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FOREIGN POLICY AND DIPLOMACY
Unit Structure
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Definition and Objectives
1.2 Diplomacy: Role, Types and Changing Nature
1.3 Determinants of Foreign Policy with reference to India
1.4 Summary
1.5 Questions
1.0 OBJECTIVE  To underst and the objective of the foreign policy and its features.
 To understand the dynamics of diplomacy in international relations.
1.0 INTRODUCTION The foreign policy of India reflects the historical and cultural character,
national interests, and strategic priorit ies. Previously, India went through a
remarkable transformation in terms of its economy, military, and political
influence, it has enabled to pursue an assertive international policy that
helps to safeguard its strategic interests and promote its global st anding.
India's foreign policy is pulled by a desire to maintain International peace
with all neighbours and engage proactively in global affairs to shape the
international agenda in favour of national interests.
India's foreign policy has undergone severa l transformations since its
independence in 1947. Initially, India pursued a non -aligned foreign
policy that sought to maintain equidistance from the Cold War
superpowers, the US, and the Soviet. However, India's non -aligned policy
gradually gave way to a more pro -Soviet stance, which was evident in its
support for the Soviet Nation during the Afghan War in the 1980s. After
the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, India embarked on a period of
economic liberalization, which opened up new opportunities for its
engagement with the global economy. In the 1990s, India's foreign policy
shifted towards a more pragmatic approach, which sought to balance its
relations with major powers and engage with the emerging economies of
Asia, Africa, and Latin America. India also began to seek closer ties with
the United States, which had emerged as the sole superpower after the end
of the Cold War.
The 21st century has seen a further evolution in India's foreign policy,
which is marked by greater assertiveness and strategic thinking. India has
emerged as a major power in its own right, with a growing economy, a
modernizing military, and a vibrant democracy. India's foreign policy is munotes.in

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2 driven by a desire to promote its national interests, protect its strategic
assets, and enhanc e its global standing.
India's foreign policy in the 21st century is guided by four core objectives:
promoting regional stability and security, enhancing economic
engagement with the world, pursuing strategic partnerships with major
powers, and promoting I ndia's soft power and cultural influence.
Regional stability and security: India's foreign policy seeks to promote
stability and security in its immediate neighbourhood, which is critical to
its own security and development. India has long -standing dispute s with
its neighbours, such as Pakistan and China, which have often led to
tensions and conflicts. India has sought to resolve these disputes through
diplomatic means, but it has also demonstrated a willingness to use force
when necessary. India has also p layed an active role in promoting regional
integration and cooperation through initiatives such as the South Asian
Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and the Bay of Bengal
Initiative for Multi -Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation
(BIMSTEC) .
Economic engagement with the world: India's foreign policy seeks to
enhance its economic engagement with the world by promoting trade,
investment, and technology transfer. India has emerged as a major player
in the world economy, high elites and growing middle class and a highly
skilled workforce. India has pursued a policy of economic liberalization
since the 1990s, which has opened up its economy to foreign investment
and trade. India has also actively engaged in regional and global economic
forums such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Asian
Development Bank (ADB), and the G20. Strategic partnerships with major
powers: India's foreign policy seeks to build strategic partnerships with
bigger power like the United States, Japan, and Russia. India 's relations
with the United States have got better since the early 2000s, with the two
countries engaging in regular high -level dialogues and signing a number
of strategic agreements. India has also sought to deepen its relations with
Japan, which shares India's has registered its concerns over China’s rising
assertiveness in the region. India has also maintained close ties.
In recent years, India's foreign policy has been shaped by a number of
factors, including its growing economic and military power, i ts strategic
location in South Asia, and its desire to play a greater role in global
affairs. India has sought to deepen its ties with major powers such as the
United States, Russia, China, and Japan, while also maintaining its
traditional relationships wi th countries in Africa, the Middle East, and
Southeast Asia. India has also been a strong advocate for global issues
such as climate change, terrorism, and nuclear disarmament. India has
taken a leadership role in the International Solar Alliance, which ai ms to
promote the use of solar energy worldwide, and has been actively engaged
in global efforts to combat terrorism, including through its participation in
the Global Counterterrorism Forum and the UN Counter -Terrorism
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3 Foreign Policy And Diplomacy 1.1 DEFINITION AND OBJECTIVE S In International relations, the policy is framed to exchange the relations of
sovereign nations with other state. The policy which shapes the framework
of interest of nation, it brings peace, fortune, stability and political
connections. Such policies ar e said to be foreign policy in international
affairs. The foreign policies are executed by method of diplomacy, the
diplomatic exchange of ideas and interest fulfils the process of
communication in international relations. foreign policy and diplomacy
are both important terms, it is essential to know the different between
them. Governments cannot survive or thrive on their own without the help
of other governments, especially in such a globalised environment.
Because of this, nations approach other nations in the global setting in a
variety of ways. These methods include diplomacy and foreign policy, to
name only two. Foreign policy is an expression used to define a nation's
attitude and the methods used in consolidating its nation’s interest
worldwide. In c ontrast, diplomacy describes how a nation approaches
settling disputes with other nations in order to advance its interests.
The nature of State and diplomacy used to project its national interests are
referred as the foreign policy. A national interest of State may vary from
one state to another. However, a nation generally aims for independence
and wealth. A nation has a variety of alternatives for advancing the
national interest. Some of these strategies include military power, foreign
aid, and diplomacy . In contrast to the present, powerful governments in
the past utilised their armed might to advance their own national interests
through the invasion and exploitation of other states. perhaps, in the new
era, states must use other methods to advance their national interests
because they are unable to use such drastic measures, one such method is
diplomacy. Diplomacy is the process of negotiating and discussing with
other nations to reach a position that is advantageous to both parties.
However, this does n ot imply that all parties engage in equal diplomacy.
There is always a chance that the powerful nation will prevail, even in
diplomacy. However, it enables nations to influence the choices made by
other nations through dialogue. Among the many activities t hat can be
categorized as diplomacy are things like meeting with heads of state and
delivering diplomatic messages on behalf of countries. These are just two
examples. Ambassadors are the people who intercede such conciliatory
correspondence. These individ uals represent considerable authority in
political procedures and words are their most amazing asset. Diplomacy,
which can be unilateral, bilateral, or multilateral, is widely regarded as the
primary alternative to the use of force on a global scale.
Objec tive of India’s Foreign Policy :
Prior to establishing fundamental principles and formulating the policy,
foreign policymakers establish specific objectives. A few of these targets
are normal, however the level of accentuation generally shifts.
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4 A former F oreign Secretary of India, Muchkund Dubey wrote:
The primary goal of a nation's foreign policy is to advance its national
interests, guarantee security, preserve its sovereignty, foster growth and
prosperity, and increase its stature, influence, and contri bution to the
nation's development. The establishment of a stable, fair, and balanced
global order should be the overarching objective of a nation's foreign
policy. The reason for harmony, demobilization and an even -handed
worldwide request may on occasion be in struggle with public safety,
sway and advancement. However, in the short term and long term, the first
option might also be in the national interest.
India's foreign policy aims to achieve natural and universal objectives. The
essential and supersed ing objective has forever been the upkeep and
advancement of worldwide harmony and security. The standards and
targets of our homegrown as well as international strategy are cherished in
the Constitution. The national interest and the broader goals listed above
are incorporated into India's foreign policy, which was primarily
developed by Nehru. Congruity in international strategy is a recognition
for development of a country and shrewdness of its administration. The
goals of India's international strategy are so conventional and by and large
acknowledged by individuals and gatherings with various philosophies
that they are known as bases of a public approach.
The fundamental principles of Foreign Policy of India include:
1. Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (The World is a Family) :
The theme and tagline for India’s G20 presidency reflects One Earth, One
Family, One Future. To put it another way, the entire community of the
world is a part of a single, enormous, global family, and its members must
coexist peacefully, co operate productively, and trust one another for the
sake of the benefit of all.
2. Panchsheel :
This is the Five Virtues which were initiated formally by India’s first PM
Jawaharlal Nehru, and incorporated in the Agreement on Trade between
the Tibet region of China and India signed on April 29, 1954 (which china
did not follow) but, later on, it developed into the framework for global
international relations. These are the Five Principles: Respect for each
other's sovereignty and territorial integrity, ii. iii. Mutual non -aggression
iv. mutual non -interference Peaceful coexistence, equality, and mutual
benefit.
3. Shift (from Non -Alignment to multi -engagement) :
India led the Non -aligned Movement (NAM) and followed a policy of
non-alignment for several years after independence. However, India was
typically viewed as more inclined toward the Soviet Union during the cold
war between the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union.
India had a lot of room to manoeuvre in the strategic sphere after the munotes.in

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5 Foreign Policy And Diplomacy Soviet Union fell in 1991. India still adheres to the fundamental principles
of non -alignment, but it believes in the multi -engagement policy;
However, it does not advocate developing relationships with one group at
the expense of another.
4. India oppose s coercive intervention :
India is in favour of Democracy; be that as it may, India doesn't have
confidence in that frame of mind of a philosophy. As a result, India has
attempted to deal with the current government, whether it be a democracy,
monarchy, or military dictatorship. India is of the opinion that the
country's citizens should have the final say over who the country's leaders
are and how their government is run. As an extension of the preceding
principle, India opposes regime change or territorial integrity violations in
a particular nation through the use of force or other means by a different
nation or a group of nations. (Ex. Russia's intervention in Georgia,
Ukraine, or Iraq, Libya, or Syria are examples.)
India, on the other hand, does not hes itate to support democracy wherever
it is possible to do so; This is accomplished by actively assisting in
capacity development and enhancing democratic institutions, albeit with
the explicit consent of the relevant government. Ex.
5. Afghanistan Anti -Unilateral Sanctions/Military Actions :
India opposes unilateral sanctions/military actions unless they have been
approved by the United Nations as a result of international consensus. This
includes sanctions/military actions against one country or a group of
countries. As a result, India only contributes to UN Peacekeeping Forces -
affiliated military operations that help to maintain peace.
6. Constructive Engagement :
Over Aggression India supports a policy of constructive engagement over
aggressive behaviour. It is of the opinion that confrontation and violent
retaliation can only further exacerbate the situation. War is no
arrangement; In every war, the disputing parties eventually meet for a
negotiation, by which time a lot of damage has already been done. Th is
applies specifically to Pakistan -the beginning of State -supported
psychological oppression designated at India.
7. Help in Crisis :
India is now capable to help other nations when they are in problems,
considerably when any country face crisis India keep ing its issues aside
extends the hand of help without any condition. In the Situation like flood
or earthquake India have helped with whatever necessary relief needed to
country like Turkey, Maldives and Nepal. Countries in economic crisis
like Sri -Lanka a nd Nepal. In Covid -19, India came out to help many
countries with PPE kits, Medicines and covid vaccines all that turn to be a
Vaccine Diplomacy, which world have recognised and appreciate.
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6 1.2 DIPLOMACY: ROLE, TYPES AND CHANGING NATURE Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting negotiations between
representatives of different countries. It is a crucial tool in foreign policy,
as it guides nations to deal with other nations in a peaceful and diplomatic
manner. Diplomacy has its multiple forms, inclu ding bilateral
negotiations, multilateral negotiations, and informal talks.
The main role of the diplomacy in foreign policy is to promote and protect
a nation's interests, both domestically and internationally. Diplomats are
responsible for communicating their country's position on various issues,
negotiating agreements, and resolving disputes. Diplomacy also plays a
role in shaping the perceptions and relationships between nations, which
can have a significant impact on international relations.
There are many forms of diplomacy, each have its own role and purpose.
The most common types of diplomacy include:
1. Bilateral diplomacy: This is the most traditional form of
diplomacy, where two nations negotiate directly with each other.
Bilateral diplomacy can take the form of formal talks between heads
of state, or it can involve lower -level officials negotiating on specific
issues.
2. Multilateral diplomacy: This type of diplomacy involves
negotiations between multiple nations. Multilateral diplomacy is
often used in international organizations such as the United Nations,
where representatives from multiple countries come together to
discuss and negotiate on issues of common interest.
3. Track II diplomacy: This type of diplomacy involves unofficial
talks bet ween non -governmental actors, such as academics, civil
society organizations, and business leaders. Track II diplomacy can
be used to build trust and facilitate communication between nations,
particularly in situations where official channels are not effec tive.
4. Public diplomacy: This type of diplomacy involves communicating
a nation's values, culture, and policies to foreign audiences. Public
diplomacy can take the form of cultural exchanges, educational
programs, and media outreach.
The nature of diplo macy has changed significantly over time, particularly
with the advent of new technologies and the changing global landscape. In
the past, diplomacy was primarily conducted through formal channels,
such as diplomatic missions and official negotiations. How ever, with the
rise of social media and other communication technologies, diplomacy has
become more informal and accessible.
India's diplomacy has undergone a significant transformation in recent
years, reflecting the country's growing stature on the globa l stage. The
changing nature of Indian diplomacy can be attributed to a variety of munotes.in

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7 Foreign Policy And Diplomacy factors, including shifts in the global geopolitical landscape, India's
economic growth and increasing regional influence, and changes in the
country's foreign policy priori ties.
In the past, diplomacy was primarily conducted behind closed doors, with
little input from the public. However, with the rise of social media and
other forms of communication, public opinion has become a key factor in
shaping diplomatic outcomes. Gov ernments must now take into account
the views and opinions of their citizens when formulating foreign policy.
One of the key drivers of India's changing diplomacy is the country's
growing economic clout. India is now the world's fifth -largest economy
and h as emerged as a major player in global trade and investment. This
has enabled India to leverage its economic power to pursue its strategic
objectives and expand its influence in the region and beyond.
Another important factor is India's changing foreign po licy priorities. In
recent years, India has sought to deepen its engagement with key partners
around the world, including the United States, Japan, Australia, and Israel.
This has been driven by a desire to build strategic partnerships that can
help India achieve its foreign policy objectives, including enhancing its
security, promoting economic growth, and expanding its regional
influence.
India has likewise tried to assume a more dynamic part in provincial and
worldwide administration. The nation has been pushing for changes in
worldwide foundations like the Unified Countries and the World
Exchange Association, and has been participating in territorial discussions
like the Relationship of Southeast Asian Countries (ASEAN) and the
South Asian Relationship f or Provincial Collaboration (SAARC).
Diplomacy plays a critical role in foreign policy, allowing nations to
negotiate and communicate with each other in a peaceful and diplomatic
manner. There are several types of diplomacy, each with its own unique
role a nd purpose, including bilateral diplomacy, multilateral diplomacy,
track II diplomacy, and public diplomacy. The changing nature of
diplomacy, driven by new technologies and global trends, has led to the
emergence of new actors in the diplomatic arena and has increased the
importance of public opinion in shaping diplomatic outcomes.
1.3 DETERMINANTS OF FOREIGN POLICY WITH REFERENCE TO INDIA Foreign policy refers to a government's strategy in dealing with other
countries and international organizations. Indi a's foreign policy has
evolved over time and is influenced by various factors, including historical
ties, security concerns, economic interests, and cultural and ideological
considerations.
One of the key determinants of India's foreign policy is its histo rical ties
with other countries. India has longstanding relationships with countries
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8 influenced its foreign policy decisions. For example, India's close
relationship with Russia during the Cold War era had a significant impact
on its alignment with the Soviet Union in international affairs. Similarly,
India's colonial past has shaped its relationships with former colonial
powers such as the UK.
Security concerns are also critical determinan ts of India's foreign policy.
India has a complex security environment due to its geopolitical location
and its relationships with neighbouring countries. India's relations with
China and Pakistan, for instance, have been shaped by security concerns,
inclu ding border disputes and cross -border terrorism. India's foreign
policy has also been influenced by its strategic partnerships with countries
such as the US and Japan, which help it counterbalance China's growing
influence in the region.
Economic interests are another important factor in India's foreign policy.
India is a rapidly growing economy and has been seeking to increase its
global economic influence. Its foreign policy decisions are therefore
influenced by economic considerations such as trade, inve stment, and
access to resources. India's "Look East" policy, for example, aims to
strengthen economic ties with Southeast Asia and East Asia.
Cultural and ideological considerations also play a role in India's foreign
policy. India's cultural and religious ties with countries such as Nepal,
Bhutan, and Sri Lanka have influenced its foreign policy decisions in the
region. Similarly, India's non -alignment policy during the Cold War was
influenced by its anti -colonial and anti -imperialist ideology.
In recent y ears, India's foreign policy has been shaped by its efforts to
become a global power. India has been seeking to increase its influence in
multilateral forums such as the UN and has been expanding its diplomatic
outreach to countries in Africa, Latin Americ a, and the Middle East.
India's foreign policy has also been influenced by its desire to play a
greater role in global governance and to promote its vision of a multipolar
world order.
1.4 SUMMARY India's foreign policy has undergone several transformation s since its
independence in 1947. Initially, India pursued a non -aligned foreign
policy that sought to maintain equidistance from the Cold War
superpowers, the United States, and the Soviet Union.
India's foreign policy is characterized by a commitment t o promoting
regional and global stability, promoting economic development, and
pursuing strategic partnerships with key countries around the world.
The primary objective of nation is to protect national interest, security,
economy and peace. With sole pri nciple of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (The
World is One Family), Non -Intervention, no aggression, help in crisis and
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9 Foreign Policy And Diplomacy The role of diplomacy in foreign policy is to promote and protect a
nation's interests, both domestically and international ly. Diplomats are
responsible for communicating their country's position on various issues,
negotiating agreements, and resolving disputes.
India's foreign policy is shaped by a complex set of factors, including
historical ties, security concerns, economi c interests, and cultural and
ideological considerations. As India seeks to expand its global influence,
its foreign policy will continue to evolve in response to changing
geopolitical and economic realities.
1.5 QUESTIONS 1. Write the Objective of foreign P olicy
2. Explain Diplomacy and discuss the changing nature of Diplomacy
3. What is the basic principle of India’s foreign Policy
4. Discuss the determinants of India’s Foreign policy
5. Write an easy on: Diplomacy
READING SUGGESTIONS  Challenges and Strategy: Rethink ing India’s foreign Policy, Rajiv
Sikri
 Foreign Policy of India, V N Khanna
 Choices: Inside the Making of India's Foreign Policy , Shivsh ankar
Menon
 India’s Foreign Policy: An Overview, Harsh Pant


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10 2
INDIA AND THE MAJOR POWERS
Unit Structure
2.0 Objective
2.1 Introduction
2.2 U.S.A.
2.3 Russia
2.4 China
2.5 Summary
2.6 Questions
2.0 OBJECTIVE  To understand the relations between India and Major powers in
world.
 To learn the concept of bilate ral relations in foreign policy.
2.1 INTRODUCTION International Politics is about struggle for power. The power that creates
the perception of strong nation and balance the politics in world, precisely
known as balance of power. To understand the concept o f power in
international politics we should revisit the elements of power in 21st
century. It is important for a state to possess the elements of power which
are
(i) Geographical position , the position of state on world map, its access
to other nations a nd ways of connecting the trade routes is one of the
important concepts in power.
(ii) The stable Economy, Economic power is essential for the state’s
ability to control economic resources, i.e natural resources, industry
and technology. State exercise e conomic power is through foreign aid
and investment. States can provide financial assistance or invest in
other countries' economies to support their development or gain
influence. In some cases, they may use aid and investment to promote
their own politic al or economic interests.
(iii) Défense : The military preparedness and assets are important element
of power; strong military create a deterrence to other power against
coercive attack. The military technology safeguards the interest of
nation in conflic t times.
(iv) Human Resource : the strong resource of human is vital aspect in the
power, when this resource is utilizing well it creates a strong
perception of power for the nations. The workforce in industry, munotes.in

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11 India And The Major Powers defence, service, and leadership built a goo d ecosystem for nation’s
power.
Therefore, the major powers in world have these elements which are
essential for stable power. In last three decades after adoption of LPG
reforms, India is emerging as a major power of a future multipolar world.
India have become an important state in terms of Strong military power,
Stable economy, elite in technology, good human resource and naturally
having a strategic geographical positioning in Asia. Hence, India will have
to maintain the diplomatic and strategic relati ons with all the major
powers in the world. The countries like USA, RUSSIA and China are
major power in multipolar world. India have strategically achieved the
place on table with these major powers. It is important to understand the
role of India’s foreig n policy and diplomacy that all major power wants
India to be in their interest. However, in this chapter we are going to
review India’s relations with the major powers in the world.
2.2 U.S.A. (UNITED STATES OF AMERICA) The United States of America, comm only known as the USA, is a federal
republic located in North America. It is the third -largest country in the
world by both land area and population. The country has 50 states, as well
as the District of Columbia, a federal district that serves as the nati on's
capital.
The United States is known for its diverse population and culture, and is
often referred to as a melting pot of different ethnic and cultural
backgrounds. The country has a highly developed economy and is the
world's largest economy by nomina l GDP. The country is also a global
leader in science, technology, and innovation, and is home to some of the
world's top universities, research institutions, and tech companies. The
United States has a federal system of government, with power divided
betw een the federal government and the state governments. The country
has a long history of democracy and individual freedoms, enshrined in the
Constitution and Bill of Rights. The country is also a founding member of
the United Nations, NATO, and other intern ational organizations, and
plays a significant role in global politics and diplomacy.
The diplomatic relations between India and the United States started soon
after India gained independence from British colonial rule in 1947. The
United States was one of the first countries to recognize India as a
sovereign nation, and the two countries established formal diplomatic
relations in 1949. However, in the early years of India's independence, the
country followed a non -aligned foreign policy and maintained a di stance
from both the United States and the Soviet Union. Therefore, initially
there was vacuum of diplomatic relations as both United States of
America and Soviet Union because both these nations were busy in power
struggle without have a direct war, hence the period is known as Cold war
era. However, ties with the United States have weathered Cold War era
distrust and estrangement over India’s nuclear program. Relations have munotes.in

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12 warmed in recent years and cooperation has strengthened across a range of
economic and political areas.
In 1998, India conducted nuclear tests, which led to international
sanctions, including by the United States. However, after 9/11, the United
States was looking for allies in its fight against terrorism and saw India as
a potential p artner in this regard. In 2005, the United States and India
signed a landmark civil nuclear cooperation agreement, which was seen as
a significant step forward in their bilateral relationship. Under the Obama
administration, the United States began to view India as a strategic
partner, and the two countries signed several agreements on defence,
trade, and climate change. Under the Trump administration, the United
States put more pressure on India to address trade imbalances, but there
was also a deepening o f strategic ties, particularly in the realm of defence.
The Biden administration has continued to deepen the strategic partnership
with India, while also expressing concerns over human rights issues in
India, particularly in the context of the treatment of minorities and
restrictions on freedom of expression.
The bilateral relations between India and USA have developed into a
“global strategic partnership”, putting emphasis on values of shared
democracy, and increasing convergence of interests on bilateral, regional
and global issues. The basics placed by India Government through its
foreign policy on development and good governance has brought
opportunity to reinvigorate bilateral ties subjectively. The Diplomatic
relations between India and USA speed up af ter 2014, when PM Narendra
Modi started new phase in India’s Foreign Policy. The new phase of
vibrant foreign policy and the engagement of India in international
diplomacy, highlights the necessity for global powers to get on board with
India on aspects li ke Trade and Economy, defence, energy security and
cultural affairs.
The two countries have taken several steps to deepen their economic
cooperation and diversify their trade and investment ties. Here are some of
the key areas of cooperation between India and USA.
Defense cooperation:
India -US defence cooperation is based on “New Framework for India -US
Defence Cooperation”, which was renewed for a period of ten years in
2015. In 2016, the defence relationship was designated as a Major
Defence Partnershi p (MDP) to build a comprehensive, enduring and
mutually beneficial defense partnership. On 30 July 2018, India was
moved into the Tier -1 of the US Department of Commerce’s Strategic
Trade Authorization license exception. The Defense Policy Group (DPG)
headed by Defense Secretary and Under Secretary of Defense (Policy)
provides a platform for a comprehensive review of defense
dialogues/mechanisms. The defense procurement activities are monitored
through the Defense Production and Procurement Group (DPPG).
Bilateral exercises include: Yudh Abhyas (Army); Vajra Prahar (Special
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13 India And The Major Powers India joined the multilateral Combined Maritime Force (CMF) based in
Bahrain, as an Associate Partner in April 20 22. In November 2022,
Australian Navy joined the U.S. -India -Japan MALABAR annual Naval
Exercise. U.S. participated in India’s multilateral Exercise Milan 2022.
Counter terrorism cooperation:
Cooperation in counter -terrorism is one of the pillars of the bi lateral
partnership featuring information exchange, capacity building, operational
cooperation and regular dialogue through the India -U.S. Joint Working
Group on Counter -Terrorism. In 2017, both sides initiated a dialogue on
domestic and international terr orist designations listing proposals. The
JWGs on CT and Designation Dialogue were held in Washington D.C.
Cyber Security cooperation:
The India -US Cyber Framework signed in September 2016, provides for
expanding cooperation in cyber domain. India -U.S. C yber Dialogue was
held in Washington D.C. on 21 -23 September 2022. India also participated
in the U.S. led Counter Ransomware Initiative [CRI] meeting held in
Washington D.C.
Trade and Economic Cooperation:
USA is the largest trading partner of India with respect to merchandise
trade, with bilateral merchandise trade of US$ 67.41 billion, accounting
for 11.98% of India's total merchandise trade. As per U.S. Census data,
India -US merchandise trade in calendar year 2021 (Jan -December)
reached around $113 bil lion. The bilateral hydrocarbons trade with USA
started in 2017 amounted to US$ 19 billion during 2021 -22. US has
become our 4th largest crude oil and 2nd largest LNG supplier. In FY
2020 -21, India received the highest ever FDI amounting to US$ 81.72
billion. USA became our second largest source of FDI during 2020 -21
with inflows of US$ 13.82 billion. US is one of the top 5 investment
destinations for Indian FDI.
Diaspora and People to people ties:
About 4.2 million Indian Americans/Indian origin people re side in the US.
Persons of Indian -origin (3.18 million] constitute the third largest Asian
ethnic group in the US. There are many Indian American community
organizations and professional organizations of Indian Americans. Indian
Americans are one of the mo st successful communities and excel in
diverse fields, including politics. The Indian diaspora has been a catalyst
in cementing closer ties between India and the U.S. There are five persons
of Indian origin in the U.S. Congress.
2.3 RUSSIA India and Russia have been friends since before the Soviet Union existed.
The kinship between the two countries has been founded on shared
upsides of harmony, non -arrangement, and collaboration. India and Russia munotes.in

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14 India In World Politics
14 have been friends ever since 1947. Russia helped India achie ve its goal of
economic self -sufficiency by investing in steel plants, mining, energy
production, heavy machinery manufacturing, and mining. This strategic
alliance, which has stood the test of time, has been supported by the
people of both countries. In t imes of tension on India's borders, Russia has
been India's closest ally. Russia supported India against the US and UK
threat in the Bay of Bengal during the Indo -Pak war. Russia has also
frequently backed India at the United Nations, its membership in the
Nuclear Suppliers' Group (NSG), and its claim to Pakistan -occupied
Kashmir. India's political instability limited foreign policy's involvement,
as several governments had changed in a short period of time and there
was no clear strategy to follow. Despite the fact that Russia and India have
had a corridor for commercial and military trade, keeping the engagement
alive until it was revived in the late 1990s.
After 1996, when both Russia and India realized that the West,
particularly the United States, had failed to fulfil its promises to these two
nations, relations between the two countries re -stabilized. India's hope for
improved relations with Russia remained severely hampered by the China
threat. Russia, on the other hand, abandoned its initial hesitati on and
inconsistent engagement with India. This was possible because the
Russian leadership believed that openly banking on the West made Russia
vulnerable and caused major social divisions. Relationships between the
two countries are much stronger than th ey were in the past. In their
political engagement, the Indian Prime Minister and the Russian President
exude positive energy. In the strategic partnership between India and
Russia, the highest institutionalized dialogue mechanism is the Annual
Summit betw een the Prime Minister of India and the President of the
Russian Federation. Up until this point, 21 Annual Summits have occurred
on the other hand in India and Russia. Through phone calls, the two
leaders talk to each other on a regular basis. When Russia assisted in the
evacuation of Indian students from Ukraine, relations showed their
goodwill.
A major focus of both India and Russia's foreign policy is maintaining
friendly ties that are based on continuity, trust, and mutual understanding.
In both nation s, there is agreement on how to keep the good relations
between them. There has been an increase in awareness of the strategic
nature of Indo -Russian relations. Regarding a number of international
issues, India and Russia have similar perspectives. India h ave up to this
point leaned toward Russia in Ukraine war, India went against the one -
sided authorize against Russia and has taken extreme stand to upheld
Russia over Ukraine war.
Défense and Vital organization :
India and Russia have a perplexing guard orga nization that traverses
various spaces, including joint military activities, joint military preparation
and instruction, joint military hardware improvement, and creation.
Additionally, the region's stability and the fight against terrorism are
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15 India And The Major Powers voyage rocket program, which is a joint effort between the two nations, is
one of the main examples of the India -Russia security organization. The
Indian military have effectively integrated the Rus sian-created rocket,
which is one of the world's quickest and generally precise. Another
delineation of the close by assurance ties between the two countries is the
joint making of the Sukhoi Su -30MKI competitor plane, which has been in
help with the India n Flying corps since the last piece of the 1990s. Russia
has likewise furnished India with a few extra bits of military equipment,
including helicopters, tanks, and submarines.
The India -Russia defense partnership has faced difficulties as a result of
India's recent efforts to reduce its reliance on Russian equipment and
diversify its defense procurement. In any case, various new joint
endeavours and ventures are in progress, showing the two countries'
assurance to fortify their organization in the guard ar ea.
In order to enhance their cooperation and future defense strategy, the two
nations can collaborate in a few areas. India and Russia's possible future
defense strategies include the following:
Joint Development and Research: In the research and developm ent of new
defense technologies like hypersonic missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles,
and advanced radar systems, Russia and India can continue to collaborate.
Joint research and development efforts may assist both nations in
achieving their defense goals mo re effectively and economically.
Counterterrorism: Russia and India can collaborate to share intelligence,
expertise, and technology to combat terrorism, despite the fact that they
both face similar challenges in this area. Both nations may be able to
impr ove their capabilities in this area by participating in joint
counterterrorism exercises and training programs.
Maritime Collaboration: The two nations can investigate more prominent
participation in the sea area, including joint maritime activities, innov ation
sharing, and port visits. This kind of cooperation could assist Russia in
expanding its influence in the Indian Ocean, which is a strategic location
for India.
Cooperation in Space: India and Russia have a long history of working
together in space, a nd this partnership has the potential to grow in the
future. Joint endeavours in regions like satellite route, remote detecting,
and space investigation could help the two nations.
Cybersecurity: Cybersecurity is emerging as a crucial area of concern as
both countries become more reliant on technology. Russia and India can
team up to foster hearty network safety approaches and foundation to
shield their delicate data and framework from digital dangers.
Trade and economic cooperation India and Russia share a rich cultural and
historical history. Protection has been India and Russia's primary area of
involvement over the long term. India relies on Russia as a "reliable
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16 India In World Politics
16 and will continue t o be a significant consideration for India ever since the
beginning of relations between India and Russia. India has invested a lot
in Soviet and Russian equipment for all three services for decades.
However, trade between the two nations is sparse, with t he exception of
energy. China's trade with India is $66 billion, while India's trade with
Russia is only $11 billion. As a result, this is the ideal time for India and
Russia to strengthen their economic ties and increase their bilateral trade.
A major foc us might be the establishment of distinct zones to encourage
diamond trade. The fields of textiles, jewellery, fruits, pharmacy, dairy,
and IT products might be the focus of future collaboration. The following
are the four main areas of focus for each nati on: start -ups, the digital
economy, infrastructure, and energy
To broaden their trade and investment ties and deepen their economic
cooperation, the two nations have taken a number of steps. The following
are some of India and Russia's most important areas of economic
cooperation:
Russia and India share a great deal of energy arrangements. Russia is
strategically positioned to collaborate with India because the country
imports energy on a net basis. India's energy security is subject to Russia.
Petrochemica ls are a new area of cooperation that has recently emerged.
India expresses hopes for natural gas cooperation with Russia, which
allows Indian businesses to operate in oil -rich regions. Petrochemicals and
natural gas are brand -new fields of cooperation.
Trade:
India and Russia have set a goal of reaching $30 billion in bilateral trade
by 2025. The two nations have reduced non -tariff barriers, simplified visa
procedures, established trade promotion offices, and taken other steps to
make trade easier in orde r to reach this goal.
Infrastructure:
India and Russia are exploring joint investment opportunities in
infrastructure, including railways, highways, and ports, as a growing area
of economic cooperation. India is also interested in being a part of the
Northern Sea Route's development, which is expected to become a major
Arctic trade route.
Pharmaceuticals:
India and Russia have likewise been investigating open doors for
collaboration in the drug area, with India being a significant provider of
conventional medications to Russia. To make it easier for pharmaceutical
products to be imported and exported, the two nations have signed a
number of agreements.
Russia and India have been looking into ways to use the Indian rupee as
their exchange currency to boost trade. There may be a number of
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17 India And The Major Powers or euros for trade between the two countries. The ability to reduce
transaction costs is one of the primary advantages of conducting business
with Ru ssia in Indian rupees. Indian businesses that conduct business with
Russia must currently exchange rupees for dollars or euros, and Russian
businesses must then exchange dollars or euros for rubles in order to pay
for Russian imports. Cash trade gambles an d extra exchange expenses
might result from this. However, if trade is conducted in Indian rupee,
these costs can be reduced.
The India -Russia Intergovernmental Commission for Trade, Economic,
Scientific, and Cultural Cooperation (IRIGC -TEC), co -chaired b y EAM
on the Indian side and Mr. Denis Manturov, Deputy Prime Minister, and
Minister of Industry & Trade, on the Russian side, is the primary
government mechanism for enhancing trade and economic cooperation.
The revised goals of increasing bilateral trade to $30 billion and
investment to $50 billion by 2025 demonstrate that intensifying trade and
economic relations is a priority for both leaders. The Department of
Commerce reports that bilateral trade reached $13.2 billion between FY
2021 and FY 2022. Ther e were $9.86 billion in Russian imports and $3.26
billion in Indian exports. Between April and August 2022, bilateral trade
reached an all -time high of $18.23 billion, with India importing $17.23
billion and India exporting $992.73 million to Russia.
2.4 C HINA Two of the world's most populous nations, India and China, have had long
and complicated diplomatic relations. In 1947, India and 1949, China
declared independence from British rule. China established a one -party
communist system, whereas India chose democracy socialism. Both
nations were founded on the principles of socialism. Relations between the
two nations have occasionally been tense as a result of border disputes,
including a brief war in 1962. India has pursued a foreign policy in recent
times that aims to strike a balance between its relationships with China
and the United States, which are increasingly seen as strategic rivals in the
region. India has attempted to contain its strategic ambitions, particularly
in the Indian Ocean region, while simultaneously attempting to establish
strong economic ties with China.
India turned into the primary non -communist alliance country to lay out
political relations with Individuals' Republic of China. In October 1954,
Prime Minister Nehru visited China. Th e 1962 border conflict was a
setback, but Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi's historic 1988 visit marked the
beginning of improved relations. During Prime Minister Narasimha Rao's
visit in 1993, the signing of an Agreement on the Maintenance of Peace
and Tranqui llity along the Line of Actual Control on the India -China
Border Areas reflected the growing stability of bilateral ties. Our ties have
gained substance and value as a result of the cumulative outcomes of
numerous bilateral high -level visits. India and Chi na signed the
Declaration on Principles for Relations and Comprehensive Cooperation
during Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee's 2003 visit, and they also
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18 India In World Politics
18 framework for a boundary settlemen t. The two parties established a
Strategic and Cooperative Partnership for Peace and Prosperity during
Premier Wen Jiabao's visit in April 2005. Over the past ten years, bilateral
relations between India and China have grown and changed. During the
visit o f President Xi Jinping to India in September 2014, the different
sides reclassified the respective commitment as Closer Formative
Organization. In addition, sixteen agreements were signed in a variety of
fields, including sister -city arrangements, industri al parks,
pharmaceuticals, space cooperation, commerce and trade, and railways.
Additionally, an agreement was reached between the two parties to open
the Nathu La route for the Kailash ManSarovar Yatra.
India's foreign policy towards China is based on sev eral key principles.
First, India believes in a peaceful and cooperative relationship with China,
based on mutual respect and trust. Second, India seeks to enhance
economic cooperation with China, including through bilateral trade and
investment. Third, In dia seeks to contain China's strategic ambitions,
particularly in the Indian Ocean region, where China has been building its
naval presence. One of the key issues in India's relations with China is the
border dispute. India and China share a long border, m uch of which is
disputed. The two countries have had several rounds of talks to try and
resolve the dispute, but little progress has been made. In 2020, tensions
escalated along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), with clashes between
Indian and Chinese troo ps resulting in fatalities on both sides. The
situation remains tense, with both countries deploying additional troops
and equipment along the border.
India's reaction to China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has likewise
been a wellspring of strain. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a huge
project to build roads, railways, and ports that will connect China to other
Asian, European, and African nations. India has rejected the BRI because
of concerns about China's strategic intentions and the project's lack of
transparency. China's growing influence in South Asia, particularly in Sri
Lanka, Nepal, and Bangladesh, has also been criticized by India. India
views China's activities in the region as an attempt to encircle India and
undermine its strategic in terests. India has sought to counter China's
influence through its own initiatives, such as the Indian Ocean Rim
Association (IORA) and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi -Sectoral
Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC).
India has also been streng thening its strategic ties to the United States and
other Indo -Pacific nations like Japan and Australia in recent years. China
has interpreted this as an effort to limit its strategic ambitions in the area.
India has signed a number of defense agreements a imed at enhancing
military cooperation and has participated in a number of joint military
exercises with these nations. India and China also have a High -Level
Dialogue Mechanism on Counter Terrorism and Security, led by Chairman
(JIC) on the Indian side an d the Secretary General of the Central Political
and Legal Affairs Commission of the Chinese Communist Party on the
Chinese side. The system initially met in Beijing in September 2016. Mr.
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19 India And The Major Powers 2018 and, along with Home Minister Shri Rajnath Singh, co -chaired the
first high -level meeting between China and India on bilateral security
cooperation. An MOU on cooperation in security and law enforcement
was also signed.
In conclusion, India's foreign policy towards China is based on a mix of
cooperation, containment, and balancing. India seeks to enhance economic
ties with China while also seeking to contain its strategic ambitions,
particularly in the Indian Ocean region. The border dispute re mains a key
issue in the relationship, and tensions have escalated in recent years.
India's growing ties with the United States and other countries in the Indo -
Pacific region have also been viewed by China as a challenge to its
strategic ambitions. As such , India's relationship with China is likely to
remain complex and nuanced in the years to come.
2.5 SUMMARY India is emerging as a major power of a future multipolar world. India
have become an important state in terms of Strong military power, Stable
economy, elite in technology, good human resource and naturally having a
strategic geographical positioning in Asia. Hence, India will have to
maintain the diplomatic and strategic relations with all the major powers
in the world.
The countries like USA, RUS SIA and China are major power in
multipolar world. India have strategically achieved the place on table with
these major powers. The bilateral relations between India and USA have
developed into a “global strategic partnership”, putting emphasis on values
of shared democracy, and increasing convergence of interests on bilateral,
regional and global issues.
India and Russia's foreign policy is maintaining friendly ties that are based
on continuity, trust, and mutual understanding. In both nations, there is
agreement on how to keep the good relations between them. There has
been an increase in awareness of the strategic nature of Indo -Russian
relations.
Foreign policy in reference to China so far has imbalanced due to
ideological differences and border issues . China has aggressive policy in
south Asia, India looks it as challenge and security threat. But so far both
the nations have realized that, India and China, both can compliment each
other if things work out in Peace.
2.6 QUESTIONS 1. Describe the Indi a’s relation with major power in world
2. Discuss the India - USA Bilateral Ties in terms of Strategic
partnership
3. Write the salient feature of Bilateral relations between India and
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20 India In World Politics
20 4. Write about India’s relation with China in view of bilater al relations
5. Which aspects in India’s foreign Policy are important to sustain the
bilateral relations.
SUGGESTED READING  India as an emerging major power – Foreign Policy thrust area: P.M
Kamath
 Report and briefing at www.mea.gov.in
 Reporting of Embassy of India in Russia, China and America

*****

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21 3
INDIA AND HER NEIGHBOURS
Unit Structure
3.0 Objectives
3.1 Introduction
3.2 India and SAARC
3.3 Pakistan and Bangladesh
3.4 Summary
3.5 Questions
3.0 OBJECTIVES  Understand the initiatives taken by India under the framework of
SAARC
 Understand the chal lenges India faces in its relations with SAARC
countries
 Understand the contours of India’s relationship with Pakistan and
Bangladesh
3.1 INTRODUCTION India has a land frontier of 15,106.7 km. The total length of the coastline
of India is 7,516.6 km. Indi a shares its border with seven countries
namely Afghanistan, Pakistan, China, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar,
Bangladesh, Maldives and Sri Lanka.
South Asian Association (SAARC) for regional cooperation is a regional
intergovernmental organization of the South A sian countries. SAARC is
headquartered in Kathmandu, Nepal. The countries viz., India,
Bangladesh, Nepal, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri
Lanka together constitute SAARC. The SAARC countries are densely
populated countries, including I ndia which is the world’s most populous
country now, bypassing China. SAARC around twenty; percent of the
population of the world. SAARC countries contribute about six percent to
world economic output. SAARC was founded in Dhaka on 8 December
1985. Its sec retariat is based in Kathmandu, Nepal. The organization
promotes economic development and regional integration. India is a
founding member of SAARC and and a predominant power in the region’s
maintains permanent delegations to United Nations and with the E U.
The 8 founding members of SAARC are :
India - Afghanistan - Bangladesh - Bhutan - Nepal - Pakistan - Sri Lanka - The
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22 India In World Politics
22 There are currently nine Observers of SAARC, namely :
Australia - China - EU- Japan - Mauritius - Iran- Republic of Korea -
Myanmar - The Unit ed States
Saarc Charter :
SAARC Charter emphasizes on mutually beneficial relations with respect
for the five principles of sovereign equality, territorial integrity, political
independence, non -interference in internal matters of the other Member
States and mutual benefit. It supports regional cooperation. SAARC
Summits are held annually and the country hosting the Summit holds the
Chair of the Association. Decisions are made on an unanimity basis. To
avoid any dispute bilateral and contentious matter are excluded from
SAARC.
The foundation of such a regional integration mechanism among South
Asian Countries was discussed in the Asian Relations Conference held in
New Delhi in April 1947. Subsequently it was developed at the Baguio
Conference in the Philipp ines in May 1950; and the Colombo Powers
Conference held in Sri Lanka in April 1954.
Initially n 1970s, the seven inner South Asian nations that included
Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka,
agreed upon the creation of a trade block and to provide a platform for the
people of South Asia to work together in a spirit of friendship, trust, and
understanding. The idea of SAARC was given by President Ziaur Rahman
who later addressed official letters to the leaders of the count ries of South
Asia, presenting his vision for the future of the region and compelling
arguments for co -operation.
During his visit to India in December 1977, Rahman discussed the issue of
regional cooperation with the Indian Prime Minister, Morarji Desai.
In 1983, at the international conference held in Dhaka by its Ministry of
Foreign Affairs, a Declaration on South Asian Association Regional
Cooperation (SAARC) was adopted. Five agreed areas of cooperation
were identified, namely, Agriculture; Rural Dev elopment;
Telecommunications; Meteorology; and Health and Population Activities.
Two years after this, SAARC was officially launched.
There are some Regional Centers established in the Member countries of
SAARC to promote regional co -operation which are m anaged by
Governing Boards. This Governing body is constituted by the following:
 All the Member States,
 SAARC Secretary -General and
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23 India And Her Neighbours The member countries of SAARC have collectively constitute d four
specialized bodies of SAARC. The following are the specialized bodies of
SAARC -
SAARC Arbitration Council : Pakistan: This is an intergovernmental
body based in Pakistan to perform legal work within the region to provide
a fair settlement of industri al trade, commercial banking, or any other
dispute .
SAARC development fund : Bhutan: It is a Bhutan -based funding body
whose primary purpose is to fund collaborations in social sectors like
development and poverty reduction.
South Asian University : India: The South Asian University is situated in
India, where the South Asian University awards degrees and certificates.
South Asian Regional Standard Organisation : Dhaka: The South Asian
regional standards organization is based in Dhaka. It was established to
enhance and achieve cooperation and coordination among the member
countries to develop harmony within the region to facilitate inter -regional
trade and access to the global market.
3.2 INDIA AND SAARC India is one of the founding members of SAARC. India cont inues to
support regional development initiatives under the framework of SAARC
in diverse areas. Under India’s leadership, the South Asian Free Trade
Area was launched in 2006. India maintains good relations with most of
the members of SAARC. It is a conti nuation of India’s neighbourhood
First policy and the Gujral doctrine of non -reciprocity in cooperation with
neighbours. So far India has hosted three SAARC Summits. The second
summit was held in November 17 –18 in Bangalore, India in 1986. The 8th
summit w as hosted by New Delhi, in May 1995.The fourteenth summit of
SAARC was held in New Delhi, India on 3rd -4 April 2007, and was
attended by the presidents of Afghanistan, the Maldives and Sri Lanka and
the prime ministers Bhutan, INDIA, Nepal and Pakistan and the chief
adviser of the government of Bangladesh. The summit stressed on
improving intra -regional connectivity.
 Following the 2016 Uri terror attack, India cancelled its participation
in the 19th SAARC summit, alleging Pakistan's involvement in the
terro r attack.
 In 2020, during the COVID -19 crisis, Indian Prime Minister Narendra
Modi convened a video conference of SAARC leaders. They
underscored the need for cooperation on a regional basis for fighting
the pandemic. India also distributed COVID Vaccines and essential
supplies to many SAARC countries.
 In Afghanistan, India has shifted to work on small development
projects (SDPs) rather than the ambitious highways, dams and big
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24 India In World Politics
24  In Bangladesh, the main grant f or land acquisition for the Akhaura -
Agartala rail “last link” project has now been completed.
 In Bhutan, which has always received the largest share of Indian
assistance, the assistance required for major hydroelectric power
plants like Punatsanghchu 1 and 2 and Mangdechu has been disbursed
75-90% while Indian assistance to Bhutan’s 11th five -year plan
(2013 -2017) has been handed over nearly fully.
In Sri Lanka, the decline was explained by delays in land acquisition for
15,000 homes to be built by India in the plantation areas, though the work
on 45,000 homes in the north and east of the island has been completed.
India is still completing three main projects in Maldives: a police
academy, a coastal radar project, and the refit of MNDF ship Huravee. An
offer to build a new Defence Ministry building is pending, which explains
why the Maldives alone is the outlier to an otherwise declining trend in
neighbourhood aid.
India did not take part in SAARC summit in Islamabad in 2019, due to
continuous cross border t errorism. Nonetheless, India has taken initiatives
to facilitate regional cooperation through SAARC. A SAARC Fund to
combat COVID -19 disease was established, with India contributing an
amount of $10 million.
At the same time, India has been trying to deve lop alternate mechanisms
of cooperation. With its neighbors outside of SAARC framework for e.g,
Bilateral agreements with Afghanistan and BBIN (Bangladesh, Bhutan,
India and Nepal) initiative. Unfortunately, SAARC has not succeeded as
its counterparts like Asean in regional development and due to India -
Pakistan rivalry.
Challenges :
What are the Challenges regarding Regional Cooperation in South Asia?
Low Inter -Regional Trade:
South Asia’s intra -regional trade is the lowest globally, constituting only
5% of the region’s total trade. The current economic integration is just
one-third of its potential with an annual estimated gap of 23 billion
dollars.
India’s sheer size and economy creates suspicion in the eyes of its
neighbours and for that they seek externa l balancing with the help of
bigger powers especially China. China’s wolf warrior diplomacy and
expansionary intentions often results in interference with India’s smaller
neighboring poor countries. This creates impediment in regional
integration. Recent C hinese actions and policies in South Asia as well as
its maritime neighbours, including Indian Ocean island nations, have made
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25 India And Her Neighbours In this the case of Pakistan to a great extent and Bangladesh to s ome
extent can be studied as an example of Chinese interference in the region
and debt traps.
3.3 PAKISTAN AND BANGLADESH India and Pakistan share a complex relationship since India’s
independence and creation of Pakistan. The two countries have had bitter
relations.
Background :
India’s partition was one of the greatest human misery with large scale
migrations across the region accompanied with communal riots and
massacres. It uprooted and killed millions of people. State of Pakistan was
created from India . Pakistan was declared as an Islamic republic populated
mostly by Muslim population and a meagre minority population of other
faiths. Memories of this partition and the riots left permanent imprint on
the relations between these two countries. Partition w as followed by a
territorial dispute between these two countries over Kashmir.
The dispute started after the Maharaja Jai Singh of Kashmir made a plea to
India to aid him against Pakistani insurgents. After India’s intervention,
Kashmir was seceded to Ind ia. This led to the First Indo -Pakistani War,
that was fought between the India and the Pakistan
A ceasefire agreement was finalized and a line of control (LOC) was
created leaving India with around two -thirds of Kashmir, while Pakistan
succeeded in obtain ing control over a third of Kashmir region. India and
Pakistan have fought three big wars, in 1947 -48, next in 1965, again in
1971 also known as the Bangladesh liberation war. Again, a low intensity
war was fought in Kargil in 1999.
Initiatives have been t aken through diplomatic initiatives as well as Track
II diplomacy to normalize relations, but Pakistan's harboring of terrorist
outfits and support to insurgents in Kashmir has disrupted the peace
process. Many pan -Islamic terrorist groups like the Lashkar -e-Taibah
(LeT), continued to be active in Jammu & Kashmir, are headquartered in
Pakistan and Pakistan Administered Jammu & Kashmir.
Major areas of concern are:
1. Cross Border terrorism by Pakistan in Kashmir
2. Sharing of river water
3. Siachen issu e
Both the countries are nuclear armed that’s make the situation more
critical.
 An armed attack, on the Indian parliament was carried on 13
December 2001 in New Delhi leaving fourteen people dead. LeT and
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26 India In World Politics
26  Another major terrorist attack was in November 2008, wherein the
world witnessed, open firing by armed gnmem on civilians at several
sites in Mumbai, India.
 In January 2016, also JeM terrorists disguised as soldiers, carry out a
deadly attack on Pathankot airbase in India.
 In September 2016, JeM terrorists storm an army base in Uri, in J& K,
and kill many soldiers.
 India, in September 2016, in its first direct military response to the
attack in Uri, conducted ‘surgical strikes’ on terror camps across the
LoC in Pa kistan.
 Terrorists targeted Hindu pilgrims in 2017, on their way back from
Amarnath temple in Jammu & Kashmir.
Some of the recent peace initiatives are:
 Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s historic bus journey to
Lahore in 1999, (newly opened Delh i–Lahore Bus service) to meet
Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. The Lahore Declaration, was signed
that was the first major agreement after the 1972 Shimla Agreement.
 Commitment to the Shimla Agreement was reiterated. Both sides
agreed to initiate Confidence B uilding Measures (CBMs) for better
bilateral relations.
 Indian PM Narendra Modi held talks with Pakistan's Prime Minister
Nawaz Sharif in 2014 in New Delhi to improve bilateral relations.
 PM Narendra Modi made a surprise visit to Lahore in 2015, to attend
PM Nawaz Sharif's birthday and his granddaughter’s wedding.
 In November 2021, the Kartarpur Religious Corridor, which connects
Dera Baba Nanak, the Indian side of Panjab, with Darbar Sahib in
Kartarpur, Pakistan, was reopened. As a result, there have been
numerous instances of separated families, from India and Pakistan, re -
uniting for the first time after Partition at Darbar Sahib, Kartarpur (the
resting place of the founder of the Sikh faith, Guru Nanak) in recent
months
 Abrogation of Aticle 370 in Jammu and withdrawing of Kashmir’s
special constitutional status is another area of concern for Pakistan. In
the years since, India has implemented its desired political and
administrative changes in Kashmir, while consistently denying
Pakistan any room to re -direct international focus on the issue.
 Pakistan’s continuous propaganda against India on Kashmir issue at
various UN platforms is another area of concern for India.
 Pakistan’s overtures to include a third party in the resolution of Indus
Water treaty ove r India’s construction of dams in Kishanganga and
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27 India And Her Neighbours The Composite Dialogue between India and Pakistan addressed all
outstanding issues.
 In 2011, after a meeting between the Foreign Ministers of bo th the
countries, the bilateral ties were resumed on issues including:
 Counter -terrorism & Humanitarian issues
 Economic issues at Commerce
 Tulbul Navigation Project at Water Resources Secretary -level
 Siachen issue
 Peace & Security
 Confidence Building Mea sures (CBMs)
Promotion of Friendly Exchanges at the level of the Foreign Secretaries
has been taking place. Cross LoC travel was started in 2005 and trade
across J&K was initiated in 2009. India and Pakistan signed a visa
agreement in 2012 leading to liber alization of bilateral visa regimes
between the two countries
In the recent years India has maintained a stern posture of not entering in
to dialogue with Pakistan, until Pakistan stops all terrorist activities in
Kashmir. India has successfully dehyphenat ed itself from Pakistan and has
found creative ways and mechanisms to side -step or corner Pakistan in the
international community. India has consistently stressed the need for
Pakistan to take credible measures to stop cross border terrorism
Relation can be improved with Pakistan through the restoration of trade
and official ties, and proceed toward larger dispute resolution while the
present imbalance in geopolitical agencies persists. India must also
understand that not Pakistan, but China is a bigger t hreat for India. On a
positive note India -Pakistan trade relations are improving.
Pakistan’s adventurism has often been supported by external powers. As a
Cold War ally of U.S., it had been getting material support and funding for
counter terror initiati ves. When America’s priority was South Asia in its
war against Al Qaeda, Pakistan (which shares border with Afghanistan)
became a major partner. It also became a NON -NATO ally of US in its
War on terror only to be rejected later, when America realized that those
funds were being utilized for harboring and training terrorists. Funding
and economic reinforcements were also withdrawn by America to
Pakistan’s disappointment
But Pakistan has found an all -weather friend in China and is getting
military, financial and moral support from China. China is building multi
billion dollars CPEC (China Pakistan Economic Corridor) project through
Pakistan. China -Pakistan’s deep economic and military ties is
emboldening Pakistan against India. India thus fears a two -front wa r in
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28 India In World Politics
28 Bangladesh :
Three sides of Bangladesh's land border are shared with India, and one
side runs along the Bay of Bengal. India and Bangladesh share 4096.7 km.
of border, which is the longest land boun dary that India shares with any of
its neighbours. India was the first country to recognize Bangladesh as a
separate and independent state and established diplomatic relations with
the country immediately after its independence in December 1971 as a
friend ly South Asian neighbour. Bangladesh occupies a key place in
India’s Neighbourhood First policy. India's links with Bangladesh are
civilizational, cultural, social and economic. However, there still remain
major issues such as river water disputes (Teesta River water sharing),
aiding illegal immigrants, and drug trades remain between India and
Bangladesh, that must be addressed.
 The geographical proximity of India to Bangladesh has made it one
of its biggest trading partners. Bangladesh is India’s 6th large st trade
partner.
 India has provided duty free quota free access to Bangladesh on all
tariff lines except tobacco and alcohol under South Asian Free Trade
Area (SAFTA) since 2011.
 6 Border Haats (4 in Meghalaya and 2 in Tripura) , have been
approved by th e Indian and Bangladesh governments.
 Sharing of River Waters: India and Bangladesh share 54 common
rivers. The Ganga Waters Treaty signed in 1996 for sharing of waters
of river Ganga during lean season (January 1 -May 31).
 Agartala -Akhaura Rail -Link will be the first rail route between
Northeast India and Bangladesh.
 Energy sector cooperation between India and Bangladesh has also
seen considerable progress in the last few years.
 The India -Bangladesh Friendship Pipeline Project , signed in 2018
, will connect Siliguri in West Bengal in India and Parbatipur in
Dinajpur district of Bangladesh.
 India and Bangladesh have also signed the Framework of
Understanding (FOU) on Cooperation in the Hydrocarbon Sector.
 Tourism: According to the Ministry of Tourism, Banglade sh
accounted for the largest share of foreign tourist arrivals in India in
2020, including tens of thousands of people who come to the country
for medical treatment.
 Apart from South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
(SAARC) India and Bangladesh r e also members of other regional
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29 India And Her Neighbours and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) and Indian Ocean Rim
Association for Regional Cooperation (IORA)
Challenges :
Sharing of Teesta River Water Dispute: T eesta river flows from India to
the Bay of Bengal through Bangladesh. Almost half a dozen districts in
West Bengal are dependent on this river. It is also a major source of
irrigation to the paddy growing greater Rangpur region of Bangladesh but
Bangladesh complains that it does not get enough water. Meanwhile, no
treaty has been signed yet to resolve the Teesta water -sharing dispute
between the two nations.
 Illegal Migration: The influx of refugees from Bangladesh,
continues. The Rohingya refugees original ly from Myanmar started
infiltrating into India through Bangladesh.
 Also, the National Register of Citizens (NRC) : that is expected to
deter future migrants from Bangladesh from entering India illegally
has also triggered a major concern in Bangladesh.
 Drug Smuggling & Trafficking: There have been many incidences
of cross border drug smuggling & trafficking. Humans (especially
children & women) are trafficked & various animal & bird species are
poached through these borders.
 Terrorism: The borders are susce ptible to terrorist infiltration. A
number of outfits are trying to spread their tentacles across India, such
as Jamaat -ul Mujahideen Bangladesh (JMB).
 Growing Chinese Influence in Bangladesh: At present, Bangladesh
is an active partner in the Belt and Roa d Initiative (BRI) (India is not
a part of BRI). Also, Bangladesh imports Chinese military equipment,
including submarines, in the defense sector that is major concern for
India’s National Security.
3.4 SUMMARY The engagement between the two could at least be sustainable to avoid
nuclear conflict in South Asia. People to people interaction and DE
hyphening of Kashmir issue could be an important initiative. Efforts has
already started with India avoiding Kashmir issue in bilateral relations.
Financially uns table Pakistan has also been contemplating on looking
beyond Kashmir issue and focusing on its development.
India’s relation with Bangladesh is much better after resolving of the
border dispute. But yet there are many unresolved issues.


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30 India In World Politics
30 This can be ach ieved by:
Better Connectivity:
There is a need to enhance connectivity in the region through
strengthening cooperation in coastal connectivity, road, rail and inland
waterways.
Energy Security:
As the global energy crisis continues to rise, it is imperat ive that India and
Bangladesh cooperate in making use of clean and green energy in order to
make South Asia Energy self -sufficient.
India Bangladesh Friendship Pipeline:
This project is being undertaken through ground and once completed will
help in the m ovement of high -speed diesel to Northern Bangladesh from
India.
Bangladesh has acknowledged Indian Oil Corporation Limited as a
registered government to government supply of refined petroleum
products.
Shifting Focus Towards Comprehensive Economic Partners hip
Agreement (CEPA):
Bangladesh will graduate from a Less Developed Country (LDC) to a
developing country by 2026 and will no longer be entitled to trade and
other benefits that are accorded to LDCs under international and regional
trading agreements.
Through the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA),
Bangladesh will be able to manage this transition and preserve its trade
privileges. It will also strengthen economic ties between India and
Bangladesh.
Countering China’s Influence:
Assisting Bangladesh with Nuclear technology, Artificial intelligence,
Modern farming techniques, and flood data exchange will further
strengthen India's relationship with Bangladesh and help India in
countering China’s influence to a greater extent.
Tackling the R efugee Crisis:
India and Bangladesh can take the lead in encouraging the member states
of South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) to frame a
declaration pertaining to refugees, laying down a specific procedure for
determining status of ref ugee and economic migrants.
Revival of SAARC for economic cooperation should be a good strategy
not only to lessen Indo -Pak conflict but also for South Asia regional
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31 India And Her Neighbours in building tie s between both countries. India’s strained relations with its
neighbours, only helps China’s realpolitik to make inroads in to South
Asia.
3.5 QUESTIONS Note i: Use the Space given below for your answer
1. Examine India’s leadership under SAARC’s regional c ooperative
mechanism in South Asia. Discuss the future prospects of peace
between India and Pakistan?

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32 4
INDIA AND INTERNATIONAL
ORGANISATIONS
Unit Structure
4.0 Objectives
4.1 Introduction
4.2 India’s Role in United Nations
4.3 India and ASEAN
4.4 Summary
4.5 Exercise
4.0 OBJECTIVES  Understand the achievements of India under the framework of UN
 Understan d the challenges India faces in United Nations
 Understand the contours of India’s partnership with ASEAN Block
4.1 INTRODUCTION The objectives of United Nations are to foster international cooperation
supported by international peace and security, promotio n of human rights
and facilitating social and economic development.
India has been an actively participating in UN specialized agencies and
has also occupied the non -permanent seat of UNSC for eight terms. India
is a founding member of the UN. It participa tes in all of its specialized
agencies and organizations. India actively participated in the UN's struggle
against colonialism and apartheid. Over the years it has significantly
improved its stature as an important and responsible member of UN.
Building g ood relation with ASEAN is crucial for India’s ‘Look East and
‘Act East Policy’. Also, ASEAN is the 3rd largest market in the world. As
such, it has acquired an important place in India’s strategic calculus. The
year 2023, marks the completion of thirty ye ars of ASEAN -India relations,
celebrated as the ASEAN -India Friendship Year.
4.2 INDIA’S ROLE IN THE UNITED NATIONS India signed the Declaration by United Nations at Washington, D.C. on 1
January 1942. It also participated in the UN Conference on Internati onal
Organization at San Francisco from 25 April to 26 June 1945. As a rule
only, sovereign states can become UN members. India signed the
Declaration by United Nations on 1 January 1942. After gaining
independence Indian delegation headed by Sir Arcot Ram aswamy munotes.in

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33 India And International Organisations Mudaliar, signed the UN Charter during the memorable United Nations
Conference held in San Francisco, United States on June 26th, 1945.
India ‘S Participation in United Nations Activities :
 The United Nations system consisting of 26 organizations tha t have
the provided services in India.
 India has contributed troops to United Nations peacekeeping efforts in
Korea, Egypt and the Congo in its earlier years and in Somalia,
Angola, Haiti, Liberia, Lebanon and Rwanda in recent years, and
more recently in the South Sudan conflict.
 India solidified its position within the UN system while leading
groups like Non -Aligned Movement and the Group of 77. It became a
leader of the developing countries struggling for the creation of a
more equal international order, politically socially and economically.
 India has been an avid supporter of reforms in UN. It has worked for
reforms like decolonization and ending apartheid. It has been vocal on
issues of national and global importance.
 India is critical in determining t he success of the SDGs, globally.
NITI Aayog, the Government of India’s premier think tank, has been
working with perseverance for the realization of SGD goals with
appropriate policies and amendments required. In addition, the
Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) has
been leading discussions for developing national indicators for the
SDGs. The UN Country Team in India coordinates and aligns with the
NITI Aayog,
 On India’s initiative, June 21 was declared as the International Day of
Yoga by the UNGA in 2014. India’s Permanent Representative
Asoke Mukherji introduced the draft resolution in UNGA. 175
countries co -sponsored the resolution. This had the highest number of
co-sponsors ever for any UNGA Resolution.
 India was also amongst t he most outspoken critics of apartheid and
racial discrimination in South Africa and the first country to raise the
issue in the UN.
 India played an instrumental role in the formation of a Sub -
Committee against Apartheid. In fact , India was among the earlie st
signatories of the Convention on Elimination of all forms of Racial
Discrimination in 1965.
 Being the founding member of the Non -Aligned Movement and the
Group of 77, India cemented its position within the UN system as a
leading advocate of the concerns and aspirations of developing
countries and the creation of a more equitable international economic
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34 India In World Politics
34  India is working with the UN to help the country achieve its
aspirations to end poverty and inequality and to promote sustainable
deve lopment in line with the globally agreed SDGs. The UN also
supports India, as the world’s largest democracy, in the county’s
ambitious commitments to rapid change and development priorities
through its various specialized agencies.
 India was one of 48 coun tries to vote in favor of the UDHR
declaration on 10th December 1948.
 Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit be elected as first woman president of the
UNGA.
 On India’s insistence, UN General Assembly declares 2 October,
Mahatma Gandhi’s birth anniversary, as the Internat ional Day of Non -
Violence.
 The Government, in partnership with UNICEF, the World Health
Organization (WHO), has contributed to the almost universal
awareness of the polio vaccination.
 India has taken part in 43 Peacekeeping missions and it is amongst the
third largest troop contributor with personnel deployed in UN
Peacekeeping Missions.
 India last tenure in UNSC (2020 -2022) has prioritized maritime
security, UN peacekeeping, protecting peacekeepers, and restricting
terrorism. India has also proposed its candidature for its next tenure in
UNSC in 2028 -29.
 India has been elected to UN Statistical commission in April 2023, for
4-year term garnering 46 out of 53 votes in a secret ballot.
India And G20 :
 India assumed the Presidency of G20, and this makes Indi a a global
player to display its leadership to the world. The G20 Summit is held
annually, under the leadership of a rotating Presidency.
 The G20 deals with issues concerning to the global economy, such as
international financial stability or sustainable development.
 The G20 was established in 1999 in the aftermath of the Asian
financial crisis. It is a forum for the Finance Ministers and Central
Bank Governors to find global solutions to economic and financial
issues.
 The G20 was upgraded to the level of Heads of State/Government in
the wake of the global economic and financial crisis of 2007, and, in
2009, was designated the “premier forum for international economic
cooperation
 The Group of Twenty (G20) comprises 19 countries (Argentina,
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35 India And International Organisations Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South
Africa, Türkiye, United Kingdom and United States) and the
European Union. The G20 members represent around 85% of the
global GDP, over 75% of the global trade, and about two -thirds of the
world population
 India is working with G20 nations to establish a globally coordinated
policy on many issues for e.g., on crypto assets. With its G20
Presidency, the country is taking advantage of the o pportunity to
priorities different issues, including crypto assets, for international
collaboration.
G-77:
The motive of the G -77 grouping is to ensure that the developing world’s
collective interests are safeguarded along with the enhancements of its
negotiation capabilities in the wider United Nations system and other
international forums.
The G -77 (Group of 77) was established on June 15, 1964, by 77
developing nations, at the end of the first session of the United Nations
Conference on Trade and Deve lopment (UNCTAD) in Geneva. The
Group of 77 is financed through contributions by the Member States.
G-77 addresses the problem of the Global south, the economic and social
hardships and the problems they face. G -77 provides a common platform
to third world countries. It addresses issues like discriminatory norms of
international institutions like WTO norms which are discriminatory
towards developing countries
India has headed the G77 more than once since the Group started in 1964.
It has actively support ed the agenda of G 77.
Groups like G -20 and G -77 foster south south cooperation and India is
playing an active role in these institutions. India as an emergent large
economy has been advocating economic equality and multilateralism
climate change issues a nd counter -terrorism
These groups under UN framework, together strive to end poverty,
inequality and underdevelopment of third world countries.
However, some experts believe, India’s role is changing with less interest
in collective forums like G 77 and mo re in Groups like G20. India wants
to redefine its position as a third world country to an emerging global
power.
Challenges For India in United Nations :
 India has been fighting for permanent membership to the UNSC.
India’s quest is based on its wide contr ibution to UN activities,
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36 India In World Politics
36  India has emphasized that United Nations can continue to be relevant
if it mirrors the contemporary global realities. India has been actively
working with other countries to ga rner support for UNSC
membership.
 India is a member of G4, group of nations who back each other in
seeking a permanent seat on the Security Council and advocate in
favour of the reformation of the UNSC. India is also part of the G -77.
 UN’s non -proliferatio n agenda forced India to view some units of the
organization with distaste for imposing discriminatory regimes
instead of promoting universal disarmament. India did not sign the
discriminatory NPT and had to face a lot of criticism and pressure.
India did not sign the NPT it was considered as a flawed treaty and it
did not recognize the need for universal, non -discriminatory
verification and treatment.
 Pakistan’s continuous raking up of the Kashmir issue in UN platforms
is another irritant for India. India has always denied any third -party
involvement on Kashmir.
4.4 INDIA AND ASEAN ASEAN, is a group of ten nations in South -east Asia. It includes
Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Brunei, the Philippines, Singapore,
Cambodia, Malaysia and Myanmar.
India sta rted engaging ASEAN since 1992 after it launched its Look
East policy and and was given status of a sectoral dialogue partner of
ASEAN.
Timeline :
 In 1992, India became ASEAN’s sectoral dialogue partner
 In 1995, India became full dialogue partner of ASEAN
 1996, India became a member of ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), a
key forum for security dialogue in Asia which provides a setting in
which members can discuss current regional security issues and
develop cooperative measures to enhance peace and security in the
region.
 In 2002, India and ASEAN begin to hold annual summit level
meetings.
 In 2009, India - ASEAN Free trade Agreement in Goods was
concluded.
 In 2012, India – ASEAN Strategic Partnership was concluded munotes.in

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37 India And International Organisations  In 2014, India – ASEAN Free Trade Agreement i n Services and
Investment was concluded to enhance movement of manpower and
investments between India and ASEAN.
 At the 20th Commemorative Summit held in New Delhi in 2012,
India -ASEAN relations were elevated to a strategic partnership.
 In 2014, India rev amped the Look East policy as the Act East policy
to add strategic focus to engagements with ASEAN.
 In 2018, India invited the leaders of all the 10 ASEAN member
countries, as chief guests for the Republic Day.
 India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi delivere d the keynote address
at the Shangri -La Dialogue in Singapore in 2018 which outlined
envisioned Indo -Pacific. ASEAN was given a crucial role in this.
Areas of Cooperation:
The engagement, primarily political and economic, acquired a strategic
dimension. I ndia and the countries of South Asia share many threats and
challenges, especially in the areas of non -conventional security. India and
Southeast Asian nations have been strengthening their defense and
security relationship both at bilateral and multilater al levels. Defense
cooperation with ASEAN members is geared toward training fighter jet
pilots and submarine crews in Vietnam, Malaysia, and Thailand,
maintaining fighter jets in Indonesia, and exporting BrahMos supersonic
missiles to the Philippines.
 ASE AN is India’s fourth largest trading partner. India signed an FTA
(Free Trade Agreement) in goods in 2009. Subsequently an FTA in
services and investments was signed in 2014 with ASEAN.
 ASEAN and India have upgraded relations to Comprehensive
Strategic Par tnership.
 Peace and Security: The two sides are committed to preservingg and
promoting peace and stability including maritime safety.
 Financial Assistance: India provides financial assistance to the
ASEAN nations through various mechanisms like ASEAN -India
Cooperation Fund and ASEAN -India Green Fund.
 For Connectivity, India has been constructing several connectivity
projects like India -Myanmar -Thailand Trilateral (IMT) Highway and
the Kaladan Multimodal Project
 Apart from this India and ASEAN have partnersh ip in many areas like
culture, social, educational cooperation etc.
19th Asean India Summit April 2023 (India Times, April 2023) :
 India and Asean reiterated commitment to maritime cooperation,
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38 India In World Politics
38 assistance and disaster management. They agreed to work on Asean
Outlook on the Indo -Pacific partnership, cooperation in cybersecurity,
digital economy and fintech.
 They agreed to increase cooperation in sustainable development with
the focus on new and emerging technologies for renewable energy,
smart agriculture, healthcare and space.
 Promotion of the revival of tourism and enhance activities involving
youth, and also work together on regional and international issues of
common concern to promote peace , stability and prosperity in the
region.
 Prioritizing speedy completion of the India -Myanmar -Thailand
trilateral highway and its eastward extension to Laos, Cambodia and
Vietnam the two sides would work on the Master Plan on ASEAN
Connectivity 2025 and In dia’s connectivity initiatives under its Act
East policy
 India declared an additional outlay of $5 million for the Asean -India
Science and Technology Fund on emerging areas of public health and
renewable energy.
Irritants :
 It is often seen that countering China remains India’s prime objective
in strategic projection, particularly in Southeast Asia. But India fails
to provide a viable alternative. \ As a result, China continues to
dominate the economic and strategic landscape in Southeast Asia.
 China still r emains ASEAN’s largest trading partner since 2009.
ASEAN’s total trade with China in for the period January to April
2022 amounted to $274.50 billion, while India’s total trade with
ASEAN from April 2021 to March 2022 was $78.90 billion.
 China’s expansi onary motives in the South China Sea may be a
concern for some ASEAN members, but divisions within the grouping
are a major issue. ASEAN member countries do not take a stand due
their own internal conflicts for e.g., in the case of Myanmar, they have
failed to take a united stand.
 Major power rivalry in the Indo -Pacific region (involving China and
other major powers) is disturbing the stability on which rested the
regional growth and prosperity.
 The Russia -Ukraine have aggravated these rivalries and made th is
region prone to instability.
4.5 SUMMARY India has played an important role in the United Nations. Despite of that,
India has yet not been given permanent membership, of the high table
which is UNSC and hence is sidelined in important strategic decisio ns. munotes.in

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39 India And International Organisations Nonetheless, the future prospects of India -UN relations are bright. India
would continue to maintain a strong and independent stand in United
Nations. A recent example is India’s abstention in UNSC over issues
related to Russian -Ukraine war. Also, Indi a strongly condemns any
involvement of UN and interference of UN members on Kashmir issue.
India has been working closely with UN specialized bodies like World
Bank and receiving assistance in developmental activities. India has made
significant contribu tion in UN activities like the UN peacekeeping
missions.
India strongly supports UN SDG goals, multilateralism and criticism of all
form of terrorism. Strongly committed to democracy and multilateralism,
India’s G20 Presidency is a historic moment in her h istory as it seeks to
play an instrumental role by finding realistic global solutions on
international issues. The International Year of Millets (IYM) 2023,
proposed and sponsored by the Government of India, was accepted by the
United Nations General Assem bly (UNGA), as a mark of India’s
successful diplomacy.
India’s relation with -ASEAN is bound to grow by leaps and bounds in
future due to common interest areas. Maritime security of the Indo -
Pacific region is inevitable for India's interests as well as t hose of ASEAN.
They must focus to ensure maximum utilization of resources without
endangering the marine resources. They need to work together to harness
the potential of the ocean in a sustainable manner. India -ASEAN relations
are headed for a bright and fruitful future.
4.6 QUESTIONS Note i: Use the Space given below for your answer
1. Critically analyze the achievements of India’s ‘Act East’ Policy with
specific reference to ASEAN. Discuss India’s contribution in the
realization of United Nation goals.
REFERENCES https://www.hindustantimes.com/india -news/india -asean -elevate -ties-
to-comprehensive -strategic -partnersh ip-101668279031866.html


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