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SYBSc Life Science1 Syllabus Mumbai University by munotes
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Item No. – 4.226
NEW SYLLABUS OF S.Y.B.SC. LIFE SCIENCES
(SEMESTER BASED CREDIT AND GRADING SYSTEM)
TO BE IMPLEMENTED FROM ACADEMIC YEAR 2017 -18
SEMESTER III
USLSC 301 - Paper I
THEORY
Comparative Physiology (Total Lectures: 45)
(The number of periods for each topic is given in brackets)
PREAMBLE:
Comparative approach to Physiology should indicate and remind students that in isolated,
narrow sub disciplines there is also a wealth of information that can be obtained from
unrelated and distant organisms. Thus comparing and contrasting diverse mechanisms
provides a cohesive understanding of physiology. Further understanding normal physiology
also helps in treatment of diseases which leads to its alteration.
THEORY
Control and Coordination
Unit I. Homeostasis
(15)
A. Homeostatic mechanisms and cellular communication
1. Control systems in homeostasis and component s of homeostatic control (1)
2. An overview of cell signalling and biochemi cal basis of cell signalling - Release
and transport of chemical messengers, communication o f signal to target cell (3)
3. Cell signalling in the nervous system and endocrine system
[eg. Amines (catecholamine and thyroid hormones)] -- Regulation of receptors (up
and down regulation) --- Regulat ion of cell signalling: 1st, 2nd and 3rd order feedback
mechanisms. (3)
B. Neuro E ndocrine glands and their hormones (5)
1. Pineal, Hypothalamus, Pituitary Thyroid, Parathyroid, Pancreas,Adrenal cortex,
Testis and Ovary.
2. Steroid hormone: Ecdysone.
C. Structure and functions of Plant Growth Regulators (3)
Auxins, Giberillic acid ,Cytokinin, Abscisic acid , Ethylene
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Unit II :Control and Coordination in plants and animals (15)
A. Animals:
1. Phylogenetic development of the Nervous System – nerve net, nerve plexus and
ganglionated nervous system in hydra, starfish and earthworm.(1)
2. Human Nervous System – CNS and PNS overview (2)
3. Nature of the Nerve Impulse – Resting potential, Ac tion Potential (2)
4. Transmission of Nerve impul ses and synapses (3)
5.a. Behaviour and behavioural adaptations (Neuronal) – Innate and learned
behaviour
(Habituation) with an example of Alysia (2)
5. b. Behavi oral Strategies in Bird Migration (Physiological aspect -Accumulation of
body fat and thermoregulation) (2)
B. Plants:
1. Plant movements – Tropisms, Taxes, Nasties and Kinesis – discuss with suitable
examples with reference to physiology (3)
Unit III : Developmental Biology (15)
A. Reproduction and Development
1. Basis of Sex Determination (4)
(a) P lants: Maize
(b) Animals: Role of SRY gene and Aromatase
(c) R ole of environmental factors – Temperature and Parthenogenesis in insects
Eg. Wasp/Honey bee/Ants
(d) P lant-animal interaction for reproduction Fig wasp / Gall wasp
(e)Sex reversal
2. Alternation of generations in plants Eg. Adiantum (1)
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3. Sex differentiation of gonads, internal and external genitalia. (1)
4. Ovarian and testicular functions, puberty and regulation of uterine changes in
menstrual cycle, menopause, pregnancy, parturition, lactation. (2)
5. Artificial regulation of reproduction: Use of contraceptive methods (1)
B. Gametogenesis and early d evelopment:
(a) Plants (4)
1. Microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis.
2. Types of ovules and fertilization.
3. Development of embryo in mon ocot and dicot plants
(b) A nimals: (2)
Cleavage and development of embryo in frog.
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SEMESTER III
PRACTICALS
USLSCP3
(Based on paper I)
1. Good Laborato ry Practices. (1)
2. Demonstration of reproductive system and location of endocrine glands in
Albino Mouse Male and Female (Virtual Lab). (1)
3. Microtome and preparation of Endocrine gland slides from above dissected
specimen or any suitable plant specimen ( 4)
4. Study of Histological features of Endocrine glands. (1)
5. A complete study of Frog Embryology (Egg to T adpole to Adult). (1)
6. Study of Flo ral parts from the given flower ( Hibiscus and Pancretium )
study of microscopic structure of anthers , ovules. Seed structure (1)
( Maize and Okra).
7. Study of pollen germination Using Vinca flower ( in vitro ) (1)
8. a. Study of pollen germination in Vinca (in Vivo ) (1)
b. Tracing the path of the pollen tube along t he stylar canal using
Aniline blue stain
9. Detection of activity of plant hormones (Dose de pendent response). (1)
10. Observation and Study of locally collected Leaf Gall and any other one
plant disease. (1)
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SEMESTER III
USLSC3 02 Paper II
Life processes at the tissue, organ and organism levels
A Biochemical Approach
(Total Lectures: 45)
PREAMBLE:
To understand the detailed functioning of a cell it is necessary to
study it at the molecular level. Basic biochemical processes in cells
and tissues and their regulation and integration are the mainstay of
a normal functional cell.
UNIT I Enzymes and their environment (15)
A. Enzymes (15)
1. Extraction, purification and Specific activity
Enzyme example (Plant :RUBISCO, Animal: LDH)
(Mention Techniques: Dialysis, Gel -filtration, Ion -exchange, Affinity
chromatography and Spectrophotometry)
2. Classification (With an example of each)
3. Effect of pH and Temperature
4. Co -enzymes and co -factors : NAD, FAD, Mn, Mg, Zn and Cu
(one reaction each)
5. Kinetics (MM, LB)
6. Enzyme Inhibitors, Activators and feed -back
7. Allosteric enzymes (Kinases in Glycolysis) and their significance in
metabolic regulation
UNIT II Metabolism - Energy from Carbohydrates : (15)
A. Carbohydrates – Catabolism) (9)
Glycolysis – Brief Historical background
process and metabolic regulation
Citric Acid Cycle – Brief Historical background
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a) Process and regulation.
b) Importance as a central amphibolic pathway unifying all primary
biological processes.
c) Anaplerosis
B. Bioenergetics :
1. Electron Transport System (2)
(i) Localisation and
(ii) Sequence of electron transporters
2. Oxidative Phosphorylation (4)
i. Mitchell’s Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
ii. ATP synthesis
iii. Control of respiration, uncoupling and metabolic poisons
UNIT III Metabolism - Energy from Lipids and Proteins :(15)
A. Lipids - Catabolism : (7)
1. Lipolysis
2. Role of Carnitine in mitochondrial permeability
3. Beta – Oxidation of fatty acids and integration into Kreb’s cycle
4. Ketone bodies and their significance
A. Amino Acids - Catabolism : (8)1.Protein
Degradation liberating amino -acids’
2. Deamination, Transamination & ammonia disposal by
Urea cycle.
3.Decarboxylation & integration into Kreb’s cycle
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SEMESTER III
PRACTICALS
USLSC2
(Based on paper II)
This practical involves the following points relevant to Biochemistry:
A. Instrumentation / Technique ( I / T ) (1)
- pH metry
- Colorimetry
- Titration
B- Process / Concept and i mmediate Relevance (C ,R ) (1)
- Extraction, Purification
- Analysis / Estimation
- GLP(Good Laboratory practices) incorporated into every practical
Acid, bases and buffers
1. pH meter - (I, C, T) (1)
(i) principle & instrumentation and
(ii) determination of pH (titration of Acids/Bases/Buffers/ ‘chameleon balls’).
(in FY the student were introduced to the concept of pH measurement of
familiar liquids -here tech & details are given - practically understanding
buffering using Glycine / titration curve)
2. Protein precipitation by pH manipulation (Casein from Milk/ Curds) (1)
(From previous experiment and pH manipulation, proteins can be
precipitated )(C, R)
3. Enzymology & localization :
i. Study of Enzyme activity and Kinetics : Determination of KM of an enzyme
Urease (from Jack beans)/Lip ase/Protease(from detergents) (I,C,T) (1)
(Enzyme activity can be detected and estimated - using colorimetry)
ii. Histochemical localization of Enz ymes (Acid Phosphatase) (C, T) (1)
(Enzyme activity can be localized)
4. Estimation / Quantitation :
i. Colorimetric Protein Estimation by Biuret Method (1)
(Enzyme extract / Casein from previous expts.). I, C, T
(Proteins, such as the isolate from experiment 2 can be estimated by colour
reaction) C,T,R
ii. Colorimetric Cholesterol Estimation / total Lipid Estimation from egg. (lipid
metabolism is an important component of our systems, content can be estimated
by colour reaction) (1)
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iii. Colorimetric estimation of Inorganic Phosphates by Stannous chloride
method. C,T,R
(Estimation of biologically relevant inorganic ions by colorimetric method ) (1)
iv. Titrimetric estimation of Ascorbic acid (Vit C). C, T, R
(Estimation of biological materials by non -colorimetric method ) (1)
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SEMESTER III
USLSC 303 - Paper III
THEORY
Population approach: population and communities as regulatory unit
(Total Lectures: 45)
PREAMBLE:
Population dynamics of human population are not only dependent on
biological forces but also social forces. Unit I focuses on
Evolutionary concepts and Populati on studies. Quantification is an
important aspect of modern biology. A clear understanding of how
to handle measurements and biological variation in a variety of
experimental setups is obligatory. Unit II and III include
fundamentals of biostatistics and b ioinformatics. Further
elementary bioinformatics has been added to introduce students to
‘in silico ” laboratories available.
UNIT I: Concepts in Evolution and Population Genetics (15)
1. Darwinism: Conceptual arguments for evolution by Natural Selection
given by Charl es Darwin and Alfred Wallace. (1)
2. Evidences for evolution: Comparative anatomy and embryology,
Fossil records and living fossils, Artificial selection. (2)
3. Study of Evolution in context of human genetic diseases
(BRCA –I / Hu ntington’s/ Thalassemia) (3)
4. Populations and allelic frequencies, Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium,
change in gene frequencies due to selection, mutation, migration and
genetic drift (founders effect) (5)
5. Origin of variability, polymorphis m, kinds of selection – directional,
stabilizing and disrupt ive, selectionist vs neutralist (4)
UNIT II : BIOSTATISTICS (15)
1. Probability definition, addition law, random variable, probability mass
function (3)
2. Bionomial, Poisson and Normal distribution (5)
3. Bivariate data, scatter diagram and its uses, karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient,
Spearman’s Rank correlation coefficient (4 )
4. Regression equations and their uses (3)
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Unit III: Bioinformatics (15)
1. Introduction to bioinformatics: Concept of information net work:
internet, IP address, TCP/IP, FTP, HTTP, HTML and URLs (2)
2. Virtual libraries - The European Molecular Biology Network (EMBnet),
The National Center for Biotechnological Information (NCBI), Pub Med
and its applications. (4)
3. Concept of databases and their use in Biology (2)
Primary, Secondary and composite databases
4. Types of Databases (7)
(a) Nucleotide Database (Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Gene to be discussed)
(b) Protein Database ( PDB/ ExPaSy)
(c) Species Da tabase (Yeast, Arabidopsis and Human)
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SEMESTER III
PRACTICALS
USLSC 3
(Based on paper III)
1.Correlation (Using serial dilution and OD, Data from Paper II
and Using MS EXCEL / Population genetics data) (1)
2. Regression Analysis (Using serial dilution and OD, Data from Paper II
and Using MS EXCEL / Population genetics data) (1)
3. Probability testing using suitable example (1)
4 Normal Distribution using suitable example (1)
5.Database searching: Nucleotide, Protein, Specie s (2 )
6. Introduction to ORF - 6 reading frames and sequence annotation -
6 frame translation using suitable software (ex. Bioline) (1)
7. Testing of Hardy -Weinberg law using suitable examples of gene
and allelic frequencies -Sex linked (One each) (1)
8. Project proposal based on Bioinformatics/Biostatistics/ Population
Genetics / Evolution (2)
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SEMESTER IV
USLSC 401 - Paper I
THEORY
Comparative Physiology (Total Lectures: 45)
Altered Homeostasis due to stress and infections:
Unit I Homeostasis to stress: (15)
A. Thermal physiology : (10)
1. Plant adaptation in extreme thermal conditions
2. Thermal strategies in poikilotherms and homeotherms, ecto and endotherms.
3. Temperature regulating reflexes, acclimatization
4. Fever, Hyperthermia, heat exhaustion a nd heat stroke.
5. Thermogenesis: shivering and nonshivering thermogenesis, Hyperthermia
induced by pyrogens
6. Antifreeze proteins.
B. Fuel Homeostasis during exercise and Stress: (5)
1. Regulation of energy stores: control of food intake
2. Role of Leptin , Ghrelin and Kisspeptin
3. Eating disorders: Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa
4. Overweight and obesity
5. Type I and Type II Diabetes
Unit II . Homeostasis during infections (15)
A. Host Parasite R elationship
1. Virulence factors and toxins: virulence factors, exotoxins, enterotoxins,
endotoxins (2)
2. Host factors in infection: host ri sk factors, innate resistance (2)
3. Parasite escape me chanisms (2)
B. Defence mechanisms in plants
(2)
Biomolecules such as secondary metabolites, surface protectants and enzymes
C. Defence mec hanisms in animals
1. Innate and Adap tive Immunity (1)
2. Introduction to primary and secondary lymphoid organs and L ymphatic
systems (1)
3. Mechanisms of Innate Immunity – In invertebrates (hemocytes) and in
Vertebrates
(physical and physiological barriers, phagocytosis and inflammation) (3)
4. Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity – T and B cells
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(Mode of Recognition of Antigen) (2)
Unit III . Infectious Diseases (15)
(to be discussed with respect to epidemiology,
aetiology, pathology (of target tissue only), diagnosis, therapy, preventive measures
and vaccines)
A. Vector borne Diseases – Malaria (2)
B. Viral Disease -AIDS , Herpes (3)
C. Bacterial Diseases - Tuberculosis, Leprosy, Typhoid (4)
D. Fungal Diseases – Ringworm, Candidiasis (2)
E. Helminthic Diseases – Filariasis (1)
F. Infections in Plants (3)
- Tobacco mosaic virus,
- Crown gall bacterial infection
- Puccinia fungal infection
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SEMESTER - IV
PRACTICALS
USLSC P4
1. Extraction and detection of Plant alkaloids, saponines, tannins and volatile oils
from suitable plant source. (1 )
2. Alkaloid separation by TLC (1)
3. ABO b lood typing (1 )
4. Principle and working of home pregnancy test slide. (1)
5. Widal Test - Qualitative. (1)
6. Streak plating ( T , Pentagon and Quadrant –Any 2) to isolate microorganisms
from a mixed culture using differential media. (1)
7. Antibiotic sensitivity of microorganisms (Plant extract, Tetracycline/ Gentamycin)
(2)
8. Study of effect of temperature and caffeine on he art beat of Daphnia. (1)
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Semester IV
USLSC 402 - Paper I I
THEORY
Life processes at the tissue, organ and organism levels
A Biochemical Approach
(Total Lectures: 45)
UNIT I Metabolism - Anabolism of biomolecules: (15)
A. Carbohydrate Anabolism : (4)
1. Gluconeogenesis
2. Pentose phosphate pathway
3. Short account of polysaccharide (Glycogen) synthesis
B. Lipids Anabolism :
(3)1. Fatty acid biosynthesis
2. Cholesterol (4 Stages –Condensation, Conversion, Polymerization and
Cyclization) and prostaglandin biosynthesis
C. Amino -acid Anabolism : (2)
1. Transamination and its significance
2. Glutamine synthesis
D. Photosynthesis (6)
1. Photophosphorylation, Hill reaction
2. C3 and C4 cycles
3. Photorespiration
UNIT II Nucleic acids : . (15)
Chemistry of nucleic acids – (8)
1. Existence of two pathways for purine
& pyrimidine synthesis and Significance of the ‘salvage pathway’.
2. DNA replication system in prokaryotes – process and enzymes
( with domains of DNA polymerase)
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3. Transcription (7)
(a) Prokaryotes - binding, initiation, elongation & termination
(b) Eukaryotes - only in terms of different RNA polymerase along with
promoters RNA processing – of rRNA, tRNA and mRNA (5’cap, polyA
tail and intron splicing (snRNPs only).
4. Concept of Reverse transcription.
UNIT III Regulation of gene expressionand Integration of metabolism (15)
1. Translation: Genetic code; Translation system, post translational Modification
(Phosphorylation, methylation and Acetylation) (7)
2. Regulation of gene expression and its significance (8)
(a) Operon model (Lac,Trp).
(b) Alternate splicing
(c) Concept of RNAi
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SEMESTER IV
PRACTICALS
USLSC2
(Based on paper II)
This practical involves the following points relevant to Biochemistry :
A. Instrumentation / Technique ( I / T ) (1)
PAGE (Demonstration)
Chromatography – Paper, Thin layer, Column
B. Process / Concept and immediate Relevance (C and R ) (1)
- Extraction, Purification
- Analysis / Estimation
- GLP(Good Laboratory practices) incorporated into every practical
Separation / Extraction techniques
1. Extraction and Detection of RNA/Ribose Sugars. C, T (1)
(Extraction of nucleic acid and detection by colour reaction)
2. Chromatography of Sugars – CircularPaper C, T (1)
(Separation of carbohydrates and detection by colour reaction)
3. Thin Layer Chromatography for separation of Plant Pigments (1)
(Slide technique) C,T,R
(Separation techniques for charged, uncharged materials based on
solvent partition)
4. Solvent Extraction of Lipids. C, T, R (1)
(Extraction of lipid and proportional estimation by weight)
5. Column Chromatography of Proteins / Pigments. I, C, T (1)
(Separation technique for proteins/ other materials based on charge/size)
6. Protein separation by PAGE (Demonstration) I, C (1)
(Separation techniques for charged materials based on electrophoretic mobility)
7&8. Plant enzyme (Q ualitative / Quantitative) I,C,T (2)
9. Interpretation of pathological reports based on the biochemical analysis. (1)
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SEMESTER I V
USLSC 403 - Paper I II
THEORY
(Total Lectures: 45)
Population approach: population and communities as regulatory unit
UNIT I :Evolution and its consequences (15)
1. Origin of Species: Biological species concept, morphological species,
Allopatric and sympatric speciation, Isolating mechanism preventing exchange
in populations. Rates of speciation - punctuated or gradual. Life history of
a species, Mitochondrial DNA and tracing human phylogeny and extinctions (5)
2.Human evolution: Factors in Human Origin: Bipedalism, improvement in
food acquisition , improved predator avoidan ce and reproductive success,
Hunter gatherer societies and evolution of communication –speech and
language. Tool making. Altruism and kin selection. (6)
3.Evolution and Society : Cultural vs biological evolution, socia
Darwinism, eugenics, reproductive t echnologies and genetic engineering -
impact on human culture, gene machine vs intelligent design arguments. (4)
UNIT II:Biostatistics (15)
1. Hypothesis and its types, errors in testing and its types, level of significance (3)
2. Analysis of variance one way classification, F -test (3)
3. Test for equality of two means, Paired and unpaired t -tests. (3)
4. Comparison between Parametric and Non parametric test (3)
5. Chi Square test for independence 2x2 table (3)
Unit III : Bioinformatics (15)
1. DNA sequence Data analysis - (5)
(a) Annotation of putative genes – ORF finding
(b) Genetic code and Frame translation to amino acids, concept of six frame
translation
2. Phylogenetic Analysis (10)
(a) Concept of paralogous and orthologous genes
(b) Nucleclic acid based phylogenies
(c) Nucleotide sequence comparisons and homologies
(d) Phylogenetic Trees
(e) Parsimony principle and limitations of molecular phylogenetic trees
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SEMESTER IV
PRACTICALS
USLSC 4
(Based on paper III)
1.a. Comparative Anatomy of Brai n (Invertebrate to vertebrate (1)
b. Study of Fossils (Any two)
2.Human Karyotyping - Normal and Abnormal (Numerical and Structural) (1)
3. Chironomous Larva - Study of Giant Chromosome from Salivary Glands (1)
4. Blast search (1)
5. Bioinformatics - Phylogenetic analysis using Globin gene and Mitochondrial DNA
(1)
6. Applications of t distribution (2)
7. Analysis of variance one way classification (1)
8. Chi s quare distribution (1)
(In all statistical analysis use of Excel should be introduced)
9. Project report based on Bioinformatics/Biostatistics/ Population Genetics /
Evolution (1)
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References
USLSC 301 and 401
1.Plant physiology
Taiz and Zeiger ( 5 th edition ) (2010)
Pub : Sinauer Associates.
2. Essential Developmental Biology
J.M. W. Slack (2 nd edition ) (2006)
Pub: Blackwell Publishers
3.Developmental Biology
Scott Gilbert (9 th edition ) (2010)
Sinauer Associates.
4.Fundamentals of physiology - A Human perspective
L Sherwood 5 th edition (2006)
Pub : Thomson Brooks
5. Embryology of Angiosperms
Bhojwani and Bhatnagar 4 th edition (1999)
New Delhi Vikas Pub
6. Vander’s Human Physiology
Widmaier, Raff, Strand (10 th edition,) (2006)
Mc Graw Hill Int. Edition.
7. Principles of Animal Physiology
C Moyes and Schulte 2 nd edition (2007)
Peason Education.
8. Medical Microbiology: A guide to microbial infections .
Greenwood, Slack, P eutherer and Barer 17 th Ed (2007)
Churchill Livingstone
9. Microbiology
Davis, Dulbecco and Ginsberg. (1990)
Lippincott Company, Philadelphia
10. Textbook of Microbiology.
Ananthanarayanan and Panniker 5 th Edition (1996).
Orient Longman
USLSC 302 and 402
1. Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry
Eds : D.L Nelson and M.M. Cox,
Pub : W. H Freeman Publishers, New York. 4 th edition (2005)
2. Biochemistry
Eds : J.M. Berg, J L Tymencko and L. Stryer
Pub : W H Freeman and co., New York. 5 th edition (2002)
3. Fundamentals of Biochemistry by
Eds : D.Voet , J. G. Voet
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Pub : John Wiley &Co., New York Pratt 1 st ed (2004)
4. Principles of Biochemistry
Ed: Lehninger.A
Pub: CBS Publishers and Distributors, 2 nd Edition (1993)
5. Principles of Biochemistry
Eds: Zub ay G.L, Parson W.W. and Vance D.E.
Pub: W. C. Brown, First Edition (1995)
6. An Introduction to Genetic Analysis
Ed: Griffiths A.J. et al
Pub: W. H. Freeman (London) Seventh Edition (2000)
USLSC 303 and 403
1. Strickberger’s Evolution – B. Hall and B. H allgrimsson 4 th Edition (2008) Jones and
Bartlett Publishers
2. Remarkable Creatures: Epic Adventures in Search of the Origin of Species
Sean B. Carrol, (2009).
Mariner Books,
3. Population Genetics,
M.B.Hamilton, (2009).
Wiely -Blackwell,
4. Population Genetics : A Concise Guide
J.H.Gillespie, (2004)
Johns Hopkins University Press.
5. Methods in Biostatistics of Medical students and Research Workers
B.K.Mahajan, 8 th Edition, (2010)
Jaypee.
6. Fundamental concepts of Bioinformatics
Krane and Raymer (200 3)
Benjamin Cummings Publication.
7. Exploring Bioinformatics – A Project -based Approach
St. Clair and Visick (2010)
Jones and Bartlett Publishers
8. Bioinformatics for Dummies
Jean -Michel Claverie, Cedric Notredame, 2003,
John Wiley & Sons
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