TYB Sc Life Science Syllabus for Academic Council 2018 11_1 Syllabus Mumbai University by munotes
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AC: 14/06/2018
Item No.4.50
UNIVE RSITY OFMUMBAI
Syllabus for the T.Y. B. Sc.
Program: B.Sc.
Course: Life Sciences (USLSC)
Choice Base d Credit System
(Academic year2018 –2019)
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PREAMBLE
Programme: B.Sc.
Course: Life Sciences(USLSC)
(Semester–V&VI)
With the introduction of Choice Based Credit System and continuous evaluation
consisting of components of Internal Assessment and External Assessment by the esteemed
University, the existing syllabi of F.Y.B.Sc.andS.Y.B.Sc. Life Sciences were restructured
according to the CBSGS pattern and after the approval by the concerned authorities have been
mplemented from the academic years 2011-12 and 2012 -13 respectively.
In accordance with the CBSGS pattern , the existing syllabus of T.Y.B.Sc Life
Sciences has been restructured and after the approval by the concerned authorities shall be
implemented from the academic year 2018-19.
For restructuring the existing syllabi of T.Y.B.Sc Life Sciences as the convener, BOS
members as co-conveners and Head/Senior teachers from affiliated colleges as members of
these sub-committees.
As mentioned in the outline of the syllabus, all the 08 courses of theory and Practicals
(Semester V and VI together) are compulsory to the students offering Life Sciences as a
Single Major Subject (6 units pattern of the old course).
These courses are:
1. USLSC-501and US LSC-601
2. USLSC-502and USLSC-602
3. USLSC-503and USLSC-603
4. USLSC-504and US LSC-604
However, the students opting for Double Major Subject (3 Units pattern of the old
course), shall have following 04 courses of theory and Practical (Semester V and VI)
compulsory:
1. USLSC-501and USLSC-601
2. USLSC-502and USLSC-602
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COUR SEWISECR EDITASSIGNMENTU NDERTHEFACU LTYOF SCIENCE
Program: B.Sc.
Course: Life Sciences(USLSC)
Course wise
credit
assignments
under
the faculty of
science
Type of Courses/
Credits Assigned FirstYear
(Credit x N o. of
Courses) SecondYear
(Credit x N o. of
Courses) Third Year
(Credit x No. of
Courses) Total
Credit
Value
First
Semester Second
Semester Third
Semester Fourth
Semester Fifth
Semester Sixth
Semester
Core Courses
(Theory) 04x03 04x03 06x02 06x02 2.5x04 2.5x04 68
Core Courses
(Practical‟s) 02x03 02x03 03x02 03x02 1.5x04 1.5x04 36
Foundation
course 02x01 02x01 02x01 02x01 08
Applied
Component
Courses(Theory) 02x01 02x01 04
Applied
Component
Courses
(Practical) 02x01 02x01 04
Total 20 20 20 20 20 20 120
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4 CREDITASSIGNMENTFORLIFE SCIENCESAS A SINGLEMAJORCOUR SEAT
B.Sc. LEVEL
The credits earned by learner in duration of three years undergraduate programme in Life
Sciences disciplines is shown in the following table assuming that student has offered Life
Sciences, Chemistry, Botany and Foundation course at first year and Microbiology,
Chemistry, and Foundation course in Second year and Life Sciences as a Single Major
Course +Applied Component in Third year.
Year
Sem
Life Sciences
Chemistry
Botany
FC
AC
Total
Th
Pr
Th
Pr
Th
Pr
Th
Th
Pr
1
I
4
2
4
2
4
2
2
20
II
4
2
4
2
4
2
2
20
2
III
6
3
6
3
2
20
IV
6
3
6
3
2
20
3
V
10
6
2
2
20
VI
10
6
2
2
20
Total
40
22
20
10
8
4
8
4
4
62
30
12
8
8
120
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5 CREDITASSIGNMENTFORLIFE SCIENCES+ BIOCH EMISTRYAS ADOU BLE
MAJOR COUR SE AT B.Sc. LEVEL
The credits earned by learner in duration of three years undergraduate programme in
Microbiology disciplines is shown in the following table assuming that student has offered
Microbiology, Biochemistry, Botany and Foundation course at first year and Microbiology,
Biochemistry, and Foundation course in second year and Life Sciences + Biochemistry as a
Double Major Course + Applied Component in third year.
Year
Sem
Life Sciences
Bioche-
mistry
Botany
FC
AC
Total
Th
Pr
Th
Pr
Th
Pr
Th
Th
Pr
1
I
4
2
4
2
4
2
2
-
-
20
II
4
2
4
2
4
2
2
-
-
20
2
III
6
3
6
3
-
-
2
-
-
20
IV
6
3
6
3
-
-
2
-
-
20
3
V
5
3
5
3
-
-
-
2
2
20
VI
5
3
5
3
-
-
-
2
2
20
Total
30
16
30
16
8
4
8
4
4
-
46
46
12
8
8
120
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USLSC501 GENETICS AND IMMUNOLOGY I 2.5 credits
(60Lectures)
UNITI The Genetic material 15 lectures
UNITII Mechanisms of Inheritance and variation
15 lectures
UNITIII Overview and cells and organs of immune system 15 lectures
UNITIV Antigen recognition and Effector Mechanisms
15 lectures
USLSC601 GENETICS AND IMMUNOLOGY II 2.5 credits
(60Lectures)
UNITI Organisms and techniques used in the understanding
of Genetics 15 lectures
UNITII Tools and Techniques in Molecular Genetic 15 lectures
UNITIII Hypersensitivity, Infectious diseases, Vaccines and
Immunodeficiency 15 lectures
UNITIV Transplantation, Tumor Immunology, Tolerance and
Autoimmunity
15 lectures
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USLSC502 DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY AND NEUROBIOLOGY
I 2.5 CREDITS
(60LECTURES)
UNITI Developmental biology : concepts, model organisms and
techniques 15 lectures
UNITII Animal and plant development – basic cellular aspects
15 lectures
UNITIII General organization of nervous system 15 lectures
UNITIV Cellular organization of the nervous system
15 lectures
USLSC602 DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY AND NEUROBIOLOGY
II 2.5 CREDITS
(60LECTURES)
UNITI Animal and plant development – basic cellular and molecular
aspects
15 lectures
UNITII Applications of developmental biology 15 lectures
UNITIII Sensory and motor systems 15 lectures
UNITIV Neurobiological basis of behaviour
15 lectures
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USLSC503
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING I 2.5 credits
(60 Lectures)
LECTURES) UNITI Fermentation technology – Principles 15 lectures
UNITII Fermentation technology - Food and Beverage Production 15 lectures
UNITIII Tools in Recombinant DNA technology 15 lectures
UNITIV Techniques in Recombinant DNA technology and applications 15 lectures
USLSC60 3 BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING II 2.5 credits
(60Lectures)
UNIT I Fermentation technology – Enzyme and Pharmaceuticals
Production 15 lectures
UNIT II Tissue Culture biotechnology 15 lectures
UNIT III Applications of recombinant DNA technology 15 lectures
UNIT IV Tools in genetic engineering , Bioinformatics: Structural and
functional Genomics, Comparative Genomics 15 lectures
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USLSC504
ENVIRON MENTALBIOLOGYI 2.5 credits(60
Lectures)
LECTURES)
UNITI Introduction to fundamentals of Environmental science 15 lectures
UNITII Biodiversity and habitats 15 lectures
UNITIII Pest management and toxicology 15 lectures
UNITIV Sustainable development 15 lectures
USLSC604 ENVIRON MENTALBIOLOGY II 2.5 credits (60
Lectures)
UnitI Environmental degradation 15 lectures
UnitII Natural resources 15 lectures
UnitIII
Environmental impact study 15 lectures
UnitIV
Society and environment 15 lectures
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T.Y. B. Sc. LIFE SCIENCESSEMESTER V
Course code Practical Syllabus Credits &l ectures
USLSCP05 Based on USLSC501a ndUSLSC502of
Semester V Credits3 (8 periods/week)
USLSCP06 Based on USLSC503a ndUSLSC504of
Semester V Credits3 (8 periods/week)
T.Y.B. Sc. LIFE SCIENCESSEMESTER VI
Course code Practical Syllabus Credits &lectures
USLSCP07 Based on USLSC601a ndUSLSC602
Of Semester VI Credits3(8 periods/week)
USLSCP08 Based on USLSC603a ndUSLSC604
Of Semester VI Credits3(8 periods/week)
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SEMESTER V
USLSC501: Genetics I: The course is designed to give students understanding of basic principles
of Genetics. Brief History of Genetics, Organization of Genome and ways in which gene expression
is regulated is covered in first unit. The next unit deals with genes are inherited, and how variation
is introduced in the genome .
Course Code Title No.of
Lectures
USLSC501 Genetics I (60L)
Unit I:The Genetic material: (15L)
Discovery of the genetic:
Griffith‟s experiment of 1928; Avery, McLeod and McCarty‟s experiment
of1944; Hershey -Chase‟s experiment – (Brief review, only for short notes.)
1. Organization of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Genome :
1.1 Structural organization of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic genome (CCC DNA,
Nucleosome structure, higher orders of chromosome packaging, Solenoid model,
zig-zag model)
1.2 Sequence complexity of DNA - Unique and repetitive sequences (SINE,
LINE, Microsatel lite, mini satellite DNA), Denaturation kinetics and „CoT‟ value
and interpretation of Cot curves; „C value paradox‟;
2. Gene regulation in eukaryotes
2.1 Chromatin condensation (Euchromatin, heterochromatin)
2.2 Modification and remodelling by acetylatio n and methylation
2.3 Transcriptional regulation
Cis-acting regulatory sequences, promoters and enhancers.
Transcription activators and repressors 02
03
03
03
04
Unit II: 1.2 Mechanisms of Inheritance and variation (15L)
1. Inheritance pattern of Genetic Disorders in Humans (Prognosis, Testing, of
any human genetic disorder)
2. Introduction to genetic recombination
2.1 Types of naturally occurring genetic recombination. (e.g Homologous/Non
homologous/site directed )
2.2 Mechanism and proposed models for genetic recombination (e.g Holliday
Model/Double strand break model)
2.3 Advantages of genetic recombination during meiosis
3. Mutational Variation:
3.1 Natural biological mutagenic agents – Prokaryotic Transposable elem ents and
their significance
3.2. A. Types of eukaryotic transposons , their mechanism of action,(e.gAcDs
system in maize,P element transposition) and inheritance
3.2.B. Application of transposable elements in genetics 02
02
02
02
02
04
01
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USLSC501 : Immunology I: This course of Immunology is formulated to provide good knowledge
of the immune system, its response and involvement in health and disease. While immunology as
a science has been defined as the “science of self/non self discriminati on”, it also includes our
innate ability to defend against microorganisms (Innate Immunity); and its ability to recognize
and respond to fight the infections through Acquired Immunity. Specific topics being covered
include antigens and antibodies, antigen -antibody interactions, antibody structure and formation,
Effector responses etc.
Course Code Title No.of
Lectures
USLSC501 Immunology I (60L)
UNIT – III Overview and cells and organs of immune system (15L)
3.1. Historical Perspective - Early Vaccination studies; Infection and immunity
Overview of the Immune system - Innate Vs Adaptive Immunity
3.1.a Innate immunity
i) Anatomical, Physiological, Phagocytic, Inflammatory barrier
iii) Concept of PAMP, PRR and TLR
3.1.b Cells and o rgans of the immune system
i) Cells - structure and functions
Myeloid cells -
Lymphoid cells – B and T cells, NK cells
ii) Primary and secondary lymphoid organs
3.2 Antigens and antibodies
3.2.aImmunogenicity versus an tigenicity
i) Antigen -Specificity, avidity, affinity, cross reactivity, haptens, adjuvants,
epitopes
ii) Properties of immunogen contributing to immunogenicity
3.2.b Antibodies
i) Basic structure of antibodies
ii) Classes of antibodies and biological activity
iii) Polyclonal antibodies
3.2 c. Organization and expression of Immunoglobulin genes
i) Multigene organization and gene rearrangement
ii) Generation of antibody diversity (Brief descript ion)
iii) class switching
3.2 d. Antigen -antibody interactions – Principles and applications
Precipitation, Immunoelectrophoresis, Agglutination, Radioimmunoassay,
ELISA, Immunofluorescence, Monoclonal antibodies (Hybridoma Technique)
01
02
03
01
02
03
03
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(15L)
UNIT – IV Antigen recognition and Effector Mechanisms
4.1 Recognition of antigens .
4.1.a Major Histocompatibility Complex
i) MHC molecules and genes
ii) MHC allelic polymorphism
iii) Cellular expression of MHC
iv) Self MHC restriction of T cells
4.1 b Antigen processing and presentation
i) Endogenous antigens – the cytosolic pathway
ii) Exogenous antigens – the endocytic pathway
4.2 Maturation and activation of Lymphocytes
4.2.a B - cell Maturation, Activation and Differentiation
4.2.b i) T - cell receptor – Structure and role of αβ and γδ receptors
ii) T cell receptor complex and accessory membrane molecules
4.2.cT - cell Maturation, Activation and Differe ntiation
4.3 Immune Effector Mechanisms
4.3.a Cytokines - - IL-1, IL -2, IL -4, IFNs and TNFs
ii) Cytokine secretion by T H1 and T H2 cells
4.3.b Complement
i) Classical, alternate and lectin pathways and comparison
ii) Biological consequences of complement activation
iii) Complement fixation tests
4.3.c Cell-mediated effector responses
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity of T cells, NK cells,ADCC
Role of T H1, T H2,T H17 and Tc cells
02
02
02
01
02
01
02
03
USLSC502: Developmental Biology I: The course will introduce to the students the basic concepts
of developmental biology, which is the process by which animals and plants grow from a single
original zygote. This module describes the important model systems and technique used to
understand d evelopmental process. The early process of animal development will be explained
using the amphibian and chick as examples and plant development using Arabidopsis.
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Course
Code
Title
Lectures
USLSC
502
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY ANDNEUROBIOLOGY I
2.5 Credits
(60
Lectures)
UNIT 1 : Developmental Biology : Concepts, Model organisms and techniques 15 Lectures
1.1
History of concepts in development
1 lecture
1.2
1.3
1.4
Some basic concepts of developmental biology:
Overview: Development is a gradual process by which a complex
multicellular organism arises from a single cell (the zygote). It involves 5
major overlapping processes:
1. Growth: increase in size
2. cell division: increase in number
3. differentiation: diversification of cell types
4. pattern formation: organization
5. morphogenesis: generation of shapes and structures
Life Histories of Model Organisms highlighting some important
concepts:
Dictyostelium - cell signalling and morphogenetic gradient
Drosophila : Overview of invertebrate body plan (Life Cycle and body
plan)
Zebrafish :Overview of vertebrate body plan (Life Cycle and body plan)
Experimental approaches to studying development:
Fate mapping and lineage tracing (Chick)
Mutations and large scale mut agenesis screens (Drosophila)
Transgenic techniques and gene silencing (Zebra fish/ mice)
2 lectures
6 lectures
6 lectures
Unit 2: Animal and Plant development – Basic Cellular aspects
15 lectures
2.1
2.1 a
2.1 b
Development in Animals : -
Amphibian development - Germ cell formation : meiosis and
cytoplasmic state of the egg; Fertilization : Cell signalling and Factors
affecting fertilisation; Cleavage, Morula and blastula: Concept of
potency and regulatory development; Gastrulation : Spema nn‟s
Organizer; Three germ layers and origins of organs; Neural tube
Induction and formation of neural tube
Chick development – In Comparison with amphibian in the processes of
Germ cells and Fertilization, Cleavage, Morula and blastula,
5 lectures
5 lectures
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2.2
Gastrulation a nd Neurulation
Development in Plants : -
Life cycle of Arabidopsis – sporophytic and gametophytic generation,
Fertilization and embryo development,
Development of meristems (root and shoot),
Development of different organs – leaf, flower, androecium [inc luding
development of anthers, pollen grain, pollen tube etc.] and gynoecium
[development of pistil - up to formation of embryo sac ], Double
fertilization, seed formation. [Eventual formation of fruit],
5 lectures
Neurobiology I:
This module describes the anatomical organization of the nervous system and its early
development. It also explains the cellular basis of nerve conduction within a neuron and
transmission across synapses including a description of the n eurotransmitters
UNIT 3 :General organization of nervous system:
15 Lectures
3.1.
3.1.b
3.1.c
3.1.d
3.1.e
3.2
3.2.a
3.2.b
3.2.c
3.2.d Comparative overview ofvertebrate and invertebrate nervous system
Vertebrate nervous system: - Anatomy and functional features of CNS
(cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, diencephalon, medulla, pons,
midbrain and spinal cord), PNS (autonomous, somatosensory, cranial,
spinal, plexii)
Role of meninges and CSF, concept of bl ood brain barrier.
Limbic System (emotions and memory)
Hypothalamo – Hypophysial Axis (stress)
Development of the nervous system:
Specification of cell identity in the nervous system
The formation and migration of neuron
Axon navigation
Synapse formation and refinement
2 lectures
5 lectures
1 lecture
1 lecture
1 lecture
2 lectures
1 lecture
1 lecture
1 lecture
UNIT 4: Cellular organization of the nervous system
15 lectures
4.1 Typical nerve cell, Types of cells: Neurones, Glial cells 1 lecture
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4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
Chemical Basis of Neural transmission - Introduction Ionic basis of
resting membrane potential: types of ion channels, Nernst‟s potential,
Goldman‟s equation, Sodium –Potassium pump
Action Potential & propagation: Ho dgkin and Huxley‟s model, voltage
clamp experiment and the generation and propagation of Action
Potential, Graded potential
Synaptic potential and synaptic integration [Electrical and Chemical
Synaptic Potential] Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential (EPSP) , Inhibitory
Post Synaptic Potential (IPSP)
Synapse and synaptic transmission: Synapse: Structure, Types –
Electrical and chemical; Neuro – muscular junctions; miniature endplate
potentials (MEPPs)
Neurotransmitters – General Introduction Biosynthesis, ph ysiological
role, pharmacological significance, (examples of one agonist and one
antagonist for each neurotransmitter mentioned below.
Acetylcholine (Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors).
Dopamine (D1 and D2 receptors).
GABA and Glutamate
Neuropeptide (E ndorphin and Enkephalin).
3 lectures
3 lectures
2 lectures
2 lectures
4 lectures
USLSC503: Biotechnology I: The course is designed to make students familiar with basics of
fermentation techniques. Students will learn how food and beverages are produced at Industrial
scale using fermentation.
Course Code Title No. of
Lectures
USLSC503 Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering 2.5 credits
60
UNIT I: Fermentation technology – Principles 15
1.1. History and development of Food & Fermentation Technology
1.2. Fermentation technology & Instrumentation
1.3.a . Principles of microbial growth,
1.3.b . Screening (primary & secondary)
1.3.c . Strain improvement (mutation & selection using auxotrophy& analogue
resistance
1.4. The Bioreactor / Fermenter & accessories (Stirred tank & Airlift)
1.5. Media design for fermentation (include molasses, corn stee p liquor) 01
01
01
01
02
02
02
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1.6. Downstream processing (use example of Penicillin and an enzyme for cell
disruption)
1.7. Instrumentation: Principles and technique of Centrifugation,
Spectrophotometry & Chromatography 01
04
UNIT II : Fermentation technology - Food and Beverage Production 15
2.1. Batch vs. Continuous fermentation
2.2. Technological aspe cts of industrial production of:
2.2.a. Cheese
2.2.b . Beer
2.2.c . Vinegar
2.2.d . Single Cell Protein
2.2.e . Mushroom
2.2.f. Yoghurt
2.2.g . Wine
2.3. Food quality assurance: Regulatory & social aspects of food biotechnology
2.4. IPR and patents (Example, Organism, technology) 02
02
02
01
01
02
01
01
02
01
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USLSC503: Genetic Engineering
I: This course is structured to make students understand basic tools utilized in Recombinant DNA
technology. Students will be familiar with various enzymes, vectors, and analytical techniques that
are fundamental to understanding of genetic engineering. St udents should be able to plan cloning
strategy of gene of interest by end of this course.
UNIT III: Tools in Recombinant DNA technology 15
3.1: Tools in Molecular Biology
3.1.a. Restriction Enzymes – Nomenclature, General nature of action, Major
categories based on type of cut, two typical examples each and
recognition sites
3.2.b.DNA joining strategies: DNA ligase, Homopolymer tailing, Adaptors,
Linkers, Use of Alkaline P hosphatase.
3.2 Vectors in genetic engineering –
3.2.a. Phages (λ , M13, SV40, A denovirus)
3.2.b. Plasmids (pBR322, pUC with blue white screening), Ti plasmids in plants
3.2.c. Cosmids, Phagemids
3.2.d. YAC, BAC, PAC
03
02
04
03
01
02
Unit IV: Techniques in Recombinant DNA technology and applications 15
4.1. Gel electrophoresis
(Principle, technique and application of Agarose, PAGE, 2D -GE)
4.2. Blotting
(Principle, technique and application of Western , Southern, Northern blotting)
4.3.a.PC R
4.3.b. Variations of PCR – RT-PCR, Q PCR (Principle, technique and
application)
4.3.c. Variations in Primer – Nested PCR, Poison Primer Technique, Universal
primers
4.4. Restriction mapping, DNA fingerprinting (Principle,technique, applicati ons)
- SNP, VNTR, RFLP, AFLP
4.5. Cloning of a gene (Somatostatin) 03
03
01
01
01
04
02
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USLSC504: ENVIRON MENTALBIOLOGY1: This syllabus is designed to understand the
environment around us. It introduces the fundamental concepts of environment and the
biodiversity around us. The students will understand different features of a habitat, also the
problems associated with their management and conservation. The issues and problems regarding
the natural resources i s featured along with detailed coverage on sustainability.
CourseCode Title Lectures
USLSC504
ENVIRON MENTALBIOLOGY1 2.5Credits
(60 Lectures)
Unit IIntroductionto Fundamentalsofenvironmentalscience
1.1.Environmental History and Na turalresources:
Definition, Scope and Importance
1.1.a. Environmental History:
Historical Modes of Resource Use: a) Gathering, b) Nomadic c) Settled
cultivation d) Industry Controlled exploitation of natural resources: A case
study of British India - timber/coal mining
1.1.b. Community Ecology: Concept of community (E.g. Forest as a community)
Species Interaction, Prey Predator interaction. Food chain, Food web and
Higher order interactions: Succession seral communities in secondary
succession, redistribution of populat ion after land fragmentation, loss of species
(fire and succession).
1.1.c. Population ecology: Population parameters - Spacing, size and
density, Age composition, Survivorship curves, recruitment,Population growth -
logistic, exponential, Geometric growth .
Population cycles, population dynamics and models of population
regulation - Competition and predation
Natality, Mortality, Biotic potential, Carrying capacity, density dependence,
regulation. Improving carrying capacity and its application in wildlife
management.
Invasive species: example: Lantana camara /Prosopsisjulifera
1.2. Ecosystem dynamics:
1.2.a. Energy flow, primary and secondary productivity, Ecological Pyramids.
1.2.b. Soil Ecology: Soil Profile, Soil food web (components and interactions)
sustainable soil management and agriculture.
1.2.c. Anthropogenic effects on Biogeochemical cycles of Carbon and Nutrient
cycles (S, P and N).
15 Lectures
1lectures
2Lectures
3Lectures
2Lectures
1lectures
3Lectures
1Lectures
1lectures
1lectures
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UNITII
2.1.BiodiversityandHabitats:
2.1.a.Biomesoftheworld: climate,vegetationand G eographicaldistribution
pattern.Tropicalbiomes,desert,temperate,taigaand tundrabiome.
2.1.b.BiologicaldiversityofIndia: IndianBio-geographicZones,climateandits
impactonbiodiversity.
2.2.Indianfloraandfauna
2.2.a.Indianforestand vegetationtypes:diversityofflora andfauna.
Endangered, Endemicand ExtinctSpeciesofIndia: Threatened species
categoriesofIUCN,threatened speciesofplantsand animalsinIndia and their
reasons, Reddatabooks.
2.2.b.Environmentalbiotechnology:Roleofbiotechnologyinconservationof
species,in-situand ex-situconservation. (concept of Gene Bank)
2.2. c. Wildlife management and conservation: Wild life management: Goals and
Strategies., Human land -use and wildlife management – Elephant Corridor
Vulture Conservation Centre ,Haryana .(an BNHS initiative),Wildlife
crossings.
2.3. India and Multilateral Environmental agreements
2.3.a. Implications of Environmental Agreements to India: Ratification, Becoming
a Signatory, Responsibilities, Obligations, expectations and challenges.
2.3.b. RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands
2.3.c. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources)
2.3.d. Convention on Biological Diversity
2.3.e. CMS(Conventionon the Conservation of Migratory Species)
2.3.f. Basel Convention on th e Control of Trans boundary Movement of
Hazardous Waste and Their Disposal
2.3g. KyotoProtocol
2.3h. IWC (International Whaling Commission)
2.4.Population and consumptionDy namicswithspecialreference to
Human:
2.4.a Energy and food production (grains, Livestock, aqua culture): Green
revolution, Blue revolution. Nutrition: micro and macro nutrition, Ecological
costs of food production. Organic Farming, Climate change and impact on
Agriculture.
2.4.b . GM foods and their environmental concerns eg .Bt Brinjal, Politics and
economics of Hunger,Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), Biopiracy (e.g.,
Neem/Basmati) Relevance of Seed Bank.
15 Lectures
1 Lectures
1Lectures
2Lectures
1Lecture
2 Lectures
4Lectures
4Lectures
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UNITIII
3.1.Pestandpesticides:
3.1.a.BasicintroductionaboutPests, Pesticidesand Environment
3.1.b.Pesticide toxicity:Bioaccumulationand Biomagnification,persistence,
resistanceand pollutionhealthoffarmers.Newmethodsofpestcontrol:
Biologicalpestcontrol:predatorsparasites,and pathogens. Genetically
Engineeringand pestcontrol, Integratedpestmanagement
3.1.c.BioremediationofOP p esticide: usingBacillusSps.(eg. Malathion
Pesticide)
3.1.d.Phytoremediation ofOrganochlorinepesticide(Chloropyrifos)usingplants
3.1.e.Pesticideregulation:eg.Endosulphanissue.
3.2.ToxicologyManagement.
3.2.a.Toxicology:Basicconcepts,toxicityanditsimpacts
Distribution of Toxic material in the environment and Exposure risk
assessment. Routes of entry, Absorption and translocation, fate of
toxic agent Assessment of toxicity - Indices of
toxicity(e.g.LD50,LC50,EL50,NOEL)
Industrial toxicants and hazardous materials, toxic and hazardous waste
management, measurement of toxicity, TLM and lethality studies,
physiological and metabolic effects on flora and fauna.
3.2.b.LimitationofToxicologicalstudies: Comparisonofanimaltoxicological
modelsand Toxicity inHumans.
3.2.c.Humanclinicaltrials:ConceptofClinicaltrialphases-I,2,3and
Pharmacovigilance.
3.2.d.Ethicalissuesofclinicaltrials: (e.g.Thalidomide) and significance of
Helsinki declaration.
15 Lectures
1 Lecture
3Lectures
1Lectures
2Lectures
3Lectures
2Lectures
2Lectures
1Lecture
Page 23
22
Unit IV
4.1 Community and Environment Conservation .
4.1a. Case study - Amur Falcon and tribal community of Nagaland
4.1b. One man role in conservation A Case Study – Dr. Rajendra Singh
(Water man of India)
4.1c. Role of local communities in wildlife management initiatives. Case
study - Kokrabellur Village.
4.2. Citizen Awareness andenvironmentallegal provisions:
Environmental Law and Constitution of India:
ConstitutionalProvisions:Article 21,Article 48A, Article 51A(g),
Environment protection Act1986,MoEF(1985)
Laws related to environmental protection and wildlife : The Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986; The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980; The
Wildlife Protection Act, 1972; Water (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1974; Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1981 and Forest Rights Act,2006.National Green Tribunal
15 Lectures
3Lectures
2Lectures
2Lecture
3Lecture
5Lectures
Page 24
23
Semester VI
USLSC601 : Genetics II: The course deals with organisms and techniques used in
understanding molecular genetics. Students are expected to learn how genes are mapped on
chromosomes. The second unit introduces principle and applications behind tools used in
Genetics.
Course Code Title No.of
Lectures
USLSC601 Genetics II (60L)
Unit I: Organisms and techniques used in the understanding of Genetics (15L)
1. Genetic recombination and Gene mapping (Processes and numerical
problems)
1.1 Bacterial Conjugation
1.2 Three factor crosses in maize
1.3 Co -efficient of co -incidence and interference in Drosophila
1.4 Complementation analysis in Humans using Haemoglobin
1.5. Life Cycle of lytic and lysogenic phages; Deletion mapping
2.Human Genetics
2.1. Human Genetic Maps, Somatic cell Genetics: Use of cell hybrids and
hybridomas for gene mapping; The lod Score Method for Analyzing Linkage of
Human Genes
2.2 The Human Genome Project : aims, major features and applications(e.g.
detecting polymorphism, personalized med icine)
01
02
02
02
02
03
03
Unit II: Tools and Techniques in Molecular Genetics (15L)
3.1 Agarose gel electrophoresis (Principle, methodology, Applications)
3.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (Principle, methodology, Applications)
3.3 Restriction enzymes and Restriction mapping
3.4 DNA Sequencing – Sanger‟s Method, Next Gen Sequencing
3.5 PCR based methods of Induced mutagenesis (Site -Directed mutagenesis ,
Cassette mutagenesis)
3.6 Mutagenicity testing – Ames test, Sister chrom atid exchange test, mouse
specific locus test (Advantages and disadvantages)
3.7 Nucleic acid in situ Hybridization (FISH) and Chromosome painting
3.8 Hybrid arrest and Hybrid release method (HRT and HART)
3.9 Overview of Cloning Insulin 02
02
02
02
02
02
01
01
01
Page 25
24 USLSC601 : Immunology II : This course mainly deals with the section of immunology
which encompasses the aetiology of various diseases caused by disorders of the immune
system either due to its failure (immunodeficiency), aberrant actio n (Hypersensitivity,
autoimmunity), or malignant growth of cellular elements (Cancer) and clinical
management (Vaccines).
Course Code Title No.of
Lectures
USLSC601 Immunology II (60L)
UNIT – III :Hypersensitivity, Infectious diseases, Vaccines and
Immunodeficiency (15L)
3.1 Hypersensitivity
Gell and Coombs classification:
3.1. Types of hypersensitivity – Examples and methods of diagnosis
i) IgE - mediated (Type I) hypersensitivity: RIST and RAST
ii) Antibody -mediated(Type II) hypersensitivity : Agglutination
iii) Immune complex -mediated(Type III) hypersensitivity:
Immunofluorescence, ELISA
iv) Delayed type hypersensitivity(Type IV) : Tuberculin test
3.2 Infectious Diseases and Vaccin es
3.2.aImportant immune mechanisms against various infectious diseases
i) Viral infections
ii) Bacterial infections
iii) Fungal infections
iv) Parasitic infections
3.2 b. Vaccines
i) Passive immunization - Preformed antibodies and their disadvantages
ii) Use of Chimera / humanized antibodies
iii) Active immunization - Whole organisms (attenuated vs. inactivated ex.
Polio)
iv) Subunit Vaccines (Polysaccharide, toxoid andPeptide vaccines)
v) DNA vaccines
3.3 Immunodeficiency
Primary a nd acquired Immunodeficiency
3.3.aPrimary immunodeficiency
i) B-cell- X-linked agammaglobulinemia
ii) T -cell- Di George Syndrome
iii) Lymphoid deficiency - Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
iv) Deficiency of myeloid lineage - Chronic Gra nulomatous Disease
3.3.bAcquired Immunodeficiency
i) Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
05
07
03
Page 26
25 UNIT – IV : Transplantation, Tumor Immunology, Tolerance and
Autoimmunity (15L)
4.1 Transplantation
i) Types of grafts
ii) Tissue typing (serological and MLR)
iii) Mechanisms of graft rejection
iv) Immunosuppresive therapy
v) Graft vs. host disease - bone marrow transplant
4.2 Tumor Immunology
i) Tumour specific and associated antigens
ii) Role ofNK cells and macrophages
iii) Tumour evasion of immune system
iv)Cancer immunotherapy.
4.3 Tolerance and Autoimmunity
4.3.a Establishment and maintenance of tolerance
i) Mechanisms of central tolerance
ii) Mechanisms of peripheral t olerance
iii) Role of T regulatory cells
iv) Immunology of pregnancy
4.3 b. Autoimmunity
i) Mechanisms for induction(Aetiology)
ii) Organ specific diseases – ex. Myasthenia gravis, Graves disease
iii) Systemic diseases – ex. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Multiple sclerosis
04
04
04
03
USLSC 602: Developmental Biology II
This module explains t he molecular and cellular aspects of and the important genes
involved in early development. This module also looks at the applications of Developmental
Biology such as regeneration, ageing, cancer and assisted human reproduction
Course
Code
Title
Lectures
USLSC
602
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY ANDNEUROBIOLOGY II 2.5 Credits
(60
Lectures)
Unit 1: Animal and Plant development – Basic Cellular and Molecular Aspects
15 Lectures
1.1
Potency:
Totipotency (Nuclei)
Pluripotency (Inner cell mass / Embryonic stem Cell)
Multipotency (Adult stem cells – mesenchymal)
Oligopotency (Monocytes) 2 lectures
Page 27
26
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.4a
1.4b
1.5
1.6
1.7
Determination and Trans determination (Imaginal Discs)
Differentiation: Hematopoietic stem cells and Neural crest cells
(migration and differentiation)
Molecular basis of development: -
Genes in e arly development (with Drosophila as example)
Determination of anterior - posterior and dorso -ventral axis
Role of Maternal genes and zygotic (Gap genes, pair -rule genes,
Segmentation genes and Homeotic genes)
Beta globin gene – as an example of change in gene expression
Conserved nature of developmental genes
( Evo - DevoperspectiveHox/Pax6 genes with respect to Drosophila)
Organogenesis of Eye OR Limb with references to inductive/ instructive
signals, cytoplasmic determinants and gradients
Plant Development : -
Role of Homeotic genes specifying parts of a flower
Plant genome project (Arabidopsis/rice)
2 lectures
3 lectures
3 lectures
2 lectures
1 lectures
2 lectures
UNIT 2 : Applications of Developmental Biology 15 lectures
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7 Assisted human reproduction
Regeneration
a. Examples in animal world (vertebrates and invertebrates)
b. Epimorphic (Salamander limb) and Morphallactic (Hydra)
c. Compensatory regeneration (mammalian liver)
d. Recent advances in stem cells and regenerative medicine (student
assignment)
Aging - Theories of Aging
Congenital abnormalities : sensitive periods during development and
causes of congenitalnabnormalites with special references to the
follow ing a. Zika virus b. Alcohol c. Spina bifida
Cell cycle regulation - check points in cell cycle and role of cyclins and
cdks
Apoptosis and its role in development
Cancer - Types of Cancer, Causes of Cancer, Oncogenes, Tumour
suppressor genes, Treatment s trategies for Cancer (example breast
cancer)
2 lectures
3 lectures
2 lectures
2 lectures
2 lecture
1 lecture
3 lectures
Page 28
27 Neurobiology II : This module describes the structural and functional features of the
various sensory and motor systems. It elaborates on some behavioural aspects such as
sleep and memory. Examples of diseases that arise due to malfunction of the nervous
system are described.
Unit 3: Sensory and motor systems
15 Lectures
3.1
3.1.a
3.1.b
3.1.c
3.1.d
3.1.e
3.2
3.2.a
3.2.b
3.2.c
3.2.d
Introduction to Human Sense organs: receptors, receptor mechanisms
and pathways
Visual system: Vision - structure of the eye, retina, photoreceptors (rods
and cones), photo transduction, binocular vision, visual pathway (flow
chart only – LGN to visual cortex), light & dark adaptation, colour
vision.
Auditory System: Structure of the ear, cochlea and organ of corti
receptors 1 Mechanism of transduction, Auditory pathway: (MGN to
audio cortex) Diagrammatic representatio n only.
Vestibular System: Structure of the vestibular labyrinth, maculae and
cristae. Mechanism of transduction.
Chemosensory system: Olfactory and Gustatory receptors – structure.
Skin as sense organ: somatic receptors - Types of mechano - receptors,
pain reception& Pain management (example analgesic effect by
prostaglandin inhibition - aspirin)
Motor System:
Organisation, Reflex Coordination(ascending and descending pathways
diagrammatic representation only)
Role of cerebellum in motor co -ordinatio n
Types of muscles, Molecular basis of Muscle contraction
Reflexes: Simple reflex arc, mono and poly -synaptic reflexes (one
example of each) 1 lecture
2 lectures
2 lectures
2 lectures
2 lectures
2 lectures
1 lecture
1 lecture
1 lecture
1 lecture
UNIT 4 : Neurobiological basis of Behaviour:
15 lectures
Page 29
28 4.1.a
4.1.b
4.2
4.2.a
4.2.b
4.2.c
4.2.d
4.2.e
4.2.f Sleep, Stages of sleep – REM and non REM
Short term memory and Long Term Memory (eg. Pathway in Aplysia
and molecular events)
Neurobiological basis of Diseases:
Epilepsy
Parkinson‟s disease
Schizophrenia - Relevance with regard to neurotransmitters
Prions associated diseases
Duchene‟s muscular Dystrophy
Alzheimer‟s disease 4 lectures
4 lectures
7 lectures
USLSC60 3: Biotechnology II: This course deals with details of applied aspects of Biology.
Students will learn how fermentation technology, and plant / animal tissue culture are used
for production of various pharmaceutically important compounds.
Course Code Title No. of
Lectures
USLSC60 3 Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering 2.5 credits
60
Unit I Fermentation technology – Enzyme and Pharmaceuticals Production 15
1.1. EnzymeTechnology
1.1.a. Enzyme production ex. Amylase (bacterial & fungal)
1.1.b. Immobilized Biocatalyst (method of immobilization, applications –
biosensors )
1.2. Application of ferm entation technology in medicine:
1.2.a .Production of antibiotics (Penicillin)
1.2.b .Vitamins (Vit amin B12)
1.2.c. Vaccines (polio, HbsAg)
1.2.d. Probi otics, N eutraceuticals (one example of each)
1.2.e. Biopharmaceutical s/Biomolecules (Insulin/IFN )
03
02
02
02
02
02
02
UNIT II Tissue Culture biotechnology 15
2.1. Application of fermentation technology in Agriculture
Biopesticides – bacteria ( B.thuringiensis ),
Virus ( Polyhedrosis virus) and
fungal ( Trichoderma)
04
Page 30
29
USLSC60 3: Genetic Engineering II: In this course students will learn about
Applications of tools and techniques in Recombinant DNA technology. They will also
learn about bioinformatics and Genomics. Students should be aware of vast scope of
Genetic Engineering in transformi ng human lives by end of this course.
Unit III : Applications of recombinant DNA technology 15
3.1.Knockouts , Knock in, Knock down systems(Transgenic animals)
3.2. Transgenic plants:Bt cotton and weedicide resistant gene (any one example)
3.3. Xenopus oocyte as an expression system
3.4. Giant Mouse (MMT promoter growth hormone fusion gene)
3.5. Drosophila (using p element mediated technique -enhancer trap)
3.6. Transformation of Plant Cells and Applications for Plant Genetic
Engineering:
3.6.a . Microinjection method
3.6.b. Ti plasmid based Vectors (Binary ve ctor and Cointegrative vector)
3.7. Applications in industry – Medical/pharmaceutical, agricultural
3.8.Gene therapy using any one example (Parkinson disease/ SCID)
3.9.Ethical, Legal , and Social Implications of recombinant DNA technology
3.10. Consumer awareness (L abelling of GM food) 02
02
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
02
01
01
Unit IV Tools in genetic engineering , Bioinformatics: Structural and
functional Genomics , Comparative Genomics 15
4.1 Tools in genetic engineering
4.1.a.Preparing genomic and cDNA libraries
02 2.2. Plant and Animal Tissue culture :
2.2.a. Animal – Laboratory setup, Media, Basic techniques (Disaggregation of
tissue and primary culture, maintenance of cell lines - see also Pract ical's)
2.2.b. Plant – Media, Basic techniques (callus and suspension culture,
organogenesis, & somatic embryogenesis, Protoplast isolation and
fusion)
2.2.c. Secondary metabolites from plant tissue culture
05
04
02
Page 31
30 4.1.b. Screening techniques (Nucleic acid hybridization methods ,
immunological methods , gene inactivation)
4.1.c.Microarrays
4.1.d. Brief overview of Cre-Lox system
4.2 Bioinformatics: Structural and functional Genomics
4.2.a . Biological databases (formats : FASTA and GenBank)
4.2.b. Sequence annotation and comparison
4.2.c.Assigning Gene/protein Function Experimentally
4.2.d. Applied genomics: Drug designing and basic concept of D ocking
4.3 Comparative Genomics
4.3.a. Sequence alignment [P airwise alignment (BLAST), Multiple alignement
(Custalw) ]
4.3.b. Phylogenetic trees ( Rooted, Unrooted, Concept of Boot -strapping)
4.3.c. Examples of Comparative Genomics Studies and Uses 01
01
01
01
02
01
02
01
02
01
Page 32
31
USLSC604: ENVIRON MENTAL BIOLOGY II: The paper deals with the human
dimension of development and its effect on environment. It aims to provide adequate
insight on management of natural resources. It introduces critical issues in environmental
studies, both in an Indian and global perspective. The process of urbanization is explored
with respect of consumption of resources; environ mental consequences of urban
transformation, waste disposal and pollution.
Course Code Title No. of
Lectures
USLSC604
ENVIRON MENTALBIOLOGY II 2.5Credits
(60 Lectures)
Unit I
1.1.Environmental effects of urbanization: Availability of public/open and
green spaces/sustainable use of urban space)
1.2.Expansion pattern of cities - Megacities, smart cities and Ecocities,
problem of Urban sprawl.
1.3.Urban growth Challenges : Drinking water supply, pollution of surface
water, generation of waste and waste man agement.
1.4.Rural environmental degradation : (a) deforestation; (b) declining soil
quality (including soil desiccation); and (c) loss of biodiversity.
1.5. Use of fresh water Resources : ground water, contamination of ground
water, rural sewage management, freshwater wet lands, Rural
Migration , Impact of cities on rural environment.
River linking Project: Ken and Betwa river.* to be given as Student
Assignment
1.6.Impact of environmental degradation on rural women
1.7. Toxic and solid waste management : Types of waste, solid waste
disposal,E -waste and toxic waste trading, economics of recycling,
recycling plastic, Biocomposting and producing less waste.
UNITII
2.1. Energy and Environment: Classification of Energy resources, Types
of renewable and Non -renewable energy resources.
2.2. Evaluating energy resources: Nuclear Power, Coal, Natural Gas,
Biomass burning, Gas turbines and Biofuels.
2.3. Alternative Energy Resources: Geothermal, Tidal/Wave power, Ocean
Thermal Energy, Inland Solar ponds, Energy efficient buildings
2.4. Meeting the growing demands: Transportation, residential,
commercial and industrial needs.
2.5. Meeting energy efficiency: Household connected devices
2.6. Concept of carbon credit and carbon foot print
*Types of energy resources to be given as student assignment.
15 Lectures
1Lectures
2Lectures
2 Lectures
2Lectures
3Lectures
1Lectures
4Lectures
15 Lectures
2Lectures
3Lectures
4Lectures
3 Lectures
1 Lectures
2 Lectures
Page 33
32
Unit III
3.1. Environmental Impact Analysis of a Development Project
Risk management (EIA and Environment protection agency)
perception of risk and gain, setting up standards.
3.1a. Environmental Audit
Definition,Types of Audit,Processes and decision making. Environmental
Audit of an Industry Eg: Sugar factory
Environme ntal Audit of Solid waste Management Eg. Bangalore City
3.2. Environmental Justice Movement:
3.2a. Narmada BachaoAndolan and Project Affected people.
3.2b. Chipko Movement , Hargila Army – Conservation efforts in Assam
3.2c. Bauxite Mining and Battle for Ni yamgiri Hills.
3.2d. Plachimada struggle against destruction of groundwater
UnitIV
4.1. Sustainable Development
4.1a. UN Agenda for sustainable development.
4.1b. Sustainable development goals (Global goals),2030
4.1c. War and Sustainability: Eg. Consequences of Vietnam war.Cost benefit
analysis
4.2. Safety, Health and Environment :
4.2a. Safety and Health Hazards : Identification of potential safety and health
hazards in industrial and development projects, reduction strategies, policies
and legislation.
Lessons after 30 years of Bhopal gas tragedy
4.2b. International and national perspective, safety standards and
management systems, ISO 18000 (Occupational Health and Safety
Management Systems)
4.2c. Consumption Dynam ics with special reference to Human:
Land scape Ecology: Effects of changing landscape pattern on organisms,
populations, communities and ecosystem processes. Use of GIS and
Remote sensing technology in Land use mapping. -case study of
Bangalore city.
15 Lectures
3 Lectures
5 Lectures
3Lectures
2 Lectures
2Lectures
15 Lectures
5lectures
4lectures
6Lectures
Page 34
33 Practical Syllabus
Semester V
Course code: USLSCP05
[Practical Based on USLSC501, Credits-1.5, Lectures- 60]
Genetics
I) Experiments to be performed by students:
1. Extraction of chromosomal DNA from suitable sample (Chicken/goat/any other suitable
source)
2. Streak plating of saliva on two different media
3. Viable count for enumeration of bacteria by –Bulk seed method
4. Viable count for enumeration of bacteria by - Surface spre ad method
II) Demonstration experiments:
5. a) Study of Drosophila mutants from specimen / slides / photographs
b) Collection and observation of virgin Drosophila females for setting up of genetic crosses
6. Study of UV -Visible Spectrophotometer us ing DNA/ Protein from suitable sample, checking
purity of sample.
Immunology
I)Experiments to be performed by students:
1. Study of ABO Blood groups and quantitative Coomb‟s Test.
2. Study of Isohemagglutinin titer in blood.
3. Quantitative Widal Test.
II) Demonstration experiments:
4. a) Dissect and expose the lymphoid organs of rat / photograph
b) Study of Thymus, Spleen, and Lymph node tissue sections
c) Observation of Blast cells in bone marrow of any mammal f rom slides / photographs.
Page 35
34
Course code: USLSCP05
[Practical Syllabus Based on USLSC502, Credits: 1.5, Lectures : 60 ]
Developmental Biology :
Animals:
1) Study of developmental stages of chick embryo - C, T
2) Cytochrome C - oxidase activity in a developing chick embryo. C, T
Demonstration experiments ( Any two of the following):
1. Programmed cell death in limb bud using Janus Green B stain (in chick embryo).C, T,R
2. Alizarin stain to study limb development in chick embryo/ Regeneration of cartila ge /
bone C, T,R
3. Acid and alkaline Phosphatase in Chick embryo.
Plant s :
1) Effect of temperature on cell viability in pollen grains/yeast using Trypan blue/
acetocarmine .C, T, R
2) Root and shoot development in sections of a 2-day old plant embryo. I, C,T,R.
3) Study of plant embryo and determination of seed viability using NBT I,C,T,R.
Neurobiology :
1) Dissection& display of Nervous system in invertebrates – earthworm / cockroach or any
other suitable animal C,T,R
2) Dissection & display of Nervous system in vertebrates – chick brain/goat brain or any
other suitable system C,T ,R
3) Study of chick embryo for identification of fore, mid & hind brain areas ( Refer above
Developmental Biology Practical no.1)
5) Study of Permanent slides of: C,R
a) Medul lary ne rve fibre b ) TS of Spinal cord c) Mammalian retina
d) Electron micrographs of neural tissue
Demonstration Experiments (Any two of the following):
a)Study of the Nervous system of Sepia with special reference to Giant axon and stellate
ganglia T,C,R.
b)Assignment - Bird songs and neurophysiology involved (as a group practical)
c)Understanding the principle and basic interpretation of brain imaging tests like PET
(Positron Emission Tomography) and MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Page 36
35 Coursecode: USLSC P06
[Practical Based on USLSC503,Credits-1.5,Lectures- 60]
1. Extraction and purification (salting out method) of enzyme: (Amylase from sw eet-potato /
salivary amylase/ egg white lysozyme or any other convenient enzyme)
2. Determination of - i) enzyme activity ii) specific activity.
3. Effect of inhibitors on Km of amylase/any other convenient enzyme.
4. Agarose gel electrophoresis of the extracted amylase or serum
5. Non-denaturing Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis of E.coli extract / Seru m proteins /
Saliva / Egg white any other suitable sample
6. Alcohol and sugar tolerance in yeast and strain improvement studies by exposing yeast to UV
rays.
7. Gene Cloning strategy ( Craft )
8. Sugar Fermentation rate in presence of different substra te/pH/temperature measure
accumulated CO2 with under different conditions . (Demonstration / group experiment)
Coursecode: USLSC P06
[Practicals Based on U SLSC504,C redits-1.5,Lectures- 60]
Note:I–Instrumentation,C-Conceptual understanding,T–Technicalskill,R–Relevance to d aily
life.
1. Plankton collection/Plankton identification and quantification from river/
Lake water samples (CTR)
2.Vegetation studies by line,quadrates and belt transect methods and their analysis.(CT)
3.Preparation of media for microbial culture, Isolation and culturing of microbes from
Soil/water samples (Fungal/Bacterial/Algal organism). (CTR)
4.Study of fecundity from the given sample of freshwater/marine fish (CTR)
5. Isolation and culturing of Rhizobium from the given sample. (CTR)
6.Analysis of soils for pH, moisture, soil types. (CTR)
7.Water analysis for physicochemical characteristics:(any three) (CTR)
Salinity/Acidity/Alkalinity/BOD/DO/ COD/Copper
8. Study of effect of a metal toxicity on the heart beat of Daphnia and statistical analysis
of the same T Test/LC 50 (CTR)
9. A visit to Mahim Nature Park/ Vikhroli Mangroves (CTR)
Page 37
36 Practical
Syllabus
Semester VI
Course code: USLSC P07
[Practical Based on USLSC601, Credits-1.5, Lectures- 60]
Genetics
I) Experiments to be performed by students:
1. Giant Chromosome preparation ( Drosophila / Chironomus )
2. Estimation of bacteriophage titre by plaque assay
3. Effect of UV light on microorganisms - Determination of percent viability
of an E. coli culture after u.v. exposure - in the absence of light repair
4. Isolation of antibiotic resistant / auxotrophic mutants using Replica plate technique.
5. Extraction of DNA from epithelial cells
II) Demonstration experimen ts:
5. Extraction of plasmid DNA, restriction enzyme digestion and visualization
by agarose gel electrophoresis.
Immunology
I) Experiments to be performed by students:
6. Ouchterlony test for Immunodiffusion – (Qualitative).
7. Mancini test – Single Ra dial Immunodiffusion (Qualitative)
8. Agarose slide gel electrophoresis of Serum.
II) Demonstration experiments:
9. Separation of Mononuclear cells using a gradient and the determination
of viable count of the same
10. SDS - PAGE for separation of Ig Gs ubfraction
11. Qualitative ELISA using albumin
Page 38
37
Course Code: USMB P07
[Practical Syllabus Based on USLSC602 Credits: 1.5, Lectures: 60]
Plant Developmental Biology
1. Effect of boron / calcium on pollen tube germination in Vinca rose or any other suitable
sample I, C.T,R
2. Role of GA in seed germination. C,T
3. Demonstration experiments : Plant Tissue Culture: Initiation of plant tissue culture from
germinated chick pea/any other suitable source: (project to be performed in groups of 4 -5
students) C, T,R
Animal Developmental Biology
4. Live observations of Developmental stages of. C.elegans/Dictyotelium/Drosophila/zebrafish
Demonstration experime nts: C, T (Any two of the following):
5. Imaginal discs of Drosophila
6. Regeneration in earthworm / any other suitable system / hydra (using permanent slide /
photographs)
7. Animal Cell Culture /Assays: Cell proliferation assay/ Cell migration assay/ Cell adhesion
assay
Neurobiology
1. Differential staining of white and grey matter of ver tebrate brain.
2 Temporary mounts of any three of the following: C, T, R
a) Cornea of prawn. b) Statocyst of prawn. c) Columella of bird. d) Striated / smooth muscle
fibre.
e) Methylene blue staining of earthworm nerve cord or any other suitable nerv e cord or brain to
observe organization of neuronal cell bodies in invertebrates
f) Olfactory & gustatory sensillaeg) Histological staining of neuronal tissue using
Heamotoxilin -Eosin staining or Nessil‟s staining.
3) Making clay model of vertebrate bra in and cranial nerves. C,T,R
Demonstration Experiments - C, T, R
1. Stroop test.
2. Olfactory /Gustatory Behavioral study: Snail / Earthworm / insect larvae
3. Associative conditioning
4. Knee -jerk and pupillary reflex.
5. Testing for locating the Blind Spot in the retina
Page 39
38 Coursecode: USLSC P08
[Practicals Based on USLSC603,Credits-1.5,Lectures- 60]
1. Thin layer chromatography of lipids/plant alkaloids/any other suitable extract
2. Bioassay of antibiotic / plant extract / for anti -bacterial activity or B -12 assay.
3. Assay of fermentation product / Substrate – Estimation of (a) alcohol/Acetic/lactic acid (b)
4. Extraction of plasmid DNA& Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of plasmid DNA/Restri ction
Digest with costing of the experiment.
5. Immobilization of Enzyme (Amylase/any other convenien t enzyme) using hen egg -white or
alginate method and assay its activity.
6. Quality control: Probiotics or Vaccine
7. Bioinformatics :
i) Design primers (Forward and rev erse primers with matching Tm) for amplifying
“x” gene of “y” species. (They will search for sequence , and design primers)
ii) Manual annotation of DNA sequ ence: Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic
iii) Sequence alignment – pair wise (For Match Score: Specify values for match,
mismatch and gap penalty )
iv) Construction of Cladogram/P hylogram w ith Time Line
Open -ended projects : (Any one of the following, along with its costing)
1. Home -Wine production / Home -Vinegar production from any convenient source & assay for
fermentation products
2. Culturing & biomass estimation of mushroom/ Spirulina /chlorella by cell count/dry weight
and estimation of percentage total protein.
3. Plant tissue culture: i) Callus production ii) Preparation of protoplasts and estimate viability
by trypan blue staining
4. Animal tissue culture: Tissue dissociation by trypsinization technique and to estimate the
viability of cells in physiological saline/MEM at 0 hrs and 2 hrs
5. Growth curve of E coli (DH5 alpha) and preparation of competent cell for transformation
experiment.
6. Finger Printing technique using electrophoresis of protein/DNA digest 38
7. SDS PAGE with suitable Protein sample for Comparison with Experiment n o.3 above.
8. Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of extracted DNA samples with & without Molecular marker
ladder
Page 40
39 9. Genomic DNA extraction, purification and estimation by UV spectroscopy Development of
cost effective method using Liquid Soap, Common Salt and Alco hol or any convenient
variation
Course Code: USLSC P08
[Practical Syllabus Based on U SLSC604 SemesterVICredits:1.5, Lectures: 60]
Note:I–Instrumentation,C-Conceptualunderstanding,T–Technicalskill,R–Relevance to d aily life
1. EC, conductivity,N/P/K/Sulphates/Na/Ca. /EstimationofCo2+and Ni2+by
colorimetry/spectrophotometry/ Water analysis for physico-chemical
characteristics/EstimationofHeavymetalinvarioussamplesbytitrimetryor
spectrometry/Potability of the given drinking water sample by MPN.
(any three of the above) (CTR)
2.Estimation of Co2+ and Ni2+/Pb by colorimetry / spectrophotometry (any one) (CTR)
3. Remote Sensing and GIS: Principles of Remote Sensing and its application of
Environmental Science. Application of GIS in Environmental Management
(Use photographs and models). (CTR)
4.Collection and Interpretation of weather data/Climatology of Mumbai city
(Satellite images and statistical analysis of weather data).
Statistical methods for analysis of environmental data: diversity and similarity indices, for the
given data. Use of EXCEL or SPSS (CT)
5. Using a Simulated data perform the followin g:-
Classify the data a nd calculate ecological indices ; Dominance index, Shannon -Wiener Index,
Similarity Index, Diversity index. Evaluate and interpret each of the index values. (any two)
(CT)
6. Estimation of stomatal index (2 different le af types and two different micro -climatic
conditions e.g. Sun loving, shade loving)/ Chlorophyll content. (CTR)
7.Field visit to river/lake and waste water treatment plants. (CTR)
A visit to Sanjay Gandhi National Park . Identification of local plant species
as: Ecological indicators, exotic species (CTR)
8.Environmental Project (compulsory) (CTR)
Environmental audit of an institution Ex. Electricity and water audit and preparing a
report./Make an ecological evaluation of a local sit eand interpret its ecological
health./Make a report/ Making video film on a local well defined environmental issue
along with resolving the conflict– Photographic documentation of a local environmental
issue and record its progress for atleast three months./Make a report and your evaluation on
environmental issue/ Project on arole of a chosen organism in your immediate environment
or its significance to the local biodiversity/Measurement of sounds by DB meter in silent
,industrial, residential and commercial zones/A Survey related to environmental issues
amongst the citizens: Data to be collected and analyzed statistically with suggestions for
environmental management.
*The film documentary/Video making for project should notbemorethan10 min duration.
Project Submission and viva
Page 41
40 Semester V
Text Books and References
USLSC 501
References books for
Unit I and II Genetics
1. Principles of Genetics by Snustad and Simmons 4thedn. John Wiley and sons 2006.
2. I Genetics; A Molecular approach by Peter Russel 2ndedn. Pearson 2006.
3. I Genetics; A Mendelian approach by Peter Russel 2ndedn. Pearson 2006.
4. Introduction to Genetic Analysis by Griffith s et al 8thedn Freeman and co. 2005.
5. Genes IX by Benjamin Lewin; Jones and Bartlett publishers, 2008.
6. Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics by S. B. Primrose and R. M. Twyman 7thedn.,
Blackwell publication, asianedn Oxford publishers 2007.
7. Concepts of Genetics W. S. Klug and M. R. Cummings 7thedn. Pearson 2003.
8. Concepts of Genetics W. S. Klug, M. R. Cummings, C. A. Spencer 8thedn. Pearson 2006.
9. Human Molecular Genetics by Tom Strachan and Andrew Read, 3rdedn. Garland Science pub .
2004.
10. Principles of Genetics by R. Tamarin 7thedn 2002
References books for
Unit III and IV Immunology
11. Immunology 5thedn. R.A.Goldsky, T. J. Kindt, B. A. Osborne, J. Kuby 2003.
12. Immunology: The immune system in health and disease 6thedn. C. A. Janeway, P. Travers, M.
Walport, M. Shlomchik Garland Science Pub. 2005.
13. Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2 ndedn. A. K. Abbas, A. H. Litchman, 5 thedn 2000.
14. Basic Immunology: Functions and disorders of the immune system, 2ndedn. A. K. Abbas, A.
H. Litchman, 2ndedn 2004.
15. Roitt‟s Essential Immunology 11thedn. Blackwell publication 2006.
16. Immunology 7th International edn. D. Mole, J. Bronstoff, D. Roth, I. Roitt, Mosbey Elsevier
publication, 2006.
17. An Introduction to Immuno logy C. V. RaoNarossa Publishers 2002. USLSC502:
USLSC502
Reference books for
UNIT l and II Developmental Biology
1. Instant Lecture Notes - Developmental Biology R.M.Twyman, Viva Books Private Limited,
New Delhi, Latest Edition ( First Edition – 2001)
2. Developmental Biology T.Subramaniam, Narosa publishing Hopuse, Mumbai, Latest Edition (
First Edition - 2002)
3. Principles of Development L. Wolpert, R. Beddington, J. Brockes, T. Jesell and P. Lawrencel
23 Oxford University Press.
4. Developmental B iology. W.A. Miller Springer – Verlag.
5.. Molecular Biology 3rd Ed., H.Lodish, D.Baltimore, A.Berk, S.L. Zipurski, P.Matsudaira and
J. Darnell. Scientific American Book, W.H. Freeman, N.Y.
6. Molecular Biology of the Cell 3rd Edition. B. Alberts, D. Bra y, J.Lewis, M. Raff, K. Roberts
and J.D.Watson. Garland Publishing Inc., N T and London.
7. 5. Plant Cell and Tissue Culture I. Vasil and T.A. Thorpe. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Page 42
41 8. Practical Zoology 2nd Edition. K.C. Ghone and B. Manna. New Central Book Agency
Publishers.
9. Developmental Biology 4th edition. S.F. Gilbert. Sinauer Associates Inc. Publishers.
10. Pollen Analysis 2nd edition. P.D.Moore, J.A.Webb and M.E. Collinson Blackwell Scientific
Publishers.
11. Pollen Biology – A laboratory manual (1992) K.R. Shivanna and N.S. Rangaswamy, Narosa
Publishing, Calcutta.
12. Developmental Biology 2nd edition, L.W.Browder, Saunders College Publishing Co.
13. An Introduction to Embryology 5th Ed B. I. Ballinsky‟ Saunders, College Publishing Co.
14. Developmental Biology – Patterns, Problems and Principles. J. W. Saunders. J. R. MacMillan
Publishing Co.,
15. An Introduction To the Embryology of Angiosperms. P. Maheshwari. 16. An Atlas Of
Descriptive Embryo 24 logy 2nd ed. W.W.Mathews. MacMillan P ublishing Co.
16. Essential Developmental Biology – A Practical Approach Ed C.D. Stern and P.W.H. Holland.
Oxford University Press UNIT III and IV – Neurobiology ( Latest Editions Recommended).
Reference books for
UNIT III and IV Neurobiology
17. Neur oscience: Exploting the brain M.F.Baer, B.W.Connors&M.A.Paradiso, William &
Wilkins, Baltimore, Latest Edition (First Edition1996)
18. Neurobiology 3rd edition G.M. Shepherd Oxford University Press.
18. Principles Of Neural Science. E.R.Kandel, J.H.Schwa rtz and T.M. Jessel. Prentice Hall
Internation.
19. Instant Notes – Neurosciences, A.Longstaff Viva Books Pvt Ltd., New Delhi, 2002
20. Text Book Of Medical Physiology A.C.Guyton and J.E.Hall Saunders College Publishers.
21. Elements Of Molecular Neurob iology C.U.M. Smith J Wiley and Sons Publishers, N.Y.
22. An Introduction to Molecular Neurobiology Z.W. Hall Sinauer Associates Inc. Publishers.
23. Ion Channels – Molecules in Action D. J. Aidley and P.R. Stanfield. Cembridge University
Press.
24. Comp arative Neurobiology J. P. Mill Edward Arnold Publishers.
25. Physiology Of the Nervous Systems D Ottoson, McMillan Press 25
USLSC 503
Refere nce books for Unit I to IV
Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
1. Principles of gene manipulation and Genomics by Primrose and Twyman, 7th edition,
Blackwell publishing (2006)
2. Molecular Techniques in Biochemistry and Biotechnology by S Shrivastava (2010) Pub. New
central book Agency (P) Ltd
3. Molecular Biology by Robert Weaver, second edition Pub Mc Graw Hil l (2003)
4. Text book of cell and Molecular Biology by Ajoy Paul Pub Books and Allied (P) Ltd. Second
edition (2009)
5. Cell and molecular biology by sp Vyas and Mehta (2011) CBS pub and DistPvt Ltd.
6. Industrial Microbiology. L.E.Casida (2003) New Age International (P) Ltd.
7. Industrial Microbiology. Prescott And Dunn's (2004) Chapman & Hall.
8. Industrial Microbiology. A H PATEL (2005) Macmillan India.
9. Principals of Fermentation Technology , P.F Stanbury, Whitaker and Hall (2004) Fourth
Edition
Page 43
42 USLSC504
Refere nce Books for Unit I to IV
Environmental Biology
1. Misra and Pandey (2011), “Essential environmental studies „‟, Ane Books
2. Martens (1998),”Health and climate change “, Earth Scan
3. Saxena (1998), “Environmental Analysis of soil and air”, Agrobotanica
4. Chakraborti (2005),”Energy efficient and environment friendly technologies for rural
development “ ,Allied Publishers
5. Dash M C (2004) “Ecology, chemistry and Management of envi ronmental Pollution “,Mac
Millan India
6. Nayak ,Amar(2006) ”Sustainable sewage water Management “,Mc Millan India
7. Dolder, Willi (2009), “Endangered animals, Parragon
8. Gupta P K (2000),” Methods in environmental Analysis “, Agrobio (India)
9. Bhargav a Meena (2005) Frontiers of Environment : Issues in Medieval and Early Modern
India. Oxford University Press
10. Kapur (2010) “Vulnerable India “, SAGE
11. Jacob, Miriam(2004) ,” Silent Invaders” , Orient Longman
13. Subramnyam (2006),”Ecology “ , 2nd ed .Narosa
14. Dilip Kumar, Rajvaidya (2004),” Environmental Biotechnology “, APH
15. Sharma and Khan (2004),“ Ozone Depletion and Environmental Impacts” , Pointer publishers
16.State of India‟s Environment 2018.A Down To Earth Annual.
Semester VI
Text Books and References
USLSC 6 01
References books for
Unit I and II Genetics
1. Principles of Genetics by Snustad and Simmons 4thedn. John Wiley and sons 2006.
2. I Genetics; A Molecular approach by Peter Russel 2ndedn. Pearson 2006.
3. I Genetics; A Mendelian approach by Peter Russel 2ndedn. Pearson 2006.
4. Introduction to Genetic Analysis by Griffiths et al 8thedn Freeman and co. 2005.
5. Genes IX by Benjamin Lewin; Jones and Bartlett publishers, 2008.
6. Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genom ics by S. B. Primrose and R. M. Twyman 7thedn.,
Blackwell publication, asianedn Oxford publishers 2007.
7. Concepts of Genetics W. S. Klug and M. R. Cummings 7thedn. Pearson 2003.
8. Concepts of Genetics W. S. Klug, M. R. Cummings, C. A. Spencer 8thedn . Pearson 2006.
9. Human Molecular Genetics by Tom Strachan and Andrew Read, 3rdedn. Garland Science pub.
2004.
10. Principles of Genetics by R. Tamarin 7thedn 2002
References books for
Unit III and IV Immunology
11. Immunology 5thedn. R.A.Goldsky, T. J. Kindt, B. A. Osborne, J. Kuby 2003.
12. Immunology: The immune system in health and disease 6thedn. C. A. Janeway, P. Travers, M.
Walport, M. Shlomchik Garland Science Pub. 2005.
Page 44
43 13. Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2 ndedn. A. K. Abbas, A. H. Litch man, 5 thedn 2000.
14. Basic Immunology: Functions and disorders of the immune system, 2ndedn. A. K. Abbas, A.
H. Litchman, 2ndedn 2004.
15. Roitt‟s Essential Immunology 11thedn. Blackwell publication 2006.
16. Immunology 7th International edn. D. Mole, J. Bronstoff, D. Roth, I. Roitt, Mosbey Elsevier
publication, 2006.
17. An Introduction to Immunology C. V. RaoNarossa Publishers 2002. USLSC502:
USLSC 6 02
Reference books for
UNIT l and II Developmental Biology
1. Instant Lecture Notes - Developmental Biology R.M.Twyman, Viva Books Private Limited,
New Delhi, Latest Edition ( First Edition – 2001)
2. Developmental Biology T.Subramaniam, Narosa publishing Hopuse, Mumbai, Latest Edition (
First Edition - 2002)
3. Principles o f Development L. Wolpert, R. Beddington, J. Brockes, T. Jesell and P. Lawrencel
23 Oxford University Press.
4. Developmental Biology. W.A. Miller Springer – Verlag.
5.. Molecular Biology 3rd Ed., H.Lodish, D.Baltimore, A.Berk, S.L. Zipurski, P.Matsudaira and
J. Darnell. Scientific American Book, W.H. Freeman, N.Y.
6. Molecular Biology of the Cell 3rd Edition. B. Alberts, D. Bray, J.Lewis, M. Raff, K. Roberts
and J.D.Watson. Garland Publishing Inc., N T and London.
7. 5. Plant Cell and Tissue Culture I. Vasil and T.A. Thorpe. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
8. Practical Zoology 2nd Edition. K.C. Ghone and B. Manna. New Central Book Agency
Publishers.
9. Developmental Biology 4th edition. S.F. Gilbert. Sinauer Associates Inc. Publishers.
10. Pollen Analysis 2nd edition. P.D.Moore, J.A.Webb and M.E. Collinson Blackwell Scientific
Publishers.
11. Pollen Biology – A laboratory manual (1992) K.R. Shivanna and N.S. Rangaswamy, Narosa
Publishing, Calcutta.
12. Developmental Biology 2nd edition, L.W.Browder, Saun ders College Publishing Co.
13. An Introduction to Embryology 5th Ed B. I. Ballinsky‟ Saunders, College Publishing Co.
14. Developmental Biology – Patterns, Problems and Principles. J. W. Saunders. J. R. MacMillan
Publishing Co.,
15. An Introduction To the Embryology of Angiosperms. P. Maheshwari. 16. An Atlas Of
Descriptive Embryo 24 logy 2nd ed. W.W.Mathews. MacMillan Publishing Co.
16. Essential Developmental Biology – A Practical Approach Ed C.D. Stern and P.W.H. Holland.
Oxford University Press UNI T III and IV – Neurobiology ( Latest Editions Recommended).
Reference books for
UNIT III and IV Neurobiology
17. Neuroscience: Exploting the brain M.F.Baer, B.W.Connors&M.A.Paradiso, William &
Wilkins, Baltimore, Latest Edition (First Edition1996)
18. Neurobiology 3rd edition G.M. Shepherd Oxford University Press.
18. Principles Of Neural Science. E.R.Kandel, J.H.Schwartz and T.M. Jessel. Prentice Hall
Internation.
19. Instant Notes – Neurosciences, A.Longstaff Viva Books Pvt Ltd., New Delhi, 2002
20. Text Book Of Medical Physiology A.C.Guyton and J.E.Hall Saunders College Publishers.
21. Elements Of Molecular Neurobiology C.U.M. Smith J Wiley and Sons Publishers, N.Y.
Page 45
44 22. An Introduction to Molecular Neurobiology Z.W. Hall Sinauer Associates Inc. Publishers.
23. Ion Channels – Molecules in Action D. J. Aidley and P.R. Stanfield. Cembridge University
Press.
24. Comparative Neurobiology J. P. Mill Edward Arnold Publishers.
25. Physiology Of the Nervous Systems D Ottoson, McMillan Press 25
USLSC 603
Reference books for Unit I to IV
Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
1. Principles of gene manipulation and Genomics by Primrose and Twyman, 7th edition,
Blackwell publishing (2006)
2. Molecular Techniques in Biochemistry and Biotechnology by S Shrivastava (2010) Pub. New
central book Agency (P) Ltd
3. Molecular Biology by Robert Weaver, second edition Pub Mc Graw Hill (2003)
4. Text book of cell and Molecular Biology by Ajoy Paul P ub Books and Allied (P) Ltd. Second
edition (2009)
5. Cell and molecular biology by sp Vyas and Mehta (2011) CBS pub and DistPvt Ltd.
6. Industrial Microbiology. L.E.Casida (2003) New Age International (P) Ltd.
7. Industrial Microbiology. Prescott And Dunn's (2004) Chapman & Hall.
8. Industrial Microbiology. A H PATEL (2005) Macmillan India.
9. Principals of Fermentation Technology , P.F Stanbury, Whitaker and Hall (2004) Fourth
Edition
USLSC6 04
Refer ence Books for Unit I to IV
1.Misraand Pandey(2011 ),“Essentialenvironmentalstudies„‟,Ane Books
2.Martens(1998 ),”Healthand climatechange“,EarthScan
3.Saxena(1998 ),“EnvironmentalAnalysisofsoiland air”,Agrobotanica
4.Chakraborti(2005 ),”Energyefficientand environmentfriendlytechnologiesforrural
development“,AlliedPublishers
5.DashMC (2004) “Ecology, chemistryand Management ofenvironmentalPollution“, Mac
MillanIndia
6.Nayak,Amar(2006) ”SustainablesewagewaterManagement“,McMillanIndia
7.Dolder,Willi(2009 ),“Endangeredanimals,Parragon
8.Gu ptaPK(2000 ),”MethodsinenvironmentalAnalysis“,Agrobio(India)
9.Sharan Awadhendra (2014)“In the city out of place, Nuisance ,Pollution and Dwelling in Delhi”
10.Kapur(2010)“VulnerableIndia“,SAGE
11.Jacob,Miriam(2004) ,” SilentInvaders”,OrientLongman
12.Subramnyam(2006 ),”Ecology“,2nded.Narosa14.D ilipKumar,Rajvaidya(2004 ),”Environmenta
lBiotechnology“,APH
13.Sharma andKhan(2004 ),“OzoneDepletionand EnvironmentalImpacts” , Pointerpublisher
14. State of India‟s Environment 2018.A Down To Earth . Fortnightly on politics of development,
environment and health.
15. Walker,Gordon (2012)”Environmental Justice: Concepts, Evidence & politics”
Routledge,Publishers
16. Gadgil, Madhav; Guha Ramachandra (2012) This Fissured Land An Ecological History of I ndia
Oxford University Press
Page 46
45 17. Shah Mihir; Vijayshankar: P. S (2016)Water: Growing Understanding, Emerging Perspectives.
Orient BlackSwan,
18. Garg Santosh Kumar & Garg Ranjini (2018) Environmental Studies and Gree n
Technologies.Khanna Publisher
Dr. B. L. Jadhav
Chairman
Board of Studies
Page 47
46