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DEFINITIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS
OF PROFESSIONAL SOCIAL WORK
Unit Structure :
1.0 Objectives
1.1 Preface
1.2 Concept of professional social work
1.3 Definition of professional social work
1.4 Meaning of professional social work
1.5 Purpose of professional social work
1.6 Features of professional social work
1.7 Summary
1.8 Exercise
1.9 References
1.0 OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you will be able to:
1. Understand the concept of professional social work .
2. Understand the meaning of professional social work .
3. Know the purpose of professional social work .
4. Understand the features of professional social work .
1.1 PREFACE
Social service has been practiced in our country since ancient time. When
human social service came into existence, they neede d the company of
each other. Since human beings are social animals, living in groups is their
innate feeling. Social service originated from the feeling of meeting the
needs of others while living in a group. India has a bright tradition of
social service. The importance of doing social work through social service,
helping each other, helping the needy, implementing development work
for the weaker sections, is indicated in different religions.
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2 Social work gained momentum in the post -independence period. T he
scope of social work has been increasing with the pre -independence social
service. This created social reformers. In the past, social work was done
selflessly with a service -oriented attitude. But in the recent past, a new
approach to social service eme rged. This is called professional social
work. The professional nature of social work is a change that has taken
place in recent times. It is seen that social work education institutes and
colleges have been set up along with the dissemination of education for
social work in a scientific manner. Many students from this field are
studying professional social work. Different types of social research are
also being given by these institutes. With the help of trained social
workers, many organizations have been set up today for professional
work.
1.2 CONCEPT OF PROFESSIONAL SOCIAL WORK
Professional social work is a professional service. It is used for personal or
community support. Satisfactory social work is done according to your
specific desire and aptitude a nd their expected reward is taken. This is
called professional social work.
Professional social work appears to have been commercialized. However,
social work is done on the basis of training and scientific knowledge.
People who do social work enjoy the pr ogress of others. Those we help
become self -sufficient by using the help or get financial benefits.
Therefore, people who do social work get mental satisfaction. Professional
social work is expected to use intelligence and use appropriate motivations
to ov ercome human suffering and their problems. Social work is about
building the ability to lead a successful life in an individual or a society.
However, since the worker is investing capital for training, he is expected
to be paid while doing social work aft er the training.
Check your progress:
1. Explain the concept of professional social work.
1.3 DEFINITION OF PROFESSIONAL SOCIAL WORK
Professional social work is not selfless social work but social work is
expected to be paid. This is called professional socia l work.
Professional social work is the fulfillment of various needs of human love,
safety and new experiences through service.
This is how you define professional social work.
1.4 MEANING OF PROFESSIONAL SOCIAL WORK
The meaning of social work can be learn ed from many aspects in many
ways as follows:
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Definitions and
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3 1.4.1 Process of providing actual services and assistance:
Professional social work has adefinite purpose of helping with specific
ideas or thoughts, attitudes, principles, and specific emotions. And with
the help obtained by these special methods, special results are expected.
Social work tells you how to do the actual service and guides in the
process of giving help i.e. what is the way to give help, how to help, etc.
Which help is provided, is considered ver y important. It is a service
rendered to humanity on the basis of humanity. The service is provided in
a specific way. The basis of the service is democratic thinking and this
service is professional. It has a lasting effect and a specific way of
working. There is a specific purpose behind this service. It solves
psychosocial problems (mental problems and problems in social life).
Social work works to bring about change, to create the right relationships
(in thought, in life), to make adjustments, to develo p and to make
progress.
The welfare objectives behind giving help are definite in social work.
When the purpose is clear, the help given is certain, desired and expected.
1.4.2 Social work based on democratic values:
Social work is based on democratic valu es. Humans have an important
place in this. All human beings are equal. All are treated equally in social
work. Everyone has equal rights. Everyone has the same right to think, to
choose, to act. Everyone is free to exercise their rights. Everyone is free to
live their own way. Everyone has their own duties and responsibilities.
When there are some obstacles in this, then the roles are not carried out
systematically anddone in an improper manner. Social workers work to
remove barriers and create a positive environment for all to exercise their
rights. The task of shaping the individual to live the life of a member
group that is suitable for the society happens through the development of
the individual.
1.4.3 Social work promotes the progress of society:
Justice, coexistence, tolerance, adjustment, unity, solidarity, truth, ethics,
non-violence are the practices of social work. In short, democratic
principles, human rights and humanity are the basis of social work. Social
work is done in order to take the soci ety forward and make progress in it
without disturbing the social life, the life of the individual, the life of the
family. That is why social work promotes the progress of society.
1.4.4 Social work depends on the needs of the community:
Social work funct ions within the framework of the rules that exist in the
society. Values and rules that are conducive to the existence of society and
complementary to human welfare are considered to be fundamental in
social work. The ethics of socialism, humanity, human r ights, democracy
are the rules of social work.
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4 Social work means doing all that can be done at present for the welfare of
human beings. Social work is based on scientific knowledge.
In professional social work, the worker's approach is scientific. The
worker works on the basis of knowledge. Social work is supported on the
basis of accurate, definite and complete information. The three -
dimensional use and effect of theory and philosophy has been proven. So
theories give a definite direction to the work.
Since social work is a scientific work, information is collected. The
essence is extracted by systematic arrangement of information.
Conclusions are drawn, measures are taken and work is re -examined.
Such a scientifically helpful activity is the function of social work.
1.4.5 Collective thinking of individual society culture:
In professional social work, individuals, society and culture are considered
together. From human development to group development and from group
development to social development is w idely considered. It has a sense of
inclusiveness and unity. Thoughts in social work are that an individual
does not get what he / she have because they are alone, but they get it
because of society.
1.4.6 Professional Social Work is a Community Oriented B usiness:
Fried Lander said that social work helps to bring democratic principles
and human rights into practice and bring them to real life. It helps in
creating a decent standard of living for all societies, provides social
security and meets the basic hu man needs such as the need for love, the
need for recognition or personality, the need for quality. To fulfill all this,
a social worker should be clear on the knowledge of professional social
work. Also, the more the worker looks at the facts based on his thoughts,
reflections and studies, the more the meaning of social work will become
clearer and its vast scope will be noticed. Every worker should think and
act in this direction.
Check your progress:
1) Explain the meaning of professional social work.
1.5 PURPOSE OF PROFESSIONAL SOCIAL WORK
In social work, motives or objectives are closely related to the results of
the work done. The motive behind the action becomes important in the
outcome of the action, as it determines the course of action. The motive
behind the worker's behavior is clear to the worker and others and it is
only for welfare. There is no such thing as one mind and one purpose. So
it is not in the worker, but its member’s conscience, ethics, knowledge,
etc. that show him the right way. There is no discrepancy between his
motives and his behavior.
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5 There is no selfishness in the purpose of social work. There is no desire to
take credit, so work done for social work purposes is effective. The
purpose of social work, the way of working and the me thod of work are all
characteristic and have the expected effect. Different issues are considered
while doing social work. Problems related to economic development,
social problems, caste and religion, social services related to health and
education are co nsidered in social work. The main objective of social
work is to achieve the weaker elements in terms of establishing social
justice and equality. Creating a positive attitude in the society, giving the
right direction to the society are all challenges in social work. The
important factor is to give the right direction to the challenges or
problems.
1.5.1 Re -establishment:
When the expected tasks or roles are not carried out or done properly,
there is a need to rebuild, restructure, re -establish and make ch anges.
Obstacles to the performance of the role are removed.
Here rehabilitation and treatment are followed by reinstatement.
Correlation and interaction are regenerated. Individuals are given money
and are helped to regain their status and position. It le ads to the
development of individuals, groups and communities. E.g. rehabilitating a
married woman who has been separated from the family for some reason,
and preparing both the family and the woman to accept each other
mentally i.e. (Rehabilitation and Tr eatment). Rehabilitation works in the
context of the disabled by way of holding them in the displacement and
preparing them mentally to accept reciprocal establishment. Proper
correlation, thoughts, feelings, behaviors, etc. is re -established so that
welfa re can be achieved.
1.5.2 Overcoming the problem of human correlation:
Many problems have arisen in human correlation in different societies.
There are factors that can cause problems in this correlation due to caste or
ethnicity. Therefore, the purpose of social work is to create a happy and
contented society by creating a safe and proper relationship in the entire
human society.
1.5.3 Inculcate democracy in the society:
Social work is done to create ideal citizens of the country by creating
democracy in t he entire human society. The purpose of social work is to
make the citizens of the society aware of democracy, to make them aware
of human rights and entitlements and through that to inculcate democracy
in the society.
1.5.4 Solving social problems:
The im portant task of solving the problems related to the social life of the
individual and the problems related to the economic development of the
individual is done through social work. Therefore, the important objective munotes.in

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6 of social work is to create development capacity in the society by solving
social problems in the society.
1.5.5 Extending existing services to the community:
The important function of the government is to provide services to the
society. Many social development schemes and programs are being
implemented by government employees. However, the government does
not have the capacity to deliver such programs to the needy. Therefore, the
purpose of social work is to provide the right amount of existing services
to the society and give them their benef its.
1.5.6 Bringing about social change:
One of the important objectives of social work is to bring about social
change by trying to solve the various problems in different sectors in order
to bring about the expected change in the backward society and esp ecially
in the rural society.
1.5.7 Creating a sense of balance and cooperation in the society:
The aim of social work is to create equality in property ownership with the
aim of creating balance in the society, to give property rights to the poor,
to mee t the various needs of the society and to create equality in all
societies. At the same time, the purpose of social work is to create social
organization and give importance to collective attitude to increase the
spirit of cooperation in the society.
1.5.8 Protecting interests:
Social work is considered important to inculcate in the society all kinds of
things for the benefit of the society and to increase public participation in
social work. The purpose of social work is to promote the interests of all
the society members in terms of achieving the essential elements and
social rights.
1.5.9 Equalization of development opportunities:
Social work is given importance so that all the members of the society
have access to development opportunities and the weaker sections get
priority in development works. The aim of social work is to accommodate
the society which is far from the opportunity of development in the
development process.
1.5.10 Helping Tasks:
Individuals who need help while carrying out social work ar e being
providing essential services. Helping such people as needed, providing
services for the needy and liaising between those in need of available
services are put in place in relief work. These are considered important
objectives in the relief work to preserve human values.
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7 Thus social work has started in our country for various purposes. The
above objectives are important in social work to provide development
opportunities to the society which is far from the development process as a
whole, to uphold human values in order to uphold social justice.
Check your progress:
1) State the various objectives of professional social work.
1.6 FEATURES OF PROFESSIONAL SOCIAL WORK
The tradition of social work in our country is many years old and since
social work is based on needs, the features of social work appear to be
different. Many social reformers and sociologists have proposed concepts
of social work. Also explanations are given. At the same time, the
meaning of social work is explained. This includes the fea tures of social
work. The features of professional social work can be explained as
follows.
1.6.1 Accepting help and service as needed:
One of the important features of a social worker is that he is accepted by
the society when he is serving the needy comm unity. Social worker is
characterized by the immediate acceptance of the help or services that are
provided through social work as it is based on needs while doing social
work. Social work is done to identify the burning issues of the society and
solve the se problems.
1.6.2 Own opinions are not imposed on the needy:
An individual or organization doing social work works to bring about a
certain kind of change in the society. While doing this, they are
convincing the society about their views. This is one of the characteristics
of social work as it gives more importance to explaining one's needs to the
needy than imposing one's opinion on the needy as social work starts in
that place only when the society responds properly.
1.6.3 Involvement of clients in the relief process:
Participation of individuals or groups we are assisting to in the social work
process is considered important. The work of giving direction of change is
done through social work but it is very important to involve those who are
doing social work in the decision making process. Nothing is imposed on
individuals or groups. Voluntary decision -making is said to be a feature of
social work.
1.6.4 Balanced development of individual and community:
Social work begins by identifying the needs of spec ific individuals or
groups as they develop. Emphasis is placed on developing the abilities of
the needy while doing social work. A social worker always thinks that
social work is done with the help of those specific individuals or groups
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8 1.6.5 A person is considered holistically:
Implement development programs through government agencies.
Implementation is important for the purpose. But in social work, all
aspects of life are included when considering the problems or questions of
the society, because one problem is related to other factors.
1.6.6 Emphasis on understanding people in social work:
The emphasis in social work is on creating a sense of belonging in the
community. For this, it is taken on the ba sis of psychiatric, psychological
and sociological concepts. What does social worker think about himself,
how does he feel about the relationship with others, what do others think
about social worker, how do they look at each other? It is interested in
social work. Emotions are learned using classical knowledge. The social
worker is aware of the art of working with human correlation. The worker
has the ability to learn human behavior. The task is to understand people
and solve their problems through the use of theoretical knowledge.
1.6.7 Different methods and procedures of social work:
While doing social work, the social worker uses his own methods and
work process to solve the problems in the society. From your experience,
your own work method is built on your own skills. Through this, the social
worker is working to solve the problems in the society. Procedures or the
skill to get the participation of the community in the self -created workers
is formed from the experience of these workers. Hence it is said to be a
social work feature.
1.6.8 More emphasis on economic development:
The emphasis in social work is on the economic upliftment of a particular
individual or group. The social worker strives for sustainable economic
development by developing businesse s based on local conditions. So the
social worker is looking for different ways for economic upliftment,
focusing more on business development according to his own method.
1.6.9 Feelings of experience and service delivery:
A social worker works to bring th e society on the path of development or
to solve their problems. They have the feeling that we are selflessly
serving the society and that is why the social worker is sincerely working
for the expected social change. Social workers have a sense of service and
empathy for the community.
1.6.10 Link between needy and community tools:
There appear to be many problems in our country or especially in rural
areas. A wide variety of tools are also available to solve these problems.
However, these tools or services are not delivered to the needy. The social
worker is the link between the two. The work of social work is done by
making proper use of local resources to convey the economic development
tools of a particular community or government schemes to the communit y. munotes.in

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9 So the link between the needy and the tools in society is said to be a
feature of social work.
Check your progress:
1) Describe the characteristics of professional social work.
1.7 SUMMARY

While professional social work practice is far -reaching in its sco pe, a
changing world continues to present new challenges and avenues to make
a difference. Social work does not clash with other occupations. Social
work does not compete with other businesses that provide services to
human beings. So there is cooperation with these businesses. At the same
time the scope of social work is not and cannot be taken by other
businesses. Of the businesses that provide services, social work is also a
business. Businesses have equal importance in service, there is space. All
busin esses have coexistence. All businesses serve the community in an
integrated manner with the help of each other. In this way, all the needs
and problems of the society are considered together by different
professionals from different aspects. So they get an all-around perfect
answer. This leads to social welfare and social development.

Social work role is to decide which community service is applicable to a
given social condition. Although social development is considered
important to the professional, it i s important for the individual to bend his /
her face with proper turns, but considering the importance of the
community, it is far more important than the collective thinking of the
individual. E.g. Sune likes to be independent. However, in exercising thi s
freedom, it is up to the whole family, in -laws, family responsibilities,
family situation, whether to think differently, whether the bride has the
right to exercise her rights. None of the many features that exist in Indian
society are mentioned above. T hey are used to bind society, to guide
human behavior. This is why social work is used to achieve its purpose.
That is why its appearance in India is unique.

1.8 EXERCISE

 Explain the meaning of professional social work by explaining the
concept of profes sional social work.
 Explain the purpose by defining professional social work.
 Explain the features by explaining the concept of professional social
work.

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10 1.9 REFERENCES
 Chowdhari, D. Paul, Introduction to Social Work, Atmaram and Sons
1964.
 Chowdhari, D. Paul, Handbookk of Social Welfare, Atmaram and
Sons, Delhi, 66.
 Das G. Advance Sociological Theories Nanu Enterprise Educational
Publishers. Delhi 110006.
 Dr. Prajakta Taksalle Ekatmik Samajkarya
 Dr. Prajakta Taksalle Vyavasayik Samajkarya
 Singh K. Social Work Theory and Practice, (Prakashan Kendra),
Lucknow, 84.

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11 2
STAGES OF SOCIAL WORK
Unit Structure :
2.0 Objectives
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Integrated Start -Up Stage, (Induction Phase) Early Stage Study
2.3 Integrated Middle Stage (Core Phase)
2.4 Integrated Aid -Treatment
2.5 Final Stage (Ending Phase) - Conclusion
2.6 Summary
2.7 References
2.8 Exercises
2.0 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the study of this chapter are as follows.
 Know the stages of social work.
 Understand the basics of social work.
 Knowing the middle ground of social work.
 To study t he last stage of social work.
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Social work began in ancient times. But it is not possible to say exactly
when and where it happened. Because when human society came into
existence, many people initially came together and felt the need to
associate with each other. The individual is a social animal. It was from
this feeling that social service originated and the feeling that service brings
merit. Social work is the origin of religion in ancient times.
Social work is a process. This process i s formed by the integration of
different work links. There is continuity in this. Process links are
interconnected. They are not separated from each other. This process takes
place in a cycle; sometimes it goes back and forth. Social work goes
through this process and develops. This process means a positive
purposeful interaction between the client and the worker. Social work munotes.in

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12 objectives are achieved through this process. There are many tasks that
can be accomplished.
2.2 INTEGRATED START -UP STAGE, (INDUCTI ON
PHASE) EARLY STAGE STUDY
When starting work in any way, when serving any individual, group or
community, there is study, diagnosis, help, evaluation in the beginning
period by thinking in an integrated manner.
In this stage there is preparation, planni ng is done, intervention is started,
and study is done. Various tasks are performed at this stage for diagnostic
purposes as well as for all purposes of relief work.
The social work process begins even before the actual beginning. Pre -
preparation takes pla ce before the start. Need service, need help! Such are
the mentality created in service. Expecting help, clients begin to receive
services by anticipating what will happen during the visit. Aware of the
problem, the social worker prepares for the service b y self -examining the
help available to the client. Social work begins by creating dissatisfaction
in the service, creating an awareness of responsibility, rights and duties.
At this stage the role of social work begins. The actual intervention begins
with the preparation of the intervention. The need, use and specific area of
intervention are determined. The boundary of the intervention is
determined. Is there a situation where intervention is needed? Which one
is it, it is the worker who decides. It depe nds on the level of intervention.
After this, the worker decides to intervene and makes a special
intervention. Activist interventions have different characteristics. As this
intervention is done with a special approach, this leads to the development
of in tervention capabilities. Self -sufficiency - creates self -awareness,
empowers the seeker, and constantly changes. This intervention is done
with the holistic consideration of the client. It is done by taking the
initiative. It uses relationships.
2.2.1 Earl y Environment :
In this early period, when the study takes place, the worker and the client
experience a special atmosphere.
Due to the characteristic atmosphere of this early period,
i. The needs are understood, the problems become clear, the causes of
the problems become clear.
ii. Services were selected.
iii. The use of services is estimated.
iv. Can be studied. (Initial tasks can be done easily.)
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13 vi. The role can be explained. The role of the activistsbecomescl ear.
vii. Intimacy is established.
viii. The relationship get established.
ix. The workers know the service clearly.
x. The demand for help comes to the fore.
2.2.2 Early events :
These are phenomena that occur everywhere while serving on a micro t o
broad scale. The following events take place at the beginning of social
work. (These events continue to happen in other stages).
1. The atmosphere is created during the interview by the worker.
2. Obtaining information from the client.
3. Obtaining a problem st atement from the client.
4. Understanding the problems of the workers.
5. Understanding the problem from a customer's point of view.
6. Helping the client to understand their own problem.
7. Understanding the worker by the client.
8. Getting support from the client during the interview.
9. To understand client, to know his needs.
10. To study, to plan.
11. Mutual re -election from worker and client.
12. Influence of workers and client on each other.
2.2.3 Initial tasks :
The following is a list of tasks performed by a primary w orker. (These
tasks are not limited to the initial stage; they are also performed in later
stages. Initial stages are also performed in other stages).
1. To understand client, to know the effect on client.
2. Knowing the tasks that come in your field.
3. Buildin g relationships according to the right principles.
4. Conduct in -depth interviews.
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14 6. Collecting information, scrutinizing, coherence, directing thoughts,
analyzing, interpreting the information obtained.
7. To make a diagnosis.
8. To know the needs and demands of the client, to know the attitude
towards the problem and help.
9. Getting involved.
10. Presenting the ideal in front of the client.
11. Eliminate depression, eliminate oppression.
12. To give an explanation.
13. To understa nd.
14. Create a picture based on information, starting with a value that is
important to the client.
15. Explain the reasons.
16. Discussion to focus on issues.
17. To make the client aware of his potential, to develop him.
18. Positive Thinking, Encouraging
19. Respect by acknowledging the individual's uniqueness.
20. Acquiring trust.
21. To lead, to control.
22. To make the client aware.
2.2.4 Early Studies :
The following information shows how the study is conducted in an
integrated manner at the beginning. The study of these tho ughts
everywhere leads to integrated study. Study is an ongoing process,
because the servants of social work are human beings. They change
constantly. The study takes place mainly in the early period. While this is
true, the study does not stop at the next stage. This is equally true.
Interviews, relationships, interactions are used for the study. It is based on
theoretical knowledge that the attitude of the practicing worker is like that
of a behavioral theory. The worker performs this step of study at thi s stage
using various skills.
When a worker decides to study in one or more ways, what matters is the
chosen path? What information is needed to serve that way? He notices
this and insists on getting such information. E.g. the method of
arrangement, if it is to be useful in providing help, is much studied in
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15 in a way that solves the problem. Family study is important when it comes
to providing family -centered services. The stud y of behavioral motivations
is important when studying behaviorally. If there is a need to help in more
than one way, then the emphasis is on the things that matter. The study is
done in the context of all of them.
Thus the study is primarily at the outset with broad thinking,
understanding, and context.
2.2.5 Discussion of the early stages of study in various avenues of
social work :
Different approaches to social work describe the beginnings and the
intervening work in them. It can be briefly reviewed as follows. Based on
this, the study has been reviewed in an integrated manner as above.
The psychosocial pathway undertakes studies at this stage as follows.
The environment of the ego and the whole conscience is studied. The
method of adapting personality i s studied. Study in this way is
psychosocial study, which includes further studies.
1. The study of the environment - of the problem - of the individual.
2. The study of individual’s relationships with environmental factors.
3. Knowing the facts.
4. Knowing the latent mind.
5. If needed, knowing as much history as needed.
6. Knowing the expectations of the client.
7. Knowing the values and feelings of the client.
This suggests that the study should be done using the above points or
when the above method is studied. When the above works are done, it is a
study done in a psychosocial way. This, of course, is the beginning of the
ministry . (It is found that other paths are also studied based on some of
these points.) The following actions are taken according to this path during
the study.
i. Knowing the reasons for coming for the service.
ii. Explain the purpose with the help of the work er.
iii. Estimating the behavior of the client.
iv. Understanding the relationship between the client's mood and the use
of the service by him.
v. Knowing the mood, preparing for change and accepting help.
vi. Getting started with real help. munotes.in

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16 Psychosoci al approach involves establishing a correlation with the client
in the initial stage of the interview, involving the client in the treatment,
initiating the treatment, collecting the information required for the
psychosocial diagnosis and treatment. The fu nctional path states that in
this state, the pre -preparation has done the following tasks.
1. Helping the client to objectively introspect.
2. Helping client to understand himself.
3. Explain the specific service to be rendered with the participation of the
client.
4. Understanding the problem with the service provider while giving the
service.
5. Creating the ability to use what is available in life.
6. Client has certain feelings in his mind as he does not know exactly
what will happen next. Using which change - to drive d evelopment.
7. Making the most of the initial miraculous time for welfare.
8. During this characteristic period, the social worker performs
characteristic tasks such as providing information, understanding,
overcoming oppression, encouraging, activating the clie nt, etc.
9. Client’s active participation leads to the use of his strengths and
abilities. Power is not wasted.
10. Working on a small part of the problem.
11. Consciously building a loving relationship.
Some of these seem to use many of the points when other methods are also
studied.
Check your progress:
1) Discuss the induction phase in social work from a unitary point of view.
2.3 INTEGRATED MIDDLE STAGE (CORE PHASE)
The middle ground is the main stage in the whole ministry. In this state the
whole social work achi eves the objectives. The purpose of this stage is the
purpose of social work.
In the main stage of social work, i.e. in the middle stage, work is done on
the steps of diagnosis and direct help. Of course, these steps are important
in serving all types of c lients at all levels.
The steps of study i.e. diagnosis and help are interdependent and
complementary. These steps run side by side (i.e. the beginning and the
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17 the other steps. Diagnosi s is based on study, so it is meaningful and
instructive. Study is important as help depends on the study and the
diagnosis made. So the accuracy on these two gives the accuracy of the
help and the consequences of the help. These steps are important in the
whole social work process. These steps determine the beginning and end
of the work.
2.3.1 Assessment (Diagnosis) :
Diagnosis in an integrated manner can be done at all levels (individual,
group, community level) by integrating as follows. The study is don e with
emphasis on different points in different cases, as the study is done with
different contexts. Similarly the diagnosis is also made at different levels
in different cases. Diagnosis is a mental process. Here is a mental
portrayal of the work. The fr amework of the work was clear. The motives
become clear. The difference between reality and expectation is clear. The
nature and needs of the work become clear. The boundaries of the work
are fixed. Diagnosis helps to work according to the needs of the pat ient.
The needy themselves are the best determinants. The best diagnosis of
needs, causes, shortcomings in one's own role, problems can be done by
oneself and the best solution to the problem, the best way is also known to
the needy. It is a belief in soci al work. Diagnosis made with the
participation of the cause is considered to be the best diagnosis.
Study is important for diagnosis. It is necessary for the worker to study in
the right way and to understand while studying. The combination of the
two is u sed in the diagnosis. Diagnosis is made by aggregating all the
information, selecting the right information and arranging the information
in a coherent manner.
Diagnosis is described in every way of social work. The worker can
diagnose any or all of these ways. The worker needs to be clear about the
direction in which the diagnosis is made.
2.3.2 A)Meaning of diagnosis :
Diagnosis in an integrated manner can be done at all levels (individual,
group, community level) by integrating as follows on different po ints in
different cases as studied.
i. Different needs - diagnosis of problems.
ii. Diagnosis of major needs and major problems, the causes of problems,
diagnoses of those causes as well as consequences of the problem.
iii. Diagnosis of problems in role and social functioning.
iv. Diagnosis of the client, his behavior, his feelings, social conditions,
social relationships.
v. Diagnosis of various causes, major causes and origins of causes,
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18 vi. Diagnosis of possible help, source of h elp and possible outcome of
help.
vii. Diagnosis of necessary help, diagnosis of useful help type.
All of these diagnoses are interpreted intermediately.
2.3.3 Diagnosis in various cases and intermediate functions :
Diagnosis is the determination of the fo llowing various factors. The
diagnostic areas have the following functions. It is noticed here that these
diagnostic functions are also studied and treated. Diagnosis based on these
points makes use of all knowledge pathways holistically. That is
integrati on.
1) Diagnosis regarding the problem :
What is the problem and how the problem arose. Where is the problem
and what can be done to solve it? What is the need, why were they
created? Why are they incomplete? How to complete them? Why should it
be complete d and how can it be completed? To determine this is to
diagnose. Such an interpretation of the problem is a diagnosis.
That is, the diagnosis is made by searching in this way. It also diagnoses
factors that are important in aid planning and aid strategy. A t the same
time, by making a systematic list of all the problems and needs, selecting
the right problems from it for the actual work is the diagnosis.
2. Diagnosis in terms of needs :
Prioritizing unmet needs: Who will meet the needs? How many needs can
be met? How to meet needs? What is the way? What is the approach to
help in this regard? What kind of help to use to meet the need? To
determine this is to diagnose. These tasks are performed to diagnose.
3. Diagnosis regarding changes :
In what case, at wha t level, how, what changes should be made? What
changes could happen. How will the changes take place? Why? How
many changes will there be? Who needs help at different levels to bring
about change? What kind of help? Who to help? What is the type of help
chosen? What knowledge path / approach help? Determining this means
making a diagnosis and performing diagnostic tasks.
4. Diagnosis in terms of development :
What is the need for development and why? How much development will
take place in the required are a? How to make it happen? What help to
choose for this development? Why choose it? What capabilities to build /
enhance? Why? How? So similarly, what qualities, arts, what powers
should be developed? So, to find the answers to the problems / to meet the
needs / to take the action for the development, to choose the kind of work
to be done, to make the same choice, to decide how it is desirable, that is
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19 5. Assurance of help :
Diagnosis is made by determining the approach / approaches in which t he
worker will provide the service, the help needed, the type of help
(choosing from the help classification) while providing active help in all
the above places.
6. Diagnosis regarding limitations :
What are the limitations of client, how and with what he lp can they be
overcome? How much can be removed? What can be done to help?
Determining what to do means making a diagnosis, yes, these tasks are
done during the diagnosis.
7. Role diagnosis :
Determining what are the important roles in the social function ing of a
client (the sum of all the roles is social functioning), the role with which
emotions, duties and personality are related. Determining which areas in
such a role have problems, which problem to start working on? To
determine this, is to diagnose . It can be decided to solve more than one
problem in more than one role at a time.
8. Disability Reconciliation :
Knowing the causes of inefficiency of the client means diagnosis. These
reasons are in the personal environment, in the web of social co rrelation,
in the values of correlation, in the interrelationships, in the interactions, in
the exchanges, in the groups, in the communities. Knowing the exact
causes, the exact treatment also becomes clear. The task of finding out the
cause of disabil ity and causes is done at this stage.
9) Diagnosis in the context of anxiety :
Diagnosis is when the causes of anxiety are clear, whether the causes are
in the past, present or future. This diagnosis facilitates further action.
10) Diagnosis of communic ation :
Determining the problem of exchange, determining its causes is the
diagnosis. This type of work determines the causes of the problem behind
the way they treat each other, the way they approach each other.
11) Relationship Diagnosis :
Further anal ysis is the diagnosis. These diagnostic tasks take place in the
middle stage. What is the place of service in the web of social correlation?
What is the state of the relationship? What is the arrangement of
correlation and other persons in correlation? Wha t is its significance in
terms of service? What is an interactive diagnosis?

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20 12) Diagnosis of the environment :
What kind of people are involved in the environment? When working
here, do you want to take into account the relationship between the
individ ual and the family? Do individuals and families need to consider
the relationship they have with other groups as well as with the
community and society? Etc. knowing the matter means diagnosis. The
diagnosis is to know the causes of the problem arising fro m these
environments as well as the help that can be found in solving the problem.
It is diagnosed by these functions.
13) Preparation of the plan, while making the diagnosis, the work of
preparing the plan is done :
From the study, the purpose of finding the answer to the problem, for the
purpose of development, to portray and understand the client is to make a
diagnosis. A list is made of what needs to be done to overcome this
problem. What is done, who is done - how is done, the problem will be
solved. T he need will be met - there will be progress - there will be
changes - there will be improvements. It was decided that the diagnosis
was made. Diagnosing is about predicting what might actually happen -
what might happen.
Pearlman outlines the following ty pes of diagnoses.
i. Dynamic Diagnosis
ii. Clinical Diagnosis
iii. Environmental Diagnosis, Etilogical or Genetic Diagnosis
Briar and Miller explain the three uses of the diagnosis.
i. Diagnosis leads to classification of the problem.
ii. Diagnosis reveals different aspects of the case. This is called
dynamic diagnosis. This is a long -term diagnosis.
iii. The diagnosis clarifies the process of helping.
All of these diagnoses are interpreted intermediately.
2.3.4 Stages to reach the diagnosis :
In his book Common Base of Social Work Practice, Bartlett Hiy outlines
the next steps in evaluating and reaching a decision.
1) To analyze the major factors that caused the incident or situation, to
know them.
2) Selecting the most important factors, determining the interrelationships
between the various causal factors and selecting the factors or factors
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21 3) To estimate where and how to intervene in social work in case of need
and to decide what will be the effect of this intervention wh ile making
this estimate.
4) What are the approaches to directly intervene in the fourth step of
choosing certain methods of work / intervention? Which method of
treatment will be chosen? Is it necessary to consolidate the route?
Which way to go first? It tur ns out - The first thing to decide is what
help to give, what help is needed.
Check your progress :
1) Discuss the Core Phase in social work.
2.4 INTEGRATED RELIEF -TREATMENT
Social work is primarily assisted with intermediate -diagnosis. In the
meanwhile, the work and evaluation at this stage of the study is
continuously going on, help and thought are also used for intervention in
social work. Serving is the most important step. Therefore, social work
reaches out to the service seekers i.e. clients (individual , group,
community, society to the service seekers). Step achieves the real purpose
of social work. That is why help is also called a social work approach.
Beneficiaries are always involved in helping to make a difference. Client’s
participation is a prere quisite for the helper.
2.4.1 Definition of help, Meaning and various forms :
An integrated approach when it comes to helping at different levels. This
is done as follows.
Explaining treatment in The Theory of Social Case Work, Small said that
any kind of social service used by any individual or group (large or small)
for their own well -being and for the welfare of society in general is a cure.
It is the duty of the worker to provide the services here and the
responsibility to use those services rests with the individual -groups.
(Reaching the service) Individuals / groups are expected to take the lead in
providing services by selecting services.
2.4.2 Purpose of help :
Help or treatment is not merely a remedy, a cure, prevention, but an
educational, developme ntal and transformative process, as well as a
radical, fundamental change in thinking, feelings and attitudes, a
smoother, multifaceted process. It has definite purpose. It is a consulting
service. That is guidance. The study of social work, the steps of d iagnosis,
the process of service problems, etc., in the context of each other, makes
sense of the help. Development is expected to help; problems are expected
to be prevented. The theoretical knowledge of social work (interpretation,
meaning, principle, do ctrine, way, etc.) is a service that is done by adding
the thoughts of humanity.
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22 Check your progress :
1) Discuss integrated help and treatment in social work.
2.5 ENDING PHASE (LAST STEP)
After starting social work for a specific purpose, the social worker stops
his work if the required situation changes or the specific problem ends,
because the expected changes appear. In such a case, it is expected to stop
the specific form of work as the last stage of social work.
2.5.1 Ways of assessment :
What should be the thought and what should be the attitude, should be
thought. Was it the money of the workers? Evaluation is to check how far
they are from the ideal or how close they are to the ideal. What should be
the ideal, how? What actually happened, how did it h appen? And how can
that be? What can be done? Evaluation is the process of verifying the
(expected) actual (possibly) and knowing the remaining errors in the ideal
way. At the same time, there is an evaluation of the accepted procedures,
behaviors, work -related relationships, the roles of the workers, the
program adopted to achieve the objective. Evaluating the impact on the
actual distance from the ideal helps to clarify the difference between the
two and helps the next work to be done in the expected mann er. From the
ideal to the real, once the distance is known, the effort towards reducing
the distance is noticed. You can plan for that. Strategies can be devised.
After this the error is removed and the effectiveness of the services is felt
and this is the ultimate purpose of the evaluation. The assessment was
done step by step during the work. The same happens at the very end of
the work i.e. assessment occurs during the study. There is constant
evaluation while diagnosing and helping. Thus this step of th e last stage
starts from the beginning stage.
The service rendered at these stages of evaluation is once again known.
The results of that work are known. The purpose of the service and its
effect is balanced which helped to achieve the purpose or to bring about
change. Did that change happen with help? Did education become what it
was intended to be? Has it created the ability to improve one's own life in
the service (individual, group, community)? Did the same thing happen to
those who worked for it? Did i t look unexpected? Will the incremental
effect be seen? This is verified. Because like any other business, the social
work business also works in a systematic way towards those objectives
with the objective in mind. This business is dedicated to change
development education. The business was successful in doing this. This is
proved by the evaluation itself.
Check your progress s :
1) Explain the concluding stage of social work.
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23 2.6 SUMMARY
In social work, study, diagnosis, treatment, follow -up are considered a s
four steps. They cannot be completely separated. All the steps begin with
the study of the same subject with each other as well as the beginning of
the treatment. Studies and diagnoses continue.
Social work is also divided into three parts, namely, the i nitial stage, the
evaluation stage and the conclusion stage. Similar to this functional path,
Goldstein (1973) considered three stages of social work. The Induction
Phase, the Core Phase and the Ending Phase are the first phase of contact.
The main stage w as problem solving. The information comes together.
Action happens. After reconsideration, evaluation, further action is
decided and final evaluation is done in the last stage. At each stage or step
a specific purpose and tasks are expected accordingly. Th e stages of the
whole work can be described as contact phase, contract phase and action
phase.
2.7 REFERENCES
 Dr. Prajakta Takasale "Integrated Social Work"
 Dr. Prajakta Takasale "Professional Social Work"
 Prof. Nilprabha Lakkawar (Lilkar) "Outline of Social Work"
 Dr. Sphoorti Katrani "Psychology for Social Work" Shri Sainath
Prakashan, Nagpur
 Prof. Purushottam Khote, "The Principles of Social Work"
 Bharti Saha "Introduction to Social Work"
2.8 EXERCISES

 Analyze the beginn ing of professional social work.
 Write a note on the middle ground of social work.
 Describe the stages of social work.





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24 3
SOCIAL WORKER’S APPROACH, SKILLS
AND TECHNIQUES
Unit Structure :
3.0 Objectives
3.1 Preface
3.2 Concept of Social Work
3.3 Concept of Social Workers
3.4 Functions and Nature of Social Workers
3.5 Characteristics and Properties of Social Workers
3.6 Areas of work of Social Workers
3.7 Classification of Social Workers
3.8 Techniques required by Social Workers
3.9 Skills required from Social Workers
3.10 Role of Social Workers
3.11 Summary
3.12 More information
3.13 Exercise
3.14 References
3.0 OBJECTIVES
Students will understand the following after the completion of this
chapter.
1. Understand the concept of social work and social workers.
2. To study the workings of social workers.
3. To get information about the qualities required by a s ocial worker by
studying the various fields of work of a social worker.
4. To provide information to the social worker about the techniques and
skills required in doing social work.
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25 3.1 PREFACE
In the welfare system, the entire responsibility for the welfare of the
citizens lies with the state and its various institutions. Although state
institutions have moved out of the welfare role and out of the scope of
work during the new economic policy, t here has been no vacuum created.
The welfare role of the state seems to have been taken over by non -
governmental or non -governmental organizations. Although there are
many differences of opinion regarding their commitment, credibility,
comprehensiveness an d quality, but their important role in the
implementation of welfare programs cannot be underestimated.
In the present case, we will understand the concept of social work and
social workers. A social worker is broadly defined as a 'social worker' who
is in volved in social development. Social workers have to carry out a
variety of tasks to eliminate problems in the community. They have to use
a number of procedures to carry out these tasks. Also, in order to carry out
the task, the social worker must have su ch basic qualities. Also, while
carrying out social development work, the workers have to use various
techniques and skills. Such activist plays an important role in the
development of the society.
This chapter discusses the concept of social workers, clas sification of
social workers, working methods of social workers, essential qualities of
social workers, techniques required by social workers and skills and role
of social workers in social development.
3.2 CONCEPT OF SOCIAL WORK
When studying professional social work, it is necessary to first look at its
definition in order to understand it better. Defining social work clearly is a
difficult task. The development of social work is not the same in all
countries.
Social work is a process of helping. It is no exaggeration to say that the
feeling of helping others has been with man since the creation of mankind.
From ancient times the people have been helping others according to their
ability and the needs of the society. But then there was no scientific
yardst ick to track the same. Social work has been systematically studied in
Western countries. Methods, techniques, skills of social work were
developed and social work as a business was brought to the forefront of
the world. Its interpretations have also been f ormulated to understand the
concept of social work more clearly.
Scholars and thinkers have come up with various interpretations of social
work. They can be stated as follows.
1. Fink (1942): “The function of social work is to create that state of
society and to develop that capacity in the individual, which will
increase the ability to live a better life for the members of the
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26 2. Indian conference of Social Work (1957): Social work is a welfare
activity, which is based on human service, philosophy, s cientific
knowledge and technical skills, whose purpose is to help individuals,
groups and communities so that they can live a happy and fulfilling
life.
3. National Association of Social Workers (1970): "Social work is the
professional activity of helping in dividuals, groups of communities to
enhance or restore their capacity for social functioning & to create
social conditions favorable to their goals."
4. Murthy and Rao (1970): Social work is about helping those suffering
from mental, physical and emotional or moral disability, which will
enable the individual or group to become self -sufficient.
It is clear from the above definition that social work is a professional aid
that aims to develop the capabilities of individuals, groups and
communities and to unite t hem and create favorable social conditions for
the fulfillment of objectives.
Check your progress:
1) Explain the concept of professional social work.
3.3 CONCEPT OF SOCIAL WORKERS
A social worker is broadly defined as "a worker who performs social
develop ment work related to the community." The concept of
"professional social worker" is different from that.A person with special
training in professional social work is considered a ‘professional social
worker’.
3.4 FUNCTIONS AND NATURE OF SOCIAL WORKERS
When solving a problem in the society, the social worker has to work by
seeing the nature of the problem. Social workers often have to use
different methods to solve a problem at the same time. The nature of the
work of a social worker can be described as foll ows. This is also called the
work ethic of a social worker.
1. Diagnostic: A social worker is trying to solve problems in the society
while working in the society. When solving problems in the community,
the worker first finds the root of the problem. That is, the worker finds the
cause of the problem and diagnoses the cause. The task of finding the
causal factor behind a social worker's problem and diagnosing the causes
of those problems is called diagnostic work.
2. Therapeutic: Once the cause of the prob lem is known, the social
worker tries to eliminate the problem. The worker suggests several
measures for the temporary or eradication of the problems of society and
solves the problem through these measures. That is, the work of a social
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27 3. Preventive: Even if the problem is solved and destroyed, there is no
guarantee that the problem will not recur in the society. As a result, the
social worker works to create awareness so that the problem does not recur
in the communit y and suggests solutions so that the problem does not
recur in the community. This work of a social worker is of a 'restrictive'
nature.
4. Rehabilitation: Social workers do therapeutic work on the problem. An
issue completely disrupts the life of the pers on or group of people
involved in that issue. A social worker works from the point of view of
rehabilitation of such individuals or groups of individuals. The work done
by the worker in terms of rehabilitation of particular persons and
individual communiti es is of a rehabilitative nature.
5. Research: After a problem arises, the social worker needs to do
research to get information about the problem and the person and group
affected by the problem. The task of collecting data on the problem,
checking the ex tent of the problem, allows the worker to make appropriate
efforts to eliminate the problem. The social worker can suggest a number
of suggestions or recommendations from the findings obtained from the
research. His work is of an exploratory nature.
Thus t he social worker works in a diagnostic, therapeutic, preventive,
rehabilitative, research form. Social workers do not use only one of the
methods mentioned above. Often the worker has to use several methods at
the same time. When solving problems, it is ma ndatory for the social
worker to use all the methods at the same time. Because a person's
problem affects the family and the community itself, therefore the social
worker has to adopt all the methods to solve the person's problem.
Check your progress:
1) Expl ain the working methods of a social worker or explain the nature
of work of a social worker.
3.5 CHARACTERISTICS AND PROPERTIES OF
SOCIAL WORKERS
There are 'as many tendencies as individuals' in society. A social worker
wants to work with people with the se different tendencies. Social workers
have a direct relationship with the people. The social worker has to work
with the individual, with the group, with the community. In order to create
awareness in the society, to convey the government's plans to the
community, to solve the problems of the individual, to develop the group
through the group, the social worker has to establish a constant
relationship with the society. In order to work in the right way and bring
about positive change, a social worker need s some qualities.
In 1946, a workshop at the University of Wisconsin in the United States
listed the qualities of an extension worker. Accordingly it requires,
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28 courage, fairne ss, perseverance, ingenuity, statement etc. Qualities are
essential to a social worker.
The qualities of a social worker can be stated as follows.
1. A social worker should be one who understands people's problems in
order to work with them properly and effec tively. He should have a
thorough knowledge of the area or field in which he is working.
2. Working with people, groups, communities, the social worker needs
to know the problems, the culture, their language.
3. A social worker should be an adjuster in any situa tion.
4. Social workers should be honest, open -minded and hardworking and
have high IQ.
5. The social worker should have strong confidence in his work and the
ability to make the right decisions.
6. The worker should be a participant in the happiness and sorrows of
the people.
7. The nature of a social worker's work should not be showy; he should
be honest with his work.
8. He must be determined to achieve the set goal. He should strive in
every direction to achieve the objective.
9. The social worker should be a researcher.
10. Being punctual in your work should bring positive change in people.
11. He should be enthusiastic to speed up his work.
12. It should have the potential for community development. He should
have the ability to plan and implement.
13. While working, he should be able to coordinate properly between
various organizations, associations, communities and people.
14. He should face difficult situations with courage, find a way out of
crisis, and be cooperative.
15. He should be humble, polite, cultured and calm in nature and a frien d
of the people, he should not be selfish.
16. He should be the first to listen to people without disrespecting them
and help them solve their problems by thinking about their problems.
17. He should have a spirit of service and help toward others.
18. Must work throu gh local leaders and guide people.
19. Your opinion should be listened to by the person in front of you
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29 20. He should have knowledge of different techniques and skills and use
those techniques in the right place.
21. Leadership should drive development and bring about social
development through new knowledge.
22. One should have in -depth knowledge of one's subject, keep one's
knowledge wide, up -to-date, read literature, meet researchers, take
training, acquire new ideas and knowledge and constan tly add to
one's knowledge.
Check your progress:
1) Describe the characteristics of a social worker.
3.6 AREAS OF WORK OF SOCIAL WORKERS
The social worker wants to work with people of different ages, genders,
religions, different attitudes, different probl ems, living in different areas,
speaking different languages, and different levels of society. From all
these divisions, the area of work of the social worker is determined. The
scope of work of a social worker can be described as follows.
1. Child Welfare
2. Women Welfare
3. Youth Welfare
4. Welfare of Disabled
5. Welfare of Aged
6. Community Development
7. Welfare of Labor
8. Criminology & Correctional Administration
9. School Social Work
3. Medical & Psychiatric
11. Backward and Vulnerable Group
Check your progress:
1) Discuss the scope of work of a social worker.
3.7 CLASSIFICATION OF SOCIAL WORKERS
Social workers are categor ized on the basis of training, field of work,
gender, special skills, etc. Youngly, in his book 'Social action and Social
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30 1. Conservative worker (Stereo type)
2. An aloof worker (Fencerider)
3. Propagandist
4. Liberal
Social work can also be categorized on the basis of:
1. Case Worker
2. Group Worker
3. Community Organizer
4. Researcher
5. Administrator
6. Activist
Classification of social workers by gender:
1. Female social worker
2. Male social worker
Check your progress:
1) Write a note on the classification of social workers.
3.8 TECHNIQUES REQUIRED BY SOCIAL WORKERS
Individuals have as many tendencies in society. These are different
tendencies. A social worker wants to work with people with these different
tendencies. Appropriate responses are required from the individual, from
the group and from the community when working on a question. To get
this response, the social worker needs some techniques and to get the
response, the social worker has to use various techniques and skills.
Technique: A total of seven groups of techniques used by the American
Association of Social Workers to assist individuals have disappeared.
1) Techniques used to relieve stress on employees.
2) Techniques used to focus the client on the basics.
3) Techniques used to make the c lient accept difficult, unsolicited but
unshakable matters.
4) Techniques to be used to prevent and prevent the use of defense
techniques by the client.
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31 6) Techniques used to help the client to think, ana lyze, recover, come to a
decision, take action, and understand the time it takes to express
thoughts.
7) Techniques used to help the client in difficult times.
From the above grouping, it can be seen that techniques are used to
establish a relationship with t he client during the interview. Earl Salisbury
lists the techniques in the above seven types of groups as follows.
1) To minimize the severity of the situation.
2) Reduce the severity of the problem.
3) Minimize the nature of the problem.
4) Reduce the pressure on the client.
5) Creating a happy atmosphere.
6) Give an explanation.
7) Clarify the facts.
8) Predicting the possible consequences.
9) To prevent the use of defense system.
10) To establish authority through speech.
11) To prevent hasty decision making.
12) Use the information obtained.
13) To check the information received from the client.
14) Withdrawal of true information from the client
These techniques help to reduce the stress on the client. It helps the client
to focus on the main point. While helping the client to accept difficult
things , create such an atmosphere where the client will not have to use
protection mechanism. Some techniques are used to influence decisions.
Some techniques are used to facilitate the interview. And some techniques
are used to understand the client.
In order t o get the right information from the client, to get the response
and to handle the problem properly, the professional social worker
provides the client with information he does not know, helps him to get to
the right point. Throughout the process, the work er uses verbal and non -
verbal techniques to get the response of the client.
Check your progress:
1) Write a comment on the techniques required by a social worker.
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32 3.9 SKILLS REQUIRED FROM SOCIAL WORKERS
While working in the community, the social worker has to use many skills
in the use of individual support work, group, work, community
organization, social research, social administration and social action.
Many skills are used equally everywhere and each method requires some
special skills. Social workers us e different skills depending on the
situation. A social worker has to use more than one or more skills
together. The social worker uses the following skills from time to time.
1) Listening skills
2) Communication skills
3) Organizational skills
4) Ability to vote or c onvince
5) The right decision making skills
6) Leadership skills
7) Inspector skills
8) Skills to get work from people
9) Skills to make good use of time
10) Skills in using available tools
11) Report writing skills
12) Presentation skills
3.10 ROLE OF SOCIAL WORKERS
While working in the society, a social worker has to fulfill many roles.
The social worker uses skills, techniques, knowledge while performing the
role. The worker's attitude, value, quality, ability, thought, personality,
practice, knowledge, his pragmatism influences the roles. Its role is
determined by the quality, quality, characteristics and purpose of the
worker.
Various social worker experts have expressed their views regarding the
roles of social workers. The role of social worker has been described by
scholars a nd thinkers as follows.
 Finder
 Lawyer
 Evaluator
 Broadcaster, expander munotes.in

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33  Tool Assembler
 Consultant
 Researcher
 Caring
‘Charles Grosser’ outlines the following roles of social workers while
working in the community.
 Empower
 Proactive
 Lawyer
 Broker
Bisno describ es nine roles of social workers.
 Antagonist
 The role of reconciliation
 Developmental
 The restructuring role
 Facilitator
 The role of knowledge enhancement and knowledge testing
 Disciplinary role
 The role of law enforcement
 The role of rule makers
Social wor kers have to use roles simultaneously at different levels.
Considering the roles described by the cold experts, the general roles of
social workers can be stated as follows.
1) Helper : A social worker should always be ready to help. A person in
need may n eed help at any time. At such times, the social worker acts
as a helper without any hesitation.
2) Enabler : Social worker should have the ability to help. He needs to
know all the things he needs. So that he can provide the information he
needs to the peo ple in need or he needs to know the source of the
information. So that he can get the information from the relevant
sources and help the concerned person. The social worker has to play
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34 3) Encourager : A 'social w orker' should always be an encourager. He
wants to play a role as a promoter. The worker wants to get out of
depression without disappointing the person in front by thinking in a
positive way. In order to do this, the social worker has to constantly
encour age and not depressed. In this way the social worker plays the
role of a promoter.
4) Guide : Social worker is always a guide. Exactly which direction the
person wants to work; the social worker guides which path to choose.
When there are so many options f or something, the person gets
confused. It then enables the client to choose the right option by
stating the pros and cons of all the options. In this case, the social
worker is playing the role of guide.
5) Facilitator : A social worker facilitates a diff icult matter and conveys
it to his client. The social worker does the work of making a difficult
process easier and conveying to the society simple language that they
can understand. The social worker facilitates the delivery of the
required information to the community and handles the problem.
6) Teacher : A social worker is also a teacher. He is working to spread
the knowledge of many things to the society. A social worker must
have all the qualities that a teacher has. The social worker plays the
role of 'teacher' while imparting knowledge of various things to the
society.
7) Researcher : Social worker has to play the role of 'researcher' in the
community. In order to provide accurate information about an event,
situation, problem, a social worker has to get information from a
statistical point of view. At such times, the social worker plays a role
as a researcher.
8) Administrator : Often a social worker has to work with many people.
When working with many people at such a time, it is very important
for h im to have the qualities of an administrator in the hands of a
social worker in order to get the job done properly by all of them. The
social worker plays the role of administrator while getting work from
many people.
9) Supervisor : The 'social worker' is constantly supervising the society.
So that he can make good use of the things he observes when making
decisions in his work. Circumstances, events are seen as an important
basis in decision making. Therefore, a social worker needs to know
many details. T hrough supervision, the worker learns many things.
Thus the social worker plays the role of supervisor while working in
the society.
10) Therapist : A 'social worker' is also a 'therapist'. He always tries to
find the cause of the problem and solve it so th at the problem does not
recur. It enables the person concerned to handle the problem. The
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35 11) Organizer : A social worker has to work among the people in the
community. Therefore, he needs to be aware of how t o build a society.
For this, a social worker should be a good 'organizer'. 'Society' is
divided into different religions, sects, languages and economic levels.
There are people in the community who follow different customs,
suffer from different problems, and have different ideologies. When
working in a community, you have to take care of different types of
people. In the same way, to creat e different types of organizations, to
work in an organization, a social worker needs to be a great organizer.
'From the role of organizer, he can develop the community in the right
way through the community.
12) Activist : In order to create awareness in t he community about an issue,
the social worker has to work continuously as an active worker till the
issue gets proper justice. It is not often the case that an active worker is
a professional worker. But it can be more effective if the professional
social worker plays the role of an activist.
In addition to the above roles, the social worker also plays the role of
person support worker and group worker protector, lawyer. Many times a
social worker has to play several roles at a time. The roles of social
workers can vary depending on the situation.
Check your progress:
1) Explain the role of social workers.
3.11 SUMMARY
A social worker wants to do many kinds of work. His role is determined
by the work he does. These include the role of facilitators, the ro le of
teachers, the role of advocates, the role of experts, the role of planners, as
well as the role of social activists, the role of group assistants, the role of
researchers. While carrying out this role, the worker has to work in
different fields. As a social worker, the way of thinking and behaving of
the workers is the same. A social worker fulfills many of his roles with the
help of thoughts, feelings, skills and techniques created through social
work education.
3.12 FOR MORE INFORMATION
1) Social work methods, field, ideology and social reform
Author: Dr. Sanjay Salivakar
Publications: Mr. Mangesh Publications
2) Vocational social work education and business
Author: Dr. Devanand Shinde
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36 3) Social worker (a professional)
Author: Dr. Devanand Shinde
Publications: Mangesh Publications
3.13 EXERCISE
1) Explain the concept of social work and explain the nature of social
work.
2) Explain the concept of social worker and discuss the qualities required
by a social worker.
3) Discuss the various areas of work of a social worker and explain to the
social worker the techniques required for social work.
4) Explain the role of social development workers by stating various
skills required for the work of social workers.
3.14 REFERENCE
1) Dr. Sanjay Salivakar, Field and Methods of Social Work, Shree
Mangesh Prakashan.
2) Dr. Devanand Shinde, Professional Social Work Education and
Profession, Daimond Prakashan.
3) Dr. Devanand Shinde, Social Worker as a Professional, Mangesh
Prakashan.



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37 4
SCOPE AND FIELD OF SOCIAL
WORK
Unit Structure :
4.0 Lesson Objectives
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Family Welfare and Child Welfare Services
4.3 Women's Welfare
4.4 Youth Welfare
4.5 Elderly Welfare
4.6 Welfare of persons with Disabilities
4.6.1 Differen t types of persons with disabilities
4.6.2 Problems of persons with disabilities
4.6.3 Non-governmental organizations working for persons with
disabilities
4.7 Summary
4.8 Terminology and Meaning
4.9 Exercises
4.10 References
4.0 LESSON OBJECTIVES
For the purpose of understanding the various areas of social work, the
objectives of this chapter are as follows:
1. Understanding the concept of social work.
2. Getting information about various areas of social work.
3. To study the barriers to child development by understanding the
concept of child development.
4. To review various initiatives and programs implemented for the
welfare of women.
5. Understand the concept of youth welfare and get information about
NGO’s working for youth development.
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38 4.1 INTRODUCTION
The study of these cases will help to understand the scope of social work,
the elements of which social work can work, and how deep it can go.
Social work has no real limit of scope. Wherever s ociety is, social work
has reached. The scope of this study will also be understood.
Understanding its scope is important when understanding professional
social work. It is said that where there is a problem, there is a need for
social work. Social work sh ould not really have limits. For all groups, the
welfare of different types of human beings, women, men, the disabled, the
elderly, criminals, the sick; there is a scope of social work. According to
this scope of social work, the major areas of social work are as follows.
1) Family and Child Welfare Services Area.
2) Women's Welfare.
3) Youth Welfare.
4) Old age welfare.
5) Welfare of the disabled
4.2 FAMILY WELFARE AND CHILD WELFARE
SERVICES
It includes the services rendered to mankind in all stages from birth to
death. The needs of every stage of life are taken into consideration and the
task of fulfilling them is done within this area. This includes services that
are expected of all men and women, children, youth, adults, parents, the
disabled and the elderly. Every el ement of the family is an important part
of these services. With the family as the center, efforts are made to assist
the family to meet the needs of their members, to protect them and to
support them. Work is done in that area to empower the family and it s
members. If the services required by the family are not available, the work
of creating and delivering them to the family is done by this service sector.
The family has an important place in human life. The family is the
foundation of a person's life and the family works to provide stability to
the society, and the task of providing citizens is done by the family.
Services are provided to the family and its members to strengthen the
relationship between the members of the family. The family planning
progr am also falls into this category. Family Welfare Services strengthens
the three relationships in the family. Family stress, family breakdown,
marital problems, exploitation in the family, violence, immorality,
expectations of the individual and the develop ment of family members are
all covered.
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39 Given the importance of the family, the field works with the focus on
empowering the family, with the aim of keeping the smallest but most
important institutions of the society stable, eliminating the existing famil y
shortages. The services available in this direction are in the field of
reaching out to the family, creating services, planning.
In the absence of family, work is done in the field of family welfare to
make up for the absence of the family and to make ar rangements for the
care that the family provides to the members in a manner that meets the
needs of the membersi.e. g. (supportive, supplementary services, substitute
services).
Services that are meant to be carried out by the actual family but when for
some reason it is not possible for the family to carry out the work, or for
some reason the family does not want to carry out these tasks properly,
services are provided to support the family. Services are provided to the
family and its members to strengthen and maintain the mutual relations of
the family members. Protective services are part of family welfare,
rehabilitation and preventive.
Family Roles, Stress - Dissatisfaction, Dissatisfaction, Disagreements,
Disputes, Family Disintegration, Family Disputes , Marital Problems,
Family Incompleteness and Lack, Family Exploitation, Family
Immorality, Family Violence, Family Neglect, Deprivation, The
development of family members is included in the subject area.
Under the health -education policy formulated for th e purpose of family
welfare, initiatives and programs implemented by governmental and
voluntary organizations are used in this field. Knowledge of Children's
Policy, Women's Policy, and National Policy on Elderly, Youth -
Disability, Policy Schemes as well a s other schemes are used to serve the
society through this sector.
The following is a list of family welfare organizations and services.
Family Planning Services, Supplementary Nutrition Services, Healthcare,
Babysitting, Home Care Services, Counseling Centers, Women's Support
Centers, Youth Centers, Recreation Centers, Libraries, Training Camps,
Dispensaries, Adoption Services, Disability Services, Financial Assistance
Services, Family Welfare Laws, Old Age Homes , Orphanage, short stay
service, overnight family life, etc.
Child Welfare:
A child under the age of 18 is called a child. In some places this age limit
is lower or higher for some programs, for some laws. The number of
children under 14years and under 18 years in India is generally 30 to 40
per ce nt of the total population in India. Infants, normal children and
children with disabilities are considered. Children with disabilities include
mentally, physically and socially disabled children. Such as mentally
retarded, mentally ill, mute -deaf, musculo skeletal disabilities, physically
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40 offenders, child prostitutes, begging children are considered socially
disabled.
It is important to consider the nature of children in the country when
providing child welfare services. This pattern is evident from time to time
surveys. Number of children, children in rural and urban areas,
information on children's education, birth rate, mortality, health care
available for child health, dietary ana lysis, child abuse, vaccinations,
school dropouts, number of disabled children, details of child welfare
institutions, child abuse and child labor, child marriage, situation of girls
based on different mothers, knowing the number of children and the nature
of children, child welfare policy is planned.
Meaning of Child Welfare:
"Child welfare means (if any economic program is envisaged) nothing
short of the total well - being of the child. It comprises the totality of
measures, technical, educational or soc ial, intended to give each individual
on equality of opportunity for growth and development.”
The Department of Planning defines child welfare in these terms. Child
welfare means providing all kinds of educational, technical, social
services, tools to prov ide equal opportunities for the growth and
development of the child.
Child welfare also includes a class of children in need of special care, just
as a disabled and orphaned child is protected by the constitution, e.g.
Factories Act, 1948, Juvenile Justice Act, etc.
In child welfare, along with normal children, disabled children, child
laborers and deprived children are also considered. It also includes child
offenders and socially disadvantaged children.
Neglected children, street children, runaway childre n, exploited, children,
deprived children, abused children, children who have been abused, etc.
these areas are thought provoking.
Work is done in this area in the context of the next situation.
1) Not meeting or not meeting the needs of the children,
2) Assault (physical as well as mental assault)
3) Forcing to beg.
4) To use them in drug business as brokers.
5) Ignore, leave alone, and lock up
6) Child prostitutes
7) Being sexually abused
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41 9) Getting to work
10) Being oppressed
11) Human trade
12) Infanticide
13) Child marriage, e tc.
Child welfare services are considered to be of two types, institutional and
non-institutional.
Institutional services: These include orphanages, institutional for
example, children with leprosy, children with tuberculosis, children of
women in prison ( Foster Home), accommodation and care for children of
unmarried women, observation planets for juvenile delinquents, shelters
for emotionally unstable children, treatment centers.
Extracurricular Services:
A) For general children: Creches, pre -primary schools , day care centers,
kindergarten, anganwadi, recreation and hobby classes, libraries, child
guidance centers.
B) For special children: Schools for mentally handicapped children,
blind, handicapped, infant shelters for children, allowances for special
children , adoption scheme etc.
Check your progress:
1) Discuss the work in the field of family welfare and child welfare.
4.3 WOMEN'S WELFARE
Women are an important part of society. Half of the society is made up of
women. Therefore, the development of women is the development of
society as an alternative. The house where the woman is backward is also
the society which is backward and underdeveloped. According to the 2011
census, India has 48.5 females and 943 females per 1000 males. In the age
group of 0 -6 years, th e proportion of females per 1000 males is 919
worrying.
Status of Women: Considering not only Indian women but also women
globally, it is found that women, who constitute half of the society, have
always been given a secondary status in the society. The ta sks that are
expected of women or the roles that are assigned to them are considered
unimportant. Housework, childcare, and kitchen care are traditionally
considered secondary task for women. In this way she is weakened. The
weak are determined and continu ed to be exploited. There is injustice
against women in almost all areas related to women's lives. Many factors
contribute to the secondary status of women.
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42 The attitude of the society hinders the progress of women. He does not
allow women to participate in the progress of society and the home.
Women are either denied or are deprived of their progress. Women's
progress does not get a conducive environment and opportunities.
In this regard, the welfare services provided to women should be included
in the fi eld of women's welfare with the objective of empowering women
to live as human beings, equal opportunities for development, non -
discrimination as a woman, and increase their participation at all levels.
Equal development of women is the need of modern soci ety.
Exploited, victimized, neglected, deceived women are considered in this
field. This area covers aspects related to women's lives, such as - Violence
against women, assault (indoors and outdoors), harassment of women
(physical and mental), problems fac ed by female employees and female
workers, exploitation of women, violence against women, rape, abduction,
etc. Women's welfare organizations working on a number of issues such
as dowry, adultery by a man to a guardian, adultery by a husband,
incidents rel ated to family planning, forced motherhood (in married life
and others), discrimination against a woman (indoors or out of home).
Organizations working for women's welfare: There are many
organizations working for women's welfare. Women are getting various
facilities and concessions like the Central Board of Social Welfare,
Women's Commission, Women's Policies, Women's Reservation,
Maternal and Child Health Services, Family Counseling Services, Legal
Counseling Services, Women's Boards, Hostels for Women, P lanets, State
Homes, Institutions for Psychiatric Women, Women -Industry Promotion
Services, etc.
Check your progress:
1) Review the work related to women's welfare.
4.4 YOUTH WELFARE
Youth welfare is a part of family welfare. A person in the age group of 14 -
30 years can be called a youth. The needs of the youth are characteristic.
There are also some subdivisions of this period. Adolescence is a time of
rapid physical and mental change. They find it difficult to cope with these
changes. During this time, one has to understand them. They need
empathy from others, others have to be tolerant, calm, allow, and give
freedom. Rights are wanted but do not like the authority others use over
them. They are beginning to realize their own potential. They like making
decisions themselves though often make the wrong decisions. It is a
question of whether we are big or small. This is a time of stress. Mental
stress is often superficial. There are questions about feelings and
relationships about one's own body. There is imma turity.

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43 Many of the needs of the youth are as follows.
1) Personality develops towards transformation into a strong and
responsible person.
2) Getting out of the protected environment and gaining emotional
freedom without being carried away by any wave.
3) Adapt to the opposite sex. Establishing relationships with people of the
opposite sex and peers.
4) Finding a business, getting training and moving towards self -reliance.
5) There is a habit of consciously considering personality development
and making decisions respo nsibly.
Young people in today's world face many challenges. Their problems are
also very big like unemployment, addiction, lack of values, lack of
opportunities and resources, lack of education etc. The biggest victims of
declining social values are the youth and this leads to prostitution, AIDS,
genital warts, insanity, TB. The lack of a sense of security that is needed
to keep the human mind healthy is a major concern for the young people.
Today the youth are accused of irresponsibility, direc tionless and
incompetent.
The reality of youth: It is full of many abilities and characteristics. When
those powers are used properly, the society gets proper leadership and
citizens. Steps are taken from time to time by the government and
voluntary organ izations to transform the society considering the
importance, characteristics, needs and abilities of this class of youth.
Through this, efforts are made for the welfare of the youth. Such as
gaining the right to vote after the age of 18, fixing the age of marriage by
law, recognition of inter -caste marriages, various education and training
programs, personality development schemes, self -employment programs,
youth orientation programs and organizations such as N.S.S., N.C.C.,
Scout Gaud, Student Association , Student Army, Youth Center,
Leadership Camps, Youth Festival, Youth Guidance, Business Guidance,
etc.
Problematic - Various organizations work for young people with
disabilities. India has a youth welfare policy.
Check your progress:
1) Review the work in y outh welfare.
4.5 ELDERLY WELFARE
In India, the number of elderly people above the age of 60 is 6.8 per cent
of the total population (1991). Old age is a wealth of community
experience. He has given the golden age of his life to his family and
society: th erefore society is indebted to him. As of 2013, the average
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44 The number of elderly people is increasing in India as well as in the world.
Increased life expectancy is the main reason. This class i s now dependent
on others. It is unable to produce at this stage of life.
Old age is a special stage in the life cycle. At this time, his role in home
and society has changed. There is a difference between activity, physical
and mental ability. There is a slowdown in activity. Responsibilities,
expectations, duties are changed. There is free time. At such times, by
adapting to the changing circumstances, the elderly who succeed in
keeping their own existence to the liking and benefit of themselves and
other s lead a happy life. The younger generations, who have the awareness
and mindset to provide for life, can experience a well -planned aging.
Problems in the aging system are also important. Health problems,
financial problems and adjustment problems will be the main issues to be
mentioned here, disability in old age is a big part of it. Its ratio is 100,000:
844.
Lots of free time is a problem for the elderly. Due to the changing times
and the changing nature of the family, the place of the elderly in the
family is shaky. Neglected, totally neglected, disliked, oppressed,
exploited old people are the reality of today's society. Older people today
face many types of mental and emotional problems. Loneliness is a
problem. In recent times the joint family system has disintegrated and the
separated family system has come into existence. Due to the separated
family system, no one in the family is available to take care of the elderly.
Recently a large number of elderly people have no one to take care of
because of s mall family. For such destitute old people, they need to be
given daily care and home delivery services, outsourcing services,sick
care services, etc.
In order to overcome these problems and ensure a comfortable old age,
various schemes and programs are im plemented, including social security,
life insurance, pension, old age homes, hospitals, destitute schemes, etc.
Welfare of Aged services are provided to the society through policies and
schemes.
Check your progress:
1) Write a note on old age welfare.
4.6 WE LFARE OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES
Disability is the result of impairment of physical, mental, perceptual,
intellectual, emotional, developmental or some of these things together.
Disabilities can be from birth or at some point in life.
The term disabilit y is in the form of umbrella. These include various
disadvantages, limitations on action, and essays on participation. Problems
with bodily functions or anatomy are impairments. Obstacles facing a
person while performing any task or activity are activity l imitations, while
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45 in life situations. Thus disability is a complex phenomenon that is a
feature of a person's body and a feature of the society in which that person
lives and theref ore is a reflection of the interrelationship between the two.
A person may have suffered some disability in the past or a person may be
eligible for disability as per the indication or standard of an individual or a
group. Mental imbalance (also known as p sychoanalysis or mental
disability) is also caused by a variety of chronic illnesses.
According to some practitioners, the term disability should not be used to
describe a specific condition (e.g. deafness). These factors should be
considered as difference s in development.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines loss, disability and
distortion of the body in the context of health experience.
Impairment: Any damage or deformity in mental, physical or anatomy or
function.
Disability: Disability is the lac k of any restriction or ability to perform an
action that is performed by a person within his or her scope in a normal
condition.
Handicapped: Limits or restrictions imposed on a person who fulfills
common roles based on age, gender, social and cultural fa ctors due to a
disability or disability.
Status of Persons with Disabilities in India:
According to the 2001 census, there are 2.19 crore people with disabilities
in the country. They constitute 2.13% of the total population. This
includes people with visu al, hearing, reading, mobility and mental
disabilities. 75% persons with disabilities live in rural areas, 49% persons
with disabilities are literate and only 34% persons with disabilities are
employed. In the beginning our focus was on medical rehabilitat ion but
now our focus is on social rehabilitation.
According to the 2001 census, there were 12.6 million men and 9.3
million women with disabilities. For every 1 lakh population, the number
of persons with disabilities was 2,130, of which 2,369 were males and
1,874 were females. However, according to 2011 census, there were 18.6
million men and 8.2 million women with disabilities.
Uttar Pradesh had the highest number of persons with disabilities in the
country (3.6 million). Then Bihar, W. Bengal, Tamil Na du and
Maharashtra came next to it.
4.6.1 Different types of persons with disabilities
1) Visual Disability: In the 2001 census, a person with only one eye was
considered disabled. In the 2011 census, such a person was not considered
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46 perform a simple test to ensure better vision. No such notice was given at
the time of the 2011 census.
2) Hearing Impairment: During the 2011 census, people who use
hearing aids were counted as disabled. Suc h persons were not counted as
disabled in the 2001 census. In the 2001 census, a person with hearing loss
with one ear but normal functioning of the other ear was considered a
hearing impaired person.
3) Read Disability: The 2011 census gives a clearer def inition of read
disability. E.g. If a person speaks in a single word and is unable to speak
in a complete sentence, then that person is considered to have a reading
disability.
4) Movement Disability: In the 2011 census, new issues were included in
the mea ning of movement disability.
a. Paralysis.
b. Crawl
c. A person who can walk with the help of support.
d. A person with severe or permanent pain in the joints / muscles.
e. There will be difficulties in balancing and coordinating the body
movements.
f. If the sensation in t he body is terminated due to leprosy or other
reasons.
g. Having physical disability, e.g. humps on the back.
5) Mental retardation: This category was newly added in 20 4. The 2011
census covered mental retardation under mental disability.
6) Others: This new category has been included since 2011 for the full
scope of disability. This option is used to enable the interviewer to record
the disability mentioned in the questionnaire. This option can be used to
record the disability when the informant is not sure a bout the type of
disability.
7) Multiple Disabilities: This new category was included in the 2011
census. A maximum of 3 types of disabilities can be recorded in this.
Table: Disabled according to type of disability
Population ratio (%)
Disability type Individual Men Women
Vision 18.8 17.6 20.2
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47 Read (speak) 7.5 7.5 7.4
Movement 20.3 22.5 17.5
Mental retardation 5.6 5.8 5.4
Mental illness 2.7 2.8 2.6
Others 18.4 18.2 18.6
Multiple 7.9 7.8 8.1
Source: Office of Registrar Ge neral and Census Commissioner, Govt. of
India 2011
4.6.2 Problems of persons with disabilities
People with disabilities face some of the same problems, regardless of
their nature. E.g. People with physical disabilities and people with mental
disabilities have specific problems, while disability causes some common
problems.
Disability problems can be explained as follows.
1) Low literacy: Literacy is low in people with all kinds of disabilities,
especially in children. Schools and colleges in rural areas ar e far away. At
the same time, these educational institutions lack basic facilities and
proper guidance considering the need for education of persons with
disabilities. From the information available about persons with disabilities,
it is clear that persons with all types of disabilities are not found in post -
primary education.
2) Lack of skills: For the majority of persons with disabilities, basic skills
like maintaining personal hygiene, neatness, travel, toilet use and personal
hygiene etc. are not taught . Also the skills required for social
communication e.g. conversation, listening, skills are not taught to them.
Also, people with disabilities are neglected in all areas as they do not
know the skills required for employment.
3) Lack of self -esteem and se lf-confidence: Since most people with
disabilities have doubts about their abilities, other family members,
friends, social contacts and employment try to stay aloof from all these
factors. People with disabilities are widely mocked in rural areas.
Conside ring disability as a social stigma, people with disabilities develop
a low self -esteem.
4) Carelessness of parents: Many parents take more care of their disabled
children due to which children face many difficulties in developing
independently. The majorit y of people with disabilities are unable to work
independently as they depend on their parents, brothers, sisters, friends for
their minor work.
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48 5) Health issues: Many people with disabilities suffer from poor health
due to unavailability of proper medica tion at the right time. At the same
time, regardless of the special needs of persons with disabilities, their
health is adversely affected even if they are not provided with proper
support.
In addition to the above general problems, inequality in education al and
employment opportunities for persons with disabilities is important in
terms of more fundamental nature and social justice.
4.6.3 Non -governmental organizations working for persons with
disabilities
1) Artha -Astha: This organization was established in 1993. The initial
name of this organization was Astha. This organization works for children
and people with disabilities. Working with children, persons with
disabilities and their families, disseminating information, conducting
research on topics affe cting the lives of persons with disabilities, etc. are
the missions of this organization. The most important work of this
organization is that it has started a helpline called 'ABILINE' to help
children and persons with disabilities.
2) Enable India: This is a trusted organization and its mission is to
empower persons with disabilities. People with disabilities need a positive
environment, not empathy. This is the emphasis of this organization. What
these organizations do is provide employment, pre -employme nt services,
supplementary education, counseling and technical education, services,
training to persons with disabilities. These organizations enable people
with disabilities to participate in the mainstream workforce by providing
training and counseling. These institutes were established in the year 1999.
The objectives of the organization are empowerment of physically and
visually impaired persons, rehabilitation of persons with disabilities
through supplementary education, rigorous training and provision of
assistive devices, providing employment to persons with disabilities and
making them smart and independent.
3) AADI: AADI (Action for Ability & Development & Inclusion) has
been working since 1978. The head office of this organization is in New
Delhi a nd the office for rural affairs is in Haryana. The mission of this
organization is to provide quality services equally to children and persons
with disabilities with acknowledgment.
4) Development: This institute was established in 1986 and functioning in
14 undeveloped districts of Odisha. This organization aim to educate
children, provide livelihood opportunities and support people with
disabilities, thereby making tribal and rural communities self -reliant. This
organization work for the right to quality education for persons with
disabilities, the right to basic health care, the right to equal opportunity,
the right to sustainable livelihood, the right to live with dignity and the
right to good governance.
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49 Check your progress:
1) State the problems of perso ns with disabilities.
2) Describe the different types of disability.
4.7 SUMMARY
There are no limits to working as a social work profession. Where there is
a problem, social work reaches. Social work tries to prevent problems and
strives to solve the prob lems of individuals, groups and communities.
Although social work as a profession is well -equipped with knowledge,
principles, skills, values and methods, social work is still not recognized as
a profession.
4.8 TERMINOLOGY AND MEANING
1) Service Sector: This sector of social work is used to provide welfare
services to the needy; that area is called the service area, e.g. Child
Welfare Area, Disability Welfare Area, etc.
2) Institutional Services: The services provided by the same organization
to the bene ficiaries residing in the residential institution. It is called
institutional service.
3) Extra -Institutional Services: Extra -institutional services are services
rendered by an individual or a charitable organization according to the
needs of the family an d the community. E.g. student support, parenting,
etc.
4.9 EXERCISES
1) Explain various areas of social work in India.
2) Discuss various initiatives implemented in the field of family and child
welfare services in professional social work.
3) Explain t he various services that can be done in social work under
women's welfare.
4) Explain the various services that can be done for the elderly and the
disabled in social work.
5) Explain the scope of social work.
6) Describe the various activities under th e Youth Welfare Program in
Social Work.


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50 4.10 REFERENCE
1. Sing K. Social Work Theory and Practice, (Prakashan Kendra),
Lucknow, 84.
2. Kamat G. R., Cooperation Principle and Practice, Pune Samaj
Prabodhan Sanstha
3. Kumar Hajira, Theories Social Work Practices, Dilhi - Baroda Friends
Publications 1995.
4. Dr. Prajakta Tankasale, Professional Social Work, Mangesh
Prakashan.




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51 5
MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK -LABOUR
WELFARE, CRIME AND CORRECTIONAL
SERVICE
Unit Structure :
5.1 Objectives
5.2 Introduction
5.3 Medical Social Work
5.4 Labour Welfare
5.5 Crime and correctional Service
5.6 Conclusion
5.7 References
5.1 OBJECTIVES
 To Study Medical Social Work
 To analyse Role of Medical Social worker
 To Study Labour Welfare
 To Study Crime and Correctional Service
5.2 INTRODUCTION
Social Work education branched into different fields of practice to handle
different social issues prev ailing in the society. This chapter deals with
social workers role in health care. The social workers in health care are
called medical and psychiatric social workers.

They specialize in understanding the various health care needs of the
individuals and communities and mostly employed in hospital setting. The
medical and psychiatric social workers were initially trained in mental
health care. Later, Social workers were also trained in handling the patient
with other diseases. Now medical and psychiatric s ocial work has been
locally accepted branch of social work education emphasizing on clinical
practice, community -based health interventions and health research.



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52 5.3 MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK

5.3.1 History of medical Social Work

In England, around in the year 1880, a group of volunteers started visiting
discharged patients from asylum homes. Later in the year 1895, Sir
Charles Loch recommended lady almoners to visit patients’ homes in
order to monitor and prevent the abuse of drugs given by charitable
hospitals, thereby evolving the role of medical social workers.

Similarly, in the United States during 1902, Dr, Charles Emerson
understood the importance of social aspects in illness and henceforth
recommended the medical students to work as volunteers in charitable
hospitals or health care agencies in order to understand socio -economic
and emotional conditions of patients. Later in the year 1905, Dr. Richard
C. Cabot established the Department of Medical Social Work at
Massachusetts General Hospital in Bos ton. Soon trained Social workers
were employed in different hospitals of USA and UK.

In India, the first Social worker in health care was introduced in 1946 in
the J.J. Hospital, Mumbai and then in 1950 in the Lady Irwin Hospital,
Delhi.

MPSW as a ‘Fiel d of Practice’
The medical and psychiatric social work [MPSW] as a field of
practice/specialization equips the students in the discipline of psychiatry,
science of diseases, health programmes and policies, and at understanding
preventive and promote care a t primary, secondary and tertiary level.

So the social workers trained in medical and psychiatric social work need
to understand health and mental health in a holistic manner. The social
workers should also have scientific understanding of patients, ill a health
and its social implication in their daily life, thereby making them a part of
the professional team in the hospitals.

Understanding Patients
It is important for a social worker to understand ‘patient as a person’ so as
to reduce the burden of d isease on the patient and also on his/her family
and environment. This perception facilitates the social worker to give less
emphasis on patients “sick role”.

5.3.2 Factors influencing Health of the patient
(a) Emotional imbalance : Every individual affected with diseases or
illness undergoes emotional imbalance making them vulnerable to
depression or distress. Thus, the medical social worker needs to
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53 (b) Fatalistic attitude : Patients and his/her family members can develop
the thought of fatalism because of the incidence of the diseases and
can lose confidence in the treatment making the condition worse.
(c) Poverty : Poverty is identified wi th unhygienic environment, lack of
water, sanitation, poor housing, low income and less nutritional intake.
Poverty leads to chronic hunger and malnutrition that reduces the
resistance towards communicable diseases. Even treatment for people
under poverty can be ineffective unless their nutritional status
improves.
(d) Low awareness on health : People are not aware of their health status
until they are affected with a particular illness of diseases. Even
though health is an important component of wellbeing inf ormation on
preventive health is generally ignored and less valued.
(e) Working condition : Occupational health hazards can be deteriorate
the health status of an individual. Work place safety is usually
considered lass important by the people as livelihood i s given priority
than health both by the employee and employer.
(f) Social Stigma : Many diseases [mainly communicable diseases like
tuberculosis, leprosy, filarial and HIV -AIDS] can increase the gap
between patient and the community due to social stigma. Soc ial stigma
is a powerful force that prevents the patient from engaging in
productive activity in his/her social context. This process also
increases the illness of the person on the whole.
(g) Cultural factor : The patient and his/her family or community alwa ys
explores ways to treat the diseases or illness through multiple system
of treatment. This can lead to many complications.
(h) Other factors : Apart from these factors, social process also affects
the health status of the individual through urbanization,
industrialization, limited availability and accessibility of health care
services.
Patient Rights
Patients have all the right to know about his/her health status and can take
a decision on his/her treatment. Unfortunately this culture of patient -
doctor commun ication is not seen in our country. But now, with the
support of right -based organizations, law and usage of internet, the
scenario is changing as the patients get to know about their diseases and
their role of decision -making in the treatment.

Some of t he patient rights are discussed below:
 Patients have the tight to know about their health conditions.
 Every individual has inherent tight to health or medical care in this
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54  The patient need to know about his/her treatment plan and consent of
the patient is important to continue his/her treatment. In case of mental
illness, the family has to be communicated about his /her illness and
consent must be taken from the family.
 Patient has the right to have x -rays, scans and major tests in a
subsidized r ate and need not bribe the staff in government hospitals.
 Individuals can claim for concession for their treatment in government
hospitals if they belong to lower socio -economic groups.
 The patient is entitled for meat and clean atmosphere and tight
medic ine.
 The patient has the right to avail for compensation through law if he /
she find any malpractice in his/her medical expenses from the
hospitals.
Though patients have these rights, they are rarely practiced in reality. The
patient’s health condition i s usually communicated in a professional
language that makes them non -participative in the treatment planning and
making them powerless with the hierarchical structure prevailing in the
medical team.

5.3.3 Understanding Health and Mental Health
It is imp ortant to understand health form multiple dimensions as
mentioned by World health Organization. Health is a state of complete
physical, mental, social and spiritual well -being and not merely an absence
of disease or infirmity. mental health is a state of w ell-being in which and
individual realizes his/her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses
of life, can work productively and is able to make a contribution to his or
her community.

Health can be understood form various conceptual frameworks. The bio-
medical conceptual frame says that health is absence of diseases. The
ecological conceptual frame views health as a state of balanced
equilibrium between human being and its environment. According to this
concept, disease is a mal -adaptation between h uman being and its
environment. The psycho -social conceptual framework explains health as
social phenomena influenced by social, cultural, psychological and
political factors.

Dimensions of Health and Mental Health
There are three important dimensions o f health, namely physical, mental
and social and they are interrelated and interdependent in nature vitally
contributing for well -being.

The physical dimension of health indicates the functioning of the organs
and its harmony with the body. The mental dim ension of health looks at
individuals’ ability to responds to life experiences and their harmony with
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55 social function and his/her ability to maintain a stable interpersonal
relations hip between individuals, groups and community in which he/her
lives.

Apart from theses dimensions there are other way of understanding health
from spiritual. Cultural, socio -economic and nutritional standpoint. Thus,
health has to be understood beyond th e bio -medical explanation. From
these dimensions health indicators and health determinants emerges.

Health Care System
Health care is a essential part of national socio -economic planning. The
health care in India is in constant change. The concept of heal th care in
India was formulated during British India by Bhore committee in the year
1947.

After this, a series of committees were formed and health care services
were recommended. The focus of health as a separate entity was
understood from the Health for All (1978) scheme and Rural Health
Mission (2005 -12) majorly focusing on health indicators like infant
mortality rate.

The health care system in India has different levels of decision making
process. At the national level, the decisions relating to healt h care and
health policy is taken at the ministry of health and family welfare. At the
state level, the state ministry of health is the second level of authority in
delivering the health care.

The state ministry of health directs the district level and b lock level
authorities to ensure health care service delivery for the public. Apart from
this, government officials are appointed at primary and sub -primary levels
for understanding the needs of the health care services. Nowadays
voluntary organizations ar e also becoming strategic partners in health care
services.

Levels of Health Care
There are mainly three levels of health care systems in India. They are
primary, secondary and tertiary systems.

The primary level of health care is the first level of hea lth system an
individual comes in contact. If the individual lives in rural context, he/she
contacts the sub -centres of primary health centres in their village or at
block level. If the individual health issue is complex in nature, they are
referred to dis trict level hospitals also known as secondary health care
system.

The third level of health care is usually the State General Hospitals having
specialized level of health care services and it is attached with state and
central medical institutions. Thus, the health care system is structured so
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56 Health Policy and Programmes
In India, the health care was fragmented in the beginning. But only with
the help of global goal of “H ealth for All” and the formulation of National
health policy [1993 ] and National Population Policy [1979] the focus
shifted on key indicators such as immunization. Infant mortality, maternal
mortality, mother and child health, etc.

5.3.4 Role of Med ical Social worker
Social Workers have to play different roles and functions at varied levels
of health care. Some of the major roles of the social workers in the health
care setting is mentioned below.

1. Direct Contact with the client
Social workers engag e in social evaluation of the client [in terms of his/her
ability to participate in treatment], communicate the illness, make home
visits and facilitates psychosocial needs.

2. Teamwork
The social worker is a important team player in the hospital/medical te am.
He/she communicates the psycho -social and economical status of the
patient to other team members. He/her also facilities quality care to the
patient through participating in treatment planning.

3. Community Health
The social worker plays a vital role in community health care also. He/ she
prepares the people through awareness programmers, mobilize the
community. and bring together the whole community.

4. Administrative Task/ Case Manager
The social worker is also involved in documentation of health services
prevailing in the community. He/she maintains records of individual
health history from diagnosis to follow -up history of diseases present in
the particular village or block and analyze the gaps in health care systems.

5. Role in Teaching, Supervision, Staf f Development and Research
The social worker apart from working in the community and medical
settings can be part of the academic teaching in a college or university.
Supervise field work students in their agencies, conduct research and be
consultant for developing better health care systems in hospitals.
5.4 LABOUR WELFARE
5.4.1 Introduction
Labour welfare includes anything that is done for the comfort and
improvement of employees and is provided over and above the wages.
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57 so as to retain the employees for longer duration. The welfare measures
need not be in monetary terms only but in any kind/forms.
Labour welfare includes monitoring of working conditions, creation of
industrial ha rmony trough infrastructure for health, industrial relations and
insurance against deadly diseases, accident and unemployment stipend for
the workers and their families.
Labour welfare has the following objectives:
 To provide better life and health to the workers.
 To make the workers happy and satisfied.
 To relieve workers from industrial fatigue and to improve intellectual,
cultural and material conditions of living of the workers.
The very logic behind providing welfare schemes is to crate efficient,
healthy, loyal and satisfied labour force for the organization. The purpose
of providing such facilities is to make their work life better and also to
raise their standard of living. The important benefits of welfare measures
can be summarized as follows :

 They provide better physical and mental health to workers and thus
promote a healthy work environment.
 Facilities like housing schemes, medical benefits, and education and
recreation facilities for workers’ families help in raising their standards
of living. This makes workers to pay more attention towards work and
thus increases their productivity.
 Employers get stable labour force by providing welfare facilities.
Workers take active interest in their jobs and work with a feeling of
involvement and participa tion.
 Employee welfare measures increase the productivity of organization
and promote healthy industrial relations thereby maintaining industrial
peace.
5.4.2 Key Legislations for Labour Welfare
The government is committed to the well -being of the workers and has
enacted many laws, acts and rules in India. They provide a framework for
arrangement of welfare services. The prominent legislations are
summarized as follows:
 The Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923, provides for compensation
to injured workmen of ce rtain categories and in the case of fatal
accidents to their dependants if the accidents arose out of and in the
course of their employment. It also provides for payment of
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58  The Indian Trade Unions Act, 1926, recognizes the right of workers to
organise into trade unions, and when registered, they have certain
rights and obligations and function as autonomous bodies.
 The Payment of Wages Act, 1936, regulates the timely payment of
wages without any una uthorized deductions by the employers.
 The Employment of Children Act, 1938, prohibits the employment of
young children below the age of 15 years in certain risky and
unhealthy occupations.
 The Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946, requires
employers in Industrial establishments to define precisely the
conditions of employments under them and make them known to their
workmen. These rules, once certified, are binding on the parties for a
minimum period of six months.
 The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, provides for the investigation, and
settlement of industrial disputes by mediation, conciliation,
adjudication and arbitration, there is scope for payment of
compensation in cases of lay -off and retrenchment.
 The Indian Factories Act, 1948 provides for the health, safety and
welfare of the workers
 The Minimum Wages Act, 1948, ensures the fixation and revision of
minimum rates of wages in respect of certain scheduled industries
involving hard labour.
 The Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948, provides for sickness
benefit, maternity benefit, disablement benefit and medical benefit.
 The Employees’ Provident Fund Act, 1952, seeks to make a provision
for the future of industrial worker after he retires or in case he is
retrenched, or for his dependents in case of his early death.
Collective Bargaining
Collective bargaining is process of joint decision -making and basically
represents a democratic way of life in industry. It is the process of
negotiation between firm’s and workers’ representatives for the pur pose of
establishing mutually agreeable conditions of employment. It is a
technique adopted by two patties to reach an understating acceptable to
both through the process of discussion and negotiation. In short collective
bargaining.
 Is a collective proce ss in which representatives of both the
management and employees participate;
 Is a continuous process which aims at establishing stable relationships
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59  Not only involves the bargaining agreement, but also involves the
implementa tion of such an agreement;
 Attempts in achieving discipline in the industry and
 Is a flexible approach, as the parties involved have to adopt a flexible
attitude towards negotiations?
Type of Collective Bargaining
A collective bargaining process generally consists of four types of
activities - distributive bargaining, integrative bargaining, attitudinal
restructuring and –organizational bargaining.
(a) Distributive bargaining : It involves haggling over the distribution of
surplus. Under it, the economic issues like wages, salaries and bonus
are discussed. In distributive bargaining, one party’s gain is another
party’s loss. This type of bargaining is also known as conjunctive
bargaining.
(b) Integrative bargaining : This involves negotiation of an issue on
which bot h the parties may gain, or at least neither party loses. For
example, representatives of employer and employee sides may bargain
over the better training programme or a better job evaluation method.
Here, both the parties are trying to make more of somethi ng. In
general, it tends to be more cooperative than distributive bargaining.
This type of bargaining is also known as cooperative bargaining.
(c) Attitudinal restructuring : This involves shaping and reshaping some
attitudes like trust or distrust, friendline ss or hostility between labor
and management. When there is a backlog of bitterness between both
the parties, attitudinal restructuring is required to maintain smooth and
harmonious industrial relations. It develops a bargaining environment
and creates tru st and cooperation among the parties.
(d) Intra -organizational bargaining : It generally aims at resolving
internal conflicts. This is a type of manoeuvring to achieve consensus
with the workers and management. Even within the union, there may
be differences b etween groups. For example, skilled workers may feel
that they are neglected or women workers may feel that their interests
are not looked after properly. Within the management also, there may
be differences. Trade unions manoeuvre to achieve consensus amo ng
the conflicting groups.
Stages in Collective Bargaining
The collective bargaining process comprises off five core stages. They are
as follows.
 Prepare : This phase involves composition of a negotiation team. The
negotiation team should consist of repres entatives of both the parties
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60  Discuss : Here, the parties decide the ground rules that will guide the
negotiations. An environment of mutual trust and understanding is also
created so that the collective bargaining agree ment would be reached.
 Propose : This phase involves the initial opening statements and the
possible options that exist to resolve them. This phase could also be
described as ‘brainstorming’. The exchange of messages takes place
and opinion of both the par ties is sought.
 Bargain : This stage comprises the time when ‘what ifs’ and
‘supposes are set forth and the drafting of agreements take place.
 Settlement : Once the parties are through with the bargaining process,
a consensual agreement is reached upon wh erein both the parties agree
to a common decision regarding the problem or the issue.
Workers’ Participation in Management [WPM]
WPM is understood as a process of participation resulting from the
practices which increase the scope for employees’ share of i nfluence in
decision -making at different tiers of hierarchy.
The objectives of Workers Participation in Management are as follows:
 To improve the quality of working life by allowing the workers greater
influence and involvement in work and satisfaction obt ained from
work; and
 To secure the mutual co -operation of employees and employers in
achieving industrial peace; greater efficiency and productivity in the
interest of the enterprise, the workers, the consumers and the nation.
In practice, the participatio n of workers can take place by one or all the
methods listed below:
1. Participation at the Board Level
This would be the highest form of industrial democracy. The workers’
representative on the Board can play a useful role in safeguarding the
interests of w orkers.

2. Participation through Ownership
This involves making the workers’ as shareholders of the company by
inducing them to buy equity shares. In many cases, advances and financial
assistance in the form of easy repayment options are extended to enable
employees to buy equity shares. Examples of this method are available in
the manufacturing as well as the service sector.

3. Participation though Complete Control
Workers acquire complete control of the management though elected
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61 concept. Self -management gives complete control to workers to manage
directly all aspects of industries through their representatives.

4. Participation through Staff and Works Councils
Staff councils or works councils a re bodies on which the representation is
entirely of the employees. There may be one council for the entire
organization or a hierarchy of councils. The employees of the respective
sections elect the members of the councils. Such councils play varied
roles . Their role ranges from seeking information on the management’s
intentions to a full share in decision -making.

5. Participation through Joint Councils and Committees
Joint councils are bodies comprising representatives of employers and
employees. This metho d sees a very loose from of participation, as these
councils are mostly consultative bodies.

Works committees on the other hand are a legal requirement in industrial
establishments employing 100 or more workers. Such committees discuss
a wide range of top ics connected to labour welfare. Examples of such
committees are welfare committees, safety committee, etc.

6. Participation through Collective Bargaining (CB)
Through the process of collective bargaining, management and workers
may reach collective agreemen t regarding rules for the formulation and
termination of the contract of employment, as well as conditions of service
in an establishment. Even though these agreements are not legally binding,
they do have some force.

7. Participation through Job Enlargement and Job Enrichment
Excessive job specialization leads to boredom and associated problems in
employees. Two methods of job designing -job enlargement and job
enrichment are used to solve these problems.

 Job enlargement is adding ‘task’ elements horizontall y.
 Job enrichment is adding ‘motivators’ to the job to make it more
rewarding.
8. Participation through Suggestion Schemes
Progressive managements increasingly use the suggestion schemes.
Suggestions can come from various levels. The ideas could range from
changes in inspection procedures to design changes, process
simplification, paper -work reduction and the like. Out of various
suggestions, those accepted could provide marginal to substantial benefits
to the company.

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62 9. Participation through Quality Circles
A Quality Circle consists of seven to ten people from the same work area
who meet regularly to define, analyze, and solve quality and related
problems in their area. These circles require a lot of time and commitment
on the part of members for regular meet ings, analysis, brainstorming, etc.
Quality Circles can be an excellent bridge between participative and non -
participative approaches.

10. Empowered Teams
Empowerment occurs when authority and responsibility are passed on to
the employees who then experience a sense of ownership and control over
their jobs. Employees may feel more responsible, may take initiative in
their work, may get more work done, and may enjoy the work more.

11. Total Quality Management (TQM)
TQM refers to the deep commitment, almost obsessi on, of an organization
to quality. Every step in company’s processes is subjected to intense and
regular scrutiny for ways to improve it.

12. Financial Participation
This method involves less consultations or even joint decisions.
Performance of the organizat ion is linked to the performance of the
employee. The logic behind this is that if an employee has a financial
stake in the organization, he/she is likely to be more positively motivated
and involved on.

5.5 CRIME AND CORRECTIONAL SERVICE
Introduction
Hum an beings play numerous roles depending upon their status in the
society. The status of the person imposes certain control over the behavior
of individuals. This control at the personal level is ones’ value while the
same at the societal level is norm. The se norms, if recognized as highly
significant becomes laws.
In simpler terms, any violation of the existing norms of the society is
termed as deviance. In many instances, the word ‘deviance’ is used in
relation to moral, religious and political norms. Non -conformity to the
laws as recognized by the state is considered as crime. Legally, crime is
wrong doing classified by the state or in other words, t is an offence
against public law. It can also be defined as an act which invited
punishment.
Criminology
The word ‘criminology’ is derived from the Latin word ‘crimen’ meaning
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63 is the scientific study of the nature, extend, causes and control of criminal
behavior in both the individual and the society. The term criminology was
coined by an Italian Professor named Raffaele Garofalo in 1885.
Crime Causation and Theories
Crime is a very complex phenomenon as it differs from society to society.
An act may be a crime punishable under law in one s ociety (nation), but
not so in another. There are a number of theories which explains crime
causation. Earlier theories of crime were centered on the demonological
perspective; i.e. demons or evil spirits were held responsible for all
deviant behavior that men engage in.
Modern theories on crime started with the classical theory of Cesare
Beccaria. Off late, more number of theories has evolved. In this chapter,
we would be focusing on few important theories in criminology.
(a) Classical Theory
This theory was proposed by Censare Beccaria n 1764. It emphasizes on
the free will of human beings and believes that human beings are rational.
It assumes the hedonic (pleasure) principle that the behavior of human
beings is aimed at maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain.

Hence Beccaria argued that punishment is the only solution to combat
crime and it should be sure, swift and certain. A major critique of this
theory is that it does not allow consideration of offender -specific
circumstances. The principles of pain a nd pleasure, on which the theory is
rooted, are difficult to measure.

(b) Neo-classical Theory
This was proposed by Jeremy Bentham. It considers external
circumstances into account while assessing crime and punishment.
Bentham argued that children and people of unsound mind cannot be
treated as adults. Though the theory rests on the doctrine of fee will and
hedonism, some modifications were made to it. It imposes only partial
responsibility on ground of insanity, infancy and other environmental,
psychological and other mitigating circumstances. This school of thought
introduced the idea of minimum and maximum circumstances.

(c) Cartographic School
Adolphe Quetelet and A.M. Guerry are the major proponents of this
school of thought, which originated in France and fl ourished during 1830 -
80. Basic notion of this school was that crime is caused by the conflicts of
values in the lower socio -economic classes, groups, religious and interest
groups living in certain geographical areas.



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64 (d) Positive School
Caesare Lombroso, Enricco Ferri and Rafael Garofalo are the main
exponents of this school of thought. This school denied the demonic
responsibility of crime and also contradicted with the free will concept of
classicists.

Lombroso envisaged relationship between physical ch aracters and crime.
He introduced the principle of Atavism which says that criminals are
evolutionary throwbacks of primitive men. Lombroso attributed the causes
of crime to biological factors.

He assigned physical abnormalities to criminal type, e.g. dis torted nose,
low receding forehead, etc. According to him, a person with such
characteristics will find it difficult to refrain from crime even under
favourable circumstances. Lombroso classified criminals into various
categories: born criminal, criminaloi d or occasional criminal and criminal
by passion. The positivistic school was heavily criticized for the
representativeness in sampling. There were neither control groups nor
follow -up studies.

(e) Differential Association Theory
This theory is based on the l earning principle and believes that all criminal
behaviors are learned. Sutherland proposed this theory and believed that
individuals encounter many inharmonious and inconsistent social
influences in their lifetime and many individuals become involved in
contacts with careers of criminalist norms and as a consequence become
criminals.

A person becomes a delinquent or criminal because of excessive
definitions favourable to violation of law; that is criminal behavior is
determined in a process of association with those who commit crime. This
differential association may vary in frequency, duration, priority and
intensity and hence the chance of a person engaging in criminal behavior
is determined roughly by the frequency and consistency of his patterns
with c riminal behavior.

(f) Anomie Theory
Proposed by Emile Durkheim, this theory suggests that criminal behavior
is a normal adaptation by individuals living in a society, structured by high
division of labour and based on competitive individualism. According to
him, society without deviance is impossible and all individuals are prone
to deviating norms. According to him, deviance is necessary for any
society to progress.

(g) Strain Theory
Merton used anomie to explain all kinds of deviant behavior. He proposed
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65 individuals and encouraged development of unrealistic aspirations.
Anomie was hence dependent on cultural goals and institutionalized
means, that is, aims that define success and status i n society and
acceptable methods of achieving such goals. Merton believed that crime is
a result of rejection of the socially accepted means and replacing it with a
new means to achieve any goal.

(h) Delinquent subculture Theory
The theory was put forward by Albert Cohen in 1955 and deals with the
adjustment problems of working class boys. Young children develop their
self concept depending on how they are judged by others, which is in turn
dominated by middle class values. The children of lower class find it
difficult to deal with this status game. Hence, they are more likely to face
failure and humiliation. They may adopt any of the three mechanisms to
overcome this:

1. Take up a college -boy response of hard work, thrift actions and may
cut him/herself from pee r group activities;
2. Take up a stable corner -boy response in which the person does himself
from peers nor incurs hostile towards middle -class persons or
delinquents; and
3. take up delinquent responses.
(i) Reintegrative Shaming Theory
Braithwaite (1989) explains two different types of shaming; namely,
reintegrative (bring the offender back to society) and disintegrative
(shunning the offender for the good of the society). In disintegrative
shaming, offenders are prevented from bonding back into the society and
can become only more outreached in crime as a result of being branded as
criminal. In reintegrative shaming adopts the societal gestures of
forgiveness to reform the individual and bring him/her back to the society.

The Idea of Punishment
Punishment involv es pain produced by design and justified by some value
that the sufferer is assumed to be violated. Jerome Hall describes
punishment as characterized by pain, coercive, inflicted on somebody who
has caused harm. Four theoretical explanations have been adva nced as the
basis upon which society imposes penalty upon somebody who violates
law. These are:
1. To effect retribution or revenge.
2. To restrain offender physically so as make it impossible for him to
commit another crime.
3. To deter other from committing simil ar offences.
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66 Types of Punishments
Scientific techniques for punishing offenders have varied form time to
time and place to place. Six methods have generally been mentioned in the
history to punish law breakers. Namely death penalty, exilement, corporal
punishment, imprisonment, fine, and social degradation. Imprisonment
and financial loss are the two method which are in vogue today. Death
penalty is given in the rarest of the rare cases.

Models of Punishment
(a) Deterrence Model of Puni shment
This is a utilitarian rationale for punishment, that is, it is bases on the idea
that punishment should help society to prevent crimes. Philosophers like
Bentham and Beccaria argued that punishment of criminal acts can deter
potential offenders by m aking negative consequences of crime greater
than its rewards. The deterrence model assumes that people engage in any
act after carefully and rationally analyzing the rewards and rises.

Punishment supposedly induces compliance because people fear
punishm ent and do not want to risk their stake in conformity. In this
model, the rationale is to affect future behavior rather than to inflict pain
that the offender deserves because of their past actions.

Arguments against deterrence model: In spite of the fact that capital
punishment s awarded for some cases, such crimes are not reducing. An
assumption on which the model rests is that of free will of humans.
However, a person’s behaviors is determined by values he derives from
his culture. There are also theori es which depict the role of genetics,
environment and economic needs on the commission of crimes.

Incapacitation: It is the custodial control of convicted offenders so that
they cannot commit crimes that affect the general public. It is based on the
idea that offenders will commit a certain number of crimes if that those
crimes can be prevented by placing the offender in prison for some time.
The assumptions of this theory are: 1. Some offenders are repeaters. 2.
Offenders who are taken -off the street are not immediately and completely
replaced by other offenders. 3. Prison does not increase crime by changing
inmates in ways that offset the reduction of crime from incapacitation.

(b) The retributive model
This model asserts that people who violate the law des erve punishment
because they have intentionally hurt others. The retributionist model
argues that offenders deserve to be punished because they have gained
advantage on others and the punishment would restore the harm they had
caused. This model is associa ted with the principle of Lex Taliouis, the
principle of “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”, which are expressed in
the code of Hammurabi in 18th century BC. Hence, offenders were
punished in the direst proposition of the harm caused or inflicted.
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67 Arguments against this model: Environmental factors could also
contribute to the commissions of crimes. Hence, it would not be logical to
punish an individual who is forced by circumstances to commit an
offence. The aim of the society should be to prevent c rimes rather than
make the criminal suffer. A retributive punishment could make the
offender an enemy of the society. It is proved that punishment cannot
prevent crimes unless criminals truly repent.

(c) Reformative and rehabilitative Model
This model s wide ly in use today and holds the aim of the criminal justice
system is to reform the offender so that he is adjusted to the social order.
This theory believes in re -educating the criminal and making them useful
individuals in the society. The motto of Indian prison system is to reform
and rehabilitate the inmates.

Limitations of Punishment
There are several limitation of punishment. They are listed below:
 It may produce harmful effects in individuals who are punished.
 It may label an offender as criminal not only in his own eyes but also
in the eyes of the society.
 It may cause a person to develop caution and unusual skills so that he
can protect himself from apprehensions, convictions and punishment.
The reformative model is suggested as an alternative for p unishment,
Reformative theory gives importance not to the crime but the individual
who commits it.

It considers defective functioning of social systems, social structures,
defective environment and lack of opportunities to achieve ones’ goals as
causes of crimes.

5.6 CONCLUSION
Society is changing. Society is constantly changing
Although the society is progressing, many social problems are being
created in the society. The nature of social problems is also changing as
the society changes. Therefore, the scope of social work is increasing
Professional social work has emerged along with volunteer social work.
Social work is seen as a business.
According to the changing social conditions, the field of social work has
changed in the field of education. Family Welfare Child Welfare Youth
Welfare Women Welfare Elderly Welfare Disabled Welfare Workers
Welfare Many areas of social work have emerged. The importance of
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68 Although there has be en a lot of progress in the medical field, it has cost a
lot to get medical facilities.
As this cost is unaffordable to the general public, there is a huge
opportunity for social work in the medical field. The importance of social
work in the medical field is increasing. Social workers working in the
medical field. Employment opportunities in rural areas are increasing with
the industrial development of our country. In the manufacturing sector,
employers and workers are two important factors.
As the employe rs seem to be ignoring the workers 'welfare figures in the
name of getting more wealth, the social workers' welfare sector has been
created to solve the problems of the workers and also in the field of social
work opportunities.
Due to the changing social conditions, the crime rate is on the rise in the
society. The number of crimes is increasing day by day.
This area of social work has been created with the aim of punishing such
diverse offenders and giving them a chance to improve by looking at the
nature of the crime.
Pracice Questions

1) What do you mean by medical Social Work? What are the factors
influencing health of a Patient?

2) Explain the role of Medical Social Worker in dealing with Mental and
Physical Health of a Patient?

3) How the role of a Medical social worker is different from General
Social worker?

4) What do you mean by labour Welfare? Explain the objectives and key
legislation for labour welfare.

5) What do you mean by Collective bargaining? What are the types and
stages in Colle ctive bargaining?

6) What do you mean by Worker’s Participation. What are the different
methods of Worker’s Participation?

7) Explain the Various Theories of Criminology.

8) Explain the different types, Models and Limitations of Punishment.




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69 5.7 REFERENCE
1. Y. Ronald, S. Malar, P.V. Laavanya Social Work an Introductory text
book , Regal Publication,
2. Prajakta Tanksale, Gatkary (Samajkarya padhati) Shri Mangesh
Prakashan, Naviramdaspeth Nagpur
3. Sheeba joseph, Bishnumohan Dash, Community organization in Social
Work
4. Krishnakant Sing, An Introduction to Social Work
5. Chopra, B.N. Das, M.N. and pradhan , A.C. (2003), A Comprehensive
History of India, sterling publishing private limited new Delhi
6. Bhatia B.N. History and Social Development
7. Sachdeva D.R. Social welf are administration in India, Allahabad

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70 6
PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF SOCIAL
WORK
Unit Structure :
6.1 Objectives
6.2 Introduction
6.3 Case Work
6.3.1 Definition of Case Work
6.3.2 Principles of Case Work
6.3.3 Stages in Case Work
6.4 Group Work
6.4.1 Definition of Group Work
6.4.2 Principles of Group Work
6.4.2 Stages of Group Development
6.5 Conclusion
6.6 References
6.1 OBJECTIVES
 To Study Definition of Case Work
 To analyse Principles of Case Work
 To Study Stages in Case Work
 To Study Definition of Group Work
 To analyse Principles of Group Work
 To Study Stages in Group Development
6.2 INTRODUCTION
Social case work is concerned with the adjustment and development of
individuals towards more satisfying human relations. Case work method
evolved as a syst ematic approach in the 1900’s. It all started with the
Charity organisation society which used volunteers. Volunteers, who were
called ‘friendly visitors’, to visit the homes of the poor for purposes of
assessing their need, for rendering material assistan ce and for giving them
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71 Freudian psychology which emerged in the 1920s had a strong impact on
case work. The new psychoanalytical knowledge pertaining to human
behaviour was absorbed by case workers who found it useful in
understanding clients and their problems. During this period of
development, caseworkers focused their problems. During this period of
development, caseworkers focused their attention on psychic forces within
the individual. During the 1940s, case workers were exposed t o the
formulation on ego psychology based on the observations of human beings
as regards their differential coping and adapting abilities in times of stress.
In India, case work was one of the first courses taught when the Sir
Dorabji Tata Graduate School of Social Work, Currently Known as the
Tata Institute of Social Sciences, was starred in Bombay in 1936, and it
became a method of practice in helping people with their problems of
social functioning.
Group living is an essential need of human beings. It p lays a major and
vital role in shaping the human behaviour and connects individuals with
the social world. As for an analogy, groups can be compared with the
human body impossible for them to originate in any other way. Each cell
of the organism is depen dent on other cells and organism for the proper
functioning of the body. In the same way, individuals depend on each
other for survival and growth.
6.3. CASE WORK
6.3.1 DEFINITION OF CASE WORK
There are different definitions of case work. A list of key definitions is
listed here as follows:
Social case work is a process used by certain human welfare agencies to
help individuals to cope more effectively with their problems in social
functioning.
-Perlman (1957)
Case work is a method to help individuals find solution to problems of
social adjustment which they are unable to handle in satisfactory way by
their own efforts.
-Hollis (1954)
Social Case work is the art of adjusting personal relationship .
-Queen (1932)
Social case work is the art of assisting the individual in developing and
making use of his personal capacity to deal with problems which he faces
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72 6.3.2 PRINCIPLES OF CASE WORK
Case work is value driven and highly humanistic in its outlook. Ther e are
seven key principles in case work. They are as follows:
1. Principle of Confidentiality
The case worker has to keep the problems of the client in confidence and
must keep the key data as secret.
2. Non- judgmental Attitude
A case worker does not have the right to judge any one as guilty or
innocent.
3. Acceptance
A Case worker must accept an individual as a person of worth and dignity.
The worker should accept the client’s positive feelings and negative
feelings alike.
4. Self Determination
Self- determinat ion means that the client has all the rights to take her/ his
own decision in his/ her own way. So the case worker should give chance
to her/ he to decide what is right.
5. Controlled Emotional Involvement
Without understanding the client’s emotion with sen sitivity, it is
impossible to find out a solution. But on the other hand, it is necessary for
the case worker to be emotionally stable and rational so that he/ she can
help the client is solving the problem.
6. Purposeful Expressing of Feelings
Case worker must give the chance to the client to express her / his feelings
freely, especially her/ His negative feelings. The case worker also should
listen purposefully to the clients’ inner feelings. He/ she should neither
praise nor condemn the individual.
7. Indiv idualization
Every Individual is different from others and is unique, therefor e, the
problem of every individual is different form the other and it also depends
upon her/ his intelligence. So the mode of Helping must be according to
the intellectual, Socia l- economic and ego strength.
6.3.3 STAGES IN CASE WORK
There are three stages in case work process. They are social Study,
Social Diagnosis and Social Treatment.
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73 1. Social Study
The First Step in the case work is to collect the social history of the clie nt.
This could be done in various ways. The prominent ways are as follows:
a) Interview with the client.
b) Interview with the relatives, employer, teacher and friends of the
client.
c) Visiting the neighbourhood and environment in which the client lives.
Intervie ws are every important and unless the interviews are conducted
properly, it is not possible to expect results. The case worker has,
therefore, not only to understand the theory of interview but also have
sufficient training and experience in interviewing. If he/she want to be
successful in providing service to the client. All these visits and interviews
will help the worker to know the client in his environment. During the
course of interview, the worker may be able to diagnose and even suggest
treatment to the client but where the problem is very acute; it is necessary
to consider the diagnosis in relation to his own history.

2. Social Diagnosis
Social diagnosis is an attempt to arrive at an exact definition of the
situation and personality of a given clien t. It is a Search for the causes of
the problem which brings the client to the worker for help. Diagnosis, is
therefore, concerned with understanding both the psychological or
personality factors which bear a causal relationship to the client’s
difficulty and the social or environmental factors which tend to sustain it.
3. Social Treatment
Social treatment in case work is the sum total of all activities and services
directed towards helping the client with a problem. The focus is to relieve
the immediate pro blem and if feasible modify any basic difficulties which
precipitated it. Generally, two types of efforts are required for social
adjustment. They are environmental modification and behavioural
modification.
6.4 GROUP WORK
6.4.1 DEFINITION OF GROUP WOR K
Social Group work is a method through which individuals in groups are
helped by a worker who guides their interactions in programme activities
so that they may relate themselves to others and experience growth
opportunities in accordance with their ne eds and capacities.
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74 Social group work is a process and a method through which group life is
affected by a worker who consciously directs the interaction process
towards the accomplishment of goals.
-Wilson and Ryland (1949)
Social Group work aims at the development of persons through the
interplay of personalities and at the creation of such group situations for
integrated, cooperative group action for common ends.
-Coyle (1937)
6.4.2 PRINCIPLES OF GROUP WORK
Trecker has explained the following group work principles:
1. The Principle of specific Objectives
In social group work, specific objective of individual and group
development must be consciously formulated by the worker in harmony
with group wishes and capacities and in keeping with agency function.
2. The principle of Planned Group formation
In Social group work. The group is the basic unit through which service is
provided to the individual . Consequently, the agency and worker
responsible f or the formation of groups must be aware of the factors
inherent in the group situation that make the given group a positive
potential for individual growth and for meeting recognisable needs.
3. The Principle of Purposeful Worker - Group Relationship
In Soci al group work, a purposeful relationship must be established
between the worker and the group members based on acceptance and
willingness to accept help and in the agency.
The Principle of Continuous Individualization
The group worker should recognize th at groups are different and that
individuals utilize group in a variety of ways to meet their differing needs.
Hence continues individualization must be practiced. Groups and the
individuals in the groups must be understood as developing and changing.
4. The Principle of Guided Group Interaction
In Social group work, the primary source of energy, which propels the
group and influences the individual to change, is the interaction or
reciprocal responses of the members. The group worker influences this
intera ction by the type and quality of his participation.
5. The principle of Democratic Group Self -Determination
In social group work, the group must be helped to make its own decisions
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75 responsibili ty in line with its capacity and ability. The primary Source of
control over the group is the group itself.
6. The Principle of flexible functional organisation
In social group work, the process through which the worker guides the
group in setting up forma l organization is just a s important as the actual
structural details of that organisation. Formal organization should be
flexible and encouraged as it meets a felt need, is understood by the
members and can function accordingly. The formal organisation of the
group should be adaptive and should change as the group changes.
7. The Principle of Progressive programme Experience
In social group work, the programme experiences in which the group
engages should begin at the level of member’s interest, need, experi ence,
and competence and should progress in relation to the developing capacity
of the group.
8. The principle of Resource Utilization
In social group work, the total environment of agency and community
possesses resources which should be utilized to enrich the content of the
group experience for individuals and for the group as a whole. The group
experience for individuals and for the group as a whole.
9. The principle of Evaluation
In social group work, continuous evaluation of process and programme in
term if outcomes is essential. Worker, group and agency share in this
procedure as a means of guaranteeing the greatest possible self - fulfilment
for all.
6.4.2 STAGES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT
I. Forming
In the forming stage all the individual are dependent on each other for
personal relations. All the group members perform in a safe behaviour
pattern as instructed by the group leader for the guidance and direction.
The group member’s desire is to collect the data on the similarities and
differences among the member s which would be preferred for the future
sub Groupings.
To avoid controversies, serious discussions and feeling are avoided in the
group. The orientation also plays major role at this stage. The group
members try to orient with the group goals and also to the group members.
The group centres the discussion on group goals, scope of it and ways to
implement it effectively. To precede for the next sage the group members
should renounce the comfort non - threatening topics and take the risk
prospect of conflict s.
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76 II. Storming
The net stage for the group development is storming. It is mainly
characterized on the basis of the conflict and competition in the personal
relations dimensions and task functions dimension. As the group members
starts to work on the task, c onflict certainly results in their personal
relations. Each individual in the group should mould their ideas, attitude,
feelings and beliefs to suit the group organization. Dilemmas may occur
for the different reason like” fear of exposure” or “fear of fai lure”, Etc.
Although the conflicts may or may not be the ground of the group issues
but they do exist. Some query will arise about who is going to be
responsible for what are the rules, how reward systems works, and the
criteria for evaluation. There will also be clear sign of conflict over the
leadership, power and authority. Because of the issues raised during this
stage, some members in the group may remain silent while others attempt
to dominate the group. In order to progress to the next stage the gro up
members must move from the arguing, disgracing, testing, and proving
mentality to the decision -making and problem -solving mentality.
III. Norming
The group member’s rules of engagement are established and the scope of
the group’s tasks or responsibilities is agreed.
The group members gradually start to understand each other better, and
appreciate each other. Individual members listen to each other, appreciate
and support each other, and are prepared to change the preconceived
thoughts: they feel they’re pa rt of a cohesive, effective group. So, each
individual need to work hard to attain to this stage is the flow of data
among the them and give feed back to the members. And also the
members will explore new things related to the task. If this flow of data
collection and cohesion is done by the group members. Their levels of
conversation are characterized by the personal and task level
IV. Performing
Mostly all group members don’t reach this stage. Mostly at this stage all
the group members would be task cante red and people oriented. All moral
values, group identity and loyalty would be thigh. This would direct the
group to achieve the goal in a more effective and efficient way. The
overall outline of the work would end in a productive way of achievement
of the goal.
V. Adjourning
This is the final stage of the group development both to the task and the
group members. This is mainly the completion and disengagement stage
of the group. All the group members’ individually will be proud to achieve
their group goal a nd also feel glad to have been part of the enjoyable
group. Main thing is that they need to recognise it and consciously move
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77 “deforming and mourning”, recognizing the sense of loss by the grou p
members.
6.5 CONCLUSION
In this unity we have examined and summarized the Social Case work and
group work there are different significant in the practice of social case
work have been analyzed here. If the social worker working with the
individual foc uses these princip les he/she will be more useful to the client
and will be able to perform his/her job efficiency. There are three schools
of approaches in social case work -Social study, social diagnosis and
Social treatment - are practiced in Social case w ork these have been
highlighted with their main features.
Social group work is a primary method of social work which believes that
the development of individual is mainly dependent on the group
experiences. The group worker should follow certain principles in her
practice the social worker also has certain skills that will make him
effective in dealing with the group problems
Also, the various stage of group development is highlighted with special
features the social group worker practices ethic remedial m odel of
development model with the group.
Pracice Questions :
1) Define Case work. What are the principles and Stages of Case Work?
2) Define Group Work. What are the principles and stages of Group
Work?
6.6 REFERENCES
1. Y. Ronald, S. Malar, P.V. Laavanya Social Work an Introductory text
book , Regal Publication,
2. Prajakta Tanksale, Gatkary (Samajkarya padhati) Shri Mangesh
Prakashan, Naviramdaspeth Nagpur
3. Sheeba joseph, Bishnumohan Dash, Community organization in Soc ial
Work Krishnakant Sing, An Introduction to Social Work


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78 7

COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS

Unit Structure :
7.1 Objectives
7.2 Introduction
7.3 Community Organization
7.3.1 Definition of Community organization
7.3.2 Characteristics of Community organization
7.3.3 Principles of Community organization
7.3.4 St rategic Steps in Community organization
7.3.5 Models of Community Organization
7.4 Conclusion
7.5 References
7.1 OBJECTIVES

 To enable people to live a happy and fully developed life.
 To emphasis on self -help and help people to help themselves to solv e
their one problems.
 To act as agent to achieve goals

7.2 INTRODUCTION

Community organization is one of the primary methods of social work, it
is considered as a macro method because of its ability to involve a large
number of people in solving the so cial problems. As a method of social
work, community organization can solve the problems of many people in
the community through their collective involvement. Community
organization utilizes other methods of social work that is group work and
case work.

7.3 COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION

7.3.1 Definition of Community organization
Ross defines community organization as a process by which a community
identifies its needs or objectives, orders or ranks these needs or objectives,
develops the confidences and will t o work at those needs or objectives,
finds the resources (internal of external) to deal with these needs or
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79 develops cooperative and collaborative attitudes and practices in
community .

Kramer and Specie (1969) defines community organization as a method of
intervention whereby a professional change agent helps a community
action system composed of individuals, groups or organizations to engage
in planned collective action in order to deal with social problems within a
democratic system of values.

7.3.2 Characteristics of Community organization
1. It is a process by which the capacity of the community to function
more positively and progressively is grown. The social worker maker
this pr ocess conscious and deliberative.
2. In community organization, the first job of the worker is to help the
community to focus its attention upon the problems/ needs about
which it is disturbed.
3. After the identification of the problems/ needs, community is he lped
by the worker to establish some order of priority among these needs so
that efforts may be taken accordingly to fulfill these needs.
4. The community organizer helps the community to locate the resources
in the society through which the needs may be fulf illed. There are
certain agencies in the community which work for the betterment of
the life of people but people generally are ignorant about these
agencies. The worker helps the community in such a situation and
makes the community able to use those agen cy resources for its
development.
5. Community organization process identifies a problem about which
some action is required and helps the community to take some action
so that the problems are solved or needs are fulfilled.

As the process evolves, people i n the community will come to understand,
accept, and work with one another, that in the process of identifying and
dealing with a common problem, sub -groups and their leaders will become
disposed to cooperate with other sub -groups in common endeavors, and
will develop skills in overcoming the inevitable conflicts and difficulties
which emerge in such collective tasks.

7.3.3 Principles of Community organization

Mc Neil has mentioned the following principles:

1. The community is the primary client.

2. The communi ty is to be understood and accepted as it is and where
it is.

3. Representation of all interests and elements in the population and their
full and meaningful participation are essential objectives in community
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80 4. The fact of ever -changing human ne eds and the reality of relationship
between and among people and groups are dynamic in the community
organization process.

7.3.4 Strategic Steps in Community organization

In order to be effective in community organization, the following basic
steps should be followed in sequence:

1. Information Collection and Community Meeting
This deals with organizing formal and informal meetings with community
people. It involves visiting and observing the community for gartering
different information. Besides these it in cludes:

a) Identification and prioritization of problem/ issues and stakeholders.

b) Creation of awareness about these felt needs/priorities and raising
consciousness among community people.

c) Identification of nucleus/resource persons/opinion leaders and formal
and informal leaders of various socio -cultural/vocational groups and
sub-groups.

2. Consentisation
Consentisation strategy is based on Paulo Frere’s approach of generating
awareness and sensitization among masses through education. In his
opinion, if peopl e were motivated to analyses their own reality, they could
be active participants in transforming it. The consciousness gained though
the critical process of reasoning and reflection leads to action that in turn
can reduce the exploitative tendencies in th e present socioeconomic
structures.

3. Planning and Formulation Of Plans and Programmers
Planning involves the entire act right from the stirring of consciousness
regarding a problem to the steps taken to resolve the problem. This can at
least be achieved b y having rapport with the people and involving them in
designing the development of project. To meet this specific need,
application of participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) technique is required.

4. Capacity -building
As the capacity of poor people is strength ened (by utilizing and improving
their skills, changing their perceptions and attitudes and ensuring their
active participation as responsible participator ) and their voice begin to be
heard, they become “claimants” who are capable of demanding and paying
for goods and services form government and private sector agencies.
Under these changed circumstances, the mechanisms to satisfy their needs
will change as well.

5. Collaboration and Coordination
When two or more person (i.e. helpers) work jointly on the ba sis of a
common plan of action, then it is called collaboration.
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81 In collaboration each one of the helpers are accountable for certain aspects
of work/service to a client. They may belong to one agency of many
agencies; they may be social workers and/or ma y be from several other
professional disciplines.

Thus, we can say that collaboration is a medium of integration of various
services being provided, description of role and services to be delivered by
each of the participant, and making sure that conflic ting and confusing
messages are not given to clients.

Whereas in Co -ordination, two or more service providers work together.
This does not involve a common action plan; in fact, there may be two or
more action plans. For effective co -ordination, spirit o f working together
towards a desirable and is must. Further, the mutual satisfaction of all
concerned persons and agencies involved in it is an important aspect.

6. Networking
Networking is also the social work strategy practiced to bring diverse
social str uctures together to accomplish a common purpose or shared goal.
Networking involves establishing coordinated and collaborative
relationships in order to access the resources of other persons and social
systems.

Social workers network with human service o rganizations, governments,
industry and influential community leaders. Networking promotes
collaboration in identifying service gaps and barriers and encourages inter -
agency planning to address unmet service delivery needs.

7.3.5 Models of Community Organ ization

Jack Rothman has introduced three basic models of community
organisation. They are as follows:

 Locality Development
 Social Planning
 Social Action

1. Locality Development
Locality development is one of the foremost methods of working with the
comm unity. It was earlier used by the settlement houses movement. Here
the important focus is on the process of community building. Leadership
development and the education of the participants are the essential
elements in the process.

According t Murray Ross the process of self -help and communal action is
valuable in its own right. The model of locality development is based on
this particular thought process. It originated from the traditional
community organization precipice.

The main focus of this model i s the whole community or a part of it. The
basic belief is that communities have some common needs and interests
and once the people realize this need and work together democratically,
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82 of the community organizer is to enhance the involvement of the people in
the community and help the community members to plan and find a
solution to the problem.

2. Social Planning
Social planning refers to the type of community work where a worker o f
agency undertakes an exotics of evaluating welfare needs and existing
services in the area and suggests a possible blue print for a more efficient
delivery of services. Social planning model is effective in solving key
social problems like housing, educa tion, and health, childcare and so on.
Its aim is to affect a large population.

The community planner works in the capacity with the government and is
often identified with power structure of the community. But basically he is
interested in the needs and attitudes of the community and helps them plan
their future.

3. Social Action
According to Rothman, social action is a strategy used by groups or sub
communities or even national organizations that feel that they have
inadequate power and resources to meet their needs. So they confront with
the power structure using conflict as a method to solve their issues related
to inequalities and deprivation. In this type of community organization the
community organizer uses all means to apply pressure on the power
structure to give in to demands. We would be discussing about this
method in detail in the next chapter.

7.4 CONCLUSION

Community organization is one of the methods of social work. Individual
support work helps to solve the problems of the individual. Pr oblems are
identified and solved. The aim is to develop the individual. The social
worker is working to solve the problems of the group So the community is
a bigger part of the group A part of a city is a rural part of a mohalla where
the problems in that community are generally the same and affect the
individual life in their community Find out the needs of the community as
they affect the lives of individuals, in the community and check the
availability of tools to solve the problem. Building community co hesion is
expected to build community leadership and provide public amenities.
Therefore community organization is considered important in social work
methods. Welfare of all individuals in the community, The participation of
the whole community is gained Community Organizations Internal actions
and processes are carried out in a scientific manner. Community
organization is done according to the prescribed steps. The role of social
worker is considered to be important in all the tasks carried out by specifi c
methods and techniques.

Pracice Questions
1) Define Community Organisations. Explain its Characteristics.
2) Explain the principles, steps and Models of Community Organisation. munotes.in

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83 7.5 REFERENCES

1. Y. Ronald, S. Malar, P.V. Laava nya Social Work an Introductory text
book, Regal Publication,

2. Prajakta Tanksale, Gatkary (Samajkarya padhati) Shri Mangesh
Prakashan, Naviramdaspeth Nagpur

3. Sheeba joseph, Bishnumohan Dash, Community organization in Social
Work Krishnakant Sing, An Intro duction to Social Work


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84 8
SOCIAL WORK RESEARCH,
ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT
IN SOCIAL WORK
Unit Structure :
8.1 Objectives
8.2 Introduction
8.3 Social Work Research,
8.4 Administration of Social Work
8.5 Management in Social Work
8.6 Conclusion
8.7 References
8.1 OB JECTIVES
 Understanding the meaning of social work research
 To study the purpose of social work research
 To study the types of social work research
 To Study the importance of Social work research
 Understanding the meaning of social work administration
 To study social work administration
 To study social work management
8.2 INTRODUCTION
Research administration and management are the three most important
factors in social work. The study needs of the society before starting social
work. If the study is based on research, then what is the social condition of
the society? Research is needed to have a though knowledge of this and to
compile it scientifically .
Administration and management is an important skill for senior social
workers. These skills will b e essential for social workers who would like
to grow professionally and attain higher positions in their respective
organizations. As one grows in the social work career, their role in the
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85 gain significance. This is where the skills of social welfare administration
will come handy.
However, as the ultimate goal is the provision of welfare services, social
work administrator cannot be a bureaucrat or a manager with concern only
for efficiency. Social work values will also form the base for the
administrative decisions taken in the context of service delivery
The major framework for social work administration is POSDCoRB,
which is borrowed from the management theory. The classical
management thinker, Luther Gullick has given this acronym to describe
the functions of a manager in an organization.
POSDCoRB, stands for the following functions:
P- Planning
O- Organizing
S- Staffing
D- Directing
Co- Coordinating
R- Reporting
B- Budgeting
8.3 SOCIAL WORK RESEARCH
Social work research is a supportive method of social work .social
research is called as a scientific method observation test in social research
testing facts collection of its classification and conclusions a method is
adopted. R esearch is a method by which research is done and develops our
knowledge by drawing conclusions .
Used as an adjunct to research methods in social work research. Social
research activities and methods are changed according to the needs that
are not suitable for social work research. New tools are created.
The meaning of social work research
It is important to have a proper knowledge of the social situation and to
analyze it in terms of doing social work. Social work research is an
effective method for this. The basic concepts used in social work are
studied in social work research. Problems correlation Interaction Response
studies are conducted in relation to organizations so the meaning of social
work research has been explained in different ways by social work
researchers
For this, social work research is an effective method. Research in social
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86 organizational work as well as the method to generalize and expand the
knowledge of so cial work
-Friedlander
The task of social work research is to encourage the development of a
group of dependable sciences to accomplish a wide range of social wo rk
objectives and tools.
- John Devee
Experimenting with social research in the study of problems in social
work studies
-Hoshwald
Systematic rational and obj ective meditation on issues related to the field
of social work as well as ordering new to research, knowing the nature of
their interrelationships, finding rules that determine their nature, finding
their explanation is what social work research is all ab out.
Social work research is related to the problems faced by the social
workers. Researching the problems encountered while planning and
implementing social work services as well as other issues related to social
work is called social work research.
The s olution to the problem of social work is the subject of research.
Collective effort to gather information about society and related concepts
is social work research. It is used as a supportive method of research in
social work. That is social work researc h.
Purpose of social work research
Social Work Research Experiments are used to guide the individual
community to provide social services. Social work research is at the
forefront. Social work research is concerned with problem solving.
Increasing the scop e of social work
To reconsider the purpose and philosophy of social work
Re-study social work concepts and build systematic knowledge
Explain the relationship between social work knowledge and actual work
Assessing the need and quality of services and maki ng improvements in
procedures
Linking the needs of the society to social planning and social movement
Increasing the effectiveness of social work methods through research To
provide knowledge for change in social work by studying these programs
and techniq ues which will be an alternative to social work.
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87 Knowing the capabilities required in workers working in different
situations
Social work research has a specific p urpose in terms of its actual use and
application in society. The primary purpose of social research is different
from that of social work research.
Types of research in social work
Topics that come in the field of knowledge and work in the field of social
work come in social work research
PilipKellin has given the following types of social work research
The types of research that serve to guide research are as follows:
Research done to identify areas in need of services
Research comparing services offered in the context of need
Research comparing the services provided in the context of need Research
evaluating work through social work
Research that tests the efficacy of social work methods techniques
Useful research of concepts considered essential in soc ial work
The importance of research in social work
It is important to establish the need for that service before starting social
work. It is important to study the needs of individuals as social work is
focused on needs and service three. It is important t o know the number of
needs through research. It is possible to evaluate the work of activists and
organizations through research, so the importance of research in social
work can be explained as follows
To increase the effectiveness of services
The effect iveness of existing services for the society can be known
through research. The knowledge gained from research can be used to
increase their effectiveness.
To clarify the concept of social work
Research helps to clarify current philosophies and theories as well as
concepts in social work. Research in social work is important to find the
usefulness of sociological concepts in social work.
For scientific development of social work
It is important to study the concepts and values adopted in social work
from th e point of view of social work. Research can give a direction to
social work. Development of social work according to the needs of the
society.

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88 To explore the problems in society
There are many problems in Indian society and in particular rural society
Research in social work is important to find a solution to these problems
and to solve the problems by implementing the actual program.
To study of clientage
There are a large number of service areas in which social work knowledge
services. There are a var iety of issues in the community. Local problems
are of different forms. Services with problems are studied and research is
possible as research is possible.
Social research
There are two important words in social research, one is social and the
other is re search. The meaning of research is explained by e -mail and
mori. Research is a systematic effort to acquire the most knowledge. New
knowledge is added to it. A society is a group or community of specific
people. Its size can be more or less
Definition of social research
Social research is a systematic process of establishing explanations and
generalizations about the sequence, interrelationships and causality in
social life in order to discover new ones or to examine the old ones.
Social research is the sy stematic research done to gain new knowledge
about social phenomena and problems.
From this definition it will be seen that social research involves the task of
bringing new to light, proving the results of the old, but their sequence
should not be a causa l relationship between the interrelationships.
Features of social research
Research is carried out in all the branches of knowledge but each branch
of knowledge has its own distinctive features. Social research has different
characteristics which can be ex plained as follows.
 The study of social phenomena
Social research relates to social phenomena. Research studies these
phenomena. Society is made up of individuals.
 Discovery of new principles and examination of old facts
The main task of social research is to acquire new knowledge and add to
the old knowledge
 Exploration of causal relationships
Human behavior and its action is the subject of social research Human
behavior has causality in its actions. Social research seeks to find the
causality and formulat e theories based on them.
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89  Use of scientific method
The scientific method is used in social research Statistical methods have a
very important place in research. If statistics are obtained through this
method, they can be summarized in a concise form.
 Statistical analysis
Statistical methods are used in social research Statistical methods have a
very important place in research. The principles obtained by the statistical
method can be summarized and properly classified; Information can be
explained using d iagrams or tables.
8.4 SOCIAL WORK ADMINISTRATION
The field of social work is wide in scope. The scope of services in social
work is broadly managed at the level of horizontal parallel. When various
activities in the field of social work are integrated, th eir scope increases to
carry out the planned activities in a planned manner administration is
required.
The area in which social work is to be administered. It is important to have
knowledge of that area and to have knowledge of administration to
administe r that area. Therefore, the work and its effect increase the
usefulness. The purpose of social work is to provide services to the
community by providing these services with specific techniques and their
effectiveness. Good governance and effective social w ork are two sides of
the same coin
The meaning of social work administration
1. To transform social plans into social action with some special purpose
in mind and the administration process used to utilize professional
skills in it will be social work adminis tration.
2. The services provided by socially useful activities should be put to
good use In order to fulfill the purpose of the initiative; the methods of
social work are administered using the capabilities and professionalism
Then it is called social work a dministration.
3. In order to fulfill the purpose of the ministry, those who have the
knowledge and interest in the ministry are required to do the ministry.
When service work is administered by such individuals or
professionals, it is called social work admi nistration
4. The administration that is done to increase the usefulness of social
work masters is called social work administration.
After understanding the meaning of social work administration, one
realizes the importance of social work administration. In social work,
services are provided to the needy. Depending on the individual, the needs
vary from person to person.
As this work is done by the administration, administration is considered
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90 Aspects of social work administration Org anization
There are two factors that are important in social work. It is up to the
administration to organize these two elements. If the scope of social work
is large then many activists are working and work has to be done for
different sections of the so ciety. The administration is tasked with
organizing at a time when work has to be done for the elements of the
society at different social levels.
Plans and programs
In social work, various schemes and programs for social development
have to be planned and implemented. The social work administration has
to do the important work of planning the program. Then the social worker
can implement them properly in his area of work
Management
Management has an important place in social work administration. It is th e
job of the administration to determine the workings of the work and to
manage it
Supervision
The administration has to supervise and control the social workers while
they are providing services to the needy.
Public relations
Social work continues uninter rupted. To provide services to the needy
people in the society and to solve the problems of the society, to find the
needy, to reach the needy, to get the response of the society in social work,
the administration has to do this work.
To keep accounts
It is expected to keep all kinds of records in work administration. It is very
important to keep financial transactions transparent. So the administration
has to do the important work of keeping financial records.
Steps of Social Work Administration
Through so cial work, social problems and social evils can be prevented
and remedied. The social work administration works to promote such
social work, so the power of the social welfare program increases. The
impact increases. The program accelerates.
The steps of t his social work administration can be explained as follows:
1. Collecting information regarding services and programs and planning
and planning based on information
2. Selection, recruitment and training of workers Plan and divide the
work among the staff and pr epare for implementation
3. To make arrangements for the implementation of the program and to
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91 4. Creating reports Saving documents Keeping track of the information
that has been gathered or received wh ile working
5. To develop proper correlation of the community in which social work
is to be started or actual social work is to be started
8.5 SOCIAL WORK MANAGEMENT
The management process is applied to achieve specific results through
skills and efficiency i n social work. Therefore, management plays an
important role in providing effective services to the needy in various
social work and professional fields like medical education industry etc. In
the field of social work, a proper system of workers has to be created.
There are two sides to management. On the one side, knowledge related to
programs and services and on the other side, social work planning. It is
very important to mobilize the staff, set the schedule, prepare the budget,
keep accounts, etc., to use both aspects of management effectively and to
use these tools more effectively in a collaborative manner. Not only
technology is important in management but also the goal by which success
is to be achieved.
In modern times, complex social problems are increasing and the number
of organizations working in the society is also increasing. The field of
social work is expanding. Services are being created according to social
problems. Management is needed to work effectively through
organizations and institu tions. The purpose of social work is to provide
services to the society while providing services to the management to
work for scientific work
Social work management is the process by which more efficiency is
achieved for specific objectives and social pol icy can be transformed into
social action. This is called social work management. The process of
deciding the next course of action in social work is called social work
management.
Principles of social work management
1. Individuals involved in social work ma nagement should have adequate
understanding of human behavior and knowledge of social problem
handling skills and necessary techniques
2. To use a lot of right thinking and to determine the direction of social
work and to provide equality to all.
3. Delega ting the responsibility of managerial work to a trained and
efficient person who is aware of social issues.
4. The objective of social work management is to give responsibility. To
increase the participation of workers in the management of social work
and to encourage workers. Management process should always be
based on democratic process of responsibility.
5. Every member of the staff should be aware of the fact that the work
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92 6. The management process is a specific obj ective tool and a tool used by
the organization to solve community problems. Changing objectives
and tasks as needed is the principle of management.
8.6 CONCLUSION
Service -oriented methods of social work have been prevalent in our
country since ancient ti mes. At that time, the social reformer had devoted
his entire life to social work and took the initiative to identify the
problems in the society and solve them. Research administration and
management did not have much importance but in the present modern age
professional social work has gained importance. Social work is being done
as a business.
At present, research is being done in social work to do social work in a
scientific way and to solve social problems. To get all the information
required by the so ciety, to collect it, to analyze it and to determine the
direction of development based on that requires research. The importance
of administration in social work is increasing as administration is required
for the planned implementation of social work pro grams. Along with
administration, management is also an important factor. Management is
essential to increase skills and efficiency in social work and increase the
effectiveness of development work. Managing social work requires
management to evaluate the work and look to the future.
Pracice Questions
1) Explain the Meaning, Purpose and Types of Research in Social Work.
2) Define Social Research. Explain the Characteristics and Importance in
Social Research.
3) What do you mean by Social Work Administration. Explain its
Various steps and Factors important for Social Work Administration.
4) What do you mean by Social Work Management. What are the
Various principles of Social Work management?
8.7 REFERENCES
1. Y. Ronald, S. Malar, P.V. Laavanya Social Work an Introductory te xt
book, Regal Publication,
2. Prajakta Tanksale, Gatkary (Samajkarya padhati) Shri Mangesh
Prakashan, Naviramdaspeth Nagpur
3. Sheeba joseph, Bishnumohan Dash, Community organization in Social
Work
4. Krishnakant Sing, An Introduction to Social Work
5. Chopra, B.N . Das, M.N. and Pradhan , A.C. (2003), A Comprehensive
History of India, sterling publishing private limited New Delhi
6. Bhatia B.N. History and Social Development
7. Sachdeva D.R. Social welfare administration in India, Allahabad
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93 9
SOCIAL RESEARCH
Unit Structure:
9.0 Objectives
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Definition of Social Research
9.3 Concept and Features of Social Research
9.4 Importance of Motivating Factors of Social Research
9.5 Report Writing
9.6 Conclusion
9.7 References
9.0 OBJ ECTIVES
 To enable the students to understand social research .
 To enable the students to study the importance and motivating factors
of research.
9.1 INTRODUCTION
Social Research
There are two important words in social research, one is social and the
other is research. Research is a systematic effort to acquire the most
knowledge. New knowledge is added to it. A society is a group or
community of specific people. Its sizecan be more or less as per suitability
for research. Like research in the natural scienc es, the goal of social
science is to find new facts or confirm and test those that already exist. It
seeks to comprehend how people behave and how that behavior interacts
with the outside world and societal structures. It looks for a link between
human act ions and the natural rules that control them. It also tries to create
new scientific theories, concepts, and methods to make the study of social
behavior and human behavior more accurate and valid.
9.2 DEFINITION OF SOCIAL RESEARCH
Social research is a sys tematic process of establishing explanations and
generalizations about the sequence, interrelationships and causality in
social life in order to discover new ones orto examine the oldones.
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94 Social research is a research conducted by social scientists following a
systematic plan. Social research methodologies can be classified
as quantitative and qualitative .
C.A. Moser defines , “Social research as a systematized investigation to
gain new knowledge about s ocial phenomenon and problems.” (1985)
P.V. Young states , “Social research as a scientific undertaking which by
means of logical methods, aims to discover new facts or old facts and to
analyse their sequences, interrelationships, casual explanations and n atural
laws which govern them.” (1966)
According to C.C. Crawford “Research is simply a systematic and
refined technique of thinking, employing specialized tools, instruments &
procedures in order to obtain a more adequate solution of a problem than
would be possible under ordinary means.”
It starts with a problem, collects data or facts, analyses these critically
based decisions actual evidence. It evolves original work instead of mere
exercise of personal opinion. It is quantitative, seeking to know not only
what but much and measurement is therefore a central feature of it.
As per Webster Dictionary : “A careful inquiry or examination in seeking
facts or principles, diligent investigation in order to ascertain something.”
According to Francis Bacon : “Re search is a power of suspending
judgement with patience of meditating with pleasures of asserting with
caution, of correcting with readiness of arranging thought with scrupulous
plan.
Social research is the systematic research done to gain new knowledge
about social phenomena and problems.
From this definition it will be seen that social research involves thetask of
bringing new to light, proving the results of the old, but theirs equence
should not be a causal relationship between the interrelationships.
The systematic study of social facts or phenomena is the goal of social
science research. In order to decide on a plan of action and/ or to gain new
knowledge, it accumulates data about the social world and interprets
it.Research on human existence, human behavior, social groups, and social
institutions is referred to as social research and is carried out by social
scientists from a variety of fields.
Social Research has one fundamental advantage over physical research in
the sense that the researcher can talk to his subject to know his feeling and
reactions. He need not very entirely on his own senses and perceptions as
in the technique of observation but can take active help from the subject
also. This fundamental advantage is put to its fullest use in ca se of
interview.
In order to improve welfare, political participation, defend human rights,
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95 the researcher to offer solutions that may lead to the creation of social
programmes a nd public policies.
Features of Social Research
Research is carried out in all the branches of knowledge but each branch
of knowledge has its own distinctive features. Social research has different
characteristics which can be explained as follows.
 The study of social phenomena
Social research relates to social phenomena. Research studies the
sephenomena. Societyis made up of individuals.
 Discovery of new principles and examination of old facts
The main task of social research is to acquire new knowledge a nd add to
the old knowledge
 Exploration of causal relationships
Human behavior and its action is the subject of social research Human
behavior has causality in its actions. Social research seeks to find the
causality and formulate theories based on them.
 Use of scientific method
The scientific method is used in social research Statistical methodshave a
very important place in research. If statistics are obtained through this
method, they can be summarized in a conciseform.
 Statistical analysis
Statistical m ethods are used in social research Statistical methodshave a
very important place in research. The principles obtained by the statistical
method can be summarized and properly classified; Information can be
explained using diagrams or tables.
Social scient ists and researchers utilize social research as a strategy to
understand people and societies in order to develop goods and services
that are able to meet a variety of customer wants.
Qualitative Research
Qualitative research is characterized as a means to collect data via open -
ended and conversational dialogues. In order to capture information in
real-time and foster trust, participants are typically not removed from their
natural environments for qualitative data gathering. Ethnographic
research, focus gr oups, one -on-one online interviews, content analysis,
and case study research are the five main qualitative research
methodologies. To collect qualitative information on complicated issues,
researchers rely on a variety of techniques.
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96 Quantitative Researc h
There are four distinct quantitative research methodologies: experimental
research, causal -comparative research, correlational research, and survey
research. Close -ended questions are typically used in this research, which
is conducted on a sample that i s representative of the target market. The
data is then presented in tables, charts, graphs, etc.
Surveys, polls, and questionnaires are common tools used in quantitative
research, which is a very useful source of data collection. The acquired
information can be examined to draw numerical or statistical conclusions.
Design strategies and metrics used in qualitative research do not yield
discrete or unique numerical data. In order to understand phenomena, it
uses a lot of narrative data.
Data coding and ver bal synthesis are both included in the process of data
analysis (inductive method/approach). Historical research, ethnographic
research, participant observational research, and the case study are a few
examples.
Discrete and distinct, numerical or quantifi able data are produced by
designs, procedures, and measures used in quantitative research. The
majority of data analysis is statistical (deductive process/ approach).
Methodologies :
Surveys :
To conduct a survey, a sample of people from a target group is sent a set
of pre -decided questions. As a result, data and opinions will be gathered
from people of varied backgrounds, races, age groups, etc. Surveys used
in social research might be longitudinal, cross -sectional, or correlational.
Both offline and onli ne methods can be used to conduct surveys. Online
mediums have expanded as a result of advancements in technical
platforms and their reach, and more individuals are relying on online
survey software to conduct frequent polls and surveys.
While co -relationa l research is a non -experimental method, longitudinal
and cross -sectional social research surveys are observational methods.
Cross -sectional surveys are conducted using various samples, whereas
longitudinal social research surveys use the same sample acros s time.
Interviews :
When you ask someone questions and listen to their responses, you can
learn information about them.A question -and-answer session is known as
an interview, during which one person asks questions and the other
responds. In addition to h aving more than one interviewer and participant,
it can also be a one -on-one, two -way dialogue.
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97 The method of obtaining opinions and feedback by posing predesigned
questionnaire over the phone, in person, or online is referred to as
interview research. Th ere are two types of interviews: formal and
informal. Formal interviews are those that the researcher plans out with a
structured set of open -ended and closed -ended questions and a format,
whereas informal interviews are more like conversations with the
participants and are very flexible to gather as much information as
possible.
In the data collection process, the interview is the most crucial step. It is
employed to determine if a candidate should undergo additional
interviewing, be hired, or be eliminate d from consideration. It serves as
the primary method of getting to know potential of respondents and the
benchmark for assessing their knowledge, talents, and skills in relation to
the position.
“Interview consists of dialogue on verbal responses between two persons
or between several persons. (Lindman)
“Interview is a technique of field work which is used to watch the
behaviour of individuals to asked statements, to observe the concrete
results of social on group interaction. (Pauline Young).
According to Young, interview may be regarded as a systematic method
by which a person enters more or less imaginatively into the life of a
comparative stronger. It is move like a tape recorder in which past
incidences, feelings and reactions of the subjects and playe d back to the
living present to be listened to by the interview with a scientific approach.
Observation:
The observation method of data collection is observing individuals in a
certain location or environment on a particular day and time. In essence,
resea rchers observe the behaviour of the people or environment they are
studying. This type of study can be planned, unplanned, or participant -
based.
Therefore, observations can be defined as –
i) “Systematic Viewing coupled with the consideration of the seen
phenomenon.”
ii) “Accurate watching & noting of phenomenon as they occur in nature
with regard to cause & effect or mutual relations.” (Oxford concise
dictionary)
As rightly stated by M.H. Gopal; (An introduction to Research produce in
social science) observati on is “Seeing with purpose”. It is looking closely
& purposively at the situation as whole & at the same time in the results
without completely loosing oneself in the situation.
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98 In observational research, a researcher is expected to become involved in
the daily activities of every subject to gain an understanding of their
routine, their capacity for making decisions under pressure, and their
general likes and dislikes. These elements are taken into account when
making decisions about things like how change s occurred in day to day
routine will affect people's lifestyles.
In addition to sociology, regular social science fields as well as other
fields irrelevant of them have benefited from the use of social research. A
variety of social research methods are c urrently actively being used by
non-social scientific areas. Yet, social research continues to be a
distinctive sociological endeavor for the advancement of the sociological
enterprise through the use of the sociological imagination to dissect social
circu mstances. Sociologists continue to advance the boundaries of
sociological explanations through the use of social research to advance
scientific understanding of social life, propose solutions to current issues
in the global social arena, and offer.
For soc ial scientists and scholars in other disciplines of study, social
science research is still a crucial subfield. For a researcher or worldwide
scholar to create and maintain a successful career, they must have a solid
understanding of social research.
Chara cteristics:
1) It is goal oriented. It must serve a formulated research purpose.
2) It must be planned systematically. The stages & substages involved
should be clearly designed & stated.
3) It should be recorded by the researcher.
4) It must be linked to general theoretical assumption.
The technique of observation stands for a systematic viewing coupled with
the consideration of the seen phenomenon. This technique includes a
stages of sensation attention & perception in it there are four types of
observation in scientific research : Participant observation where the
researcher actively participates in the functioning of the group under
study, nonparticipant observation; where the researcher acts like a silent
observer, controlled observation; where the researcher fries to control
either the phenomenon or the method of observation & uncontrolled
observation where the researcher merely observation the functioning the
group without playing any significant role in it observation is considered
to be one of the best met hods of data collection.
9.2 IMPORTANCE AND MOTIVATING FACTORS OF
SOCIAL RESEARCH
Social science research is still a crucial technique for addressing societal
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99 Modern socia l science research can be either pure or applied, and both
assist to shed light on social problems or social events within a particular
community. The social facets of human existence and the diversity of
social reality are the main topics of social study.
An essential aspect to think about is the objectivity issue in social
research. In social research, objectivity refers to a crucial aspect in the
study of social issues. By interacting with them, the researcher studies
actual living, thinking people. The study would become prejudiced and
unscientific if the researcher became personally involved with the subjects
he was researching. Consequently, the researcher must preserve
objectivity while being connected to the study's subject. Research is an
essential component of any scientific endeavour. The social sciences must
uphold objectivity as well as ethical neutrality, which means that
researchers must not let their own moral preferences or personal
preferences for good or wrong influence their work.
IMPORTAN CE OF SOCIAL RESEARCH :
1. Knowledge Building:
Research is essential for knowledge building. Generalizations drawn have
a certain effects on the established corpus of knowledge. A general
proposition having been established as an outcome of research may e xtend
the bounds of knowledge existing at a point in time. Through the data
collection and data analysis, the researcher gets reliable information about
the society. This data is helpful to generate knowledge. Contrarily, if the
generalization fits the est ablished corpus of knowledge, it lends added
credentials to it. The role of general propositions in enlarging or extending
systematic knowledge may take various forms. It is true that a new set of
facts is brought within the grasp of the established corpus of knowledge in
a meaningful way. In consequence, the bounds of knowledge get enlarged
not just quantitatively but also qualitatively.
Another way in which a general conception may enlarge systematic
knowledge is by bringing to light the seeming inconsis tencies in the
existing corpus of knowledge & attempting to reconcile these. For
example; through the survey research, enough data can be collected about
the society and generalization can be easily made. The conceptions can be
developed to understand the real nature of the society and the classroom
atmosphere. A new general conception in the nature of a research finding
helps us to reconcile these findings by pointing that whatever the
classroom atmosphere, the important thing is the extent to which the
teacher behaves according to the expectations of the students. Yet another
way in which a new general conception extends knowledge & attempting
to point out certain gaps in the existing corpus of knowledge & bridge
these gaps may be generalized through the s ocial research.
The general conception or finding emanating from research may have
another impact on the established body of knowledge i.e. correcting the
errors in it. Thus the new statements of generality emanating as research
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100 knowledge. The social research involves testing to find out whether the
empirical observations presented as general statements and are in
accordance with the predictions that may be made on the basis of the
existin g body of knowledge. If such is not the case, the system needs to be
revised or even rejected. An important aspect of scientific activity is
verification of conclusions which have found place in the established
system of knowledge.
2. Acceptance of Modern ized Thoughts:
Where there is knowledge, ignorance cannot exist. The best way of
removing superstitions, blind beliefs etc. is to transplant true knowledge
on the place of old traditional unwanted thoughts. E.g. Before the
knowledge about intensive social research, the social causes of crime were
not realized & people thought that propensity to crime was inherited. But
now due to social research, we no longer divide people into criminal &
non-criminal tribes. We know the social causesthat encourage criminal
tendencies in the people. J.C. Merriam has very aptly observed that the
ignorance about the true knowledge is the reason for all the disbeliefs and
superstitions. The prevention of old thoughts is the generations of new and
modern thoughts through resear ch.
The scourge of ignorance is one greatest block to social progress. It breeds
superstitions & blind faith in traditions, it keeps orthodoxy alive. By
unraveling the intricate & complex phenomenon of popular beliefs, social
research enables us to attack vigorously the citadels of orthodoxy of stop
its growth. Gradually new knowledge seeps in popular mind & thus
superstitions become diluted & ultimately removed. The key to the
solution of social problems is their accurate & unbiased analysis &
thereby to u nderstand the causal factors responsible for them. The analysis
of an untrained observer is not acceptable& precise. Only a social scientist
is competent to undertake this task. Social scientists have successfully
analyzed the problems of regionalism, cast eism, linguism, communalism
etc.
3. Theory and Policy Development:
The extended, corrected & verified knowledge may be put to two possible
uses: a) Theoretical b) Practical Knowledge thus acquired may be used for
constructing theoretic models. In other wo rds, knowledge may be
organized into propositions & these propositions may then be
meaningfully articulated to form a more abstract conceptual system
affording estimations about a class of thing or phenomena governed by a
specified set of conditions. Such use of knowledge is often labelled as
theory -oriented & the activities of a scientist who seeks knowledge for the
sake of building theories are discouraged.
The researches which seek knowledge will be used mainly for policy
making which can be used to sol ve various problems confronted by our
society. They may serve some practical ends which are often called
applied, action -oriented or practiceoriented. We shall be considering this
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101 up. One should not consider these two orientations as comprising a perfect
dichotomy. There is nothing as practical as a good theory & that
endeavors to solve practical problems have many a time given birth to
theories Theory helps us to identify gaps in ou r knowledge & seek to
bridge them with institutive, impressionistic or extensional
generalizations. Laws propagate when they are united in a theory.
MOTIVATING FACTORS OF SOCIAL RESEARCH
 Growth of Knowledge
Research is another word for an organised attemp t to find solutions to a
specific issue. Finding a solution to an issue requires research after a
thorough analysis and examination of all pertinent aspects. Generally
speaking, research is a procedure that incorporates a methodical process
and is intended to guarantee that the information acquired is reasonable
and backed by both quantitative and qualitative evidence.In order to
expand their knowledge in their disciplines and benefit the nation, it is
essential for educators to carry out research on a regu lar basis.
 Inspiration to Society
Research is carried out to pinpoint issues or resolve "uncertainties."
Studies are done when there is doubt about a phenomenon that has either
occurred or has not. Regardless of whether tests are carried out, research
alwa ys strives to employ the best approach to solve issues. The research
findings show the exact nature of the society, problems of the society.
The Researcher tries to give possible solutions and recommendations for
further research. It benefits the society if the solutions provided by the
researcher are accepted and implemented through the policy. The benefits
of the research thus inspired the society for improvement.

 Thirst for progress
There is always the thirst in the researcher to focus on knowledge
generation and generate new knowledge. This inbuilt thirst motivates the
researcher to focus on as many aspects and concentrate to build the
theories that may benefit the society. Increasing the number of high -
caliber publications is a critical component in m aking a university a
respected centre for higher learning. Researchers need the right
approaches since publishing research papers in high -impact journals needs
a high level of writing proficiency. The advantages for a researcher
looking to disseminate stud y finding effectively is the ability to write well.

 Creativity Development
Researchers must remember that their intense interest in the subject
matter, not financial gain, is what drives them to conduct their
research.This is the opportunity for the Resea rcher for development of
creative thoughts and suggests the possible measures to the aspirants. The
researcher has to keep publishing the research so that the aspirants may get
the benefit of it. Researchers must always be willing to share information munotes.in

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102 with their peers and should never keep their freshly discovered
information to themselves. Every researcher needs to be very self -assured
and must never give up easily, even when their research appears to be
coming to an end. Nonetheless, if the researcher is genuinely interested in
learning new things, the study will ultimately be fruitful. This creativity
will benefit the society at large.

 Policy Making
High language skills and the capacity to comprehend research findings
that will have a significant influ ence on the readers are necessary for
excellent writing. It is crucial for writers to avoid plagiarizingother
people's work and to make sure that everything they produce is entirely
their own. If they have used the ideas of other authors, they must
acknowl edge it or provide the correct sources.

Large funds must be justified by high -caliber publications published by
researchers in order for them to keep their funding. To produce fresh
knowledge that will be useful for formulating policy, researchers need
make sensible financial decisions. Because that method of publication is
simpler, many scholars would choose to write papers for conferences or
proceedings. Despite the fact that these publications are of lower quality
than chapters in books or papers in ren owned journals, they can be
improved by presenting them at a specific seminar or conference where
comments and criticism can be gotten.

 Understanding the Current Status of Societal Aspects
Any scientist conducting research must adhere to specific ethical
principles. Scientific duty centres on the proper placement of personnel
value. The issue, according to social behavioral scientists, is what stance
should be adopted if a researcher is simply interested in his scientific
research. The Research should focu s on social values and morals in a
scientific way.
Whether social sciences can be free from values and ethical considerations
is at the heart of this dispute. Social sciences can be made to be
independent of ideology and morals. In this regard, the resear cher has
unique challenges when conducting social research. Every study of one
group of people by another involves ideals that are crucial to all human
action.
Ethical consideration becomes important in social science. This is because
social sciences deal with human behavior. It istherefore not possible to
manipulate human behavior. A socialscientist cannot conduct all types of
experiment on subject related to human aspects. The researcher has to take
into account the needs the emotions of the humanbeings. In other words,
he has to follow certain ethics which willkeep the dignity & respect of
human beings.
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103 9.3 REPORT WRITING
Research is considered to be the more formal, systematic,intensive process
of carrying on the scientific methods of analysis.
It invol ves a more systema tic structure of investigation, usually resulting
in some sort of formal record of procedures & report ofresult or
conclusion. It is also the activity of collecting information is an orderly &
systematic fashion. Research is literally spe aking, a kind of human
behaviour, an activity in which people engage. In education, teachers,
administrators, scholars or others engage in educational research when
they systematically assemble information about schools, school children,
the social matrix in which a school systemis determined, the
characteristics of the learner or the interaction between the school &
pupils.
The report writing is a skill of every researcher. It is a description of the
research undertaken by the Researcher which includes tab les and figures,
research methods and result in a very lucid and formal language as a third
person. The report is based on true information and it is reliable document
and sometimes used as legal document. The report writing has a
systematic methodology to be followed which includes title, sections,
graphs, research findings and recommendations for further research.
Project Work -
The teacher should provide a brief orientation into the following:
Formulation of Research Problem, Literature Search, Statement of the
Problem, Formulation of Hypothesis, Conceptualization,Variables, Data
Collection, Classification and Coding, Tabulation, Analysis and
Interpretation of Data and Report Writing. This is toenable students to
conduct project work effectively.
The repo rt should be written in a logical and scientific manner it should
avoid flowery or flippant language emotional words dulland colourless
language or confusing style.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH REPORT
Disseminating Information : Adding to the body of knowledge is one of
the goals of conducting research. The research report enables the
researcher to disseminate the information and data generated out of
research. The results of research can be properly shared with everyone
through a research report. It is the doc ument which gives the idea of
research conducted by the researcher to larger public. The brief as well as
the document is discussed in detail in the report with proper methodology.
It is a summarized statement of the research which can be circulated for
the benefit of aspirants.

Understanding Knowledge Gaps: Since the report is touching all the
important aspects of the research and conduct the review of literature it
gives clear idea of the knowledge gaps. Using a study report, the reader
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104 summarizes what has been done while making suggestions for further, in -
depth research in other areas.
A research report in social research will make it easier for you to quickly
comprehend the needs of the society and its behavior.
You can provide facts in a clear, concise manner in a research report.
It is convenient and time -efficient because you may summarise the results
of your study work in a research report without having to go into detail in
person. The report is simple to distribute via email so that interested
parties can review it.
Concept Clarity:
The Research Report enabled the researcher to define the limits of his
field. It helps the researcher to limit and define his research. The Researc h
Report provided the clear idea about the work researcher has conducted. It
also helps the researcher to state the objectives clearly and concisely.

By reviewing the research report, the researcher can avoid unwanted and
useless problems and related inf ormation. Through the research report, the
researcher could avoid unplanned duplication of data and findings.

It enables the researcher to comprehend cutting -edge research
methodology and its viewpoints. It aids the researcher in learning about
the equipm ent and resources that had been beneficially demonstrated for
prior researchers in earlier studies. The third and most crucial reason for
writing the project reportis to provide suggestions and recommendations
for additional research. The researcher has a comprehensive understanding
of the efforts made by numerous specialists at the national and worldwide
levels which can be summarized in research Report Writing. The
researcher is able to speak on relevant data, knowledge, and other needs
with the aid of t he Report Writing.
Structure of Research Report
 Title
Every Research Report should have attractive title showing the exact
nature of the research. It is be accurate and precise. The title should give
clear idea of research with its variables mentioned in it. Your title should
be concise and give the idea of research under it.
 Index
The index involves the table of contents gives the brief idea to the readers
about the page -wise contents in the report. The index is needed to make
the readers to navigate t he research report easily. It is a summarized
statement of contents involved in the research that gives idea about the
research and its various aspects.
 Abstract
An abstract is a concise description of the research that focuses on all of
its key components , such as its methodology, data collection procedures,
and conclusions. A brief overview of your study report that includes all munotes.in

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105 the important details is called an abstract.An abstract is always brief and
summative statement written in 100 -150 words and all the important
aspects of research in brief. It gives the description of research about the
place, time, reasons for research and the brief of findings and respondents.
 Introduction
In this section, the researcher outlines the systematic investigation wit h its
goals and objectives as well as the problem statement. The introduction
focuses on the brief about the problem statement, its origin and gives the
basics about the variables of the research. It also focuses on the need,
significance and scope of rese arch and discuss the methodology to be used
in brief. Introduction gives the brief about the research to be conducted
and the how are where it is conducted by the kind of methodology used for
the research.
The researcher details the research problem and d iscusses the importance
of the systematic inquiry in the opening part. Also, the researcher is
required to define any jargon or terminology used in the study.
 Literature Review
The goal of a review of the literature is to determine the breadth of prior
studies and the direction of future study in this field. Finding research gaps
is helpful since it highlights the areas where additional research is
necessary to understand. To prevent duplications in terms of research
titles, aims, and research design, it is helpful to review the
recommendations made by earlier researchers. It will be easier to
understand what has been discovered and what other researchers are
aiming to examine. It is necessary to have a good understanding of
research design, recommendations, and ideas from past studies. The
review also makes it easier for academics to use cutting -edge techniques
to arrive at their findings and conclusions.
 The Research Methodology
This is a thorough description of the methodology, sample, and research
subject s used in this study. Here, you are expected to give comprehensive
details about the research process, including the methods used for data
gathering and analysis.
In a quantitative research report, the researcher provides information of
surveys, questionna ires and other quantitative data collection methods
used in research. The researcher discusses about the tools of the research
data collection and research design used for the study. The researcher also
discusses the conclusions which are supported by the relevant statistics.
Further the researcher describes data analysis with the help of statistics
followed by findings, suggestions and recommendations.
 References and Appendices
References and appendices are the important part of every research report.
The researcher uses the data from the sources available on internet or
library. The proper references should be given by the researcher to avoid
the copy right claims. It is necessary to give due credits to the earlier
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106 researcher or some part of their writings are utilized for the present
research. This section contains a list of all the books, research papers,
articles or theses used as reference for the present research.
9.4 CONCLUSION
The purp ose of science is to look for precise and correct truths or
knowledge. In other terms, science seeks to discover the core of reality or
truth. It may present data throughout this procedure that is at odds with an
accepted value. This is so that science can continue to demolish any values
that are founded on superstitious tenets or irrational beliefs.So, using a
framework of value systems, research aims to determine the truthfulness
of particular beliefs & practices in society. Yet, when values are employed
as data for interpretation, the value system itself is verified.
When a social researcher uses unethical tactics, it may interfere with the
functions of the social scientist, which is why various associations have
developed ethical codes of conduct for the ir members. Social science
research involves examining people and their behaviour in the context of
their social and cultural interactions. This demonstrates the requirement
for the researcher to uphold specific moral principles while carrying out
their re search.
9.5 REFERENCES
1. Bhandarkar & Wilkinson, Methodology & Techniques of Social
Research, Himalaya Publishing House, 2007.
2. Goode W & P. Hatt, Methods in Social Research, Oxford Printing
Press, 1952.
3. Lundberg G.A., Social Research, N.Y, 1942. 3. Goffman. F, The
Methodology of Social Sciences, N.Y. 1944.
4. Moser, C., & Kalton, G. (1985). Survey methods in social
investigation. Surrey: Ashgate Pub. Co.
5. Shackman, Gene. What is Program Evaluation, A Beginner's Guide.
Module 3. Methods. The Global Social Change Research Project.
2009. Available at http://www.ideas -int.org . See Resources.
6. Young, P. V., & Schmid, C. F. (1966). Scientific social surveys and
research. New Jersey: Prentice -Hall.
9.6 EXERCISES
 State the concept of Social Research.
 Writeanoteonimportance and motivating factors of Social Research.
 Describe the contents of Research Report Writing.

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[Time: Three Hours] [Marks:100] Please check whether you have got the right question paper N. B:- 1) All questions are compulsory. 2) All questions carry equal marks. 3) Figures to the right indicate marks to a sub-question. Q.1) Attempt any two of the following 14 Marks a) State the concept of professional social work b) State the purpose of professional social work c) Explain the role of social worker in social development Q.2) Attempt any two of the following 14 Marks a) Define the term of child welfare and explain the need of child welfare b) Describe your opinion about old age home c) Differentiate the term of Health and Mental Health Q.3) Attempt any two of the following 14 Marks a) State the principles of group work in social work b) State the stages of case work as well as group work c) Discuss the various models of community organization Q.4) Attempt any two of the following 14 Marks a) State the motivating factors of social research b) State the characteristics of social research c) State the data collection methods in social research Q.5) Write short notes on any two of the following 14 Marks a) Steps of social work b) Primary field of social work c) Administration of social work d) Types of social research munotes.in