Paper-VIII-Emerging-Issues-in-Rural-Development-English-Version-munotes

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1 1
RURAL AND URBAN REGIONAL
IMBALANCE
Unit Structure :
1.0 Objectives
1.1 Preface
1.2 The concept of rural urban imbalance.
1.3 Factors of rural -urban imbalance.
1.4 Regional imbalances in Maharashtra
a. Five Years Plans and Rural Development
b. Negligence to Rural Area in Development Process
c. Present Status of rural Development
1.5 Summary.
1.6 Exercise
1.7 A) Five Year Plans and Rural Development
1.8 B) Neglect of Rural Development
1.9 C) Current Status of Rural Development
1.10 Summary
1.11 Check Your Progress

1.0 OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you will understand the following.
1) The concept of rural urban imbalance can be understood.
2) The imbalance factors of rural and urban development can be
explained.
3) Understanding regional imbalances in Maharashtra.


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2 1.1. PREFACE
India is a rural country. In the nation today, rural regions are home to 68.5
percent of the population, while urban areas are home to 31.6 percent.
Agricultural production is the principal industry in rural regions. The
populace is dependent on agribusiness to the extent of more than 50%. In
cities, the reverse is true. More than 50% of people live in metropolitan
regions and work in industries, enterprises, and jobs. The government
constantly provides amenities in the flourishing metropolitan regions,
taking into account rural and urban areas. As a result, development in
urban and rural regions is uneven. This has made it more difficult to
develop rural and urban areas.
1.2 CONCEPT OF RURAL -URBAN IMBALANCE
Clarifying the idea of r ural-urban divide is necessary in order to
comprehend the meaning of rural -urban imbalance. The main disparities
between rural and urban areas' populations and income levels are those
between the two. Agriculture provides the majority of the country's
income because it is an agricultural society. However, there appears to be
an increase in agricultural production as a result of the inefficient farming
in such a nation. Urban environments foster the development of several
enterprises.
The department appears to be growing quickly. This exacerbates the
mismatch between rural and urban areas.
On the other hand, the definition of rural and urban development varies
greatly among nations worldwide. That is, depending on the motivation
for the country's division of rural and urban areas, the disparity between
the number of states and the political authority that divides them changes.
Rural -urban imbalance
The Indian media has recently used the words India. According to this,
India may refer to both urban and rural pl aces. These urban and rural
locations exhibit socioeconomic inequalities. The following aspect can be
used to clarify this distinction.

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3 1.3 FACTORS OF RURAL -URBAN IMBALANCE
There are several causes of the imbalance between rural and urban areas.
These f actors are explained in the section below.
Population: The majority of people reside in rural regions in many
developed and developing nations across the world. For work and
improved living conditions, people are moving from rural to urban regions
as the economy grows. However, urbanisation is happening slowly as the
world is developing. A prolonged transition period is the outcome.
In India, 68.89% of the population resided in rural regions, according to
the 2011 census. In urban regions, 31.16 percent of people resided.
Population density is high in urban regions. The population density is
lower in rural places.
Unemployment: Both urban and rural communities struggle with a lack
of employment. The unemployment rates in the two places vary. In
metropolitan locations, open unemployment is a serious issue. Agriculture
is practiced there. These regions struggle with seasonal and covert
unemployment. Additionally, open unemployment is an issue for young
people who are self -taught. This issue also affects young adults with
advanced degrees. The daily unemployment rate in 2009 –10 was sixteen
in rural regions and 34 in cities.
Poverty / Poverty: In all nations, urban and rural areas have less poverty -
related issues and members of the public. In many nations, rural
communities bear a larger share of the burden of poverty. According to a
survey conducted by the Planning Commission in 2009 –10, 38.8% of rural
Indians were living in poverty.
There were 274.5 million such persons in all. Twenty -nine percent of
people li ved in poverty in metropolitan areas. In 2009 –10, there were 76.5
million of these people. There is an imbalance since the rate of poverty in
rural regions is higher than in urban ones.

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4 Social and economic disparities include: Both rural and urban
popul ations seem to have caste and class divisions. People in rural regions
differ greatly in class and ethnicity since they are generally poorer and less
developed socially than their urban counterparts. Even though the caste
system is outlawed by law, it none theless affects societal constraints.
Caste and class are obvious in metropolitan settings despite the low
prevalence of the caste system there. Lack of work prospects, poor
income, low wage rates, low productivity, or unemployment is the main
causes of ec onomic inequality. Poverty is more prevalent in rural places.
As a result, social and economic inequality plays a significant role in the
disparity between urban and rural areas.

Literacy rate : Inequality between urban and rural regions may be
reflected in the literacy rate. Urban parents are keen to provide their kids a
good education. Their schooling is taken care of. Parents in rural areas
often send their kids to work in the fields since agriculture is a common
vocation and requires labour. India dep ends on children's income due to its
extreme poverty.
According to the 2011 census, 74.04 percent of Indians were literate. The
literacy rate in rural areas was 68.91 percent. The literacy rate in urban
areas was 84.98 percent. Additionally, there is a dis parity between rural
and urban communities in terms of school quality, etc.
Basic characteristics: Infrastructure disparities are evident in rural
regions. Transportation, clean drinking water, messaging, energy, health,
education, and road transportation are the primary components of
economic and social comfort. Rural regions are seeing an increase in this
condition, although the quality is poor. In cities, these amenities are of
high quality. Still, sewage streams, gutters, and tainted drinking water
continue flowing. Unbalances between the rural and urban areas
demonstrate how dangerous highways and pedestrian bridges are for
travel.
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5 Women's Employment: There are persistent economic and social
inequalities between men and women. However, in many places, there are
better circumstances for employment, property rights, etc. in urban than
rural regions. Unfortunately, a huge percentage of women lack literacy
skills in rural regions. Additionally, they are not permitted to take part in
decision -making. Women m ostly rely on their father, brother, and son. In
the household, discrimination exists between males and women. Women
in cities have more abilities than women in rural regions.
Health: There seems to be a good balance between rural and urban
regions. In cit ies, there are medical facilities. There are several healthcare
institutions in the city. These amenities are insufficient in rural regions in
that regard. There are significant public health differences between urban
and rural locations. Health is not a m ajor issue in rural life. In that sense,
the metropolitan mindset appears to be more focused on individual health.
Local government entities in the city develop unique systems and correctly
manage the sanitary drainage area in the case of public health. Lo cal self -
government groups are unable to offer similar amenities in rural regions to
the same level. Their income is insufficient.

The health of the rural population is continuously declining as a result of
an inadequate diet. One survey found that anem ia affected 70% of those in
rural regions who were 50 to 59 years old. In cities, this is 17.2 percent.
59.5% of the populace in rural regions has access to electricity. 92% of
urban residents have access to electricity. 34.1 percent of people live in
rural regions without access to toilets, compared to 80.8 percent of people
who live in urban areas. 12.9% of people in metropolitan areas still reside
in their houses. 19.6% of families live in houses in rural regions. In
metropolitan areas, 84.4 percent of t he population has access to better
drinking water. At least 24.9% of residents with low incomes reside in
rural regions. There are 2.7 percent more urban regions than rural ones.
The vaccination campaign in rural regions has achieved 50.4% of the
family in terms of immunization of children.

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6 Therefore, health in a rural, urban area Imbalance is an important factor.

Industry: The availability of industries varies significantly between urban
and rural places. The city has a huge selection of business ameni ties.

As a result, the city's commercial growth is encouraged.
There aren't enough amenities in rural regions to support company startup.
As a result, there is a significant industrial imbalance between rural and
urban regions. South Konkan industries m ay not have been properly
launched. The cause is explained above. The government providing the
city with a lean measure to begin firms is another significant component.
Therefore, rural regions are disregarded. Unbalance is therefore evident.
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7 Water suppl y: Large dams are built in rural regions as a source of
drinking water for cities. In reality, dams are built and made accessible to
the city for irrigation and irrigation in parts of Maharashtra when there is a
drought. Rural development is severely hampe red by such an unbalanced
water supply. Nobody can promise that the rural plumbing systems will
always exist. Thus, it is impossible to ensure that everyone will have
access to clean drinking water, especially in remote locations. Even the
readily availabl e water is unsafe. However, water is regularly filtered in
metropolitan areas. As a result, there is an uneven distribution of clean
drinking water between urban and rural communities. Therefore,
traditional water sources are still used in rural areas.

Development of financial institutions: As a network of industries is
established in metropolitan areas, numerous financial institutions are
launched. Financial institutions create the environment for growth in
metropolitan areas. Urban entrepreneurs may get enough capital to operate
their businesses thanks to the adequate availability of financial institutions.
The amenities offered by the bank are also suitably accessible to the
populace. The development of financial institutions is constrained due to
the a bsence of company expansion in rural regions. The lender appears
more willing to provide finance to the peasant class. The expansion of
financial institutions is constrained in rural regions due to the fact that
financial institutions cannot afford to do b usiness as usual. As a result,
finance has an impact on the rural -urban disparity.
Social Change: There is a significant distinction between society and
change in urban and rural settings. The urban society is rapidly changing
as a result of the cities' ap propriate growth of educational institutions and
the cohabitation of individuals from many different communities. In rural
places, this is not the situation. The educational network is not well
enough established in the rural areas. Poor quality education is lacking in
rural regions. In addition to this, the villages in the village are a part of a
certain society. The severity and superstition of untouchability are
particularly strong in rural places. Women's empowerment does not
appear to have been establi shed, and as a result, social transformation is
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8

Housing availability: There is an imbalance between rural and urban
regions. The housing in rural regions is inadequate. The issue of shelter
affects both urban poo r and slum residents. Many people in the population
live in substandard homes. The worst slum conditions are not seen in rural
regions. As a result, the processes of urban and rural growth are not
balanced.
Employment Generation: In both urban and rural se ttings, employment
generation is one of the most crucial aspects. Agriculture is a traditional
kind of business in rural regions. Farming creates employment during
specific seasons even if it is a relatively small type of company.
Additionally, the agribus iness did not produce the anticipated amount of
jobs. However, there are a lot of government buildings in cities. Urban
regions have seen an increase in a variety of company kinds. Therefore,
urban regions have a lot of work prospects. As a result, dispari ties between
rural and urban areas can also be seen in the creation of jobs.

Power supply: While electricity producing facilities have been put up in
rural regions, supplying power to urban and industrial areas takes
precedence. Rural communities frequen tly lack access to power. There are
frequent abnormalities in communities where energy is provided. Load
shedding is also more common in rural regions. Agri -production and an
imbalance between the rural and urban areas are the results of inconsistent
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9
Transportation facilities: In terms of transportation amenities, there is an
imbalance between rural and urban areas. There are many existing
highways, as well as several public and private transit facilities, in
metropolita n areas. However, the major road has not yet been extended to
many settlements in rural regions. The roads in the villages are poor. The
transit options are somewhat limited. As a result, it is difficult to get rural
region items on the metropolitan market quickly.
Therefore, there is a significant imbalance between urban and rural
communities today.

Check your progress:
1) What are the important factors of rural -urban imbalance?
1.4 REGIONAL IMBALANCES IN MAHARASHTRA
People in the states with a large con centration of industry have high
incomes. There are two different numbers of entrepreneurs in
Maharashtra, but regional disparities also show up. Industries have
advanced in a few of Maharashtra's main cities in particular, Mumbai,
Pune, Thane, and Nagpur. Changes in education, technology, and living
conditions are a result of globalization. Businesses and educational
facilities are still lacking in certain places. There aren't enough
opportunities for job, education, healthcare, and business in rural regio ns.
As a result, a significant portion of individuals are poor.
The rural area is deteriorating while the developed region is growing. In
Maharashtra, the pace of growth is unbalanced. Marathwada, which is
situated in Vidarbha, Hyderabad, in Madhya Pradesh , was added to
Maharashtra after the state's creation in 1960. Bombay was the most
densely populated area of Gujarat in Pune prior to 1960. Since munotes.in

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10 the Geographical factors, the Western Ghats' abundant natural resources,
and water's ongoing supply have all c ontributed to this region's continued
use as a permanent instrument. The Marathas weakened in Marathwada
when it was governed by the Nizamas.
Maharashtra received the bigger geographical and cultural regions of the
less wealthy than western Maharashtra. Vi darbha's agriculture was largely
dependent on monsoon rainfall. In Marathwada, salaries served as the
primary source of income. There remained an imbalance in the growth of
these areas in Maharashtra notwithstanding their union.
The seventh constitution am endment was modified in the Indian
Parliament in November 1956. A few states underwent restructuring when
a directive was issued to create a "Legal Development Corporation" in
order to advance the state of Maharashtra. It took the Maharashtra
government 28 years to make the constitutional clause into legislation.
The Governor established the "Indicators and Backlog Committee" in
1995. According to the committee's assessment from July 1997, regional
disparities require the expenditure of Rs 15,355 crore. The topics of roads,
irrigation, village electricity, education, health, water supply, land
development, and conservation were all taken into consideration when
both committees delivered their reports.
The Reconstituted Indicators and Backlog Committee was re constituted by
the Governor in 1997. According to the research, Rs 14000 crore would be
required to address the regional disparity for increased the proportion of
Marathwada and Vidarbha. To distribute resources and offer guidelines, a
high-level committee was established on May 31, 2011, with eminent
economist Dr. Vijay Kelkar serving as its head. However, the Maharashtra
government extended the deadline to this committee to March 2013 on
July 20, 2012. Despite the filing of such committees and
recommendat ions, Maharashtra's regional development mismatch has
never been more pronounced.
Reasons for the imbalance : The strategy was taken for the centralization
of firms by providing from the very outset of financial planning. The
state's financial planning and the funding necessary to carry out the plan
have been monopolized by the central government. The time -consuming
and complex system of money distribution has long been a part of the
nation's governance structure as a result of the centralization of the stat es'
tax collection systems.
Two thirds of Maharashtra's reserves of natural resources are located in
Vidarbha, however it doesn't seem like Vidarbha's development is
adequate. Vidarbha is a state where cotton is abundantly farmed, however
the policies of t he state government do not guarantee fair prices. The
Vidarbha farmer has so continued to live in poverty.

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11 Measures:
There are tremendous chances to eliminate regional inequities as a result
of technology, privatisation, and globalisation. Today, it is v ital to
implement priceless improvements based on wise financial choices,
appropriate legislation, and state government restrictions. In order to
redesign local industry authorities, the state government should redesign
its own business, trade, industry po licy, and planning centralised tax
structure to the district level government.
To the greatest extent possible, each area must offer distinct industries and
services to its residents along with each district council, to develop a
unique international trade policy. As a result of the privatisation and
globalisation of the government, investments in several multinational
corporations, and the development of new job prospects for young people
worldwide as a result of creative technology change, provide countle ss
chances for company formation. Developers ought to make plans based
on the locations of accessible resources.


1.5 SUMMARY
The above comment shows that rural elimination of population imbalances
in rural and urban areas, eliminating poverty, reducing social and
economic disparities, providing literacy facilities, providing health
facilities, industries, water supply etc. Urban imbalances can be reduced.
For this, it is necessary to give greater emphasis to social awareness by
making special efforts at the government and social level.
1.6 EXERCISE
1) Explain the concept of rural urban imbalance.
2) Explain the various factors of rural -urban imbalance.
3) Consult the regional imbalances in Maharashtra.

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12 1.7 A) FIVE YEAR PLANS AND RURAL
DEVELOPMENT
The Indian eco nomy is built on agriculture, and a significant portion of the
population is employed in this sector and related industries. The primary
occupation of the rural population is the developing agriculture and related
industries. As a result, the expansion of the Indian agricultural sector
influences the total growth rate of the national economy. The National
Policy on Agriculture aims to actualize the enormous untapped growth
potential of Indian agriculture, strengthen rural infrastructure to support
faster a gricultural development, promote value addition, accelerate the
growth of agro -business, create employment in rural areas, and secure a
fair standard of living for farmers and agricultural workers and their
families.

The country has over 83.25 crore rur al residents, or 68.8% of the total
population, according to the 2011 census. The bulk of the rural population
still lives below the poverty line, making this the main issue facing the
country as the Families, prevent emigration to cities, and address the
problems brought on by economic liberalisation and globalization. The
main concerns of economics and agriculturalists are the betterment of
village life and the development of the agricultural (rural) economy.
Extensive agreement stress that inclusive and sustainable rural
development is essential for reducing poverty.
Five-Year Plans for Rural and Agricultural Development
First Five -Year Plan (1951 -56)
The highest focus in this plan was given to agriculture. The nation
experienced a severe food scarcity, and increasing the production of food
grains was prioritized as a solution.
Efforts for Rural Development:
a) On October 2, 1952, the "Community Development Programme"
(CDP), which focused on the growth of agriculture, irrigation, energy
and electricity, ind ustry and minerals, village small scale industries, munotes.in

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13 transport, employment, instruction in agriculture, soil conservation,
and other pertinent agricultural topics etc; was introduced.

b) The elimination of the zamindari system, the beginning of the
community development programme, the "Grow More Food"
campaign

c) Advancements in areas like marketing, fisheries, animal husbandry,
soil conservation, and forestry, were important developments.

d) In accordance with the design, the Mettur Dam, Hirakud Dam, and
Bhakra Nan gal Dam irrigation programmes were created.

e) The government has taken action by setting up a fund for agricultural
labourers, particularly to help landless people. These employees
received financial aid.

f) Additionally, emphasis was placed on enhancing soc ial services, train
lines, telegraphs, and other aspects of transportation and
communication.

g) Five Indian Institutes of Technology were established as part of this
proposal i n five different Indian cities.

h) The University Grants Commission was established in India in order to
enhance higher education, including college and university instruction.

i) The first five year plan's national income growth objective was 2.1%,
however it was really 3.6%. The goals established for the plan were
nearly met, and in some cases, considerably surpassed.


Second five -year plan (1956 -61)
Efforts for Rural Development:
a) Only roughly 21% of the actual plan spe nding was spent on
agricultural growth.

b) This plan switched the focus from agriculture to industry. munotes.in

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14 c) The output of food i ncreased from 65.8 million tonnes to 79.7 million
tonnes. Except for sugarcane, all crops produced less than expected.

d) In order to increase output, the Intensive Agricultural District Program
(IADP) was established in 1962.

e) For rural rehabilitation, the K hadi and Village Industries Programme,
the Intensive Agricultural District Programme, the Tribal Area
Development Programme, and the Village Housing Projects Scheme
was introduced.

f) Increase national revenue, decrease poverty, accelerate
industrialization, decrease wealth disparity, significant development
of employment possibilities, etc. were some of the goals of the plan.

g) The government established heavy industri es such as five steel
factories and hydroelectric power projects in Bhilai, Dugapur, and
Rourkela.

h) The Atomic Energy Commission was established in 1958, with
Homi J. Bhabha serving as the initial Chairman.

i) This plan's 4.5% national income growth objective was met with a
3.6% growth rate.


Third five -year plan (1961 -66)
Efforts for Rural Devel opment:
a) This plan aimed to boost agricultural output in order to fulfil the
demands of industry and export, as well as attain self -sufficiency in
food grains.

b) Agriculture and irrigation were given a greater priority in the plan
(20.5%) than industrial gro wth (20.1%).

c) The initiative aimed to boost agricultural productivity by 30% overall,
but results fell short of expectations. Due to the drought conditions in munotes.in

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15 1965 –1966, the real output of food grains decreased from 88.4 million
tonnes in 1964 –1965 to 72.3 million tonnes in 1965 –1966.

d) Only 10% more food was produced compared to the intended 30%
increase.

e) To boost basic education, several schools have been established
locally. State Secondary Education Boards and State Electricity
Boards were established a t this time.

f) Local road construction became a governmental duty after the
establishment of state road transportation enterprises.

g) The national income growth reached 3.9% of the 5.6% projected
growth.

h) A number of programmes were launched for rural devel opment,
including

The Applied Nutrition Program, Tribal Development Block Program,
Rural Works Program, The Rural Industries Projects, etc.
Three Annual Plans (1966 -69)
Efforts for Rural Development: Three intermediate yearly plans for
growth were create d from 1966 to 1969.
a) Minor irrigation received great emphasis during this time to boost
agricultural output and productivity.

b) Because the green revolution, the government established the
Agricultural Prices Commission to guarantee minimum support prices
to farmers.

c) Food Corporation of India was to maintain buffer stocks to counteract
fluctuations in the supplies of food grains and their prices. As a result,
this time period is regarded as crucial for Indian agriculture. A record
95.6 million tonnes of fo od grain were produced in 1968 –1969.

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16 Fourth five -year plan (1969 -74)
Efforts for Rural Development:
a) Two goals were set for the agricultural sector in the Fourth Plan:
i) to increase food production of about 5% annually over the decade
1969 –1978; and (ii) to increase the participation of rural population,
including small farmers, and agricultural labors in the process of
agricultural development.

b) The Green Revolution was implemented as part of the yearly plans,
had positive effects. As intended the in crease of 129 million tones, the
actual output of food grain in 1973 –1974 was 104.7 million tones.

c) The strategy placed an emphasis on "social justice" and "Garibi hatao."
It placed a strong emphasis on the uplift of the underprivileged
sections.

d) The gove rnment placed a strong emphasis on nationalising banks, and
14 significant Indian banks were designated as national banks.

e) The national income grew by 3.3% instead of the projected 5.7%.

f) The goals of this plan were ecological balance restoration, soil an d
moisture conservation, agricultural development of small and marginal
farmers and management of irrigation resources, etc.

g) The Pilot Intensive Rural Employment Programme (PIREP) was
developed and initially launched in regions with various
socioeconomic s ituations.

h) By providing dug wells, pump sets, tube wells, and loans for animal
husbandry, dairy, sheep and goat rearing, poultry, and other
agricultural endeavours, the Small Farmers Development Agency
(SFDA) and the Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Lab orers
Development Agency (MFALDA) were established with the goal of
improving the socioeconomic conditions of small and marginal
farmers.

i) In the tribal areas of the four states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya
Pradesh, and Orissa, the Tribal Area Develop ment Programme
(TADP) was launched in 1970 –1971. The program's goals included
integrating tribal communities into the nation's economic growth in
sectors like as agriculture, animal husbandry, irrigation development,
road building, land reform, etc.

j) In or der to increase the level of living below the poverty line, the
Minimum Needs Programme (MNP) was created in 1974. The
program's goals included educating children with a minimal level of
primary education, public health services, family planning,
preventat ive medicine, nutrition, improving urban slum areas,
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17

Fifth Five -Year Plan (1974 -1979)
Efforts for Rural Development:
a) More than Rs. 8,000 crores of funding is provided for rural
development.

b) Priority was given for expandi ng HYV cultivation and using more
fertiliser, herbicides, and insecticides to boost agricultural output.

c) The output of food grains significantly expanded throughout this
programme (232.5 million tones).

d) The Special Livestock Production Program, the Foo d for Work
Program, the Desert Development Program, and the Training of Youth
for Self -employment were all launched.

e) In order to increase job prospects for the less advantaged groups of the
rural populace, the Government of India (GOI) launched the Speci al
Livestock Production Programme (SLPP) in 1975 –1976.

f) In order to increase the level of production, income, and employment
for people living in desert regions, the Desert Development
Programme (DDP) was launched in 1977 –1978.

g) The initiative was launched in 131 Blocks, 21 Districts, and 5 States
(Rajasthan, Haryana, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu &
Kashmir).

h) The government introduces the Training of Rural Youth for Self -
Employment (TRYSEM) programme on August 15, 1979. The
initiative is intended to help rural adolescents become a productive
force.

i) The target increase of the national income was 4.4%, whereas the
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18 Rolling Plan (1978 - 80)
There were two sixth plans. The government proposed a strategy for
1978 –1983. The admin istration, however, was only in place for two years.
In 1980, the Congress government took back power and launch the
program.
Sixth Five -Year Plan (1980 -85)
Efforts for Rural Development:
a. A fast expansion of agricultural and rural development was
acknowled ged in the sixth five -year plan as being crucial to the
expansion of the Indian economy.

b. The plan's major goals were to boost agricult ural productivity, provide
jobs and income possibilities in rural regions, and develop
modernizing forces in order to ach ieve self -sufficiency.

c. Agriculture output increase of 3.8% per yea r was the plan's target.
Actual increase, however, was 4.3%. Due in large part to its
performance with the agricultural fund, this strategy was considered to
be a huge success.

d. The Developm ent of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA)
is established in 1982 with a focus on the advancement of women and
children, particularly those who are SC and ST members.

e. In order to give at least one member of every landless family access to
employmen t, the Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme
(RLEGP) was established in 1983. Workers under this scheme
received a portion of their pay in food and a portion in cash.

f. The national income was expected to expand by 5.2%, but it actually
increased b y 5.3%.



Seventh Five -Year Plan (1985 -90) munotes.in

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19 Efforts for Rural Development:
a. A 4% average yearly growth in agricultural output was the target of
the Seventh Plan.

b. The main initiatives implemented throughout the plan included an
unique rice production progr amme in the eastern area, a national
water -shed programme for rain -fed agriculture, a national effort to
create oil seeds, and social forestry.

c. This plan's first three years unfortunately coincided with weak
monsoon seasons. Consequently, throughout these years, agricultural
productivity suffered a setback.

d. But over the past two years, it has grown considerably, contributing to
the agricultural production's excellent 4.1% growth. There are various
anti-poverty programmes included in this plan.

e. The preced ing two employment programmes, RLEGP and NREP,
were amalgamated into the new Jawahar Rozgar Yogana, which was
introduced on April 1st, 1989. The goals of the JRY were to enhance
the general quality of life in rural regions, provide jobs for rural
residents who are jobless, and boost the rural economy.

f. The Million Wells Plan (MSW) initiative, which ran from 1988 to
1999, gave away free open -impersonation wells to rural poor people,
small and marginal farmers who belonged to SCs/STs, and free
bonded labourer s, incorporating the Bhoodhan scheme and land cap.

g. The RLEGP includes the Indira Awas Yojana (IAY). The Yojana's
goal is to provide housing for the most impoverished members of the
rural masses who are SC/ST members and bonded labourers.

h. The national inc ome growth objective was 5.05%, but it increased by
5.8% instead.

Eighth Five -Year Plan (1992 -97)
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20 Efforts for Rural Development:
a. The main goals of this plan were to build on the advancements in
agricultural productivity and production to meet the increa sed
demands of the growing population, to increase farmer income, to
expand employment opportunities in the agricultural sector, and to
increase agricultural exports.

b. The agriculture sector is expected to increase at a pace of 4.1%
annually under the Plan . As a result, the Government has attempted to
raise agricultural productivity and production through various policy
initiatives.

c. India had economic uncertainty between 1989 and 1991, hence no
five-year plan was put into action. All that existed between 1 990 and
1992 were Annual Plans. From this point in the five year plan forward,
privatisation and liberalisation were initiated.

d. The eighth Plan's target aim was industry modernization.

e. The eight plans' main goals were to slow down population growth,
eradicate poverty, boost employment, improve infrastructure, manage
tourism, develop human resources, involve panchayati raj in rural
development and encourage public participation in governmental
decisions.

f. The national income growth objective in this plan was 5.6%, and it
was reached at 6.78%.
Ninth Five -Year Plan (1997 -2002)
Efforts for Rural Development:
a. The ninth five -year plan was created with the aim of i) quality of life,
(ii) creation of profitable employment, (iii) regional balance, and (iv)
self-reliance.

b. Actual increase was 5.35%, compared to the 6.5% target growth.

c. The main goals of this plan was industrialising human development,
eradicating poverty, increasing economic self -reliance, increasing
employment, and providing all people with acces s to the most basic
necessities of life, such as education, safe drinking water, primary
healthcare, food security, and women's empowerment.

d. The main focus was on eradication of poverty, availability of nutrient -
rich food and water, empowerment of women a nd socially
disadvantaged groups, provision of universal primary education, health
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21

Tenth Five -Year Plan (2002 -2007)
Efforts for Rural Development:
a. The formation of microenterprises, training for improving s kill and
capacity building, credit linkages, vocational training for roughly 5
lakh rural women, etc. were prioritised during the tenth five -year plan
under the Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SJGSY), which
benefits 25 lakh women.

b. A new programme c alled Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana
(SGRY), which replaced JGSY and EAs, was introduced on August
15, 2001.

c. The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) was launched in
2000 –2001 to improve road accessibility in rural regions.

d. In order to address the t rue issues of extreme poverty, unemployment,
etc., a new programme known as Rastriya Sam Vikas Yojana was
created during this plan.

e. This programme would remove obstacles to progress and speed up the
development process.

f. The Central and State Governments, in a 75:25 ratio, launched the
programme. 7.7% of the national revenue was increased instead of the
desired 8.1%.


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22 Efforts for Rural Development:
a. Two rural development programmes, the Bharat Nirman Program and
the flagship programme, were included in the eleventh five -year plan to
offer opportunity to enhance living conditions and livelihoods of rural
people.

b. The Bharat Nirman Program's goal is to maintain an average rate of
irrigation, connectivity of rural roads for rural development, poverty
alleviation in India, rural electrification, clean drinking water, etc.
c. The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) was introduced to
improve road connections for rural habitations.

d. The flagship initiatives were the Nation al Rural Employment Guarantee
Program (NREGP), the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), the
Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), the Sarva Shiksha
Abhiyan (SSA), the Mid -Day Meal (MDM), the Total Sanitation
Campaign (TSC), and the Backward Region s Grant Fund (BRGF).

e. Rastriya Sam Vikas Yojana (RSVY) has been replaced by the BRGF in
order to offer a more participatory approach via the engagement of
Panchayatiraj institutions.


The Twelfth Five -Year Plan (2012 –2017)
Efforts for Rural Developm ent:
a. The twelfth Five -Year Plan (2012 –2017) is committed to the overall
Development of the nation and is focused on agricultural and rural
development. The seven significant flagship programmes like TSP,
IWDP, PMGSY, RGGVY, MGNREGA, NFRLM, IAY, NRDWP are
active in rural regions.

b. In addition to these, the Indian government also launched other
initiatives aimed at uplifting the lower classes, including the village
self-sufficiency scheme, the Clean Village Campaign, and rural
sanitization, Rejuvenation of water Bodies and Rain Water Harvesting
in Rural Areas etc.
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23

CONCLUSION
To address the demands of the rural population, agricultural and rural
development programmes should be developed as they are an essential
component of rural life. The development of s elf-employment options for
those living below the poverty line, together with improvements to rural
regions' general quality of life and the advancement of women in
socioeconomic and political spheres, are key concerns of India's five -year
plans. Planning, implementing, and monitoring of various centrally
sponsored programmes and schemes developed by the planning
commission of India for the alleviation of rural poverty are the primary
responsibilities of the Ministries of Agriculture and Rural Development,
which together make up the Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Rural
Development.
In the upcoming five -year plan, efforts should be made to bring science
and technology closer to farmers in order to make the most of the scarce
resources that are now available and boost agricultural output. Other
crucial factors need to be given the attention they deserve, including the
availability of agricultural supplies, farm equipment, irrigation systems,
crop-growing patterns, agricultural processing, and general factors like
human welfare programmes, housing amenities, and sanitation.
Participation of the population in policymaking is vital for rural
development. The rural development would be "institutionally focused,
time-bound, participative, decentralised and improvement oriented.
1.8 B ) NEGLECT OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Through the Five Year Plan, India began its journey of rural development
in 1951. Every five -year plan that guides the execution of development
projects has a specific cash allocation for rural dev elopment. While this
planning era was underway, development objectives were not met.
India's rural areas are extensive and dispersed in small communities. The
settlement in the countryside is spread out between the sea and sizable
mountains. The issues var y amongst the various parts. Even if efforts have
been made to address problems, there is a great deal of indifference on the munotes.in

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24 part of the administration, which has ignored direct rural development.
From the next point, this may be explained.
Ignoring the economic development of poor families.
Promoting the development of underprivileged households in rural regions
was the primary goal of rural development. For the continued economic
growth of these families, however, several financial accommodations are
being made. Numerous things are offered without cost. The result is
chronic reliance for the poorest households. Therefore, there is no
economic growth for the impoverished despite agriculture's sustainable
development.

Regardless of the sustainable develop ment of agriculture.
The First Five Year Plan marked the beginning of agricultural
development initiatives. For the quick expansion of agriculture, several
chemical pesticides and fertilisers were utilised. However, there hasn't
been any attempt by the gov ernment to use these items quantitatively. At
one point, the overuse of chemical pesticides and fertilisers resulted in a
significant rise in agricultural output. Chemical fertiliser used, however,
eventually has the reverse impact on the agriculture indus try. There were
issues with agricultural development. In other words, consistent
sustainable growth of agriculture was not possible as a result of negligence
during the planning phase. Rural families experience the exact
reverse of this.
Ignori ng developments in agricultural & supplementary industries.
Small and marginal farmers make up the majority of farmers in our nation.
The development of annexation and ancillary enterprises was prioritised
since the economic circumstances of this category cannot be addressed by
agribusiness alone because to the low holding area. But the intended
beneficiaries in society were not reached by the programmes. The benefits
were not provided by the government. Large farmers and local dignitaries
benefitted from s uch plans. In a same vein, there has been a rise in the
tendency of corruption throughout the execution of the programmes. The
administration's failure to promote small and medium -sized companies in
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25
Insufficient production of new jobs.
During the planning phase, employment generating programmes were
undertaken in rural regions using this methodology. These programmes
primary goals were to boost rural economies by creating jobs and long -
term productive wealth. The employment creation programme was
implemented with a lot of faults, and because achieving the objectives was
so important, the anticipated assets could not be produced. Therefore,
these rural issues could not be solved by poverty a nd unemployment.
Lack of efficient water allocation.
From the first Five Year Plan onwards, provision of water for agriculture
did not receive much attention. Huge water reservoirs and several large
dams have been built. However, the authorities disregarde d the water
allotment. Water theft and large -scale water wasting were issues since
there was no distinct mechanism for distributing water. Eventually,
irrigation was not used for the anticipated agricultural. Therefore,
agricultural development was constra ined.

Ignoring Vocational Education.
One form of educational system serves both rural and urban locations in
our nation. This educational system dates back to the British era and
placed more value on formal education. In this educational system ,
professional education is unimportant. A formal education makes one
incapable of supporting himself. The formal schooling system produces
clerks. While this strategy works well for offices in cities, it does not work
well for companies in rural locations .



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26










Neglecting Health Facilities.
In remote places, the government health system is operational. Health
facilities are made available through this system at no cost or at significant
discounts. Health issues, however, don't seem to be getting bette r because
of a negligence by healthcare system. Rural health officials are hesitant to
work there, too, at the same time.








Ignoring the development of natural resources.
Resources from the natural world have a significant role in rural
development. These resources include things like the elements of land,
water, forests, oceans, cattle, and minerals. Natural resources might be
used indefinitely during the planning phase to support brisk economic
growth. These natural resources do not appear to be ade quately protected
or developed, nevertheless. To safeguard natural resources, several laws
have been passed. However, the law has failed to fully apply it. Natural
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27 Ignoring the development of commo dity markets.
The commodities markets must be efficient and flawless for the growth of
the agriculture industry. Agricultural farmers, meanwhile, suffer
significantly in rural regions from the business class. There is a significant
range in the price of th e product that is offered to farmers as a result of the
numerous superfluous middlemen functioning in the commodities market.
To regulate intermediaries and enhance markets, the government has
established regulated markets. The farmers' scam, however, has persisted
since there is no longer any government oversight over these
marketplaces. In other words, it appears that throughout the planning
phase, the growth of the commodities markets was disregarded.
Regardless of the guaranteed price of the commodity
The government has no influence on the price of agricultural goods, with
the exception of a few commodities, even if there has been improvement
in the sector of agriculture throughout the planning era. It is the farmer's
responsibility to get the farm's gua ranteed price. When setting the pricing,
one must consider the production costs as well as the farmers' profitability.
Commodity prices, however, are very erratic because of non -fixed pricing.
Due to the government's disregard for agricultural produce pric e, farmers'
economic development is being negatively impacted.
Neglect of Development of Cooperative Sector.
However, a lot of focus was placed on growing the cooperative sector in
our nation at this time. Cooperation helped to prioritise rural development .
The cooperative sector has seen a lot of politics throughout time, though.
Political leaders started to enjoy the advantages of collaboration. Because
of this, the co -operative industry suffered. Although the government has
supported the rise of the coop erative sector, the co -operative sector's
growth is being overlooked.
This means that during the planning phase, important components of rural
development did not receive the required attention. For the growth of these
industries, a sizable financial alloc ation was provided. However, it has
overlooked sustainable and high -quality development as a result of rising
corruption tendencies.
Summary
The above comment shows that rural development was neglected during
the planning period. Considering the economic d evelopment of the people
for the development of rural areas, development of agriculture, a
supplementary business of joint ventures, provision of water, development
of natural resources, development of markets, etc., rural development can
be done properly.
Check your progress.
1. Comment on the neglect of rural development during the
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28 1.9 C. CURRENT STATUS OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT
In India, rural development has received a lot of attention since the
planning phase. Important portions and constituents of the rural areas were
given special consideration in the budget for each year of the five -year
plan. Additionally, other initiatives that defined various methods and
developed tactics were put into place. The objective of rural development
has not yet been met.
Agricultural development:
From the first five -year plan to the twelfth, special provisions were
established for the growth of agriculture in the nation. Different
programmes were developed for small and medium landowners. A little
boos t in agricultural output has resulted from this. But only select regions'
farmers profited from it. As a result, the majority of farmers still practise
conventional agricultural techniques including permanent drying. Farmers
must commit themselves since th eir expenses and revenue from
agriculture do not balance. The farmers of Vidarbha and the Marathwada
farmers in Maharashtra might serve as examples in this respect.
Irrigation facilities:
Large provisions were made for the construction of medium and large
dams during the design phase in order to promote perennial agriculture by
providing the agricultural region with the maximum amount of moisture.
In remote regions, small irrigation projects were prioritised. However,
irrigation goals were unable to be achi eved. Only 36% of the entire
agricultural land now has permanent water delivery infrastructure. The
remaining territory is dry ground. In other words, existing irrigation
development has not been acceptable.
Electricity generation:
The industry's developme nt is said to be impacted by the power supply
aspect. Along with home usage of power, agriculture and manufacturing
depend on an adequate supply of electricity. Therefore, producing power
was the main focus during the planning phase. The production of powe r
also increased. However, the government was unable to meet the demand
for power in rural regions. On the contrary, the electrical issue got worse.
Agriculture and other industries suffer as a result in rural regions. That is
to say, even while the availa bility of power is crucial for rural
development, the existing scenario is not ideal.
Communication system:
In order to communicate current technology in rural regions, it was
decided during the planning phase to provide internet access in every
community. This goal could not be achieved, nevertheless. The current
state of the communication infrastructure in rural regions does not seem to
be particularly effective.
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29

Transportation system: -
During the planning phase, the goal of enhancing the transportatio n
network and tying all the villages to the metropolis was established. A
focus was placed on building a minimally necessary network of roadways
linking rural settlements. In the majority of villages, roads linking cities
were built. Even in this situation , however, it seems like many
communities are short in roadways. The towns that have been given access
to road transportation have subpar roads.
Health facilities:
For each and every person of the nation to have access to medical care, the
government has e stablished a network of healthcare institutions. For the
next 2000 years, everyone's health objectives will be determined. It was
decided to make certain health initiatives national initiatives. This was
covered by a sizable cash provision. However, becaus e there is no
centralised system for managing health in rural regions, there is no
suitable environment for effective health programmes at the health
institutions. So the prevalent health issues also manifest in rural
communities.
Development of weak facto rs:
The development of weaker elements was prioritised in order to promote
economic and social equality in rural regions. For the development of
weaker components, independent development initiatives were established
under the Five Year Plan. These initiat ives were beneficial to the
economically strong rural households. As a result, 8% of rural households
are currently considered to be below the poverty level. Malnutrition is a
major issue in rural regions.



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30 Employment generation: -
In rural locations, seaso nal businesses account for the majority of the local
economy. As a result, there are many occupations available in rural
regions throughout the particular season. Other times, there are serious
issues with work. To generate work in rural regions, several e mployment
development schemes were developed and put into action. However, the
introduction of temporary job creation schemes, implementation issues,
and improper handling were unable to generate many employment. The
job issue is becoming worse every day i n rural regions since there is little
business there. Therefore, even in the current circumstances, the situation
surrounding the creation of stable work is unsatisfactory.

Rural Industrialization:
The Second Five Year Plan was given over a while on rural
industrialization. It was expected that the raw material processing
industries produced in the rural areas would be created in rural areas.
However, due to the lack of capital supply and infrastructure needed to
create the industry, great progress in rural industrialization could not be
achieved. Even in the best case, many types of raw materials are sent to
the city for processing.
Development of Cooperative Sector: -
In the planning of the growth of rural industries via cooperation and
economic developmen t of the weaker parts, emphasis was focused on the
development of the cooperative sector. Over time, cooperative credit
societies were created. However, the cooperative sector was in decline as a
result of corruption and pointless political party intervent ion. Numerous
cooperatives started to close. Currently, the majority of co -operative
societies are fragile. In other words, the scenario for cooperatives is not
good.

Given the overall rural development situation, there are many problems of
development i n rural areas, despite spending a large amount of capital.
Therefore, special emphasis should be given to many areas of rural
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31 1.10 SUMMARY
The above comment shows that rural development has not been well
developed. For rural development, the d evelopment of agriculture,
irrigation facilities, communication system, transport system, health
facilities, development of weaker components, employment generation,
development of the co-operative sector will all contribute to rural
development.
1.11 CHEC K YOUR PROGRESS
1) Explain the neglect of rural development during five-year plans in
India.
2) Examine the current status of rural development in India.
References :
1) Prof Vitthal Sontakke Prof Devrao Manwar, Economic Growth
and Development Sheth Publication, M umbai June 2014
2) Dr M. Desai and Dr Nirmal Bhalerao Indian Economic System Nirali
Prakashan, Pune 2015





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32 2
CO-OPERATIVE SECTOR

Unit Structure :
2.0 Objectives
2.1 Preface
2.2 A. Concept of Co-Operation
2.3 The Inter-Relationship of Co-Operation and Rural Development
2.4 Importance of Co-Operative Sector
2.5 Benefits of Co-Operative Movement
2.6 A) Financial Benefits of Co-Operative Movement
2.7 Summary
2.8 B) Types of Cooperative Society
2.9 Positive Effects of Co-Operation All Over the Country
2.10 C) Causes Of Decline of Co-Operative Sector
2.11 Remedial Measures to Remove the Drawbacks in Cooperative
Sector
2.12 Summary
2.13 Self Study
2.14 Reference Books
2.0 OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you will understand the following -
1) To study the characteristics of co-operatives.
2) To study the types of co-operative credit.
3) To study the structure of co-operative in India.
4) To understand the progress of the co-operative movement.
5) To study Inter relationship between co-operation and Rural
Development.
6) To understand various benefits of co-operation. munotes.in

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33 7) To study the committee s appointed for the development of co-
operation in India.
8) To study positive results of co-operation in India.
9) To study the causes of decline of co-operation.
10) To suggest remedies or removing drawbacks of co-operation
movement.
2.1 PREFACE
England was t he birthplace of the cooperative movement. A significant
growth in manufacturing, trade, and transportation occurred during the
Industrial Revolution. Thousands more employees were being harassed in
addition to this, though. But overall, capitalism has a l ot of problems.
There were philosophers who cared about the wellbeing of the average
person throughout this time. These cunning and imaginative intellectuals
sought to overcome the drawbacks of capitalism. The concept of the
cooperative movement and cooper atives was born out of this.
Robert Owen the liberated industrialist seems to have made many efforts
to improve the working conditions. Robert Owen is therefore known as
‘the father of the modern co -operative movement’.
However, the cooperative movement in Germany served as an inspiration
for India. Rufesson established the first cooperative movement in
Germany. India's rural credit organisations were created solely on the
basis of this history. The first cooperative credit Low was approved in
India in 1904 . In the 1904 Act, non -lending institutions have no position.
Additionally, there was no way for controlling the cooperatives by funding
them. The Co -operative Societies Act was created in 1912 to address these
shortcomings and expand the co -operative move ment. Cooperative
societies offering services for buying, selling, insurance, and homes were
authorised under this Act. Under the 1912 Act, the Registrar of Co -
operative Societies was assigned the responsibility of establishing,
regulating, and promoting c ooperative societies.
This resulted in a significant rise in the number of cooperatives and
members. The Mac Lagen Committee had been created by the government
to keep track of this development. In 1915, this committee turned in its
final report. A statute known as the "Amendment Act" was passed in 1919
on the recommendation of this committee. A separate ministry was
established for cooperation as a result of this law, which transferred
responsibility for cooperation from the Central Government to the State
Government.
2.2 A.CONCEPT OF CO-OPERATION
Co-operation is the word derived from the latin word co -operety. The idea
of co -operation is as old as history of mankind. From the hunter - gatherer
to modern - day thinking, people with natural instincts come together and munotes.in

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34 help in times of trouble. The practice of working without paying each
other’s field has been well known throughout India since ancient times.
Definition
1) According to Mr. Vaiknthlal Mehta co-operation is a broader
movement in which individuals with similar needs voluntarily come
together to meet same financial goals.
2) Indian co -operation Act (1912) - According to the principle of co -
operation, the co -operative society is the institution which promotes
the financial interest of its members.


Characteristics of Co-Operatives
The following are the main features of co-operative.
1) According to prevailing co-operative law co-operative society has to
be registered.
2) At least ten members are requires to set up a co-operative society.
3) Membership of co -operative society is voluntary.
4) Co-operative society is governed by a democratic system. Co-
operative society operates according to the principle of one person on
vote.
5) Considering the interest of members is the main objective of the
co- operative society and not to make profit.
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35 2.3 THE INTER -RELATIONSHIP OF CO-OPERATION
AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Cooperation is a potent tool for coordinating the economically
underprivileged segments of society and fostering their economic growth.
India has an unbalance d regional development. In terms of economic
health, metropolitan areas are better off than rural ones. Urban regions
have been the sites of the growth and development of the goods and
services industries. In rural locations, there are primary sector busin esses
like agriculture. Due to antiquated production methods and a lack of
capital, the productivity, production, and yield of the agriculture industry
are poor. Small - and marginal -land owners make up 72% of farmers.
There, agriculture is mostly practiced as subsistence farming. In addition,
there are a significant number of farm labourers who lack land. after the
industrialization process. In fair to good condition are traditional
craftsmen. Thus, the majority of society is the economically weaker
section . In 1904, the cooperative movement was started in response to this.
This initiative has accelerated the pace of developing India's rural areas.
Fishermen, farm workers, landless farmers, rural labourers, and workers
are among the categories that are prote cted because they are economically
weak. The atmosphere in society is thawing. Basically, societal
improvements may be effected without the use of bloodshed or terrorism.
Rural cooperation and development have influenced illiterates to pick up
reading and writing and alcoholics to behave better. Throughout the
country, prosperous cooperative organisations have assisted struggling
farmers and fishermen in escaping the grasp of predatory lenders. The
efforts of cooperative societies were also beneficial in fu rthering them.
Check your progress.
1) Explain the cooperation and correlation between co-operation and rural
development.
2.4 IMPORTANCE OF CO-OPERATIVE SECTOR
In the context of the co -operative movement Mr. Culf says, “Co - operative
movement extra vagant person accumulator, businessman improved the
wine market and uneducated person was motivated to read and write”
According to the above words a review of the progress of the movement
can be taken as following.
1) Renewal of rural life and all around development -
Co-operative societies were given special consideration for rural
development throughout the planning phase while taking the Indian
scenario into consideration. Rural residents should also contribute to the
development of their communities, n ot only the government. The
cooperative movement was born out of this. There have been efforts made
to revitalize and improve rural areas on many fronts. Through cooperative
societies, the government has made short -term, medium -term, and long -munotes.in

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36 term loans. T he poor were given loans based on their needs, and their
requirements were met.
2) Powerful means of Economical Development -
The co -operative movement is supposed to be the powerful means of
economical development of India. Co -operation is the golden mea n
connecting capitalism and socialism.
3) Need of Co -relation between Government and co-operation -
Government and cooperation have a strong relationship. Co -operative
societies were established prior to independence with the support and
oversight of the government. However, upon independence, the
government aided the economies of the societies in order to strengthen
their financial position. Co -operatives were subsequently created with the
assistance of the government. However, when the government was una ble
to function, it attempted to do so by utilising all of the cooperatives. As a
result, the crucial connection between cooperation and government has
been made.

4) Empowerment to co -operative societies -
After the 4th Five Year Plan, throughout the pos t-independence era,
emphasis was placed on empowering cooperative organisations. There
have been initiatives to lessen the reliance of co -operatives on the
government and to facilitate their financial growth.
5) Support to Establishment of Co-operatives -
‘Co-operative societies means rural credit supply societies’ was the only
form in the pre-independence period. Considering the post independence
period, various types of co -operatives of credit, agricultural and non -
agricultural, urban and rural economical ly weaker section were created
during the post independence period and these institutions did extra -
ordinary work in their respective fields.
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37 6) Emphasis on co-operative education and training -
The government designated the cooperative institution for ed ucation and
training as a "summit institute." There were several institutions and
colleges that offered cooperation courses. The construction of consumer
cooperative stores in colleges and universities was encouraged by the
government. Many academic instit utions operate consumer cooperative
stores.
Check your progress
1. Review the progress of the Co-operative movement.
2.5 BENEFITS OF CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT
In Maharashtra Shri. Dhananjayrao Gadgil, Vaikunthbhai Mehta and
Padmashri Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil led the foundation of industry sector
through co -operation. In 1949, the industry sector was established through
the Pravara Co -operative sugar factory. The farmers in the drought area
showed different direction not only to Maharashtra but also to country.
For many years rural areas were transformed through co -operation.
Mehasana’s co -operative dairy has taken the milk business to higher level.
Maharashtra, which followed the foundation of its co -operation, made a
white revolution and brought in a gread flood of milk. Poultry farming is a
sideline which flourished, and became a main business. Hundreds of
millions of dollars were started to turn through eggs and chicken. Co -
operative Credit Banks and Co -operative Banks started to form. Through
this many small b usiness have flourished, facilitating capital gains.
Co-operative Super Factory
The fruits of development, The neglected sector of the society also started
to see the fruits of the development. As a result, improved agricultural
production, increased per c apita income, created capital to meet the needs
and created employment opportunities. The sugar factory became the
centre of development of the area.
As a result, co -operative sugar factories have been set -up in many parts of
the state of Maharashtra, in collaboration with Vikhe Patil.
Due to the strong rural economy, the deprived part of development
succeeded in making great progress. In the social, political, economic,
educational and other fields there were many persons who created many
high level works and got name and fame were born in rural areas.



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38 2.6 A) FINANCIAL BENEFITS OF CO-OPERATIVE
MOVEMENT
1) Due to co -operation, the lending system in rural areas is clothes and
loan is provided to the rural population at low rate.
2) The Indian economy was develo ped in a systematic way through co -
operation. 50 to 60 percent of rural loan supply is provided through
co- operatives.
3) With the establishment of co-operative credit bank in the rural
area, the people of the rural areas had to get saving habits.
4) Co-operat ive sectors were created in many small and cottage
industries. Many ‘BALOTI’ Businessmen were transformed into co -
operatives.
5) While giving credit to the co-operative, giving priority to the
productive work has increased the productivity of the farmers, by
utilising loan.
6) Co-operative movement helped to bring about green revolution in the
country. The agricultural developments, techniques were popularised
with great efforts for development of agriculture.
7) The agricultural income market committee established a sales team to
set up a farmers economic foundation as a deterrent to the farmer’s
fraud and harassment of agricultural marketing.
8) Rural development and farmers financial transformation has led to the
sugar mills, cotton mills etc. many industries which process
agricultural product.
9) Prevention of adulteration in various commodities, distribution of
essential commodities through consumer stores to ensure the quality
of the goods and welfare of the consumers has helped to enhance the
financial wellbeing and standard of living of the individual.
10) The co -operative movement is a spontaneous co -operative movement
established for the economic salvation of the members, so the
members sincerely strive for development.
11) Co-operative movement operates on a democratic basis, in a fully
domocratic manners. Therefore there is a bar to financial abuse.
Members receive all kinds of benefits.
12) While gaining the financial goals an interest of the members, the
member’s knowledge and understanding of self reliance and financial
thrift increases.
13) Co-operation has created a movement to try to prevent the economic
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39 14) Co-operative movement is the co -ordination between labour division
and specialisation while utilising development tools.
15) By maintaining private property, financial progress can be made
through co-operatives.

B) EDUCATIONAL BENEFITS
The Ken Principle is the training of the co-operative movement.
1) Different types of education is provided to the rural population.
2) The masses receive education for financial saving and come together
for economic development.
3) Many organisations were created through co-operation. It helps to
create trained staff, advanced class.
4) Co-operative training provides training for the united efforts to
achieve economic goa ls and to achieve desired goals.
5) As the economic conditions of the members of the co-operative
movement improve, they get a change in personality and get
education of self help morality.
C) MORAL AND SOCIAL BENEFITS
The co-operative movement stands on the foundation of morality so the
following benefits of co-operative movement are important.
1) Co-workers and members of co -operative movement were made
aware of the fraternity of service and integration of community life.
2) The members of co -operative societies a re virtuous and aware of
social responsibility. This idea created a good social and moral
foundation.
3) Co-operative movement members’ strong financial self reliance as the
support service, element, saving habit etc, helped strengthen the
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40 4) The co-operative movement worked to transform society.
5) Through the co -operative movement, the social and ethical aspects of
the society were united and the foundation of the country was
resolved on the basis of ideological relat ions, equality etc.
6) Leadership can be achieves through co-operation. Therefore, the
importance of the leader in the social context increases.
7) The dynamic leadership of the co -operative society accelerates the
social reforms of the members.
D) POLITICAL BEN EFITS
Co-operative is basically a democratic movement, so the political
benefits of the movement of democracy are as follows -
a. The foundations of co -operatives depend on the democratic system.
Thus the lessons of the democratic system are obtained through the
co- operative societies.
b. The development of co -operative movement can happen if activists
brought to power through democracy.
c. The development of the movement is accomplished through the
provision of financial resources for political co-operation and co-
operation through power.
Check your progress
1. Explain the various benefits of co-operation movement.
2.7 SUMMARY
Though the co -operative movement originated in England, the co -
operative sector played a vital role in India’s post independence period.
The first Act of co -operative credit law was passed in India in 1904.
Subsequently a number of co -operative laws were made and committees
were appointed in India.
Social weakness from co-operation, farmers working for small holder
farmers, rural artisan traders were sought to benefit economic, socio
educational.
The co-operation has covered the agriculture sector, industry sector, co-
operative fisheries, credit banks, dairy farming, processing industries etc.
But the co -operative movement has failed in recen t years.


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41 2.8 B. TYPES OF COOPERATIVE SOCIETY
Cooperative Societies
The cooperative society is one of many distinct forms of commercial
organisations. The purpose of cooperative societies is to benefit its
members. In order to guard against any kind of e xploitation by the socially
and economically more powerful groups, this sort of corporate
organisation is primarily founded by these groups.
Co-operative societies had achieved outstanding progress during planning
period by all sides. The number of societi es, member societies playing
capital, share capital, co-operative banks, credit societies increased, but
only numerically, not qualitatively. The percentage of passive or inactive
societies was more. The share of credit supply to farmers was very small.
The co-operative movement was started for the development of the weak
elements of the society and prosperity of the downtrodden people. It was
expected that the co-operative movement should help the poor farmers,
farm labourers, rural craftsmen, small mercha nts and businessmen for
their economic development. But the co-operative movement was
unsuccessful in achieving the objectives. The rural parts of India were
always under the thumb of moneylenders and landowners. The small
farmers prefer to take loan from moneylenders became the co -operative
societies are not able to make the loan available in time. As a result, most
of the farmers make suicide. The cases of suicide are increasing.
Features of Cooperative Societies
a. Registration is required for the cooperati ve society. The cooperative
society has a distinct legal character from the community as a whole.
After registration, it can make agreements and buy property under its
own name.
b. As it is a voluntary association , the membership is also voluntary.

c. A member of a cooperative society has the freedom to join and to quit
at any moment. Anybody is welcome to join, regardless of any
discrimination. Before electing to discontinue affiliation with the
group, the member must give a notice. The entrance or departure of its
members has no impact on it.

d. Working under the tenets of mutual aid and welfare is the cooperative
society. So, it's working is dominated by the pri nciple of service. If
there is a surplus, it is divided as a dividend among the members in
accordance with the society's bye laws.
e. The authority to make decisions rests with an elected governing
committee. By exercising their right to vote, members choose the
individuals who will make up the managing committee. To make
crucial decisions about the management of the society, the governing
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42 f. The level of responsibility for cooperative society members is limited.
The maximum amount of l iability is the capital that each member has
invested. The required money are raised by individual society
members.

TYPES OF COOPERATIVE SOCIETY
1. Producer Cooperative Society
The purpose of producer cooperative societies is to safeguard the interests
of small producers. These organisations were created voluntarily by small
producers with the goal of eradicating the capitalist class from the
industrial production system. These organisations are established to
safeguard the interests of small producers. M embers of cooperative
societies might be farmers, landowners, or proprietors of fishing
businesses. Organizations for collaborative production include producers'
cooperatives or industrial cooperatives. Thus, in order to compete with
major producers, small producers may unite into cooperatives. These
cooperatives aid producers in preserving their profit margins and in
acquiring materials necessary for the creation of goods and services. First,
producer members have the option of producing items on their own with
the aid of the necessary raw materials, tools, and other equipment made
accessible to them by the society. Products made by producer -members
may be sold to the society for later sale or distribution to other society
members or to other parties. Thus manufactured items may be sold to
outsiders or dispersed among the society's own members.
Producers choose to collaborate or operate as independent businesses in
order to improve marketing opportunities and production effectiveness.
These cultures generate items to satisfy consumer demands. They carry out a
variety of tasks, including processing, marketing, and distribution of their
own goods. Their output may occasionally be sold to third parties for a
profit, with a predetermined amount going toward the p roducers' welfare and
general needs. In the first category, the producer -members are obligated to
produce on a personal level rather than as social employees. The society
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43 items. Indiv idual production from each member is supposed to be sold to the
society.

The producer -members may decide to work for the co-operative as paid
workers rather than independently as independent contractors. The society
provides manufacturers with the necess ary tools and raw materials, then
buys the finished product for resale or distribution to other society
members or non-members.
This benefits all producers equally by lowering prices and burdens in each
sector. The society maintains its members' access to raw materials, tools,
and other equipment in this type of organisation as well.
Producers’ co-operatives have not experienced much progress in India or
in any other country of the world. They often tend to increase their
operations much beyond their resour ces. It resulted in the paucity of
resources soon forces them to go out of business.
Sometimes, they concentrate on capital intensive methods of production.
There is a need of adequate support from the Government as also from
specialised credit and financi al institutions.
Advantages:
a. The issue of extreme unemployment and underemployment in the
nation may be effectively addressed through producers' cooperatives.
b. Producers' cooperatives may be of tremendous assistance to
independent contractors and craftsme n who may not be able to get the
essential raw materials and tools on their own or sell their wares at a
time when the return would be highest due to their poverty and
backwardness.
Examples: NAFED, Mother Dairy, Amul, etc.,

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44 2. Consumer Cooperative Soci ety
The purpose of creating consumer cooperative societies is to safeguard the
interests of consumers. Ordinary individuals create these societies in order
to find cheaper ways to get the items they need on a daily basis. They were
established to handle di stribution for everyday consumables. These
organizations buy items in bulk at discounted costs from wholesalers and
then resell them at market pricing.
Such groups set up consumer cooperative shops to serve this objective.
Such a society allows anybody to join by paying a small membership fee
or becoming a shareholder by purchasing a share. Even someone with
little financial resources may join a co -operative and take advantage of all
the advantages that come with it. People who want to buy goods at fair
prices are inclined to join consumer cooperative associations. Such
communities do not use intermediaries; instead, they buy their goods
directly from producers and sell them to customers. Consumer
cooperatives work to address the issues brought about by inte rmediaries,
who may not only drive up the cost of services but also artificially drive
down the supply of items on the market.
Customers from a certain region own and run these enterprises for their
mutual benefit. Their goal is to offer daily necessities at the best price.
Instead than focusing on making a financial profit, they try to serve the
customers. The excess, which is given to the purchasing members in the
form of a bonus on purchases, stands in for the difference. Consumers'
cooperatives aren't set up with a profit -making goal in mind, but if there is a
surplus that may be utilized or some of it is moved to the reserve fund.

Advantages
a. Consumer cooperatives have been crucial in limiting the negative
impacts of monopoly.
b. It manages fair pricing and distributes other vital items as part of the
public distribution system.
c. They are able to create and implement a system that allows them to
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45 d. The government's efforts to stop the increase in the cost of consumer
products and basic commodities have given India's consumer
cooperatives a boost.
e. In these societies, customers voluntarily band together to establish and
run specific enterprises that cater to their fundamental requirements.
f. Consumer cooperat ives operate much as businesses do. Out of the
excess produced by it, expenses for publicising and providing facilities
to the staff and members are also covered.
g. If there is any leftover money, it is divided among the members in
accordance to how much they spent with the cooperatives.
h. Consumer cooperatives have also helped to produce things that are
beneficial to society.
3. Credit Cooperative Society
Co-operative credit societies in India were first formed under the Co -
operative Credit Societies Act, 191 2. These cooperative societies are set
up with the objective of helping people by providing credit facilities. The
co-operative credit societies are voluntary associations of people with
moderate means formed with the object of extending short -term financi al
accommodation to them and developing the habit of saving among them.
These are generally member -owned financial cooperatives. They provide
loans at a minimal rate of interest and flexible repayment tenure to its
members and protect them against high rat es of interest that are charged
by private money lenders. They provide credit and financial services to the
members at competitive prices.
Each and every depositor has the right to become a member. To create a
feeling of security among outsiders, who are frequently approached for
loans, etc., the members of such co-operatives may undertake to bear
unlimited liability for the debts owed by the co-operatives. The funds of
these societies consist of share capital contributed by the members. The
liability of the members is generally unlimited. In granting loans, the
society may show consideration for the poorer people who apply for
smaller loans. Besides, loans may generally be granted only for productive
purposes. Credit co-operatives collect their capital by selling shares to the
members. This also induces the members to take a keen interest in the
management of the co-operatives. These societies are meant to provide
bank accommodation to the members, and may be formed by small
artisans in towns or by office clerks, mill workers, etc., in cities.
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46

Advantages
a. These are organized to provide short -term financial assistance to
members and to promote the habit of saving.
b. Co-operative credit societies provide loans to the members for
productive or other purposes. Such loans may be secured against
mortgage of immovable assets of the members.
c. The co-operatives charge low rates of interest on the loans granted by
them.
d. The society may, or may not, ask for security of immovable property
while making loans. The rate of interest charged from the borrowing
members is kept as low as possible.
e. This helps the society in raising funds from outsiders and ensures that
every member shows keen interest in the working of the society.
4. Housing Cooperative Society
Housing cooperati ves are groups of people who are either interested in
owning a home or renting a place to live for a fair and reasonable price.
These organisations are founded in order to assist persons with low
incomes in building homes at affordable prices. Providing housing options
for the society's members is the main goal of housing cooperative
societies. They want to help the members who are having housing issues.
In metropolitan regions with a severe housing shortage, housing or
building societies are typically created. As a result, lower income groups
may take use of housing advantages at a relatively reasonable cost, which
is advantageous for them.
Members have the opportunity to pay in installments to acquire the homes
when they are built. They build apartments o r provide members sites on
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47 All persons who wish to buy their own home or rent a place at a price they
can afford are eligible to join these cooperatives. Each member is required to
purchase a minim um of one share, and their liability is often only as much as
their capital investment.
Such cooperatives have a sizable amount of their assets in the form of real
estate. Members deposit money with the cooperatives, and they get interest
payments in retur n.

Advantages
a. A member of this group strives to purchase a residential home at a
lesser price.
b. In addition to offering financial aid, housing cooperatives may also
give their members building supplies.
c. These societies also offer public services like roa ds, lighting on the
streets, parks, a post office, water, electricity, sanitization, etc.
d. Through these organisations, people can obtain not only financial aid
but also the savings associated with buying construction supplies in
large quantities.
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48 5. Ma rketing Cooperative Society:
The marketing cooperatives, also known as co-operative sales societies,
are nonprofit groups of independent producers established to coordinate
the selling of their products. In order to eliminate intermediaries from the
suppl y chain and give small producers a platform to offer their goods at
reasonable costs, these organisations were established. Due to their limited
resources, the individual producers might not be able to wait for extended
periods of time. These kinds of societies are especially beneficial to
farmers, small producers, and craftsmen.
These organisations have been created with the intention of assisting small
producers in marketing their goods. Members of this group are the
producers who want fair rates for their products. Producers band together
in marketing cooperative societies to sell their goods.
They eliminate the middlemen to ensure a favorable market for the
products and boost the members' comparative advantage. The output of
each individual member is gathered. To sell the product at the best price,
cooperative societies carry out a variety of marketing tasks like shipping,
packaging, warehousing, etc.
It occasionally also carries out other incidental tasks including processing,
grading, storage, packaging , assembling, insurance, etc. To meet their
immediate needs, the societies offer loans or advances to their members.
Additionally, it compiles marketing data and provides it to the producers
for their advantage. According to each member's contribution of goods,
the sale proceeds are divided among the participants.
Advantages:
a. When the market is favorable, goods are sold.
b. Such cooperatives are highly helpful for workers and craftsmen who
lack basic sales training and who wish to profit from bulk selling.
c. The society agrees to offer these items at a reduced price by cutting
out intermediaries by pooling the production of its many members.
d. According to each participating producer's participation to the pool,
the sale revenues of the produce or goods are divided among them.
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49 2.9 POSITIVE EFFECTS OF CO -OPERATION ALL
OVER THE COUNTRY
The movement of credit supply in the field of co -operation was started in
1904 in India. In the fields of without credit supply also co - operative
movement expanded because of the law of co-operation, 1912.
During 1919 -1929, the member of credit supply and non credit supply
societies increased rapidly. After the second world was which began in
1939, the co-operation movement developed rapidly. After independence
the pla nning commission was established on 15th March 1950.
In 2001 -02, there were 956700 basic credit societies in our country. 100%
villages were covered by them. Likewise co-operative Banks, land
development banks, consumer stores, whole sellers - all of them had
remarkable increase in number. In this connection, positive results of co-
operative movements on our country should be realized.
POSITIVE RESULTS OF CO-OPERATION
1) Dynamic Development of the nation -
Due to co-operation, agricultural area in national economy is dynamically
developed. In the result, development of nation is also accelerated.
Agricultural economy is very important in view of our nation.
2) Growth in national income -
In rural areas, agricultural industries are established due to the
deve lopment of co-operation area. Dairy, farming, sugar business,
manufacturer of manure or fertilizers, spinning mills, rice mills, oil mills,
process industries or trades have developed the nation and national income
rapidly and certainly.
3) Growth in agric ultural income -
Co-operation is very much useful in continuous, growth of agricultural
income. Improved seeds, advanced technology, insecticides, chemical
fertilizers, water -supply, protection of crops etc. are the facilities due to
which there is growth in agricultural income.
4) Development of supplementary and sideline trades -
Motivation is given to various supplementary and sideline trades by co -
operation. Poultry farming, maintenance of pigs or swine sheep farming
etc. occupations are established. He nce load on farming business is
lessened.
5) Creation of Integrated Society -
Difference due to religion, cult, caste, colour, race, gender are declining.
All are on the same level. This is only because of co -operation. As a
result, unity, harmony, peacefu lness have created on integrated society. munotes.in

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50 6) To check Monopoly and Exploitation -
Co-operation checked the monopoly of the industrialists. Economic
exploitation through unreasonable price and profit stopped by co-
operation.
7) Development of Rural Area -
Due to co -operation the rural area is developed. There is prosperity in the
area. The picture of rural area is drastically changed. There are sugar
factories, dairy farming, thread mills and other plans of development.
8) Protection to the weak -
Weak elem ents come together for their economic interest. They protects
each other. To avoid exploitation then have support of co- operative
societies.
9) Public Education -
In the view of public education the importance of co -operation has grown
up. Co -operation is the important means.
Check your progress
1. Explain the Positive Effects of Co-operation in India.
From 1928, Royal commission on agriculture to 2009 High power
committee on co -operation twenty six committees were appointed for the
development of co-opera tive movement. Still there is decline in this
movement. There are various reasons for this. We shall discuss them later.
Check your progress
1. Write names of various committees appointed by the Indian
Government.
2.10 C. CAUSES OF DECLINE OF CO-OPERATIV E
SECTOR
1) Unreasonable Interference :
Development of co -operative movement occurs by the inspiration of
Government. Sometimes the government has tried to make the base of the
movement weak.
2) To encourage corruption :
The Government encouraged corruption by doing these things - to dissolve
co-operative societies, to appoint an administrator, appointments.
3) One family rule:
Political parties and authorities used co -operative societies as a means of
accumulating personal property, power and wealth. And in co- operative
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51 4) Economically weak societies :
Societies registered under co-operation Act are found to be economically
weak. Societies like these cannot develop rural area. This is an allegation
against these weak societies.
5) Unequal Growth :
The co-operation movement has not developed regional are as creating
balance among them. West Maharashtra is taking the lead in co - operation
field. In other parts this movement has not been progressed. On nation
level, Ma harashtra, Tamilnadu and Punjab have 60 to 70 % people under
the influence of co -operation. In other states is only 25%. Hence, uneven
growth is the weakness of this movement.
6) Passive Societies :
Co-operative societies are expected to work for the object ives which they
are founded. But many societies work for some time or period and then
become passive. These societies economically become weak.
7) Principles of Co-operation :
Co-operative services, self dependence and savings are the principles in
western countries which are not formed inculcated in India.
8) Co-operative help:
Co-operative movement in India is most probably dependent on the help
of Government.
9) Failure in fulfilling the needs of members :
Several co -operative societies are economically w eak. They are dependent
on Government or other high level societies. They have a little fund.
Therefore the members of co -operative societies have to seek the support
of money lenders and goldsmiths.


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52 10) Managerial Faults:
Co-operative societies seldom get well trained and qualified staff.
Therefore, slackness in audit, loan distribution, keeping record of dealings
and transactions is always possible. There is not sufficient experience of
running such societies. As efficiency decreases, members have no
sufficient training, so they can’t give expected co -operation. Rural credit
supply review committee says that the great blame / defect in co -operative
movement is lack of proper and efficient management.
11) Insufficient Capital :
Lack of sufficient capital is a fundamental flaw in the co -operative
movement. Generally, members should put their saving in co -operative
societies. Therefore co-operatives are expected to meet their playing
capital needs. But in fact, the co -operative societies have not been able to
raise capital through deposits. District central co -op. banks and state co -
op. bank etc. could not attract deposits. The Reserve Bank plans to provide
credit to the co -op. societies at the discounted rates bond such schemes are
not sufficiently impleme nted by the state co -op. bank. In addition, the
organisation has less capital on the number of members is less. As a result,
the co-op. societies cannot meet the financial needs of the members.
12) Negligence towards common members :
The main objective of this movement is to protect the virtual interest of the
poor common people of rural area. But the movement has neglected them.
The rich farmers or rich members get special advantages. The poor and
common needy farmers don’t get them. They don’t get loan in time,
because they are insisted on some points such as the value of their land,
other property and assets to pledge or mortgage and capasity to pay off his
debt. The rich farmers in Maharashtra, Karnatak, Tamilnadu,
Andhrapradesh did get more debt. Small farmers could get less loan.
13) Problem of outstanding payment :
The problem of outstanding payment is serious about the co- operative
credit supply societies. The percentage of arrears is 25 to 30%. This
percentage is increasing due to following things; to give loan to ineligible
persons, to pay no attention to the use of loan etc. Common farmers and
weak elements cannot repay the loan in time. Rich farmers also several
times evade to repay the loan. Political pressure is also an obstacle in this
matter. Co nsequently grows the outstanding payment. Due to this there are
limitations on the growth of credit supply societies.
14) Entrance Politics :
Politics has entered in co-operative movement. Interference of political
persons in the daily proceedings and impor tant decision is increasing.
Even, the co -operative societies have been made the mediums of political
parties. It is said that ‘Indian co -operative societies are made powerful
agencies of politics.’ Political persons are always accommodated in the munotes.in

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53 board of these societies is made for political benefit. Hence, the benefit of
common members is neglected. Decisions of ordinary welfare of
members are not taken. So they don’t feel the earnestness and affection
regarding the societies. Defects other than these ar e also found in the co -
operative movement.
Check your progress
1. The reasons of decline of the co-operative societies.
2.11 REMEDIAL MEASURES TO REMOVE THE
DRAWBACKS IN COOPERATIVE SECTOR
THE CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES
The co-operative movement in India has economical social, educational
advantages. Still it is necessary to think about the defects of there
societies.
India, the co -operative movement in Maharashtra is a model. The
development of some regions is made through this movement. For
example, Padmas hri Vikhe Patil in Pravara nagar, Nevasa region of Shri.
Gadakh, Niphad of Kakasaheb Wagh, Warna nagar region of Tatyasaheb
Kore, Vasantdada Patil’s Sangali surroundings, Yashvantrao Chavan’s
Satara region, area of Pune district, co -operative societies in Kolhapur
district are taking lead in development.
The role of co -operative movement in Maharashtra is supposed to be very
important. Still, there are various defects or drawbacks in it, therefore we
have to take measures to put on end to the drawbacks. The measures are as
follows -
1) Rebirth of Primary co-operative societies
Many of Primary co -op. societies are very weak and incapable. They must
try to be strong and capable. All passive societies should take rebirth.
2) Necessity of solid and strong co-operative field or area
The development in co -operative field must reach the poor and common
members. The success in co -operation is dependent on desiring people.
3) Education and training of co-operation
If, in the true sense, co -operative movement is to b e independent and
truthfully developed, it is necessary to emphasize on co -operative
education and training. This is recommended by the co-operation
committee of 1965.
4) Need of self denying leadership
For the development of co -operative movement, there w as need of self
denying leadership. This leadership should not come from politics. Aims
and objectives of the development of society should be one goal of the
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54 5) Emphasis should be placed on collecting deposits
Co-operative societies should keep their focus on collecting deposits to
improve their performance. Co-operative societies should increase their
member’s habit of saving and earning. The central co -op. bank should
increase the number of branches to facilitate deposit collection. Due to
lack of funds, co -op. societies can accumulate a large amount of deposits
thereby reducing the definition of funds.
6) Making management efficient
Like other business organisations, co -operation should m ake its
management efficient. The Board of Directors, CEO and employees
should discharge their responsibility in an honest manner.
Also necessary changes should be made in Board of Director to improve
the quality of management. The Board of Director must be restricted on
occasion represent active and experts from different department should be
included in the Board of Directors as per the RBI rules.
7) Raise your own funds
Co-operatives should emphasize to raise their own funds. Co- operatives
rely on other s for playing capital. This is not appropriate for the financial
independence of the co -operatives when members take out a loan, they
should be obliged to purchase a certain percentage of the loan amount.
The habit of saving and the thrifting among the mem bers should be
increased.
8) To reduce the domination of the relatives
If the co -operative movement is to promote growth, it is necessary to
reduce the domination of the persons who have a vested interest. For this
care should be taken while giving the me mbership of co -op. societies,
Moneylenders, rich merchants, brokers, mediators should not be given
membership of co-op. societies. In the Board of Director of the
organisation, the seats should be reserved for the small farmers and the
weaker section. Empl oyee appointment must be made strictly and by rules.
Provide education and training to employees.
9) Recovery of outstanding payments
Another important suggestion for improving the institution should give
priority to recovery of dues. The members should be explained the
importance of the outstanding recovery. Legal action should be taken
against the person who refuses to repay the loan. By doing appropriate
changes in loan policies crop loans should be given in large quantity.
Insurance on crop loans will reduce the problem of pending money.
10) Supervision and Auditing
Co-operative societies should supervise and audit their affair in a
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55 the functioning of primary institutions. Also the organisation should be
regularly audited by an authorized auditor.
11) The Goal of equal Development
The co-operative movement in India has not been uniformly developed in
all states. Some are progressive and some are backward in co-operative
movement. For this, more work should be done with a careful eye on the
underdeveloped states. The concerned state government should increase
the share capital of the co-operatives.
Check your progress.
Write down measures to overcome the short comings of co- operat ive
movement.
2.12 SUMMARY
Co-operative societies progressed during the planning period in India. Co-
operative societies increased in numbers, members, playing capital, share
capital, co -operative banks, store homes, co -operative credit societies etc.
But this increase is a numerical increase and not a qualitative increase.
Politicians participated in co-operative establishments for the development
of the weaker sections of the society. Co-operative movement was
perished by the politicians, Many factors are responsible for degradation
of the co-operative movement.
Co-operation in India has provided people with economical, social,
educational benefits. To date the co-operative movement has suffered
tremendously and various measures can be suggested to overcom e the
shortcomings of the co-operative movement.
2.13 SELF STUDY
1) Write positive results of India’s co-operation.
2) Write down the results for the downgrade of co -operation.
3) Suggest the measures to overcome the short comings of co-
operation movement.
4) Explain the concept of co-operative movement.
5) Write the meaning and definition of co-operative movement.
6) Review the progress of the co-operative movement.
7) Explain the relationship between co-operation and rural
development.
8) Write the various benefits of co-operat ive movement.
9) Explain the causes of decline of cooperative sector.
10) Explain the types of Cooperative societies, munotes.in

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56 2.14 REFERENCE BOOKS
1) Shaha Rupa – Sahakaracha Vikas – Phadke Publication, – Damji
B. H., Kolhapur,Phadke Bhavan, Dudhali, Kolhapur, June 2005.
2) Maharashtrachi Arthik Pahani, 2001 -2002
3) Sahakari Pat Rachana, Punaravalokan, 1998 -99
4) Satya Sundaram - Rural Development, Himalaya Publishing House.
5) M. B. Patil - ‘Who can save Primary Agricultural Co-operative
Societies?’Southern Economics November 1, 1992
6) Kamta Prasad - People’s Participation in Rural
DevelopmentYojna, August 15, 1990
7) Shaha Ramesh – Sahakar, Prachi Publication, Mumbai, 1994
8) Kayande Patil – Sahakar, Chaitanya Publications, Nashik, 2006
9) Shaha Rupa S. – Sahakaracha Vikas, Phadke Publication, Damji B.
S., Kolhapur, Dudhali, Kolhapur, June 2005
10) Maharashtrachi Arthik Pahani, 2001 -2002
11) Sahakari Pat Rachana, Punaravalokan, 1998 -99
12) www.cooperative movement in India
13) www.cooperative movement in Maharashtra




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57 3
SHRINKING OF AGRICULTURAL LAND
Unit Structure :
3.0 Objectives
3.1 A. Acquisition of Land for Infrastructural Development
3.2 Special Economic Zone (Sez) Concept
3.3 Objectives of Special Economic Zones
3.4 Functioning of Special Economic Zones
3.5 Types of Special Economic Zones
3.6 Concessions in Special Economic Zones
3.7 Land Acquisition for Special Economic Zones
3.8 Land Acquisition for Roads and Railway Projects
3.9 Land Acquisition for the Midc Project
3.10 Land Acquisition for Housing
3.11 Development Projects
3.12 Roads
3.13 Airports
3.14 Summary
3.15 Self-Study
3.16 B. Impact of Acquisition of Land on Rural Areas
3.17 Inadequate Rehabilitation of Various Projects in the Country
3.18 The Effects of Land Acquisition for Sez
3.19 C. Project Affected Peoples Movement
3.20 Movement Against Pen Alibaug, Panvel Sez Project
3.21 Movement Against Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project
3.22 Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant Anti-People Movement
3.23 West Bengal - Singur - Nandigram Uttar Pradesh, Gurgaon,
Hariana Anti -Sez Movements
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58 3.25 Self-Study
3.26 References
3.0 OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you will understand the following.
1) To study the concept of Special Economic Zone.
2) To study the operating system of the Special Economic Zone.
3) To study the types of special financial zones.
4) To understand land acquisition for the Special Economic Zone.
5) To study the imperfection of rehabilitation in various projects.
6) To study the effects of land acquisit ion for SEZ.
7) To understand the context of the movements of the affected citizens.
3.1 A. ACQUISITION OF LAND FOR
INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT
All the countries are consciously trying to accelerate the industrialization
of the country and promote the growth of national and international level
in order to survive the globalization process. Part of this effort is the
creation of a special economic zone.
The concept of special economic zone has been introduced in the world a
long time ago. The first trading area was established in England in 1896 in
Manchester to promote trade. To date, more than five hundred trade zones
have been established worldwide. After 1978, China developed a special
economic zone. Special mention is found in Hainan, Siammen, and
Rosebay.

In 2000, Commerce Minister of India Murasoli Maran visited SEZ
projects in China and saw the progress of China through four special
economic zones, 15 free trade zones, 49 economic development zones and
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59 proposal. In 2004, the Government of India adopted the concept of Special
Economic Zone. The Government of India passed the Special Economic
Zones Act in 2005. The law was passed in Parliament and signed by the
President on June 23, 2005. From February 10, 2006, this Act was
implemented throughout India.
SEZ projects started in various states of India. The government made land
acquisition for that. Of the total 403 projects in the country, 273
proposals were approved. For this, it announced that one lakh 25
thousand hectares of land is being acquired in the country. Efforts are
underway for the SEZ project in 22 states and union territories, including
Maharashtra. The Government of India has granted many concessions to
SEZ projects for econom ic development. There is no 100% direct foreign
investment, water is not taxed on other services. The excise tax, sales tax,
market tax, income tax and other taxes levied by the state government
have been exempted. Also, the government has announced that m arkets
will be made available in the country for various goods and services
created from the special financial sector.
Land acquisition is very important for a Special Economic Zone. In 1998,
the government passed a bill to acquire 95 thousand hectares of land.
Fertile land was also acquired along with the land. In order to increase the
means of transportation, a large number of lands were acquired in the
country for road and railway projects. All these lands were owned by the
cultivators of agricultural production and the common farmers. In the
country, 14 thousand kilometers long highways were constructed while
11,719 hectares of land has been lost under the railway tracks. Industrial
Development Corporation was established in Maharashtra in 1962.In
every district of Maharashtra, MIDC Land acquisition was done for. In
every district of Maharashtra, MIDC Land acquisition was done for. A
large amount of land has been acquired for the services of roads, water,
lodging, electricity, transport etc. MIDC covers 53,120 hectares of land
across Maharashtra Land acquisition was done for

Due to the high population growth in India, land is used for housing.
Large land acquisition was done for power projects in the country. Land
acquisition was done in 2011 for 2,46,75 7 km of roads. There was a great
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60 displacement of all these people as the houses of millions of families,
acquisition of farm lands were made.
3.2 SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE (SEZ) CONCEPT
A specia l economic zone is a deliberately fixed duty -free region. This
region will be considered as a foreign country for commercial transactions
and fees and taxes. Industries in such areas can be set up to produce goods
and supply services.
The Special Economic Zone is a geographical region, and the laws
applicable in that region have the flexibility in the laws and regulations of
the industry to benefit other economic policies of the country. The laws of
such areas are different from those of other sectors. Ther efore, they are
called Special Economic Zones.
Definition: "Special economic status terrain is a special economic zone."
3.3 OBJECTIVES OF SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES
Private sector investment in the economy of the country is to consider the
industries and ther eby increase employment, and increase international
trade. This is the main purpose of the Special Economic Zone. In
addition, there are some other important purposes.
1) To develop infrastructure in the country.
2) To attract foreign investment for investment by creating special
economic zones in the country.
3) Employment generation through Special Economic Zone.
4) To promote industrial development in the economy.
5) To reduce the economic imbalance in the country.
6) Increase international trade with the help of special economic
zones and obtain foreign currency
7) Eliminate the difficulties of export growth by eliminating the
obstacles to increase foreign exports.
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61 Check your progress: -
1. Write down the objectives of the particular financial sector.
3.4 FUNCTIONING OF SPECI AL ECONOMIC ZONES
The Central Government has enacted laws for the creation and
development of special economic zones, and in accordance with the
provisions of that Act, the creation of special economic zones is necessary.
A Board of Approval has been creat ed to build the SEZ. It consists
of 19 members.
The Secretary is the Chairman of the Department of Commerce. Also
representative of Central Board of Excise and Customs (C.B.E.C.),
Ministry of Finance, Department of Finance, S.E.Z. Commerce, Accounts,
Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (D.Y.P.P.) Joint Secretary
in the Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Small Industries,
Agriculture and Village Industries, Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Défense, Ministry of Environment and Fo rest Development, Ministry of
Law and Justice, Ministry of Urban Development, Ministry of Marine,
Government -appointed representative of the State Government, Director
of International Trade. Representative, Development Commissioner,
Director of the Manage ment Committee of India, Foreign Affairs of India
professor, Joint Secretary, Ministry of Commerce and Ministry of Industry
are members.

The above committee allows planning and special field visits at the
departmental level. The Development Commissioner of each department
is the designated secretary of the Board.
3.5 TYPES OF SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES
1) Special financial zones for different types of products:
In this type of special economic zones, industries can produce three or
more goods in one area or indu stries can be started to supply goods and
services in different sectors.
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62 2) Special financial zones for specific sectors:
Industries are created to supply only one sector services in the Special
Economic Zones for different sectors.
3) Special financial zones at the airport or port:
Special economic zones at ports or airports are established to produce two
or more goods in the same area, and industries that supply products or
services to two or more sectors.
From 1997 to 2000, the Government of India revised its import - export
policy. In 2000, Indian Commerce Minister Murasoli Maran visited SEZ
projects in China. China looked at the progress made through looking at
the four special economic zones of the country and 53 high tech industry
sectors, and forwarded a si milar proposal to the Government of India for
the progress of the country. In 2004, the Government of India adopted
the concept of Special Economic Zone. The Government of India passed
the Special Economic Zones Act in 2005, in order to protect exports from
India and to keep up with the increasing pressure and demands of the
business class. The law was signed by the President on June 23, 2005 by
passing this law in Parliament. From February 10, 2006, this Act was
implemented throughout India.
Of the total 4 03 proposal sin the country, 273 were approved. 1,25000
hectares of land is being acquired in the country and 22 states and Union
Territories including Maharashtra have launched efforts.
Number of State wise SEZ projects in India.
As per the Special Econom ic Zones Act 2005
(Information up to April 30, 2017)
Table no.-01
Sr.No State Total No of SEZ
01 Andhra Pradesh 19
02 Chandigarh 02
03 Chhatisgad 01
04 Gujarat 16
05 Haryana 26
06 Kerala 18
07 Madhya Pradesh 27
08 Odisha 03
09 Rajasthan 03
10 Tamilnadu 31
11 Telangana 29
12 Uttar Pradesh 10
13 West Bengal 04
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63 Table No-02
Division of State -wise SEZ Projects (As of March -April 2013)
Sr. No State Formal
recognition With major
approvals Suggested
SEZ
01 Andhra Pradesh 109 06 76
02 Chandigarh 02 00 02
03 Chattisgad 01 01 01
04 Delhi 03 00 00
05 Dadara Nagar Haveli 02 00 00
06 Goa 07 00 03
07 Gujarat 47 07 32
08 Haryana 46 03 35
09 Zarkhand 01 00 01
10 Karnataka 62 01 41
11 Kerala 29 00 20
12 Madhya Pradesh 19 02 06
13 Mahara shtra 103 16 64
14 Nagaland 02 00 01
15 Odisha 10 01 05
16 Pondicherry 01 01 00
17 Panjab 08 00 02
18 Rajasthan 10 01 10
19 Tamilnadu 69 06 53
20 Utter Pradesh 34 01 21
21 Uttarakhand 02 00 00
22 West Bengol 20 03 11
Total 588 49 386

Source: Ministry of Commerce and Industry, SEZ in India IOSR
journal of Business and Management March -April 2013 P.P.18 -27
It is clear that 588 formal projects have been approved in 28 industrial
areas of the country. By 2008, 1,93,474 people have been employed
through 1122 units in India. It accounts for 37% of Indian women.
3.6 CONCESSIONS IN SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES
It was decided to create special economic zones to accelerate the
economic development of the country as well as create employment
opportunities and im prove the living standard of the people. The law was
passed in 2005. It is known as the Special Economic Zone 2005. The Act
will provide various facilities and concessions to industries in the
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64 Concessions in Special Financial Sector: -
1) One hundred percent of foreign direct investment is allowed in
industries in the special financial sector.
2) Water, electricity and other services required by the industries in
SEZ will be provided on priority basis without any tax.
3) There will be no restriction on the transportation and distribution
of electricity by the industry in the special financial sector.
4) Industries in this area will be exempted from tax, sales tax, market
tax, income tax and other taxes levied by the State Government.
5) Export industries will be exempted from service tax and central
taxes.
6) Corporate contracts will be exempted for any ten years in a period
of fifteen years..
7) There will be full consent for the construction of open space in
the Special Economic Zone and use it on a commercial basis.

8) The industries concerned will be empowered to allow the security
of special economic zones to operate on the basis of convenient
business like restaurants, hotels and entertainment centres.
9) Industries belonging to the Special Economic Zone can be
employed in other parts of the country. 10) Banks can be opened in
special financial sector for foreign banks. They will be exempted at
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Shrinking of Agricultural Land
65 11) 100% exemption will be given for the first five years on exports of
goods manufactured from Special Economic Zone. In the next five
years, 50 percent will be discounted. There will be a discount on
the return on investment.
12) The relevant provisions of the Industrial Disputes Act and other
labour laws have been relaxed f or the industries in the Special
Economic Zone.
After 1990, the Government of India adopted a new economic policy in
terms of structural development. This strategy is called globalization
policy. This strategy is mainly considered as liberalization, privat ization
and globalization. In the process of globalization, foreign companies were
allowed to create industries in the country. At the same time, the concept
of housing construction and special economic zones was adopted. In the
concept of structural devel opment, large scale land acquisition was done
for the special economic zones and housing projects. This resulted in a
large decrease in soil. The nature of the problem is as follows.
3.7 LAND ACQUISITION FOR SPECIAL ECONOMIC
ZONES
After the country adopted the policy of globalization, land acquisition
decision was taken for the Special Economic Zone. In 2011, 581 SEZs
were approved. Of these, 130 SEZs were allowed to operate. 154 SEZ has
been approved in principle. All these projects are mainly in the state s of
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. 150 thousand hectares of
land will be acquired for this SEZ project. This will affect one million
acres of agricultural production and the loss of agricultural production of
Rs 212 crore.
In 1998, the governme nt passed a bill to decide on 95,000 hectares of land.
The government was of the view that the land being acquired for the SEZ
would be a waste of agricultural land. But over time, it was proved that
fertile farm land was acquired.
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66 3.8 LAND ACQUISITION FOR ROADS AND RAILWAY
PROJECTS
The post-independence population had to increase with the increase in the
transport population. In this land was acquired for road and railway
projects. Most of these lands were under cultivation. 14 thousand
kilometers long highways have been constructed in the country.
11,179 hectares of land has gone under the railway. The citizens of
Konkan area gave their agricultural land for the Konkan Railway Project.
Apart from this, land acquisition has been done for the district ro ute.
3.9 LAND ACQUISITION FOR THE MIDC PROJECT
After the establishment of the State of Maharashtra, the Government of
Maharashtra decided to set up the Maharashtra Industrial Development
Corporation in 1962 to increase the industry. Under this decision, the
roads, water, drainage required for the establishment of business in
each district at a particular place. The policy was to provide
electricity, go -down, transport etc. Eight sections were fixed for this.
Maharashtra Government decided to creat e 53920 hectares of land in
Maharashtra and decided to create 229 industrial areas in these eight
zones. It was the cultivated land of the peasantry. But the farmer class
deposited these lands in the court to create jobs in his area.
After 1998, the centra l government approved the MIDC. Plans to start 74
SEZ projects in Maharashtra on the acquired land.
MIDC In some parts of the project, the industry started to receive grants
from the government to start industries in the rural areas. Therefore, the
farmers have demanded that the land be returned to the government.
Kudal MIDC in Sindhudurg District Farmers in the area have begun
demanding hope in 2012.
3.10 LAND ACQUISITION FOR HOUSING
At present, sufficient land is being utilized for industrialization and
housing projects. The main reason for this is urbanization.
Nearly 70 percent of the rural population is migrating to the city due to
lack of employment. Land is being used extensively for housing as a
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67

3.11 DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
A special economic zone is a deliberately excluded territory. The region
will be considered as a foreign country for commercial transactions and
taxation fees. Industries in such areas are established to produce goods and
supply services. These are called development projects.
Through this project, electricity was supplied to 57 million pumps. The
target for generation of 78 thousand megawatt was set in the Eleventh Five
Year Plan. But that could be achieved up to 50,000 megawatt.
Electricity generation is mainly as follows.
1) Nuclear power
2) Thermal power
3) Solar power
4) Wind power
5) Hydropower.

In addition, the Biogas generates electricity from the plant. Nuclear power
is the most destructive form of electricity generation. Thermal power
generation in India requires land acquisition.
3.12 ROADS
Maharashtra had 2,46,757 km long roads in 2011. Roads need to be
developed for transport, freight and tourism etc. About 5.2 per cent of the munotes.in

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68 total land in the country has been acquired for road constr uction projects.
A large number of people have been rehabilitated. As a result, agricultural
production is decreasing.
3.13 AIRPORTS
Air transportation is the fastest and most expensive transportation service
in all of the transportation. Air transport is useful for exporting goods. But
transportation is not as economical as transporting heavy cargo. Around
the airport, around ten to fifteen kilometers, people suffer from daily noise
pollution.
3.14 SUMMARY
The government called on foreign companies to create special economic
zones in the country. Land acquisition was done for the Special Economic
Zone. At the end of March 2007, 33,807 acres of land had been acquired.
Land acquisition for road railway has taken place. MIDC There has been a
great deal of land acquisition. The acquisition of fertile water for the
creation of special economic zones has led to the question of
farmers' livelihoods. It will also face food shortage. The grain will have
to be imported in the next period. Landless, unemploye d, marginalized
people will migrate to the city for employment. This will put a strain on
the city's civic amenities. Sleep deprivation in cities will cause serious
problems like health problems, social security etc. Recognizing that
there is a need for sp ecial economic zones to sustain the globalization
environment and to accelerate the development of the country, various
concessions have been made for the creation of special economic zones of
the government. Many changes have been made to the law. However ,
there is still doubt about the benefits of SEZ generation.
3.15 SELF -STUDY
1) What is a Special Economic Zone, as well as the type of
Special Economic Zone.
2) Write down the objectives of the Special Economic Zone.
3) Explain the nature of the special financial sector.
4) Explain the various land acquisition for the Special Economic Zone
of India.
5) Explain the various concessions given by the government for the
special financial sector.
6) Explain the nature of land acquisition for M.I.D.C. project.
7) Explain the effects of land acquisition for the particular Special
Economic Zone.
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69 3.16 B. IMPACT OF ACQUISITION OF LAND ON
RURAL AREAS
After independence, various projects were started in the country for the
development process. It can be mentioned mainly dam projects, indust rial
projects, dam projects, energy projects, etc. These have been largely
incomplete in rehabilitation. Citizens who are affected by the dam project,
when starting any project, the displaced citizens need proper
rehabilitation. But the rehabilitation of t he beneficiary bureaucrats in the
Indian administration and the ineffectiveness of the leaders' congregations
is not completely fulfilled.
3.17 INADEQUATE REHABILITATIO N OF VARIOUS
PROJECTS IN THE COUNTRY
1) After independence, Koyna Dam in Satara district was built for the
availability of electricity in Maharashtra. Land acquisition for the dam
displaced 27000 families from villages in the area. Out of which
only 1500 families were properly rehabilitated. The fact is that the rest
of the family has not been rehabilitated. A total of ten thousand families
were shifted from place to place because of them.
2) Sangli - 500 families were evacuated in the Warna dam on the border of
Kolhapur district. These citizens have not yet been properly
rehabilitated. There fore, these citizens are constantly agitating under the
leadership of labor liberation forces.
3) This is the situation of Gadanadi project in Ratnagiri district. Tin Vira
Dam in Raigad district, Timbapuri project in Aurangabad district has
not been properly rehabilitated. There are many such projects in
Maharashtra in the face of problems.

On behalf of the project victims, Bharat Patankar, the chairman of the
Shramik Mukti Dal, should set up a separate Gram Panchayat to dispose
of the displaced population o f five hundred or more. Provide vocational
education to the young children of these displaced persons. Provide jobs
for displaced children in industries. The government should arrange to
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70 women's Self Help Groups and provide them with financing for small
businesses. Priority should be given to the displaced persons where the
government lands. House -building projects should be implemented for
them. Such demands continue continuously thr ough the Shramik Mukti
Dal. But the government does not get that much positive response. In
some places, the project victims were rehabilitated and given land, but
there was no agricultural water supply. The Ambakhore project was
started in Raigad district . Its water would be provided for fifteen hundred
acres of agricultural land in the Kharpat village. But the water was given
to the nearest industrial estate without giving it to the Kharpat village. For
the past 35 years this water has been released into the Arabian Sea without
being used for agriculture.
4) After independence of the dam to construct Narmada Dam Project in
Gujarat state, the Central Government decided. Later, the state of
Gujarat decided to raise the dam to 122 meters. Under this dam, about
2.5 lakh people have been displaced from 19 villages in Gujarat, 33 in
Maharashtra and 133 villages in the state of Madhya Pradesh. The
struggle for rehabilitation for 28 years continues. Today, more than
48000 families live in their hometown. It is not cer tain when the water
will come to that town and when those villages will become
waterlogged.
For the past 28 years, Medha Patkar has been struggling nationally and
internationally in conflict and court battles over displacement issues in
the Narmada area. The fight continues today.

Many ministers, other political leaders, officials, journalists and
thinkers of the central and state governments visit the area. Whole
regrets admit. But the action doesn't happen. As a result, many
families have started deserting. There is a clear provision for drowning
before rehabilitation. The Madhya Pradesh government has completely
failed to resettle more than 40,000 families in 193 villages. As per the
agreement, the height of the dam is expected to affect the lives of
villages in the West Niphad region of Madhya Pradesh where 500 to
3000 families are living. In the future, the height of the dam will create
water supply in all the villages and man-made tsunamis will come and
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71 1200 to 1500 families in Maharashtra are still windy today. Their
eligibility checks have not been outdated. Hundreds of citizens who
have been tested for eligibility are waiting for land. Not all of the 19
villages in Gujarat are also rehabilitated.
5) Other projects in the coun try During the post -independence period, dam
projects took place in which many citizens lost their rights to land and
biodiversity in the area. Following is the status of some dams and
displaced persons in the country.
Referring to the Sardar lake in Gujar at on the above point, refrain is
avoided here.
Table No. 01
Population displaced by various dam projects in India

Sr.
No
Name of the
Project
State
Displaced
Population The displaced
tribal
population of
these
01 Karjan Gujarat 11600 100%
02 Damanga nga Gujarat 87000 48.70%
03 Ukai (Reserver) Gujarat 72300 18.92%
52000
04 Maheshwar Madhya 20,000 60.00%
05 Pradesh 32700 73.91%
Bodhghat Madhya
Pradesh 12700
06 Icha Bihar 30,800 80.00%
07 Chandil Bihar 37,600 87.92%
08 Koil Karo Bihar 6600 0 88.00%
09 Maython and
Panchet Bihar 231974 56.46%
10 Masan(Reserver) Bihar 93874 31.00%
3700
11 Mahibajaj Sagar Rajasthan 38400 76.28%
12 Polawaram Andhra 1,50,000 52.90%
13 Prasesh 188100 76.28%
Ichapalli Andhra
Prasesh 38100
14 Uppar Indravati Odisha 18500 89.20%
15 Pong Himachal 80,000 56.25%
16 Pradesh 116000 34.76%
Bhakra Nangal Himachal
Pradesh 36,000
17 Tultuti Maharasht
ra 13600 51.60%
Total 7,11,574
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72 The above table shows the status of the displaced population by state.
Tribal people have to bear the brunt of construction projects of Dharan.
The citizens shown in the table are not yet rehabilitated. They have to
consistently hit the road and fight a court battle.
Thus, in other projects, the question of fulfillment of rehabilitation also
arises. But the proportion is low. For example nuclear power, mining,
seaports, jetty construction projects etc.
Check your progress:
1. Write about the displacement of the citizens displaced by the
construction of various dam projects built in India.
3.18 THE EFFECTS OF LAND ACQUISITION FOR SEZ
1) Reduce the size of farmland:
As explained above, 150 hectares of hectare land will be acquired for SEZ.
Its impact on o ne million tonnes of agricultural production and a loss of
Rs 212 crore will not be possible without the definite impact on the size of
the farm.

Ten thousand hectares of India and the cultivated land in Pen, Uran and
Panvel taluks of Raigad district wer e allotted to SEZ of Reliance
Company. The impact of this on overall agricultural production will not be
known until the situation is realized.
2) Small remuneration to farmers:
While acquiring land for SEZ, it was announced that the government
would acquire agricultural land. But in some places, agricultural fertile
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3) Eliminate human rights in natural resources on acquired land:
Natural Resources has full authority over the natural resources for the
period for which the land for the SEZ is given to a particular company for
a period of time. For example, if a river or drain is going through the
ground, citizens will not have the right to get water from the river.
Animals do not have a natural right to drin k water. This is the condition of
the company to allow the land to enter the fence.
4) Eliminate edible pasture, herbs and other components:
The land for SEZ has been edited, which limits the rights of citizens on
fodder, herbs and other constituents. Animals may become deprived of
fodder. In addition, rare earth herbs and biodiversity can be adversely
affected.
Obviously these factors can have a very adverse effect on the
environment.
5) Loss of hunger strike may result in future hunger strike:
Farmers' land is edited for SEZs. They get paid for the occasion. But the
ordinary farmer tries to live a luxurious life by spending this amount of
money if he has more money. The farmer does not know how to invest
this amount in various schemes. Suddenly due to the large amount of
money, he was in a position where to spend and where not to spend it.
This situation seems to be the case with some SEZ editors.
6) The possibility of increased pollution, thus threatening
biodiversity:
The large chemical industry that is undergoing the SEZ project can create a
strong potential for chemical pollution. The climate of the area has been
feared to have a profound adverse effect. They are more likely to have air
and water pollution. The impact of pollution on human and biodiversity
cannot be ruled out as a threat to the environment in the future.
7) Decrease in food production:
Large land masses for SEZs are likely to reduce food production. This
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74 allow it to be time to re ly on food imports. The decline in food production
is not affordable to our country.

8) The impact of local industry on competitive environment:
The SEZ project launches big manufacturing industry. The production in
this industry is going to be huge. Eventu ally the cost of this product will
be lower than the local product. As a result, local businesses will not
survive the competition. On occasion, local industry may be closed down.
9) Probability of increasing financial inequality:
The Indian economy remains a s an agricultural economy till date. But if
farmers go to agricultural land, their way of production can be closed.
The SEZ project is believed to have a large number of jobs in the industry.
But in the process, the machinery is widely used for production, so most
of these jobs are of technical nature.
Occasionally, if the recession is slow, the industry may shut down. Labor
cuts can be abrupt as a result of the production. This can have an impact
on the financial life of the workers. In all these situation s, the possibility
of increasing economic inequality in the future cannot be ruled out. Thus,
editing the land to SEZ can have the same effect as above.
3.19 C. PROJECT AFFECTED PEOPLES MOVEMENT
a) After independence, the planning process was adopted for the
development of the country. With the implementation of the health
program, population growth was accelerated. It was necessary to facilitate
development in proportion to the increasing population. This led to the
initiation of dam projects especially at the country level. Many projects
like energy projects, roads, railways, industrial colonization projects had
to be constructed. As the cities grew, the population of the cities increased.
As a result, the need to build new cities around the city intensifi ed. The
government had no option but to do land acquisition for all those
processes. In the end, the government had to implement this route for the
development of the people, but it raised the question of living the
displaced people. It created a movement in the country for the rights of the
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75 Many development projects have been implemented in the country, which
has to be mentioned in the dam projects as incomplete in terms of
rehabilitation. When building a dam, hundreds of villages and millions of
people have to be displaced to save the dam's water. When the dam is
constructed, the law states that the citizens should be rehabilitated first,
after which the dam projects should begin. But till date such a situation
has not been created in our country. The rehabilitation of the people has
not yet been completed since the year the dam project was started in the
country. Citizens are constantly conducting protests through various
organizations.
1960 Chali koyana dam was constructed in Maharashtra. It displaced
27000 families. Of these, only fifteen hundred families were resettled.
The remaining families have not yet been resettled. The fact is that in 1960
forty thousand families were relocated from thei r original places.
Warna dam was built on the border of Sangli, Kolhapur district. Five
hundred families were evacuated from that location. These citizens are not
yet resettled. This is also the case with the Gadanadi project in Ratnagiri
district. Tin Veera Dam in Raigad district and Tambhapuri project in
Aurangabad district also did not have proper rehabilitation of the
citizens. There is a continuous agitation under the leadership of Bharat
Patankar, chairman of the Shramik Mukti Dal, for the rehabilitat ion of
dam projects across Maharashtra.
The State Government is notified of various activities for the rights of the
citizens. The government has not yet found a place for the rehabilitation of
the citizens, despite the civil marches, agitations and fastin g on the
occasion. The construction of this large dam on the Narmada lake in the
state of Gujarat is almost complete. The dam is 122 meters high.

b) Under this dam, 19 villages in Gujarat, 36 in Maharashtra and 133 in
Madhya Pradesh are underwater. About half a million citizens have been
displaced by the dam. Today, more than 48,000 families have not been
rehabilitated.
For the last 28 years under the leadership of Medha Patkar, the movement
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76 movement is moving in a democratic and democratic way. The project of
these dams has an impact on the tribal community. Such a movement is
taking place for the tribal question. Medha Patkar and her colleagues have
also continued their efforts to cont inue the court battle in many
displacement issues. Medha Patkar raised her voice not only in the country
but also in the United Nations. Because the World Bank had financed the
construction of all the dams in Narmada. Medha Patkar pointed out this
problem to the World Bank. In this way, there is a continuous movement
of citizens in relation to other ideas of the country.
3.20 MOVEMENT AGAINST PEN ALIBAUG, PANVEL
SEZ PROJECT
Reliance SEZ partner ten thousand acres of land was acquired in Penn,
Alibaug and Pa nvel taluks of Raigad district. The land belonged to 45
villages. Rice was grown especially in the soil.
This was the largest project in India. After some time the citizens realized
this. Under the guidance of social worker Meteor Mahajan and others,
agita tions in the Raigad district stood against the SEZ project. Citizens
started fierce opposition to land acquisition. At times, the agitation
turned violent. The police stabbed several times. The women made a
significant contribution to the movement. The rehabilitation movement
has consistently shown that this battle will not be fought on the streets
alone. So the citizens knocked on the door of the High Court. The High
Court recently directed the farmers to return the land to the government,
ruling that the SEZ be canceled.
3.21 MOVEMENT AGAINST JAITAPUR NUCLEAR
POWER PROJECT
A 6400 MW nuclear power project is proposed on the sloping land of
Jaitapur and Madban in Rajapur taluka of Ratnagiri district. This edited
land is slaughtered. In some lands, rice is gr own. The government expects
the project to start considering the state's power shortage. There is no
denying that the project could adversely affect the fishing business of local
fishermen. The government is not ready to discuss citizens directly.
Citizens say the project is going against the wishes of the citizens.
The citizens here have launched a spontaneous agitation against the
project.
In 2012, an agitated young man was shot dead and killed. The government
is trying to diversify various forms of aggre ssion against the agitators. But
the protesters, despite their suppression by their leading leaders, have
continued to try to maintain the tone of the movement. An agitation
against the Jaitapur nuclear power project is under the leadership of
Balasaheb Pa tankar's colleagues in the area.
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77 3.22 KUDANKULAM NUCLEAR POWER PLANT ANTI -
PEOPLE MOVEMENT
Kudankasam is a 2,000 MW power plant and Kalpakam is a 500 MW
power plant in Tamil Nadu. A furnace of Kudanasam has been completed.
The situation here is in Jaitapur proportion. Due to the overwhelming
opposition of the citizens, the work of an experiment of this project has
almost been completed. Your government is not aware of disaster
management. This matter is also worth considering.
3.23 WEST BENGAL - SINGUR - NANDIGRAM UTTAR
PRADESH, GURGAON, HARIANA ANTI -SEZ
MOVEMENTS
In West Bengal Singur, the government had given 997 acres of land to
Tata Motor Company for the production of warm cars. The farmers
protested against it and brought the project t o justice in another state. At
the same time, it was decided to give land for SEZ to Salim Group and
Indonesia Construction Company. At that time the farmers of Nandigram
had a huge uprising. A similar uprising took place in Dadar in Uttar
Pradesh, Gurgaon in Haryana. Farmers took an active part in this rally.
The government uses the satellite map and decides to acquire the land
when deciding to acquire land for SEZ. But the farmers' question also
needs to be considered.
A garment project was going to be he ld in Malvan, Deoli taluka in
Sindhudurg district. The project was strongly opposed by the citizens here.
This caused the project to drop before coming. The land in the village of
Kalne in Dodamarga taluka was edited for mining project and the hills
were c ut. Citizens are constantly raising their voice against this issue.
Sometimes the political congregation tries to break the citizens' voice
using force.
Sterlite was a copper smelting project in Ratnagiri around 1990. This
would cause huge air pollution. E xpert boards of the government wrote a
false report of pollution in a hotel in Mumbai
Citizens study this report and find out the experts of the government. A
huge front was drawn in the history of Ratnagiri. Citizens' movement
succeeded in moving the Sterlite project from Ratnagiri to elsewhere. In
this way, people are constantly on the run against people's welfare projects
in India.
Check your progress:
Describe the movement of the citizens affected by the project.

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78 3.24 SUMMARY
After independence variou s projects were undertaken for economic
development in India. Due to the huge population growth in India, the
question of infrastructure has been created, the need for land for houses,
land made for special economic zones, land acquisition has displaced
many families. The questions of the displaced are serious. Many of the
displaced people were in different parts of the country. These battles were
for their rights. After independence, various dams were created to supply
water to industries and cities. Besid es, many villages have been affected
due to various reasons such as energy projects, mining industries, railway
projects, highways, pipelines (fuel and water) transportation. Those
affected by the project have many problems. Were they released? Or will
all these displacements get justice in the future? This is the question.
3.25 SELF -STUDY
1) People from various projects in the country are not rehabilitated.
Explain.
2) Explain the effects of acquisition of land for SEZ (SEZ).
3) Explain the movement of various project affected citizens.
3.26 REFERENCES
1) Gajanan Khatu – Realities in the Process of Globalisation,Aksar
Prakashan
2) Gajanan Khatu - Consequences and Effects of Globalisation
Process, Aksar Prakashan
2) Mungekar Bhalchandra – Human Aspects of Economic Reforms
and Development, People’s Knowledge center
3) Rajghe Arjun -Special Economic Zone and Realities,Rajashree
Shahu College,Kolhapur
4) Jagtap .D,R.Vani Neeta,Jungle Mangala,Patil D.G- A Glance on
Indian Economy
5) SEZ and Indian Economy -
http// www.spitspirtsglobal.com/new/files/SEZ
6) Advantages of SEZ in India - http//business.mapsofindia.com
7) Target Edt. Lillian - Migration and Economy - Global and local
Dynamic.
8) Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Development Projects vs.
Internally Displaced Populations in India: A Literature Based
Appraisal, February 2011, p. 6 2 munotes.in

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79 9) Lobo, Lancy: Land Acquisition, Displacement and Resettlement in
Gujarat 1947 -2004, New Delhi, 2009, p. 6&8
10) Data received regarding displacement from the Ministry of Tribal
Affairs dated 21.11.2013
11) Lok Sabha Starred Question No. 198 dated 22.8.2013
12) Deogharia, Parkash Chandra: Development, Displacement and
Deprivation, New Delhi 2012, p. 7
13) Mishra, Nihar Ranjan: Displacement and Rehabilitation –
Solutions for the Future, Bhopal, 2012, pp. 280 -283
14) Lok Sabha Starred Question No. 198 dated 22.8.2013
15) www.sezindia.nic.in


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80 4
WATER POLLUTION
Unit Structure:
4.0 Objectives
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Water Quality Requirements
4.3 Causes and Types of Water Pollution
4.4 Effects of Water Pollution
4.5 Remedial Measures to Control Water Pollution
4.6 Summary
4.7 Questions
4.8 Reference Books
4.0 OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you will understand the following.
1) The concept of Water Pollution
2) Causes of Water Pollution
3) The effects of Water Pollution
4) Measures to control Water Pollution
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Water pollution is the discharge of pollutants into underground
groundwater, lakes, streams, rivers, estuaries, and seas to the extent that
they interfere with ecosystem function or with the beneficial use of the
water. The term "water pollution" refers to the contaminating of bodies of
water, such as lakes, rivers, seas, and groundwater. We are all aware of
how important water contamination is, especially as we increase the
manufacturing of potentially dangerous compounds. The wildlife that
depends on clean water for existence is also harmed by water pollution,
which results in polluted water.
Water pollution can involve the discharge of energy in the form of
radiation or heat into bodies of water in addition to the release of things
like chemicals, debris, or germs.
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81 4.2 WATER QUALITY REQUIREMENTS
It is uncommon to find pure water in the wild because of water's great
propensity to dissolve other things. For instance, water that is suitable for
fishing and swimming may not be suitable for drinking or cooking. A
legal foundation f or the prevention of all forms of water pollution is
provided by water quality standards, which set limitations on the quantity
of pollutants permitted in water, intended for a specific purpose.
Water quality guidelines come in a variety of forms. Stream s tandards
establish permitted quantities of particular chemicals or attributes (such as
dissolved oxygen, turbidity, or pH) allowed in such water bodies,
depending on their assigned categorization. They categorise streams,
rivers, and lakes on the basis of their greatest beneficial usage. The
quantities of pollutants (such as biochemical oxygen demand, suspended
particles, and nitrogen) that are permitted in the final discharges from
wastewater -treatment plants are regulated by effluent (water outflow)
stand ards. The quantities of particular pollutants that are permitted in
drinking water that is distributed to households for domestic consumption
are regulated by drinking -water standards.
4.3 CAUSES AND TYPES OF WATER POLLUTION
The chemical is referred to as a universal solvent since it can dissolve.
This explains why it is simple to pollute water. The reasons of water
contamination are as follows.
a. Human activity
The majority of the causes of water contamination may be attributed to
human activity. Therefore, water contamination is a result of people. The
introduction of contaminants into a body of water is known as water
pollution. These may be detrimental to aquatic creatures. Water
contamination can, however, also be brought on by natural processes or
occur rences.
Numerous pollutants, such as pathogenic bacteria, putrescible organic
waste, fertilisers and plant nutrients, poisonous compounds, sediments,
heat, petroleum(oil), and radioactive materials, can contaminate water
bodies..
b. Point sources of water
Either point sources or distributed sources contribute to water pollution. A
pipe or canal, as those used for discharge from an industrial facility or a
city drainage system, is referred to as a point source.
A scattered (or nonpoint) source is a very large , open region from which a
variety of contaminants, such runoff from an agricultural area, reach the
water body. Because the polluted water has been gathered and transported
to a single location where it can be cleaned, point sources of water
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82 significant advancements in the construction of contemporary sewage -
treatment facilities, it is challenging to manage pollution from distributed
sources, which continue to account for a significant porti on of water
pollution issues.
c. Household waste
Pathogens (disease -causing bacteria) and organic compounds are mostly
found in domestic sewage. All sewage from cities and towns is likely to
include germs of some kind as pathogens are expelled in faeces, poss ibly
posing a direct hazard to public health. The hazard organic matter poses to
water quality is different. As bacteria and other microbes naturally break
down organic materials in sewage, the water's dissolved oxygen level is
reduced. This compromises th e health of lakes and streams, where fish and
other aquatic species need high quantities of oxygen to exist. Processes for
treating sewage lower the amounts of pathogens and organics in
wastewater, but they do not totally eradicate them. A lot of homeowner s
just pour their garbage into the pond. Additionally, septic tanks can be
used in residences without access to a municipal treatment facility;
however, these tanks ultimately leak into the earth and contaminate
groundwater.

d. Micro organisms
Additionally, a significant supply of plant nutrients, mostly nitrates and
phosphates, is domestic sewage. Algal blooms, which are characterised by
extremely fast and dense growths of algae, can occasionally result from
excessive nitrate and phosphate levels in water. Because microorganisms
utilise oxygen to consume algae during the process of decomposition, as
the algae die, oxygen dissolved in the water decreases. The organic wastes
are subsequently broken down by anaerobic organisms (organisms that do
not require oxy gen to survive), generating gases like methane and
hydrogen sulphide that are hazardous to aerobic (oxygen -requiring) forms
of life.


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83 e. Eutrophication - natural process
Eutrophication is the process by which a lake transitions from a clear,
clean state —with a low concentration of dissolved nutrients and a
balanced aquatic community —to an algal - and nutrient -rich state, and
finally to an oxygen - and waste -depleted one. Eutrophication is a gradual,
inescapable process that occurs naturally. However, it can re sult in the
early ageing and demise of a body of water if it is hastened by human
activity and water pollution. When a body of water is eutrophized, a lot of
nutrients are added, which causes algae to develop very quickly. This may
reduce the amount of oxy gen in the water, preventing fish from breathing.
Additionally, this phenomena has the potential to discharge harmful
poisons into the water, which can hurt or kill the majority of species,
including people.
f. Waste products released in water:
One of the mai n causes of water contamination is the disposal of solid
waste. Solid waste is produced by individual, household, commercial,
institutional, and industrial operations and comprises garbage, junk,
electronic waste, trash, and waste from building and demolit ion. The issue
is particularly severe in underdeveloped nations since there may be
insufficient infrastructure for efficient disposal of solid waste, as well as
insufficient resources or regulations to prevent improper disposal. In
certain locations, it's purposeful to dump solid garbage into bodies of
water. If garbage or other waste is transported to bodies of water by
animals, wind, or rainfall, land pollution can also turn into water
pollution.It is possible for significant volumes of solid waste
contam ination in inland waterways to finally reach the ocean. Pollution
from solid waste is ugly, detrimental to the wellbeing of aquatic habitats,
and may directly affect species. Solid wastes are a source of toxic or
hazardous waste because many of them, inclu ding plastic and electronic
trash, degrade and release dangerous chemicals into the environment.

g. Waste from industrial plants and chemical processing
Sources of harmful chemicals include surface runoff including pesticides
used on agricultural regions an d residential lawns, as well as inadequately
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84 facilities (lead, mercury, chromium). Waste is deemed hazardous if it is
poisonous, radioactive, explosive, mutagenic (damaging chromosomes),
carcinogenic (causing cancer), and non bio accumulative. Surface runoff
may introduce sediment (such as silt) into water bodies as a result of
construction or soil erosion.

Scattered silt disturbs a body of water's natural equilibrium and blocks
sunlight from penetrating. Additionally, it has the potential to interfere
with the life cycles of fish and other species, and as it falls out of
suspension, it has the potential to suffocate bottom -dwelling animals.
h. Environmental heat dissolving oxygen
Heat is re garded as a water contaminant because it makes water less able
to store dissolved oxygen in solution and speeds up fish metabolism.
Important game fish species, including trout, cannot thrive in waters with
relatively little dissolved oxygen. The practise of releasing cooling water
from power plants into rivers is a significant source of heat; the released
water may be up to 15 °C (27 °F) warmer than the water found naturally.
Thermal pollution may also be thought of as the rise in water temperatures
brough t on by global warming. Some businesses have the option of
dumping their raw sewage right into rivers and other bodies of water.
Thermal pollution is produced by the use of water as a coolant in several
industries. A drop in oxygen levels brought on by ris ing water
temperatures can result in the death of fish and other species.
i. Pollution caused by petroleum
When oil from parking lots and highways enters aquatic bodies through
surface runoff, petroleum (oil) contamination occurs. Accidental oil spills
from s hips or fisherman trollies voyaging in the sea is another cause of
water pollution. This oil endangers recreational areas and marine life by
polluting water and causes of death of fish property in the sea. The rotten
fish in the sea pollute water at large. Leakages and oil spills are examples
of accidents. Particularly detrimental to the environment and marine life
are oil spills. When big oil tankers, barges, or drilling rigs are involved in
the catastrophe, this occurs. The Deep Water Horizon oil leak on April 20,
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j. Deforestation
Soil erosion may result from deforestation. These stray dirt fragments can
pollute the water when they get into the body of water. This can cause the
water to become exceedingly murky and ha s the potential to harm aquatic
creatures mechanically (such as sand particles getting stuck in the gills).
Fertilizers and other chemicals that might contaminate water are part of
the agricultural boom.

4.4 EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION
Our globe is alrea dy experiencing a severe water problem as a result of
rising global warming and climate change. Additionally, as the world's
population expands at an accelerating rate, water supplies are being
contaminated at an increasing rate. Rapid growth in water poll ution -
related difficulties and challenges has increased the number of waterborne
infections.
Understanding the root causes of water contamination is crucial for
developing effective solutions to the problem. Water contamination has
several causes, ranging from improper sewage disposal to rapid
urbanisation. While reducing water pollution will need significant work,
there are several practical methods that can aid in the decrease of pollution
in all bodies of water.
a. Effect on groundwater
Many people get thei r drinking water from groundwater, which is
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86 rely on groundwater for their residential water supply. Because of the
natural filtering that takes place when groundwater slowly moves through
layers of soil, it may look perfectly pure, but dissolved chemicals,
bacteria, and viruses can still contaminate it.
Chemical contaminant sources include mining and petroleum production,
leaking underground storage tanks beneath gas stations, poor ly designed
or poorly maintained subsurface sewage -disposal systems (such as septic
tanks), industrial wastes disposed of in improperly lined or unlined
landfills or lagoons from unlined municipal refuse landfills, and industrial
wastes disposed of in impr operly lined or unlined landfills or lagoons.
These sources heavily contaminate the water resources from the earth and
affect the mankind.

b. Salt water intrusion
Due to urbanisation and industrialisation, rising groundwater withdrawal
in coastal locations can result in saltwater intrusion. As the water table
declines, seawater is sucked into wells. Oceans and estuaries contain
enormous amounts of water, but their ability to naturally absorb
contaminants is constrained. Marine life can be harmed by contamina tion
from sewage outfall pipes, the disposal of sludge or other trash, and oil
spills, especially the tiny phytoplankton that feeds the bigger aquatic
animals. Hazardous waste can occasionally wash back to shore and strew
beaches with ugly and deadly rubbi sh.
c. Dead zones at coastal areas
The yearly emergence of "dead zones" (i.e., hypoxic regions, where
dissolved oxygen levels fall so low that the majority of higher forms of
aquatic life perish) in some coastal locations is another issue with ocean
pollutio n. The cause is the nutrient enrichment brought on by the
simultaneous algal blooms and distributed agricultural runoff. Worldwide,
there are dead zones; developed due to low level of oxygen level due to
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87

d. Effects on marine life
The int roduction of contaminants into a body of water is referred to as
water pollution. Water -dependent species may become unwell or possibly
pass away as a result of these contaminants. Water contamination typically
has severe effects. This is true because wate r may dissolve a wide variety
of compounds. If someone drinks polluted water, these toxins can readily
infiltrate their bodies. Water pollution not only harms human health, but it
also has an impact on biodiversity. For instance, the phenomenon known
as eu trophication takes place when a body of water has a lot of nutrients.
This can result in the body of the afflicted water losing all of its dissolved
oxygen, thereby killing out fish and other aquatic life. It has an impact on
the environment. Fish and othe r aquatic creatures may perish as a result of
this.
e. Endanger human life
Water pollution may have disastrous effects; for instance, a plant that
discharges extremely hazardous waste into the ocean has been a long -term
cause of neurological disease in the ci ty. The following are the effects of
water contamination.
Human health is greatly impacted by water contamination, which has the
potential to be fatal. A research estimated that 1.8 million fatalities
globally in 2015 were attributable to aquatic illnesses . By contaminating
drinking water, this can increase the risk of waterborne illnesses. Humans
can be exposed to toxic compounds found in water by eating fish or other
aquatic life. Chemicals released by water pollution are also released into
the soil, wher e they may have an impact on plant or other food crop
development.



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88 4.5 REMEDIAL MEASURES TO CONTROL WATER
POLLUTION
While there are many things that need to be done in order to safeguard the
environment, reducing water pollution is one of the most cruc ial ways to
keep the ecosystem healthy. There are many efficient methods that may
help with this objective. When dangerous contaminants contaminate any
body of water, water contamination develops. Typically, these compounds
consist of bacteria and chemical s like oil. When pollution enters a body of
water, the water's quality degrades and eventually turns harmful for both
people and the environment.
The harm that pollution causes to the local ecology is the main aspect of
how polluted water affects the envir onment. Numerous creatures that rely
on a steady supply of largely healthy water will perish. Crabs, dolphins,
birds, and fish frequently wash up on shore in waters that have grown too
polluted. The cost of purifying the water goes up, tourist declines, lo cal
real estate prices drop, and commercial fishing is harmed, all of which
have a negative economic impact.

a. Water Cleaning and reuse
Large objects must be removed from the influent to avoid harming the
facility's pumps, valves, and other machinery. Any water that has been
used in a house, such as washing dishes, flushing toilets, or taking a bath,
as well as some water from industrial usage and storm sewers, is
considered wastewater and is treated and recovered with the hope that it
will be clean enough to be released back into the environment.
It is crucial a wastewater facility meets these expectations or risk stiff
penalty. The physical process of wastewater treatment begins with water
cleaning and formulates reuse policy. If not done, it can damage p umps
and impede water flow.
When purchasing a non -recyclable material, like plastic, it is preferable to
reuse it as much as you can. By practising this practise, you will consume
less of those things overall and less of them will enter the world's seas,
lakes, and rivers. Try to choose the alternative that is most readily
recyclable when given two choices for a certain item. For instance, glass
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89 b. Cleaning of Water Supply Mechanism
The filtrati on of water supply mechanism is an essential task to be carried
out. Grit removal by passing influent over or through a grit chamber. To
avoid harming pumps and equipment downstream, fine grit that enters the
influent must be eliminated (or impact water fl ow). This grit needs to be
taken out of the grit chamber since it is too tiny to be filtered out. The
heavier grit can sink to the chamber's bottom tanks to different types of
grit chambers (horizontal, aerated, or vortex), while the water and organic
mate rial go on to the next step in the process. The other parts in the
mechanism such as pipe fittings, elbows, joints etc. to be replaced time to
time to avoid the inclusion of dust or metal or rust particles in the water
flow.
Never pour oils down the drain . While there is nothing wrong with using
oils topically while working with machines or in your meals, it is not a
good idea to put grease, fat, or wasted cooking oil down the drain or into
the sink. It is preferable to dispose of oils in the trash or to collect all of
your extra oil in one container before discarding it.
c. Sustainable agriculture
Up to 70% of the world's surface water resources are used by the
agricultural sector for everything from farming to raising cattle.
Unfortunately, the main contrib utor to water contamination is agriculture.
Every time it rains, pesticides and fertilisers are washed away by
rainwater, which introduces germs and viruses to the rivers. Agriculture
may, however, be more environmentally responsible.
Consider planting tre es and other plants next to waterways to promote the
use of green agriculture since they will prevent pesticides from being
carried away during rainy seasons. Using insecticides that contain
dangerous substances should also be avoided.

d. Cleaning of water tanks
Cleaning of water tanks is yet another process to save water from
pollution. It includes initial separation of wastewater and solid organic
materials involved in water. The contaminants or organic solids are sent
settle to the bottom of the tank in t he form of mud. Such mud should be
removed to avoid water pollution to get regular flow of water. The munotes.in

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90 operator can alter the flow rate into the clarifier to change the settling rates
and efficiency.
The downstream water quality will suffer if the water fl ow is too rapid
since the sediments won't have time to fall to the bottom.
Septic tanks are practical pieces of machinery that effectively separate the
liquids from the particles in sewage to treat it. The solid materials will be
thoroughly broken down in these tanks using a variety of biological
processes before the liquids are discharged into a land drainage system.
Septic tanks effectively remove contaminants already present in the water,
hence reducing water pollution.
e. Maintaining oxygen level in water
To maintain the fish species in the water, it is necessary to maintain water
purity and enough oxygen level to continue to multiply and develop the
species. The chemical particles and processes must be avoided to maintain
oxygen level. The primary goal of wastewater treatment is to break down
organic material by promoting and accelerating the natural activity of
micro -organisms.
The aeration tank is where it all starts. The aeration tank's main purpose is
to pump oxygen into the tank to promote the breakdo wn of any organic
material (and the development of the bacteria) and to guarantee that the
process has adequate time. The tank can be aerated by pumping and
diffusing air into it, or by vigorous agitation that aerates the water. Too
slow of a water flow wi ll affect the process upstream. To avoid interfering
with the separation process, sludge, or the solids that drop to the bottom of
the clarifier, is frequently pushed away. Then, any leftover water is
disposed of, and the sludge is frequently used as ferti liser.
f. Promote water cleaning bacterial growth
The water reservoirs are mostly filled with plants and dead fishes. These
fishes and unnecessary plants should be disposed off otherwise they affect
the purity of water. Here comes the role of bacteria that to disposed off
this rotten material in the water. To strengthen the waste water treatment,
the optimal circumstances are created throughout this phase to promote
bacterial growth. Low oxygen gas levels will cause the bacteria to die off
and reduce the plan t's effectiveness. Monitoring of dissolved oxygen is
essential at this stage of the plant. This will ensure the promotion of
bacteria in the water. Measurements of pH, temperature, dissolved
oxygen, total suspended solids, hydraulic retention time (flow ra te), solids
retention time (amount of time the bacteria is in the aeration chamber),
and mixed liquor suspended solids are among the other tests used to
ensure optimal organic material breakdown. For the final effluent BOD to
be as required, precise and on going monitoring is essential.
Additionally, never dispose of medications in the water supply. Even if
you don't need them, it's not a good idea to break pills, liquid munotes.in

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91 prescriptions, or other pharmaceuticals in your kitchen sink disposal or
flush them dow n the toilet.
Hormones and other substances ultimately have a negative impact on
septic systems, drinking water quality, aquatic life, and fish. Follow the
safe disposal procedures for any medical wastes.

g. Purification of water
To eliminate any leftover g erms in the water, chlorine is introduced. It is
necessary to analyse the departing effluent for the presence or absence of
bacteria and to disinfect the water since the germs or bacteria may be
harmful. The most prevalent and affordable kind of disinfecti on is
chlorination. Before chorine is released into the water, it is crucial to
evaluate the chlorine levels to make sure they are within permissible
ranges. Treatment of part of the water before it is returned into the rivers is
probably the most efficien t technique to prevent water pollution. Because
wastewater treatment facilities can almost completely eliminate all
contaminants in wastewater through a chemical, physical, or biological
process, this is a very effective option. The facility's chambers wil l be
used to steadily lower the toxicity of the sewage. Ammonia, bleach, paint,
paint thinner, and other hazardous chemicals are a serious problem that get
worse if they are flushed down the toilet or down the drain. Therefore, it's
crucial to properly dis pose of them.
For the safe disposal of these hazardous wastes, there are several recycling
facilities and drop -off locations. These facilities may accept old paint,
used motor oil, and other chemicals and recycle them. Cleaning products
are dangerous when they get into the water system, much like oils are.
Empty home cleaning supply containers in the trash bin, not the sink,
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92

It's critical that the equipment in wastewater treatment plants stays in
excellent shape so that it can function exac tly as planned. Before the water
is discharged back into the environment, a variety of water treatment
sensors may be employed to ensure that the toxins are being adequately
removed from the water. These sensors include oxidation reduction
potential sensor s, conductivity sensors, and pH sensors.
Nitrates are converted directly into nitrogen gas by the simple biological
process of denitrification, which helps to prevent nitrate from penetrating
the soil and polluting groundwater. The nitrogen concentration of the
water is far too high when too much nitrate reaches groundwater, which
accelerates the growth of algae and phytoplankton.
h. Testing of water
Frequent water testing is another important tasks to be accomplished in
water reservoirs to maintain the purit y of water. Clean water is restored
into the environment in the form of wells, rivers or dams. This reservoirs
should be Final testing is performed to confirm that the effluent exiting the
plant complies with permit requirements, even though testing is o ngoing
throughout the wastewater treatment process to guarantee adequate water
flow, clarity, and aeration.
i. Reducing Plastic Waste
Plastic is extremely difficult to degrade after it has been manufactured.
The world's water supply is where a large portion of the plastic we
consume ends up, making it much more difficult to remove and securely
dispose of. You can protect the environment by using as little plastic as
possible. Additionally spreading deterioration in the water system is
plastic garbage. Plasti c debris frequently finds its way into the ocean and
other bodies of water, which only lowers the water's quality. Plastic is
utilised in a wide range of goods that people use on a daily basis,
including everything from garments to other objects around the home, in
addition to water bottles. It is advised that you avoid using plastics
wherever possible to help limit the quantity of plastic garbage that enters
the environment. Look for alternatives to plastic straws, cutlery, and
bottles. Make careful to rec ycle every plastic that you use. munotes.in

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93

j. Water Management
It's crucial to concentrate on water conservation whenever practical if you
want to do your part to maintain water's purity and cleanliness in a way
that will safeguard the environment. You may conserve w ater on a daily
basis in a variety of ways. It is advised that you keep the water off when
shaving or brushing your teeth. Choose shorter showers that don't last any
longer than you need if you take a shower every day. Another option is to
take a bath, whi ch uses a lot less water. Attempt to utilise no more water
than what your plants actually need if your property includes a garden.
Since water is a limited resource, it's crucial that you make every effort to
use less of it.
k. Upgrade Your Toilets to Water -Efficient Models.
In your bathroom, you could choose to install a water -saving toilet that is
efficient. With regard to the preceding point, this technique for lowering
water pollution will assist you in water conservation. In the past, flushing
a toilet m ay require more water. It can be decreased to minimum level of
water be flushed down the drain with each flush from all toilets. Toilets
that are extremely efficient using maximum amount of water each flush
are available if you want to do your part to prot ect the environment. A
water -saving toilet will not only help you save money, but it will also
prevent water waste.
It is advised that you refrain from using your toilet as a wastebasket if you
want to prevent contributing to water contamination. Dust clot hs,
wrappers, and the bulk of tissues should be disposed of in the wastebasket
rather than the toilet. The likelihood that sewage pipes may clog up and
that the sewage will be challenging to adequately clean when passed
through a wastewater treatment plant or septic tank is increased by these
elements. You should refrain from using your toilet for anything other
than toilet paper and things that go in the wastebasket. All should utilize
green cleaning products. Get eco -friendly soaps, detergents, and
dishwa shing solutions whenever you can. Using fewer toxic compounds,
even if they might be more expensive, is very beneficial for the
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94 4.6 SUMMARY
Both the ecosystem and human health are harmed by water contamination.
In terms of human health especia lly, it is known that water pollution:
• Increases the risk of cancer;
• Causes vascular disorders and liver damage;
• Injures the spinal cord.
As a result of heavy metal buildup, shellfish and other fish species become
hazardous. Organic matter decreas es the quantity of oxygen in the water.
Suspended particles lower the amount of sunlight that reaches the water,
which causes problems with photosynthesis.
Due to the harm that water pollution causes to both the environment and
human health, it is crucial to prevent it whenever you can. It's crucial to
constantly have access to clean, pure water if you want to lower your
chance of developing a variety of health issues. In terms of the ecology,
clean water is crucial for maintaining the overall health of the ocean
ecosystem.
Conserving water, using less plastics, and making sure you don't use the
toilet as a wastebasket are some easy first actions you can take to help
reduce water pollution. You may help to safeguard the environment by
following these instruc tions.
4.7 QUESTIONS
1. Define Water Pollution. Explain it’s causes and effects on the society.
2. Explain the measures to be taken to water purification.
3. Explain the role of the society to prevent Water Pollution.
4. Explain with examples how water is water is pol luted in rural areas?
4.8 REFERENCE BOOKS
1) V. A. Deshmukh – Mrud Vidnyan Maharashtra Granth
Nirmiti Mandal, Nagpur
2) Pandurang Bhosale – Vikasache Arthshatra ani Krushi,
Publisher – Chetak Books, Pune, 2001
3) Ashok Jain Foundation Course, paper 2, Seth Publicat ion, Mumbai.
4) Varat Padvankar –Krushi BhuVidnyan – Gaj Publication,
Ahmadnagar
5) K. Sagar – Krushi vishayak Ghatak –K. Sagar Publication, Pune,
2003 munotes.in

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95 6) T. P. Patil – Maharashtracha Bhugol, Pimpalapure &
Publishers, Nagpur.
7) Maharashtra Rajya Sahitya Sanskruti Mandal – Pramukh
Sampadak – Tarktirth – Laxmanshatri Joshi, Marathi
Vishwakosh, Khand 6.
8) Dattajirao Salunkhe – Krushi Vistar Seva Mahatma Phule
Krushi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri
9) Jaydip Nikam (editor) – Paryavaran Abhyasak
(Evs 2001), Yashwantrao Chavan Mukt Vidyapeet h
10) Arvind Patvardhan – Pani Adva Pani Jirva – Arogya
Dakshata Mandal, Pune
11) Suresh Phule – Krushi Bhugol, Vidyabharati Publication, Latur.



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