agencies and guides. In the present unit we will study
tourism resources in India and Maharashtra with special reference to its
geographical, historical, religious and cultural tourism reso urces.
4.3 SUBJECT -DISCUSSION
Tourism in India is gro wing rapidly . It is economically very important too.
The World Travel & Tourism Council calculated that tourism in India
generated 14.02 lakh crore or 9.6% of the nation's GDP in 2016 and
supported 40.34 3 million jobs, 9.3% of its total employment.About 88 .90
lakh (8. 89 million) foreign tourists arrived in India in 2016. This data
reflects the truth that India has lot of tourism resources. India scores high
on natural and cultural resources and ranked 9thaccording to the Travel &
Tourism Competitiveness Rep ort 2017. Pr eviously Tamil Nadu,
Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh were the most popular states for tourists.
Nowadays Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Agra and Jaipur have been the five
most visited cities of India by foreign tourists.
4.4 NEED OF PLANNING AND ELEMENT S OF
PLANNING
NEED FOR TOURISM PLANNING:
1. Establishing the overall tourism development objectives and policies –
what is tourism aiming to accomplish and how these aims can be
achieved.
2. Developing tourism so that its natural and cultural resources are
indefinitely maintain ed and conserved for future, as well as present,
use.
3. Integrating tourism into the overall development policies and patterns
of the country or region, and establishing dose linkages between
tourism and other economic sectors. munotes.in
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Planning of Tourism
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41 4. Providing a rational basis for decision -making by both the public and
private sectors on tourism development.
5. Making possible the coordinated development of all the many
elements of the tourism sector. This includes inter -relating the tourist
attractions, activities, facilities and ser vices and the various and
increasingly fragmented tourist markets.
6. Optimizing and balancing the economic, environmental and social
benefits of tourism, with equitable distribution of these benefits to the
society, while minimizing possibl e problems of tour ism.
7. Providing a physical structure which guides the location, types and
extent of tourism development of attractions, facilities, services and
infrastructure.
8. Establishing the guidelines and standards for preparing detailed plans
of spec ific tourism devel opment areas that are consistent with, and
reinforce, one another, and for the appropriate design of tourist
facilities.
9. Laying the foundation for effective implementation of the tourism
development policy and plan and continuous manageme nt of the
tourism sector, by providing the necessary organizational and other
institutional framework.
10. Providing the framework for effective coordination of the public and
private sector efforts and investment in developing tourism.
11. Offering a baseline for the continuous monitoring of the progress of
tourism development and keeping it on track.
4.5 ELEMENTS OF TOURISM PLANNING:
The five vital components of tourism planning are-
1. Attraction
2. Accessibility
3. Accommodation
4. Amenities and Activities.
Attraction: Touri sm activity starts with the attractions. At a place or
destination there has to be some attraction only then p eople or tourists will
visit that area. Tourism activity starts with the attractions. At a place or
destination there has to be some attraction on ly then people or tourists will
visit that area. Attractions are believed to be the greatest influencers of al l
the components. They can make or break a destination. Attractions are of
two types: Natural Attractions like lakes, rivers, mountains, etc. and Man-
made attractions like monuments, museums, shopping areas, etc. The
ultimate motive of any tourist is to ex perience the attraction, though munotes.in
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42 accessibility and accommodation also partake in this phenomenon. But it
can be said that without attraction there shall be no tourism, however
transport, hotels, activities and amenities can also act as attraction.
Attractio ns are at the first step of tourism supply chain.
Accessibility: Accessibility or otherwise said as transportation is an
essential component of to urism system as it creates linkage between
market source and destination. If there are attractions then thos e has to be
visited by the tourists. Transportation is not a target usually but a mandate
for the conduct of tour. But in some cases, transport can also become an
attraction, for example, tourist trains run by IRCTC like Maharajas’
Express, Royal Rajasthan on wheels, etc. There are various modes of
transportation available like roadways, airways, waterways and railways.
Ideally, transport should be co mfortable, reliable, affordable and
appropriate for the traveller; whichever mode it may be
Accommodation: Accommodation is one of the most crucial aspects of a
destination. Any traveller choosing to visit any destination would firstly
look for accommodati on suited to his/her needs. It should provide him/her
food and beverage services, resting facilities, etc. up to his satisfaction
level. Accommodation units itself act as tourist attractions for a large
number of people. There are few places, which are bei ng visited by
tourists only for their hotels. Palace Hotel Chail, Umaid Bhawan Palace,
Jodhpur are some of the example of hotels, where tourists have to pay just
for visiting the hotel property. In this way there are several places
throughout .
Amenities: Every tourist travelling to a new destination desires for world
class facilities and services. In order to fulfil their demand huge efforts are
made by the industry. High quality facilities are important aid to every
tourist destination or centre. For a coa stal resort, services like swimming,
boating, yachting, surf -riding and other amenities like recreation, d ancing
and other entertainment and amusement services are very essential for
each and every tourist destination. Facilities can be of two kinds’ natur al,
i.e. sea -bathing, beaches, possibilities of fishing, opportunities for
trekking, climbing or viewing e tc. and man -made, i.e. different kinds of
entertainment facilities that can cater to the unique requirements of the
various tourists. Outstanding beac hes, sheltered from sunshine with palm
and coconut trees and providing good bathing conditions make a ver y
good tourist centre. Various other natural facilities like large water for the
purpose of cruising or the chances for hunting and fishing are equally very
significant.
Activities: Attractions are often assisted by various activities that enhance
touris t experience. For example: a lake in Nainital may have boating and
cruise facilities, a monument in Agra may offer a guided tour by a tour
guide or a lig ht and sound show in Khajaraho, hiking in a mountain, skiing
in the snow slopes in Himalayas, white wat er river rafting in Ganges river,
fishing in Manalsu river, paraglidin g in Bir, Trek in Hamta pass et al.
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43 4.6 LEVEL OF PLANNING
1. International Tourism P lanning: Tourism planning at the
international level typically involves international transportation services,
the movement and scheduling of tou rist tours between different countries,
the development of significant tourist attractions and facilities in
neighboring countries, as well as the working strategies and promotional
programs of many nations.
2. National Tourism Planning: Tourism policy, i nfrastructural facilities,
and a physical structure plan, which includes significant tourist attractions,
chosen tourism development regions, international entrance points,
facilities, and services, are all addressed at the national level of tourism
planni ng. Additionally, it is concerned with the quantity, types, and quality
of lodging and other essential tourist f acilities and services; the country's
major travel routes and their regional connections; tourism
organization rights, laws, and investment pol icies; marketing and
promotion strategies for the industry; education and training initiatives;
and environmental, economic, and sociocultural analysis.
3. Regional Tourism Planning: Regional planning considers factors such
as regional policy, regional en trance points, transportation facilities, and
services; the types and locations of tourism attractions; the quantit y,
varieties, and places of lodging and other tourist facilities and services;
and the sites of tourist development regions, such as resort a reas.
They will also oversee sociocultural, environmental, economic, and
impact analyses, regional education and tr aining programmes, marketing
strategies, investment policies, organizational structures, legal
frameworks, and implementation strategies, in cluding project plans and
zoning ordinances.
4. Local Tourism Planning: Participants at the local level will think
about the analyses, outputs, outcomes, and assessment of tourism planning
at the ground level.
4.7 TOURISM ORGANIZATION – IATA, PATA, ITDC,
MTDC
1. IATA : INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION
Aims to promote safe, regular and economical air transport, faster air
commerce and study problems connected with the industry. Involves
standardizing of tickets, prices, airline air way bills, b aggage checks and
other documents .
2. PATA - PACIFIC ASIA TRAVEL ASSOCIATION Develops,
promotes and facilitates travel i n the Pacific Areas Early leader in
recognizing the need for environmental ethics Initiated the PATA Code
for Environmental Tourism . PATA Pacific Asia Trav el Association
(PATA) is the largest travel promotional organization in the world. It
promotes travel and tourism to and within the Pacific region. It was munotes.in
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44 incorporated to develop, promote, and facilitate travel to areas within the
Pacific RIM in 1951 as a non-profit, voluntary, and non -political
corporation.
Aims and Objectives of PATA
The main objectives of PATA are:
• To promote and develop tourism in t he Pacific region.
• To provide timely up -to-date and informed.
• To organize seminars/ conferences for the members.
• Build the business of members.
• To organize training and development programs for mem bers.
• To promote ethical practices.
• To focus on destination development.
• To take the lead position on travel and tourism industry issues that need
to be addressed.
• To stimulate and develop publ ic-private sector partnerships.
• To improve internatio nal understanding and international corporation.
• To provide a common forum.
• To publish material relating the tourism industry.
• HR development.
• Marketing research and statics.
• To provide valua ble insights, forecasts, and analysis help members to
make better business decisions.
Roles and Functions of PATA
Generally, PATA’s main aim is the progressive development and
promotion of tourism to its member countries. The contribu tion, role, and
functions of PATA towards its members can
be studied under th e following points:
• PATA conducts research studies on tourism.
• PATA organizes marketing programs.
• Provides detailed and up -to-date information.
• Organize events in the Pacific region.
• Helps in economic development.
• PATA helps in the improvement of tourist plants and service facilities.
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45 INDIA TOURISM DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (ITDC)
The association is the second mos t important after India Tourism. It
operates as a public sector entity. The main aim of the ITDC is to promote
India as a tourist place. The association became the Indian private sector
mainly for two reasons. Firstly the private companies were unwilling t o
invest in tourism facilities. Secondly, they thought the profit was uncertain
to invest in tourism facilities.
The association was for med in the year 1966. It was formed with the
merger of Hotel Corporation India Ltd, India Tourism Transport
Undertaking Ltd, and Indian Tourism Corporation Ltd.
The Aims and Objectives of ITDC
To build, take over, and manage the current hotel and to promot e hotels,
beach resorts, and restaurants.
It provides transport, duty -free shopping, and meeting facilities.
It produces , distributes and sells tourist ads products.
Acts as management, consultancy and decision -making service in
India and abroad.
It also w orks as full -fledged money changers (FFMG), restricted
money changers, etc.
It offers advanced and cost -effective result s for the growth of tourism
and technical needs.
This includes project discussion and operations.
The entertainment and other functions of ITDC
It organized shows at Red Fort, Delhi
It runs duty -free shops at five airports. The airports are Kolkata,
Thiruv ananthapuram, Delhi, Chennai, and Mumbai.
It helped to developed tourist places.
The Ashok Travels and Tours (ATT) which is the brand na me of ITDC
provide services to national and global visitors.
The ATT offers a tour package that includes a honeymoon tour, mountain
tour, shopping tour, etc.
It partakes in food festivals around the globe. The menu focuses on Indian
food.
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46 MAHARSHTRA TOURI SUM DEVELOPMENT
CORPORATION (MTDC )
Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation (MTDC), a company set -
up by the Government of Mah arashtra in 1975, with an authorised share
capital of Rs. 25 Crores. Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation
commonly abbrev iated as MTDC, is a body o f the Government of
Maharashtra responsible for development of tourism in the Indian state of .
The objectives of the Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation
(MTDC )
are to develop tourism infrastructure in the state of Maharash tra, India,
promote tourism, and increase tourist traffic to the state by developing
new tourism products and destinations.
This is done by providing quality services and facilities, preserving
and promoting cultural heritage, and encouraging private inv estment in
tourism de velopment.
The ultimate goal of MTDC is to enhance the social and economic
development of the state through sustainable tourism .
What is purpose of tourism ?
The purpose of tourism is to provide people with the opportunity to
explore and experience new cultures, environments, and activities.
It can be a gr eat way for individuals or families to bond while learning
about different places around the world.
Tour ism also helps stimulate local economies by providing jobs in
hospitality, transportation, retail services and more.
Additionally, it provides an import ant source of income for many
countries that rely heavily on tourist dollars as a major part of their
GDP.
Finally, tourism can help preserve cultural heritage sites by bringing
attention to them from visitors who may not have known about them
otherwise!
4.8 SUMMARY
Tourism has multi -dimensional activity. Hence it has evolved as one of the
largest and lucra tive industries of the new millennium. India has the
potential to p lay a major role in the world of tourism. It is endowed with
unparallel resources that range from old herit age, kaleidoscopic landscape,
a wide variety of delectable cuisine and a rich mos aic of culture and
people's traditions. It has been estimated that India's travel and tourism munotes.in
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Planning of Tourism
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47 potentials can provide its economy substantial resources in the coming
years. In spite of varied and rich cultural heritage, India's share in world
tourism has be en reported to be poor .
4.9 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS/ EXERCISE
1. True and false
a. Srinagar is the capital of Jammu and Kashmir.
b. Shillong is known as the Queen of Hill stations in I ndia.
c. Dehradun, in West Bengal was summer resort during British period.
d. The Tropi c of Capricorn divides India into two parts.
e. Shankaracharya Hill is in Shrinagar.
2. Fill in the blanks
a. Ajmer, a city in Rajasthan, is famous for Ajmer Sharif Dargah, the
dome d shrine of the Muslim Sufi ___________________.
b. ______________ Cave is a Hindu S hrine located in Jammu &
Kashmir.
c. Mount Mary Church is one of the a ncient ______________ located in
Mumbai, dedicated to ‘Virgin Mary’.
d. Khajurahois one of the ____________worl d heritage sites in India.
e. ___________ ___________, located in Gorai, North Mumba i, isthe
largest amusement theme park in India.
3. Multiple choice question
a. Srinagar is situated in the Kashmir valley on the banks of the
1. Jhelum River, a tributary of Ganga .
2. Jhelum River, a tributary of Kaberi.
3. Jhelum River, a tributary of Indus.
b. Amarna th cave is the most
1. sacred and ancient Shrine of Lord Ganesha.
2. sacred and ancient Shrine of Lord Shiva
3. sacred and ancient Shrine of Lord Vishnu.
c. Pandharpur is a well kno wn pilgrimage town on the banks of
1. Bhima river in Solapur district, Maharashtra.
2. Bhima river in Sindhudurg district, Maharashtra
3. Indravati River in Solapur district, Maharashtra
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48 d. Konark Sun Temple built in 13th Century (A.D. 1250) in Odisha by
king Narasim hadeva I of Eastern Ganga Dynasty
1. has 12wheels & 7 horses of god ‘Sun’ and known as Black Pagoda
2. has 24 wheels & 7 horses of god ‘Sun’ and known as Black Pagoda
3. has 24 wheels & 17 horses of god ‘Sun’and known as Black Pagoda.
e. One of the most important a nd sacred Buddhist pilgrimage centre in
the world having Mahabodhi Temple and Bod hi Tree is
1. Bodhgaya
2. Ajmer
3. Badrinath
4. Answer the Following Questi ons
1. Write an essay on the tourism resources of India.
2. Name the important hill stations of India. State the i mportant places to
visit in those hill stations.
3. Where is Kovalam located? State the name of the tourist attractions in
Kovalam.
4. Name the national p arks of India. Give a short description of any three
of them.
5. Write short notes on:
a. Delhi
b. Juhu
c. Aurangabad
d. Khajuraho
e. Ellora Caves
4.10 ANSWERS TO THE SELF LEARNING QUESTIONS
a. true
1.b.fals e, Shimla is known as the Queen of Hill stations in India.
1.c. Fa lse, Darjiling, in West Bengal was summer resort during British
period.
1.d. false, The Tropic of Cancer di vides India into two parts.
1.e. true
2.a. Saint Garib Nawaz.
2.b. Amarnath
2.c. basilicas
2.d. UNESCO
2.e. Essel World
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Planning of Tourism
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49 3.b.ii.
3.c.i
3.d.ii.
3.e.i.
4.11 TECHNICAL WORDS
Hill Stations: a town in the low mountains of the Indian subcontinent,
popular a s a holiday resort during the hot season.
Beaches : a pebbly or sandy shore, espec ially by the sea between high -
and low -water marks.
National Park: an area of countryside, or occasionally sea or fresh
water, protected by the state for the enjoyment of the general public or
the preservation of wildlife.
UNESCO :The United Nations Educati onal, Scientific and Cultural
Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) based
in Paris.
Heritage Site: It is a landmark or area which is selected by the United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
as havi ng cultural, historical, scientific or other form of significance,
and is legally protected by international treaties.
4.12 TASK
In a chart make a column and give brief infor mation about ten selected
tourist places of India and Maharashtra. Give pictures.
4.13 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER STUDY
Indian Tourism: Tourist Places o f India (Indian Culture & Heritage),
by AnuragMathur
Tourism Development, Principles and Practices: Bhatia A .K., Sterling
Publisher Ltd., New Delhi
Outlook Traveller Getaways - 1000 PLACES TO SEE IN INDIA
Parytan bhugol: Dr. S. B. Shinde , Phadke Prakashan , Kolhapur.
Parytan bhugol: A.V. Bhagvat, MurlidharPrakashan, Pune.
Parytan & Arthik Kriya : Prof. Dr. Shank ar G. Chaudhari, Himalaya
Publication House, Mumbai.
Top 100 Places to Visit in India: by Him RudramSaikia
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50 5
POTENTIAL TOURISM SE CTORS IN
MAHARASHTRA AND TOUR ISM POLICY
After going through this chapter you will be able to understand the
following features:
Unit Structure :
5.1 Objectives
5.2 Introduction
5.3 Subject -Discussion
5.4 Tourism in Maharasht ra
5.5 Coastal Tourism in Maharashtra
5.6 Heritage Tourism in Maharashtra
5.7 Tourism Policy of Maharashtra State
5.8 Summary
5.9 Check Your Progress/ Exercise
5.10 Answers t o The Self Learning Questions
5.11 Technical Words
5.12 Task
5.13 References f or Further Stu dy
5.1 OBJECTIVES
By the end of this unit you will be able to –
Understand tourism resources in India and Maharashtra
Learn Geographicaltourismresources
Know Historical tourism resources
Analyse Religioustourismresources
Understand Culturaltourism resour ces
5.2 INTRODUCTION
At first we have learnt the definition,nature and scope of Environmental
Geography along with concept of resources, classification of resources and
environmental proble ms associated with forest, water and minerals. We
have also studi ed air, water, land and noise pollution in details. In the
fourth unit the concept and need of sustainable development along with munotes.in
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Potential Tourism
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51 various environmental issues have been studied. We studied
environmental issues and movements primarily in the fifth unit.
Development projects and displacement of people and environmental
movements in India with special reference to Maharashtra have also been
learnt in that unit. In the sixth unit we learnt the def inition of Tourism
Geography at first. In the seventh unit we lea rnt different types of Tourism
and the new trends in Tourism. In the last two units we learnt different
factors and impacts of tourismand study the infrastructure and support
services of tou rism such as transportation, accommodation, tourism
organizations , agencies and guides. In the present unit we will study
tourism resources in India and Maharashtra with special reference to its
geographical, historical, religious and cultural tourism reso urces.
5.3 SUBJECT -DISCUSSION
Tourism in India is growing rapidly . It is economically very important too.
The World Travel & Tourism Council calculated that tourism in India
generated 14.02 lakh crore or 9.6% of the nation's GDP in 2016 and
supported 40.34 3 million jobs, 9.3% of its total employment.About 88.90
lakh (8. 89 million) foreign tourists arrived in India in 2016. This data
reflects the truth that India has lot of tourism resources. India scores high
on natural and cultural resources and ranked 9thaccording to the Travel &
Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017. Pr eviously Tamil Nadu,
Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh were the most popular states for tourists.
Nowadays Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Agra and Jaipur have been the five
most visited cities of India by foreign tourists.
5.4 TOURISM RESOURCES IN MAHARASHT RA
India has lot of tourism resources. The Tropic of cancer divides India into
two parts. Upper part is in the Temperate Belt and lower part is in the
Tropical Belt. Hence we find lot of physical varia tion in India - very low
temperature (snowfall) in the north & high temperature in the south. To
the eastthere lies Mawsynram in Meghalaya, with 11,873 mm (467 in) of
rain per annum, It is the region that enjoys highest rainfall in the world
and Thar Deser t lies in the west.
India is considered as melting pot for many cultures and religions and
hence we find lot of cultural variations in different parts of India.
Therefore India has tremendous potential, and scope for the development
of tourism. Brief infor mation about selected tourist places is given below.
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52
ADVANTURE TOURISM IN MAHARASHT RA
Blessed with thrilling pinnacles, courtesy of the forts and caves along the
way, stunning hilltop view, serene surroundin gs, ample greenery, pleasant
weather, and a chance to escape the city’s constant bu zz – Sahyadri
trekking become a popular adventurous sport for adventurous activities in
Maharashtra.
Shot at the Irshalgad pinnacle. ...
Peb Fort trek near Matheran. ...
Wad ing through waters in the Sandhan Valley gorge. ...
Sahyadris are great for aspiring mountaineers. ...
Kalsubai, highest peak in the Sahyadri. ...
A dry canyon somewhere in Malshej ghat. ...
On top of Ahupe Ghat. ...
Hardest fort trek in Sahyadri
Mahabales hwar - It is famous hill station in Maharashtra; situated at the
Western Ghat. It has rich biodiversity & dense forest.
Places of interest are as follows:
1. Venna lake
2. Parsi point
3. Elephant’s head point Category Tourist places in
Maharashtra
a) Adventure tourism in
Sahyadri Mahabaleshwar
Matheran
Amboli
b) Coastal tourism in
Maharashtra Juhu - Mumbai
Kihim - Alibag
Ganpati Pule
Tarkarli
Heritage tourism in
Maharashtra Raigad
Aurangabad
Ajanta
Ellora
Essel World - Mumbai
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53 4. Hollywood way museum
5. Babington point
6. Lingmala wate rfall
7. Dhobi Waterfall
8. Arthur seat
9. Echo Point
10. Bombay point - Sunset point
Matheran - It is small hill station near Mumbai in Maharashtra. As the
name indicates ‘Mathe’ means head & ‘ran’ means forest. It was covered
by the dense forest. A toy train is operated from Nerul to Matheran. The
elevation of Matheran is about 800 m. from MSL
Places of interest are as follows:
1. One tree point
2. Louisa point
3. Alexander point
4. Pisarnath Mandir
5. Khandala point
6. Shivaji’s ladder
7) Ambol i - It is a hill station in We stern Ghat at the height of 690 m in
Sindhudurg District of Maharashtra. Amboli Ghat connects Sawantwadi in
Konkan to Kolhapur, Belgaum in Desh region.
Place of interestare as follows:
1. Water fall
2. Mahadev Gad
3. Shirgaokar point
4. Durg Dhakoba Trek
5.5 COASTAL T OURISM IN MAHARASHTRA
BEACHES :
Juhu Mumbai - Juhu is famous beach in Mumbai along the Western
coast, near Arabian Sea. It is easily accessible due to connectivity of road,
railway, metro, transport systems. It is famous for Bhelpuri andPanipuri,
Many fil m celeb rity dwell here. munotes.in
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54 Kihim (Alibag) - Beauty of Kihim beach is shown in many Hindi film of
India. It is very near to the metropolitan city of Mumbai, about 100 km. by
road. There is a boat service from the Gateway of India to Mandwa,
Kolaba fort which is at Alibag.
Ganpati Pule (Ratnagiri district) -This beautiful beach is in the
Ratnagiri District along the West coast of Maharashtra near Arabian Sea.
It has Ganpati (Lord Ganesha) temple & beautiful beach. Konkani food is
an added attraction.
Tarkar li beach (Sindhudurg District) - It is about 8 km long beach to
the south of Malvan in Sindhudurg district. Many water sports like
snorkelling, scuba diving etc. is available here. This beach is very
beautiful with the dense green vegetation of the Konkan. Many tourists
prefer Tarkarli than Goa.
Murud beach
A quaint coastal town on the west coast of India, Murud is home to a
beach which is relatively lesser known. Murud beach is located just 42
km from Alibaug. Its beautiful sandy coastline and villages dot ted with
coconut groves and the magnificent sea fort of Murud Janjira make Murud
an excellent getaway from Mumbai and Pune. The beach provides a
magnificent setting for a great view of sunset. It is not crowded like other
commercial beaches and makes for a pleasant getaway.
Shrivardhan beach
Located in the Raigad district, Shrivardhan is known mainly for the
seaside fort. Along with Harihareshwar, Shrivardhan forms an amazing
coastal tour circuit which serves as a fantastic getaway from Mumbai and
Pune. Shr ivardhan has many beaches worth checking out but the best one
for a picnic is Kondivali beach. DIveagar and Harihareshwar are also at
short distances and you can easily go beach hopping. Shrivardhan is also
home to some fine temples most prominent among wh ich is the Shri
Laxminarayan temple. The Suverna Ganesh temple and Harihareshwar
temple are not too far awa y from here. Shrivardhan is a must -visit for its
historical as well as religious significance. It is believed that one of the
Pandavas, Arjun, visite d Shrivardhan as part of his pilgrimage. From
finding a mention in accounts of European travellers to being home to the
third Peshwa Balaji Bajirao, Shrivardhan has had its share of glory in
history. It is also famous for its betel nut called ‘Shrivardhan rotha’. The
betel nut plantations all over the region add to its green beauty and make it
a delight for nat ure lovers.
5.6 HERITAGE TOURISM IN MAHARASHTRA
What do you mean by heritage tourism?
The National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States defines
heritage tourism as " travelling to exp erience the places, artefacts and
activities that authentically represent the stories and people of the past", munotes.in
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55 and "heritage tourism can include cultural, historic and natural resources"
Maharashtra's ri ch heritage is reflected in its 5 UNESCO world heritage
sites of Ellora caves in Aurangabad district which is a complex of massive
rock-cut architecture. There are 34 monasteries and temples. Kailasa
temple is located in this comple x.
Ajanta (Aurangabad Di strict) -
The Ajanta caves are located in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra.Here
about 29 rock cut Buddhist cave monuments, formed in 2nd century BCE
to about 480 CE are found. These caves include paintings & rock cut
sculpture s are the finest examples of ancient Indian Art. It is UNESCO
World Heritage site.
Ellora Caves (Aurangabad District) -
Ellora is one of the largest rock cut monastery temple caves complexes in
the world. It is a UNESCO World Heritage site. The monumen ts and
artwork in the caves is related to Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism from
the 600 -1000 CE period. These caves are known as ‘Verul Leni’ and are
about 30 kms. from Aurangabad.
Elephanta Caves
Situated on an island, the Elephanta Caves is just 10 km east of Mumbai.
The spot is dedica ted to Lord Shiva, and there are a total of seven caves
here. There are many artworks that once belonged to the Elephanta caves
that are now found in museums across the country. But nevertheless, the
original location still has some maginificent structures , and artworks.
The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai
Mumbai is home to enchanting old buildings. You will find 19th century
Victorian Neo -Gothic public buildings, and 20th century Art Deco
buildings in the city. The large edifices st and as relics from a different
time, which are all too glamourous, even in the face of new posh buildings
that are built in the city. These buildings can be found around the Oval
Maidan.
Chhat rapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus
Formerly known as the Victoria Terminus, Chhat rapati Shivaji Maharaj
Terminus (CSTM) was completed in 1888. Its construction had begun in
1878. The Victorian Gothic Revival Architecture stands out in the hustle
bustle of Mum bai. Extremely busy, it is spread across 2.85 hectre area.
5.7 MAHARASHTRA TOU RISM POLICY
Highlights of the 2016 Maharashtra Tourism Policy are as follows:
1. Designate Tourism as a priority sector since it holds the potential to
usher in economic development munotes.in
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Geography of Tourism a nd
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56 2. and generate high employment opportunities in Maharashtra –
change —the policy will establish.
3. Achieve sector growth of 10% per annum and share of 15% in GSDP
through tourism and tourism related activities.
4. Generate fresh investments in the tourism sector to the tune of INR
30,000 crore by 2025
5. Create 1 million additional jobs in th e tourism sector by 2025
6. Incentivize tourism units in the state by linking it to the Package
Scheme of Incentives, 2013 of
7. Industries, Energy and Labour Department or any modifications
thereafter. The incentives under this
8. policy are designed as per the ne eds of the tourism sector in the state.
9. Key strategic interve ntions are identified and special incentives for
respective intervention have been laid out.
10. Strengthening of tourism infrastructure especially in the form of PPP
model, special tourism
11. infrastru cture Tourism Infrastructure development fund, CSR, etc. a re
defined in this policy.
5.8 SUMMARY
Tourism has multi -dimensional activity. Hence it has evolved as one of the
largest and lucrative industries of the new millennium. India has the
potential to p lay a major role in the world of tourism. It is endowed with
unparallel resources that range from old heritage, kaleidoscopic landscape,
a wide variety of delectable cuisine and a rich mosaic of culture and
people's traditions. It has been estimated that India's travel and tourism
potentials can provide its economy substantial resources in the coming
years. In spite of varied and rich cultural heritage, India's share in world
tourism has been reported to be poor .
5.9 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS/ EXERCISE
1. True and false
a. Srinagar is the capital of Jammu and Kashmir.
b. Shillong is known as the Queen of Hill stations in India.
c. Dehradun, in West Bengal was summer resort during British period.
d. The Tropic of Capricorn divides India into two parts.
e. Shankaracharya Hill is in Shrinagar. munotes.in
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Potential Tourism
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57 2. Fill in the blanks
a. Ajmer, a city in Rajasthan, is famous for Ajmer Sharif Dargah, the
domed shrine of the Muslim Sufi ___________________.
b. ______________ Cave is a Hindu Shrine located in Jammu &
Kashmir.
c. Mount Mary Church is one of the a ncient ______________ located in
Mumbai, dedicated to ‘Virgin Mary’.
d. Khajurahois one of the ____________world heritage sites in India.
e. ___________ ___________, located in Gorai, North Mumbai, isthe
largest amusement theme park in India.
3. Multiple choice question
a. Srinagar is situated in the Kashmir valley on the banks of the
1. Jhelum River, a tributary of Ganga.
2. Jhelum River, a tributary of Kaberi.
3. Jhelum River, a tributary of Indus.
b. Amarnath cave is the most
1. sacred and ancient Shrine of Lord Ganesha.
2. sacred and ancient Shrine of Lord Shiva
3. sacred and ancient Shrine of Lord Vishnu.
c. Pandharpur is a well known pilgrimage town on the banks of
1. Bhima river in Solapur district, Maharashtra.
2. Bhima river in Sindhudurg district, Maharashtra
3. Indravati River in Solapur district, Maharashtra
d. Konark Sun Temple built in 13th Century (A.D. 1250) in Odisha by
king Narasimhadeva I of Eastern Ganga Dynasty
1. has 12wheels & 7 horses of god ‘Sun’ and known as Black Pagoda
2. has 24 wheels & 7 horses of god ‘Sun’ and known as Black Pagoda
3. has 24 wheels & 17 horses of god ‘Sun’and known as Black Pagoda.
e. One of the most important and sacred Buddhist pilgrimage centre in
the world having Mahabodhi Temple and Bodhi Tree is
1. Bodhgaya
2. Ajmer
3. Badrinath munotes.in
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Geography of Tourism a nd
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58 4. Answer the Following Questi ons
1. Write an essay on the tourism resources of India.
2. Name the important hill stations of India. State the important places to
visit in those hill stations.
3. Where is Kovalam located? State the name of the tourist attractions in
Kovalam.
4. Name the national p arks of India. Give a short description of any three
of them.
5. Write short notes on:
a. Delhi
b. Juhu
c. Aurangabad
d. Khajuraho
e. Ellora Caves
5.10 ANSWERS TO THE SELF LEARNING QUESTIONS
a. true
1.b.false, Shimla is known as the Queen of Hill stations in India.
1.c. Fa lse, Darjiling, in West Bengal was summer resort during British
period.
1.d. false, The Tropic of Cancer divides India into two parts.
1.e. true
2.a. Saint Garib Nawaz.
2.b. Amarnath
2.c. basilicas
2.d. UNESCO
2.e. Essel World
a.iii.
3.b.ii.
3.c.i
3.d.ii.
3.e.i.
5.11 TECHNICAL WORDS
Hill Stations: a town in the low mountains of the Indian subcontinent,
popular as a holiday resort during the hot season.
Beaches : a pebbly or sandy shore, especially by the sea between high -
and low -water marks. munotes.in
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Potential Tourism
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59 National Park: an area of countryside, or occasionally sea or fresh
water, protected by the state for the enjoyment of the general public or
the preservation of wildlife.
UNESCO :The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) based
in Paris.
Heritage Site: It is a landmark or area which is selected by the United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
as having cultural, historical, scientific or other form of significance,
and is legally protected by international treaties.
5.12 TASK
In a chart make a column and give brief information about ten selected
tourist places of India and Maharashtra. Give pictures.
5.13 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER STUDY
Indian Tourism: Tourist Places o f India (Indian Culture & Heritage),
by AnuragMathur
Tourism Development, Principles and Practices: Bhatia A.K., Sterling
Publisher Ltd., New Delhi
Outlook Traveller Getaways - 1000 PLACES TO SEE IN INDIA
Parytan bhugol: Dr. S. B. Shinde , Phadke Prakashan , Kolhapur.
Parytan bhugol: A.V. Bhagvat, MurlidharPrakashan, Pune.
Parytan & Arthik Kriya : Prof. Dr. Shankar G. Chaudhari, Himalaya
Publication House, Mumbai.
Top 100 Places to Visit in India: by Him RudramSaikia
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QUESTION P APER PATTERN
Time: 3 hours Marks;100 N.B. 1.All questions are compulsory and carry equal marks.
2. Use of Map Stencils is permitted.
3. Draws ketches and diagrams wherever necessary.
Q.1 Long answer question on Unit -I 20Marks
OR
Long answer question on unit –I for 20 Marksor
Two short answer questions each 10Marks 20Marks
Q.2 Long answer question on Unit-II 20Marks
OR
Long answer question on unit –II for 20 Marks or
Two short answer questions each 10 Marks 20Marks
Q.3 Long answer question on Unit -III 20Marks
OR
Long answer question on unit –III for 20 Marks or Two short answer questions each 10Marks 20Marks
Q.4 Long answer question on Unit -IV 20Marks
OR
Long answer question on unit –IV for 20 Marks or
Two short answer questions each 10Marks 20Marks
Q.5 Long answer question on Unit -V 20Marks
OR
Long answer question on unit –V for 20 Marksor
Two short answer questions each 10 Marks 20Marks
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