MPharm_1 Syllabus Mumbai University by munotes
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UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
Manual on
CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM
for
Postgraduate Program
(Master of Pharmacy, M. Pharm.)
in
PHARMACY
Revised Course (Revised 2019)
(from the academic year 2019 –2020)
1
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INTRODUCTION
RECOMMENDATIONS OF NATIONAL REGULATORY AUTHORITIES
The University Grants Commission (UGC), the National Assessment and Accreditation
Council (NAAC), the Distance Education Council (DEC) and the National Knowledge
Commission (NKC) have time and again come out with recommendations for improving the
quality and effectiveness of Higher education provisions in the country. The ministry of
Human Resource Develop ment at the Central level and the Ministry of Higher & Technical
Education, Govt. of Maharashtra have also repeatedly stressed on the need for universities to
pay prompt attention to improve the quality of education. The National Knowledge
Commission (NKC) , in its report to the Prime Minister on 29th November 2006) has also
reiterated the importance of higher education and the contribution it has made to economic
development, social progress and political democracy in independent India.
An important concern voiced more strongly in recent times, is the need to develop a Choice -
Based Credit System (CBCS) in tune with global trends and the adoption of a sound grading
system for reflecting learner performance. This is in line with the recomme ndation of the
UGC in its Action Plan for Academic and Administrative Reforms (Ref. UGC letters January
2008; March 2009) “……. Curricular flexibility and learners’ mobility are issue s that
warrant our urgent attention. These can be addressed by introducing credit based courses
and credit accumulation. In order to provide with some degree of flexibility to learners, we
need to provide flexibility in course selection and also a minimum as well as a maximum
permissible span of time in which a course can be com pleted by a learner… The Choice -
Based Credit System (CBCS) imminently fits into the emerging socioeconomic milieu, and
could effectively respond to the educational and occupational aspirations of the upcoming
generations. In view of this, institutions of h igher education in India would do well to invest
thought and resources into introducing CBCS. Aided by modern communication and
information technology, CBCS has a high probability to be operationali zed efficiently and
effectively — elevating learners, inst itutions and higher education system in the country to
newer heights…”.
RATIONALE FOR INTRODUCTION OF CREDIT AND GRADING SYSTEM
The UGC while outlining the several unique features of the Choice -Based Credit System
(CBCS) has, in fact, given in a nutshell, the rationale for its introduction. Among the features
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highlighted by the UGC are: Enhanced learning opportunities, ability to match learners’
scholastic needs and aspirations, inter -institution transferability of learners (following the
completion of a se mester), part -completion of an academic programme in the institution of
enrolment and part -completion in a specialized (and recognized) institution, improvement in
educational quality and excellence, flexibility for working learners to complete the
programme over an extended period of time, standardization and comparability of
educational programmes across the country, etc.
This Choice Based Credit Sy stem enables a much -required shift in focus from teacher -centric
to learner -centric education since the workload estimated is based on the investment of time
in learning, not in teaching. It also focuses on continuous evaluation which will enhance the
quality of education. It can be concluded from the above discussion that it is very much
essential to implement the Choice Based Credit System in higher education in India. Course
credit structure, examination/assessment and grading are mainly focused aspects of this
manual and discussed in subsequent chapters.
DIRECTIVES OF PHARMACY COUNCIL OF INDIA
The Pharmacy Council of India (PCI) in exercise of the powers conferred to it under the
sections 10 and 18 of the Pharmacy Act 1948 (8 of 1948), with the approval of the Central
Government, had made the Bachelor of Pharmacy (B. Pharm.) Course Regulations, 2014 and
Master of Pharmacy (M. Pharm.) Course regulations vide Gazette dated December 10, 2014.
Further as per regulations 6 and 8 of the above course regulations the PCI has also prescribed
the Rules and Syllabus for B. Pharm. course and Scheme and Syllabus for M. Pharm., its
letter Ref 14 -136/2016 -PCI and Ref 14 -154/2015 PCI dated December 21, 2016, with the
subject heading “Statutory Scheme/Rules and syllabus fo r B. Pharm and M. Pharm. courses”.
It is thus mandatory to implement the directives of PCI with regard to the
Rules/Regulations/Syllabus for recognition and extension of approval of B. Pharm. and M.
Pharm. programs of institutes/Universities by the PCI
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1. ADMISSION CRITERIA
Admission to the M. Pharm. program of University of Mumbai is governed by the rules and
regulations of University of Mumbai and as per norms of the Govt. of Maharashtra through
State CET Cell and the Directorate of Technical Education (DTE) and the All India Council
for Technical Education (AICTE, New Delhi) in force at the time of admission and as
amended from time to time.
In general, a learner who has passed the examination for the B. Pharm. Degree from All India
Council for Technical Education or Pharmacy Council of India or Central or State
Government approved institutions, with at least 55 % marks (at least 50% marks in case of
SC or ST category and persons with disability belonging to Maharashtra state only.) a nd
obtained Score in Graduate pharmacy Aptitude Test conducted by All India Council of
Technical Education may be admitted to the M. Pharm. Program (Partly by Papers and Partly
by Research). However, the rules/regulations a nd qualifications for admission be tho se in
effect at the day and time of admission.
2. COURSE STRUCTURE
2.1 Duration of the program
The program of study for M. Pharm. shall extend over a period of four semesters (two
academic years). The medium of instruction shall be English.
2.2 Working days in each semester
Each semester shall consist of not less than 100 working days. The odd semesters shall be
conducted from the month of July to November/December and the even semesters shall be
conducted from the month of December/January to Ma y/June in every calendar year.
As the requirements for a particular degree (undergraduate or postgraduate), a certain
quantum of academic work measured in terms of credits is laid down in general. Learner
earns credits every semester by satisfactorily clea ring courses/other academic activities. The
amount of credit associated with a course is dependent upon the number of hours of
instruction per week in that course. Similarly , the credit associated with any of the other
activities is dependent upon the quan tum of work expected to be put in for each of the other
activity per week.
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2.3 Attendance and progress
According to ordinance O.6086 (repealing O.119, O.120 and O.125), it is mandatory for
every learner to have minimum 50% attendance for each cour se and average attendance of all
the courses together has to be 75% in each semester. The candidate shall complete the
prescribed course satisfactorily to be eligible to appear for the respective examinations.
2.4 Credit assignment
2.4.1 Theory and Laboratory courses
Courses are broadly classified as Theory and Practical. Theory courses consist of lecture
(L) and Practical (P) courses consist of hours spent in the laboratory. Credits (C) for a
course is dependent on the number of hours of instruction per week in that course and is
obtained by using a multiplier of one (1) for lecture and a multiplier of half (1/2) for
practical (laboratory) hours. Thus, for example, a theory course having four lectures per
week throughout the semester carries a credit of 4. Sim ilarly, a practical having four
laboratory hours per week throughout semester carries a credit of 2.
The contact hours of seminars, assignments and research work shall be treated as that of
practical courses for the purpose of calculating credits. i.e., th e contact hours shall be
multiplied by 1/2. Similarly, the contact hours of journal club, research work
presentations and discussions with the supervisor shall be considered as theory course
and multiplied by1.
2.5 Minimum credit requirements
The minimum credit points required for the award of M. Pharm. degree is 95. However ,
based on the credit points earned by the students under the head of co -curricular
activities, a student shall earn a maximum of 100 credit points. These credits are divide d
into Theory courses, Practical, Seminars, Assignments, Research work, Discussions
with the supervisor, Journal club and Co-Curricular activities over the duration of four
semesters. The credits are distributed semester -wise as shown in Table 1 3. Courses
generally progress in sequence, building competencies and their positioning indicates
certain academic maturity on the part of the learners. Learners are expected to follow the
semester -wise schedule of courses given in the syllabus.
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3. ACADE MIC WORK
A regular record of attendance both in Theory, Practical, Seminar, Assignment, Journal
club, Discussion with the supervisor, Research work presentation and Dissertation shall
be maintained by the department / teaching staff of respective courses.
4. COURSE OF STUDY
The specializations in M. Pharm program is given in Table 1.
Table – 1: List of M. Pharm. Specializations and their Code
S. No. Specialization Code
1. Pharmaceutics MPH
2. Industrial Pharmacy MIP
3. Pharmaceutical Chemistry MPC
4. Pharmaceutical Analysis MPA
5. Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance (Quality Assurance) MQA
6. Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs MRA
7. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology MPB
8. Pharmacy Practice MPP
9. Pharmacology MPL
10. Pharmacognosy (Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry) MPG
The course of study for M. Pharm . specializations shall include Semester wise Theory &
Practical as given in Table s – 2 to 11. The number of hours to be devoted to each theory
and practical course in any semester shall not be less than that shown in Table – 2 to 11.
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Table – 2: Course of study for M. Pharm. (Pharmaceutics)
Course
Code Course Credit
Hours Credit
Points Hrs./w
k Marks
Semester I
MPH101T Modern Pharmaceutical
Analytical Techniques 4 4 4 100
MPH102T Drug Delivery System 4 4 4 100
MPH103T Modern Pharmaceutics 4 4 4 100
MPH104T Regulatory Affair 4 4 4 100
MPH105P Pharmaceutics Practical I 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
Semester II
MPH201T Molecular Pharmaceutics
(Nano Tech and Targeted
DDS)
4
4
4
100
MPH202T Advanced
Biopharmaceutics&
Pharmacokinetics
4
4
4
100
MPH203T Computer Aided Drug
Delivery System 4 4 4 100
MPH204T Cosmetic and
Cosmeceuticals 4 4 4 100
MPH205P Pharmaceutics Practical II 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
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Table – 3: Course of study for M. Pharm. (Industrial Pharmacy)
Course
Code Course Credit
Hours Credit
Points Hrs./w
k Ma
rks
Semester I
MIP101T Modern Pharmaceutical
Analytical Techniques 4 4 4 100
MIP102T Pharmaceutical Formulation
Development 4 4 4 100
MIP103T Novel drug delivery systems 4 4 4 100
MIP104T Intellectual Property Rights 4 4 4 100
MIP105P Industrial Pharmacy Practical
I 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
Semester II
MIP201T Advanced Biopharmaceutics
and Pharmacokinetics 4 4 4 100
MIP202T Scale up and Technology
Transfer 4 4 4 100
MIP203T Pharmaceutical Production
Technology 4 4 4 100
MIP204T Entrepreneurship
Management 4 4 4 100
MIP205P Industrial Pharmacy Practical
II 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
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Table – 4: Course of study for M. Pharm. (Pharmaceutical Chemistry)
Course Code Course Credit
Hours Credit
Points Hrs./
w
k Marks
Semester I
MPC101T Modern Pharmaceutical
Analytical Techniques 4 4 4 100
MPC10 2T Advanced Organic
Chemistry -I 4 4 4 100
MPC103T Advanced Medicinal
chemistry 4 4 4 100
MPC104T Chemistry of Natural
Products 4 4 4 100
MPC105P Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Practical I 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
Semester II
MPC201T Advanced Spectral
Analysis 4 4 4 100
MPC202T Advanced Organic
Chemistry -II 4 4 4 100
MPC203T Computer Aided Drug
Design 4 4 4 100
MPC204T Pharmaceutical Process
Chemistry 4 4 4 100
MPC205P Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Practical II 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
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Table – 5: Course of study for M. Pharm. (Pharmaceutical Analysis)
Course
Code Course Credit
Hours Credit
Points Hrs./w
k Mark
s
Semester I
MPA101T Modern Pharmaceutical
Analytical Techniques 4 4 4 100
MPA102T Advanced Pharmaceutical
Analysis 4 4 4 100
MPA103T Pharmaceutical Validation 4 4 4 100
MPA104T Food Analysis 4 4 4 100
MPA105P Pharmaceutical Analysis
Practical I 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
Semester II
MPA201T Advanced Instrumental
Analysis 4 4 4 100
MPA202T Modern Bio-Analytical
Techniques 4 4 4 100
MPA203T Quality Control and Quality
Assurance 4 4 4 100
MPA204T Herbal and Cosmetic
Analysis 4 4 4 100
MPA205P Pharmaceutical Analysis
Practical II 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
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Table – 6: Course of study for M. Pharm. (Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance or
Quality Assurance )
Course
Code Cours e Credit
Hours Credit
Points Hrs./
w
k Mark
s
Semeste r I
MQA101T Modern Pharmaceutical
Analytical Techniques 4 4 4 100
MQA102T Quality Management
System 4 4 4 100
MQA103T Quality Control and
Quality
Assurance 4 4 4 100
MQA104T Product Development
and
Technology Transfer 4 4 4 100
MQA105P Pharmaceutical Quality
Assurance Practical I 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
Semester II
MQA201T Hazards and Safety
Management 4 4 4 100
MQA202T Pharmaceutical
Validation 4 4 4 100
MQA203T Audits and Regulatory
Compliance 4 4 4 100
MQA204T Pharmaceutical
Manufacturing
Technology 4 4 4 100
MQA205P Pharmaceutical Quality
Assurance Practical II 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
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Table – 7: Course of study for M. Pharm. (Regulatory Affairs)
Course
Code Course Credit
Hours Credi
t
Points Hrs./
wk Mar
ks
Semester I
MRA101T Good Regulatory Practices 4 4 4 100
MRA102T Documentation and
Regulatory Writing 4 4 4 100
MRA103T Clinical Research
Regulations 4 4 4 100
MRA 104T Regulations and Legislation
for Drugs & Cosmetics,
Medical Devices,
Biologicals& Herbals, and
Food &Nutraceuticals in India
and Intellectual Property
Rights
4
4
4
100
MRA105P Regulatory Affairs Practical I 12 6 12 150
Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
Semester II
MRA201T Regulatory Aspects of Drugs
& Cosmetics 4 4 4 100
MRA202T Regulatory Aspects of Herbal
&Biologicals 4 4 4 100
MRA203T Regulatory Aspects of
Medical Devices 4 4 4 100
MRA204T Regulatory Aspects of Food
&Nutraceuticals 4 4 4 100
MRA205P Regulatory Affairs Practical II 12 6 12 150
Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
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Table – 8: Course of study for M. Pharm. (Pharmaceutical Biotechnology)
Course
Code Course Credi
t
Hour
s Credi
t
Points Hrs./
w
k Mar
ks
Semester I
MPB101T Modern Pharmaceutical
Analytical Techniques 4 4 4 100
MPB102T Microbial And Cellular Biology 4 4 4 100
MPB103T Bioprocess Engineering and
Technology 4 4 4 100
MPB104T Advanced Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology 4 4 4 100
MPB105P Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Practical I 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
Semester II
MPB201T Proteins and protein
Formulation 4 4 4 100
MPB202T Immunotechnology 4 4 4 100
MPB203T Bioinformatics and Computer
Technology 4 4 4 100
MPB204T Biological Evaluation of Drug
Therapy 4 4 4 100
MPB205P Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Practical II 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
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Table – 9: Course of study for M. Pharm. (Pharmacy Practice)
Course
Code Course Credit
Hours Credit
Points Hrs./
wk Mar
ks
Semester I
MPP101T Clinical Pharmacy Practice 4 4 4 100
MPP102T Pharmacotherapeutics -I 4 4 4 100
MPP103T Hospital & Community
Pharmacy 4 4 4 100
MPP104T Clinical Research 4 4 4 100
MPP105P Pharmacy Practice Practical
I 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
Semester II
MPP201T Principles of Quality Use of
Medicines 4 4 4 100
MPP2 02T Pharmacotherapeutics II 4 4 4 100
MPP203T Clinical Pharmacokinetics
and Therapeutic Drug
Monitoring 4 4 4 100
MPP204T Pharmacoepidemiology&
Pharmacoeconomics 4 4 4 100
MPP205P Pharmacy Practice Practical
II 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
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Table – 10: Course of study for (Pharmacology)
Course
Code Course Credi
t
Hour
s Credit
Points Hrs./
wk Mar
ks
Semester I
MPL101T Modern Pharmaceutical Analytical
Techniques 4 4 4 100
MPL102T Advanced Pharmacology -I 4 4 4 100
MPL103T Pharmacological and
Toxicological Screening Methods -
I
4
4
4
100
MPL104T Cellular and Molecular
Pharmacology 4 4 4 100
MPL105P Pharmacology Practical I 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
Semester II
MPL201T Advanced Pharmacology II 4 4 4 100
MPL2 02T Pharmacological and
Toxicological Screening
Methods -II
4
4
4
100
MPL203T Principles of Drug Discovery 4 4 4 100
MPL204T Clinical Research and
Pharmacovigilance 4 4 4 100
MPL205P Pharmacology Practical II 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
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Table – 11: Course of study for M. Pharm. ( Pharmacognosy or
Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry )
Course
Code Course Credit
Hours Credi
t
Point
s Hrs./
wk Mar
ks
Semester I
MPG101T Modern Pharmaceutical
Analytical Techniques 4 4 4 100
MPG102T Advanced
Pharmacognosy -1 4 4 4 100
MPG103T Phytochemistry 4 4 4 100
MPG104T Industrial
Pharmacognostical
Technology 4 4 4 100
MPG105P Pharmacognosy Practical I 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
Semester II
MPG201T Medicinal Plant
biotechnology 4 4 4 100
MPG2 02T Advanced
Pharmacognosy -II 4 4 4 100
MPG203T Indian system of medicine 4 4 4 100
MPG204T Herbal cosmetics 4 4 4 100
MPG205P Pharmacognosy Practical
II 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
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Table – 12: Course of study for M. Pharm. III and IV Semester s
(Common for All Specializations)
Course
Code Course Credit
Hours Credit
Points
MRM301T Research Methodology and
Biostatistics* 4 4
- Journal club 2 2
- Discussion / Presentation
(Proposal Presentation) 5 5
- Research Work 30 30
Total 41 41
* Non University Exam
Table – 13: Semester wise credits distribution
Semester Credit Points
I 26
II 26
III and IV 41
Co-curricular Activities
(Attending Conference, Scientific
Presentations and Other Scholarly Activities) Minimum=02
Maximum=07*
Total Credit Points Minimum=95
Maximum=100*
*Credit Points for Co -curricular Activities
Table – 14: Guidelines for Awarding Credit Points for Co -curricular Activities
Name of the Activity Maximum
Credit Points
Eligible /
Activity
Participation in National Level Seminar/Conference/Workshop/Symposium/
Training Programs (related to the specialization of the student)
01
Participation in international Level
Seminar/Conference/Workshop/Symposium/ Training Programs (related to
the specialization of the student)
02
Academic Award/Research Award from State Level/National Agencies 01
Academic Award/Research Award from International Agencies 02
Research / Review Publication in National Journals (Indexed in Scopus / Web
of Science) 01
Research / Review Publication in International Journals (Indexed in Scopus
/Web of Science) 02
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*The credit points assigned for extracurricular and or co -curricular activities shall be
given by the Principals of the colleges and the same shall be submitted to the
University. The criteria to acquire this credit point shall be defined by the colleges
from time to time.
5. Program Committee
1. The M. Pharm. programme shall have a Programme Committee constituted by
the Hea d of the institution in consultation with all the Heads of the
departments.
2. The composition of the Programme Committee shall be as follows:
A teacher at the cadre of Professor shall be the Chairperson; One Teacher from
each M. Pharm specialization and fou r student representatives (two from each
academic year), nominated by the Head of the institution.
3. Duties of the Programme Committee:
i. Periodically reviewing the progress of the classes.
ii. Discussing the problems concerning curriculum, syllabus and the condu ct of
classes.
iii. Discussing with the course teachers on the nature and scope of assessment for
the course and the same shall be announced to the students at the beginning of
respective semesters.
iv. Communicating its recommendation to the Head of the institution on academic
matters.
v. The Programme Committee shall meet at least twice in a semester preferably at
the end of each sessional exam and before the end semester exam.
6. Examinations/Assessments
The schemes for internal assessment and end semester e xaminations are given in
Table s – 15 to 25 .
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Tables – 15: Schemes for internal assessments and end semester examinations
(Pharmaceutics - MPH)
Course
Code
Course
Internal Assessment End
Semeste
r Exams
Tota l
Mar
ks Continuo
us Mode Sessional
Exams
To
t
al
Mar
ks
Dura
tion Mar
ks Dura
tion
SEMESTER I
MPH101T Modern Pharmaceutical
Analytical
Techniques
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3 Hrs
100
MPH1 02T Drug Delivery System
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3 Hrs
100
MPH 103T Modern
Pharmaceutics
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3 Hrs
100
MPH104T Regulatory
Affair 10 15 1 Hr 25 75 3 Hrs 100
MPH105P Pharmaceutics Practical I 20 30 6 Hrs 50 100 6 Hrs 150
- Seminar
/Assignment - - - - - - 100
Total 650
SEMESTER II
MPH 201T Molecular Pharmaceutics
(Nano Tech and Targeted
DDS)
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3 Hrs
100
MPH 202T Advanced
Biopharmaceutics &
Pharmacokinetics
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3 Hrs
100
MPH 203T Computer Aided Drug
Delivery System
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3 Hrs
100
MPH 204T Cosmetic and
Cosmeceutic als 10 15 1 Hr 25 75 3 Hrs 100
MPH205P Pharmaceutics Practica l I 20 30 6 Hrs 50 100 6 Hrs 150
- Seminar
/Assignment - - - - - - 100
TOTAL 650
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Tables – 16: Schemes for internal assessments and end semester examinations (Industrial Pharmacy -
MIP)
Course
Code
Course
Internal Assessment End
Semester
Exams
Tot
al
Mar
ks Con
ti
nuo
u s
Mod
e Sessional
Exams
To
t
al
Ma
r
ks
Dura
tion Mar
ks Dura
ti
on
SEMESTER I
MIP101T Modern Pharmaceutical
Analytical
Techniques
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
10
0
MIP102T Pharmaceutical Formulation
Development
10
15
1 Hr
25
75 3
Hrs
10
0
MIP103T Novel drug
delivery systems
10
15
1 Hr
25
75 3
Hrs
10
0
MIP104T Intellectual
Property Rights
10
15
1 Hr
25
75 3
Hrs
10
0
MIP105P Industrial
Pharmacy Practical I
20
30
6 Hrs
50
100 6
Hrs
15
0
- Seminar
/Assignment - - - - - - 10
0
Total 65
0
SEMESTER II
MIP201T
Advanced Biopharmaceutics
and Pharmacokinetics
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
10
0
MIP202T Scale up and
Technology Transfer
10
15
1 Hr
25
75 3
Hrs
10
0
MIP203T Pharmaceutical Production
Technology
10
15
1 Hr
25
75 3
Hrs
10
0
MIP204T Entrepreneurship
Management
10
15
1 Hr
25
75 3
Hrs
10
0
MIP205P Industrial
Pharmacy Practical II
20
30
6 Hrs
50
100 6
Hrs
15
0
- Seminar
/Assignment - - - - - - 10
0
Total 650
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Tables – 17: Schemes for internal assessments and end semester examinations (Pharmaceutical
Chemistry -MPC)
Course
Code
Course
Internal Assessment End
Semeste
r Exams
Tota
l
Mar
ks Con
tinu
o us
Mo
d
e Sessional
Exams
To
t
al
Ma
r
ks
D
u
ra
ti
on Ma
r
ks Dura
ti
on
SEMESTER I
MPC101T
Modern Pharmaceutical
Analytical Techniques
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MPC102T Advanced
Organic Chemistry -I
10
15
1 Hr
25
75 3
Hrs
100
MPC103T Advanced
Medicinal chemistry
10
15
1 Hr
25
75 3
Hrs
100
MPC104T Chemistry of
Natural Products
10
15
1 Hr
25
75 3
Hrs
100
MPC105P Pharmaceutic al Chemistry
Practical I
20
30
6
Hrs
50
100 6
Hrs
150
- Seminar
/Assignment - - - - - - 100
Total 650
SEMESTER II
MPC201T Advanced
Spectral Analysis
10
15
1 Hr
25
75 3
Hrs
100
MPC202T Advanced
Organic Chemistry -II
10
15
1 Hr
25
75 3
Hrs
100
MPC203T Computer
Aided Drug Design
10
15
1 Hr
25
75 3
Hrs
100
MPC204T Pharmaceutical Process
Chemistry
10
15
1 Hr
25
75 3
Hrs
100
MPC205P Pharmaceutic al Chemistry
Practical II 20 30 6
Hrs 50 100 6Hr
s 150
-- Seminar
/Assignment - - - - - - 100
Total 650
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Tables – 18: Schemes for internal assessments and end semester examinations (Pharmaceutical
Analysis -MPA)
Course
Code
Course
Internal Assessment End
Semeste
r Exams
Tota
l
Mar
ks
Continuo
us Mode Sessional
Exams
To
t
al
Mar
k s
Dur
a
tion
Mar
k
s Dura
ti
on
SEMESTER I
MPA101T Modern
Pharmaceutical
Analysis
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MPA102T Advanced
Pharmaceutical
Analysis
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MPA103T Pharmaceutical
Validation
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MPA104T Food
Analysis 10 15 1 Hr 25 75 3
Hrs 100
MPA105P Pharmaceutical
Analysis - I
20
30
6 Hrs
50
100
6
Hrs
150
- Seminar
/Assignment - - - - - - 100
Total 650
SEMESTER II
MPA201T Advanced Instrumental
Analysis
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MPA202T Modern Bio -
Analytical Techniques
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MPA203T Quality
Control and Quality
Assurance
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MPA204T Herbal and
Cosmetic analysis
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MPA205P Pharmaceutical
Analysis -II
20
30
6 Hrs
50
100
6
Hrs
150
- Seminar
/Assignment - - - - - - 100
Total 650
Page 25
20
Tables – 19: Schemes for internal assessments and end semester examinations (Pharmaceutical
Quality Assurance or Quality Assurance -MQA)
Cours e
Code
Course
Internal Assessment End
Semeste
r Exams
Tota
l
Mar
ks Cont
i
nuou
s
Mod
e Sessional
Exams T
ot
al
Ma
r
ks
Dur
a
tion Mar
ks Dura
ti
on
SEMESTER I
MQA1 01T Modern Pharmaceutical
Analytical
Techniques
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MQA102T Quality Management
System 10 15 1 Hr 25 75 3
Hrs 100
MQA103T Quality Control and
Quality Assurance 10 15 1 Hr 25 75 3
Hrs 100
MQA1 04T Product
Development and
Technology Transfer
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MQA1 05P Pharmaceutical
Quality Assurance Practical I
20
30
6 Hrs
50
100
6
Hrs
150
- Seminar
/Assignment - - - - - - 100
Total 650
SEMESTER II
MQA201T Hazards and Safety
Management 10 15 1 Hr 25 75 3
Hrs 100
MQA202T Pharmaceutical
Validation 10 15 1 Hr 25 75 3
Hrs 100
MQA2 03T Audits and
Regulatory
Compliance
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MQA2 04T Pharmaceutical
Manufacturing
Technology
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MQA2 05P Pharmaceutical
Quality Assurance Practical
II
20
30
6 Hrs
50
100
6
Hrs
150
- Seminar
/Assignment - - - - - - 100
Total 650
Page 26
21
Tables – 20: Schemes for internal assessments and end semester examinations (Pharmaceutical
Regulatory Affairs -MRA)
Course
Code
Internal Assessment End
Semester
Exams
Course Cont
inuo
us
Mod
e Sessional
Exams
To
t
al
Ma
r
ks
Dur
a
tion Total
Marks
Ma
r
ks Durat
i on
SEMESTER I
MRA10 1T Good Pharmaceutical
Practices
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MRA10 2T Documentation
and Regulatory Writing
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MRA10 3T Clinical
Research Regulations
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MRA10 4T Regulations and Legislation
for Drugs &Cosmetics,
Medical Devices,
Biologicals & Herbals, and
Food & Nutraceuticals In
India and
IntellectualProperty Rights
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MRA10 5T Pharmaceutical
Regulatory Affairs Practical
I
20
30
6
Hrs
50
100
6
Hrs
150
- Seminar/Assignment - - - - - - 100
Total 650
SEMESTER II
MRA20 1T
Regulatory Aspects of
Drugs &Cosmetics
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MRA20 2T
Regulatory Aspects of
Herbal &Biologicals
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MRA20 3T
Regulatory Aspects of
Medical Devices
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MRA20 4T
Regulatory Aspects of
Food & Nutraceuticals
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MRA20 5P Pharmaceutical
Regulatory Affairs
Practical II
20
30
6
Hrs
50
100
6
Hrs
150
- Seminar
/Assignment - - - - - - 100
Total 650
Page 27
22
Tables – 21: Schemes for internal assessments and end semester examinations (Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology -MPB)
Course Code Internal Assessment End Semester
Exams
Tota
Course Conti
nuous
Mode Sessional
Exams
To
t
al
Ma
r
ks
Durat
i on l
Ma
r
Ma
r
ks Durat
i on ks
SEMESTER I
MPB10 1T Modern Pharmaceutical
Analytical Techniques
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MPB10 2T Microbial And Cellular
Biology 10 15 1 Hr 25 75 3
Hrs 100
MPB103T
Bioprocess
Engineering and Technology
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MPB104T Advanced
Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MPB105P Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology Practical
I
20
30
6
Hrs
50
100
6
Hrs
150
- Seminar
/Assignment - - - - - - 100
Total 650
SEMESTER II
MPB201T Proteins and
protein Formulation
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MPB202T Immunotechnology 10 15 1 Hr 25 75 3
Hrs 100
MPB203T Bioinformatics and
Computer Technology
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MPB204T Biological Evaluation of
Drug Therapy
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MPB205P Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology Practical
II
20
30
6
Hrs
50
100
6
Hrs
150
- Seminar
/Assignment - - - - - - 100
Total 650
Page 28
23
Tables – 22: Schemes for internal assessments and end semester examinations (Pharmacy Practice -
MPP)
Cours e
Code
Course
Internal Assessment End
Semester
Exams
Tot
al
Ma
r
ks
Conti
nuous
Mode Sessional
Exams
To
t
al
Ma
r
ks
Durat
i on Ma
r
ks Du
rati
o n
SEMESTER I
MPP101T Clinical Pharmacy Practice 10 15 1
Hr 25 75 3
Hrs 100
MPP102T Pharmacotherapeutic s-I 10 15 1
Hr 25 75 3
Hrs 100
MPP10 3T Hospital & Community
Pharmacy
10
15
1
Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MPP104T Clinical Research 10 15 1
Hr 25 75 3
Hrs 100
MPP105P Pharmacy Practice Practical I 20 30 6
Hrs 50 100 6
Hrs 150
- Seminar /Assignment - - - - - - 100
Total 650
SEMESTER II
MPP201T Principles of Quality Use of
Medicines 10 15 1 Hr 25 75 3
Hrs 100
MPP102T Pharmacotherapeutics II 10 15 1 Hr 25 75 3
Hrs 100
MPP203T Clinical Pharmacokinetics
and Therapeutic Drug
Monitoring
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MPP204T Pharmacoepidemiology &
Pharmacoeconomics
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MPP205P Pharmacy Practice Practical II 20 30 6 Hrs 50 100 6
Hrs 150
- Seminar /Assignment - - - - - - 100
Total 650
Page 29
24
Tables – 23: Schemes for internal assessments and end semester examinations (Pharmacology -
MPL)
Course Code Internal Assessment End Semester
Exams
Tot
Course Conti
nuous
Mode Sessional
Exams
To
t
al
Ma
r
ks
Durat
i on al
Ma
r
Ma
r
ks Durat
i on ks
SEMESTER I
MPL10 1T Modern Pharmaceutical
Analytical Techniques
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MPL10 2T Advanced Pharmacology -
I 10 15 1 Hr 25 75 3
Hrs 100
MPL10 3T Pharmacological and
Toxicological
Screening Methods -I
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MPL10 4T Cellular and
Molecular Pharmacology
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MPL10 5P Experimental
Pharmacology - I 20 30 6 Hrs 50 100 6
Hrs 150
- Seminar
/Assignment - - - - - - 100
Total 650
SEMESTER II
MPL20 1T Advanced Pharmacology
II 10 15 1 Hr 25 75 3
Hrs 100
MPL2 0 2T Pharmacological and
Toxicological Screening
Methods -II
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MPL20 3T Principles of Drug
Discovery 10 15 1 Hr 25 75 3
Hrs 100
MPL20 4T Clinical research and
pharmacovigilance
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
MPL20 5P Experimental
Pharmacology - II
20
30
6 Hrs
50
100
6
Hrs
150
- Seminar
/Assignment - - - - - - 100
Total 650
Page 30
25 Tables – 24: Schemes for internal assessments and end semester examinations (Pharmacognosy and
Phytochemistry -MPG)
Course Code Internal Assessment End Semester
Exams
Tota
Course Conti
nuous
Mode Sessional
Exams
To
t
al
Ma
r
ks
Durat
i on l
Ma
r
Ma
r
ks Durat
i on ks
SEMESTER I
MPG10 1T Modern
Pharmaceutical
Analytical Techniques
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3 Hrs
100
MPG10 2T Advanced
Pharmacognosy -1
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3 Hrs
100
MPG10 3T Phytochemistry 10 15 1 Hr 25 75 3 Hrs 100
MPG10 4T Industrial
Pharmacognostical
Technology
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3 Hrs
100
MPG10 5P Pharmacognosy
Practical I 20 30 6 Hrs 50 100 6 Hrs 150
- Seminar
/Assignment - - - - - - 100
Total 650
SEMESTER II
MPG20 1T Medicinal
Plant biotechnology
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3 Hrs
100
MPG2 0 2T Advanced
Pharmacognosy -II
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3 Hrs
100
MPG20 3T Indian system of
medicine 10 15 1 Hr 25 75 3 Hrs 100
MPG20 4T Herbal
cosmetics 10 15 1 Hr 25 75 3 Hrs 100
MPG20 5P Pharmacognosy
Practical II 20 30 6 Hrs 50 100 6 Hrs 150
- Seminar
/Assignment - - - - - - 100
Total 650
Page 31
26 Tables – 25: Schemes for internal assessments and end semester examinations (Semester III&
IV)
Course
Code
Internal Assessment End Semester
Exams
Tota
Course Conti
nuou
s
Mod
e Sessional
Exams
To
t
al
Mar
k s
Durat
i on l
Mar
k
Mar
k s Durat
i on s
SEMESTER III
MRM
30
1T
Research Methodology
and Biostatistics*
10
15
1 Hr
25
75
3
Hrs
100
- Journal club - - - 25 - - 25
- Discussion /
Presentation
(Proposal Presentation)
-
-
-
50
-
-
50
- Research work and
colloqui um - - - - - - -
Total 175
SEMESTER IV
- Journal club - - - 25 - - 25
- Discussion /
Presentation
(Proposal Presentation)
-
-
-
75
-
-
75
- Research
work and
Colloquium
-
-
-
-
750
1 Hr
850
Total 102
5
*Non -University Examination
Page 32
27 6.1 Internal assessment: Continuous mode
The marks allocated for Continuous mode of Internal Assessment shall be awarded as
per the scheme given below.
Table – 26: Scheme for awarding internal assessment: Continuous mode
Theory
Criteria Maximum
Marks
Attendance (Refer Table – 27) 8
Student – Teacher interaction 2
Total 10
Practical
Attendance (Refer Table – 27) 10
Based on Practical Records, Regular viva voce, etc. 10
Total 20
Table – 27: Guidelines for the allotment of marks for attendance
Percentage of Attendance Theory Practical
90 – 100 8 10
85 – 89 6 7.5
80 – 84 4 5
75– 79 2 2.5
Less than 75 0 0
6.2 Sessional Exams
Two sessional exams shall be conducted for each theory / practical course as per the
schedule fixed by the college(s). The average marks of two sessional exams shall be
computed for internal assessment as per the requirements given in the tables above .
6.3 End Semester Exam:
The End Semes ter Examinations in Semesters I and II (Theory Courses) of the M. Pharm.
degree, and the viva-voce examination of the thesis at the end of Semester IV for the M.
Pharm. Degree course will be conducted by the university.
A time -table and question papers for all the theory examinations of Semesters I and II will be
prepared/set by the university as per the procedure.
Page 33
28 The question papers for the Theory courses in Semesters I and II will be set by examiners and
paper -setters appoint ed by the University.
The assessment and moderation of the answer booklets for the examinations in Theory
courses in Semesters I and II will be carried out by examiners and moderators appointed by
the ad -hoc Board of Studies in Pharmacy and approved by the University.
The assessment and moderation of the answer booklets of the Theory courses in Semesters I
and II will be conducted by the University through Central Assessment Programme (CAP).
The evaluation of the End Semester Examination in the Practical subject s and
Seminar /assignment in Semester I and II will be conducted at the college/institutional level
by PG teachers recognized as research guides by the university
7. Promotion and award of grades
A student shall be declared PASS and eligible for getting grade in a course of M. Pharm.
programme if he/she secures at least 50% marks in that particular course including
internal assessment.
8. Carry forward of marks
In case a student fails to secure the minimum 50% in any Theory or Practical c ourse ,
then he/she shall reappear for the end semester examination of that course. However ,
his/her marks of the Internal Assessment shall be carried over and he/she shall be
entitled for grade obtained by him/her on passing.
9. Improvement of internal assessment
A student sha ll have the opportunity to improve his/her performance only once in the
Sessional exam compo nent of the internal assessment. The re -conduct of the Sessional exam
shall be completed before the commencement of next en d semester theory examinations.
10. Reexamination of end semester examinations
Reexamination of end semester examination shall be conducted as pe r the schedule
given in table 28 . The exact dates of examinations shall be notified from time to time.
Table – 28: Tentative schedule of end semest er examinations
Semester For Regular Candidates For Failed Candidates
I and III November / December May / June
II and IV May / June November / December
11. Allowed to keep terms(ATKT):
Page 34
29 No student shall be admitted to any examination unless he/s he fulfills the norms of
attenda nce. ATKT rules are applicable as follows:
A student shall be eligible to carry f orward all the courses of I, II and III. The
submission of synopsis and the holding of the viva voce examination shall be
permitted only if the student has successfully cleared semester I , II and III.
A student shall be eligible to get his/her CGPA upon successful completion of the
courses of I to IV semesters within the stipulated time period as per the norms.
Note: Grade AB should be considered as failed and treated as one head for deciding
ATKT. Such rules are also applicable for those students who fail to register for
examination(s) of any course in any semester.
12. Grading of performances
a. Letter grades and grade points allocations:
Based on the performances, each student shall be awarded a final letter grade at the
end of the semester for each course. The letter grades and their corresponding grad e
points are given in Table – 29.
Table – 29: Letter grades and grade points equivalent to
Percentage of marks and performances
Percentage of
Marks Obtained Letter Grade Grade Point Performan
ce
90.00 – 100 O 10 Outstanding
80.00 – 89.99 A 9 Excellent
70.00 – 79.99 B 8 Good
60.00 – 69.99 C 7 Fair
50.00 – 59.99 D 6 Average
Less than 50 F 0 Fail
Absent AB 0 Fail
A learner who remains absent for any end semester examination shall be assigned a
letter grade of AB and a corresponding grade point of zero. He/she should reappear
for the said evaluation/examination in due course.
13. The Semester grade point average (SGPA)
The performance of a student in a semester is indicated by a number called
‘Semester Grade Point Average’ (SGPA). The SGPA is the weighted average of the
grade points obtained in all the courses by the student during the semester. For
example, if a student takes five courses (Theory/Practical) in a semester with credits
Page 35
30 C1, C2, C3 and C4 and the student’s grade points in these courses are G1, G2, G3
and G4, respectively, and then students’ SGPA is equal to:
C1G1 + C 2G2 + C 3G3 + C 4G4
SGPA = ------- --------------------------------------------------
C1 + C 2 + C 3 + C 4
The SGPA is calculated to two decimal points . It should be noted that, the SGPA for
any semester shall take into consideration the F and ABS grade awarded in that
semester. F or example , if a learner has a F or ABS grade in course 4, the SGPA shall
then be computed as:
C1G1 + C2G2 +C3G3 + C4* 0
SGPA =------------------------------ --------------------------
C1 + C2 + C3 + C4
14. Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA)
The CGPA is calculated with the SGPA of all the IV semesters to two decimal points and is
indicated in final grade report card/final transcript showing the grades of all IV semesters
and their courses. The CGPA shall reflect the failed status in case of F grade(s), ti ll the
course(s) is/are passed. When the course(s) is/are passed by obtaining a pass grade on
subsequent examination(s) the CGPA shall only reflect the new grade and not the fail
grades earned earlier. The CGPA is calculated as:
C1S1 + C2S2 + C3S3 + C4S4
CGPA = ---------------------------- ------------------------
C1 + C2 + C3 + C4
where C 1, C2, C3,…. is the total number of credits for semester I,II,III,…. and S 1,S2,
S3,….is the SGPA of semester I,II,III,…. .
15. Declaration of class
Although the GPA system is a stand -alone system of grading and not amenable to facile
conversion to percent marks, in general , the conversion of CGPA to percent marks is:
CGPA x 9. 5 = Percent marks.
The class shall be awarded on the basis of CGPA as follows:
First Class with Distinction = CGPA of. 7.37 and above
First Class = CGPA of 6.32 to 7.36
Second Class = CGPA of 6.00 to 6.31
Page 36
31 16. Project work
All the students shall undertake a project under the supervision of a teacher in Semester III
to IV and submit a report. Four copies of the project report shall be submitted.
Writing the thesis
The thesis will be typed using Times New Roman font, size 11, 1.5 line spacing, with all
headings/subheadings in bold.
The thesis will be of maximum 125 pages and composed in the following manner :
Chapter 1 – Introduction. This should be limited to about 30 pages and will describe all
background information of the research described in the thesis.
Chapter 2 – Aims and objectives, limited to 2 pages.
Chap ter 3 – Plan of Work, limited to 4 pages
Chapter 4 – Experimental. This section should preferably include only the optimized
experiments from which the inferences and conclusions were drawn.
Chapter 5 – Results and Discussion, this should constitute 40 to 50 pages of the thesis.
Chapter 6 – References. This should be in ACS format. Refer to Ch. 14 In The ACS Style
Guide ; Coghill, A., et al.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006.
If any deviations are found in the style of writing the thesis, the thesis is liable to be
rejected by the University.
Scheme of assessment for Thesis
Assessment External
Examiner Internal (Guiding
Teacher) Total
50% of marks 50% of marks 100%
The assessment of the thesis submitted at the end of Semester IV will done by both the
internal (guiding) teacher and an external examiner chosen from the industry with established
competence in the field or may be any recognized research guide from another recognized
university. It is proposed that every learner will submi t a synopsis of the research work
carried out by him/her during Semesters III and IV which forms the content of the thesis . A
learner will be permitted to submit his/her synopsis no earlier than 20 months (after 20
months) from the beginning of the M. Phar m. program as instructed by the
Page 37
32 Government/Regulatory Authority for the respective year, BUT will have to submit the final
thesis by the end of 24 months from the beginning of the M. Pharm program as instructed by
the Government/Regulatory Authority. The t ime between submission of synopsis and thesis
should be at least one month. The learner must submit his thesis to the University in a format
as prescribed by the University. The university will take all steps to conduct the viva-voce
examination at the ea rliest after the submission of the thesis. It is expected that only the
synopsis of the thesis submitted by the learner will be forward by the university to the
external examiner at least one week before the conduct of the viva-voce examination. Only at
the time of the viva-voce examination, the external examiner will be presented the thesis
submitted by the candidate for the award of the degree.
The evaluation will be done by a pair of examiners (research guide and external examiner),
appointed by and at the University, based on the report and a viva -voce. Final Grade reports
are to be sent by the Institute to the respective section of university on completion of the
viva-voce. The criteria of eva luation of Dissertation are given in the curriculum manual.
Any late submission of synopsis or thesis will result in the learner requiring to keep
terms for the next semester and any subsequent semester/s till the learner finishes
his/her degree.
The inter nal and external examiner appointed by the Univer sity shall evaluate the project.
The projects shall be evaluated as per the criteria given below.
Evaluation of Dissertation Book:
Objective(s) of the work done
Methodology adopted
Results and Discussions
Conclusions andOutcomes 50
150
250
50
Total 500 Marks
Evaluation of Presentation:
Presentation of work
Communication skills
Question and answer s kills 100
50
100
Total 250 Marks
17. Award of degree
Candidates who fulfill the requirements mentioned above shall be eligible for award of
Page 38
33 degree during the ensuing convocation.
18. Duration for completion of the program of study
The duration for the completion of the program shall be fixed as per the norms of the
University of Mumbai
Page 39
1
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
Scheme and Syllabus For
CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM
for
Postgraduate Program
(Master of Pharmacy, M. Pharm.)
in
PHARMACY
Revised Course (Revised 2019)
(from the academic year 2019 –2020)
Page 40
2
1. Course of study
The specializations in M.Pharm program is given in Table 1.
Table – 1: List of M.Pharm. Specializations and their Code
S. No. Specialization Code
1. Pharmaceutics MPH
2. Industrial Pharmacy MIP
3. Pharmaceutical Chemistry MPC
4. Pharmaceutical Analysis MPA
5. Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance MQA
6. Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs MRA
7. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology MPB
8. Pharmacy Practice MPP
9. Pharmacology MPL
10. Pharmacognosy MPG
The course of study for M.Pharm specializations shall include Semester wise
Theory & Practical as given in Table – 2 to 11. The number of hours to be
devoted to each theory and practical course in any semester shall not be less
than that shown in Table – 2 to 11.
Page 41
3 Table – 2: Course of study for M. Pharm. (Pharmaceutics)
Course
Code Course Credit
Hours Credit
Points Hrs./wk Marks
Semester I
MPH101T Modern Pharmaceutical
Analytical Techniques 4 4 4 100
MPH102T Drug Delivery System 4 4 4 100
MPH103T Modern Pharmaceutics 4 4 4 100
MPH104T Regulatory Affair 4 4 4 100
MPH105P Pharmaceutics Practical I 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
Semester II
MPH201T Molecular Pharmaceutics
(Nano Tech and Targeted
DDS)
4
4
4
100
MPH202T Advanced
Biopharmaceutics &
Pharmacokinetics
4
4
4
100
MPH203T Computer Aided Drug
Delivery System 4 4 4 100
MPH204T Cosmetic and
Cosmeceuticals 4 4 4 100
MPH205P Pharmaceutics Practical II 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
Page 42
4 Table – 3: Course of study for M. Pharm. (Industrial Pharmacy)
Course
Code Course Credit
Hours Credit
Points Hrs./w
k Marks
Semester I
MIP101T Modern Pharmaceutical
Analytical Techniques 4 4 4 100
MIP102T Pharmaceutical Formulation
Development 4 4 4 100
MIP103T Novel drug delivery systems 4 4 4 100
MIP104T Intellectual Property Rights 4 4 4 100
MIP105P Industrial Pharmacy Practical
I 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
Semester II
MIP201T Advanced Biopharmaceutics
and Pharmacokinetics 4 4 4 100
MIP202T Scale up and Technology
Transfer 4 4 4 100
MIP203T Pharmaceutical Production
Technology 4 4 4 100
MIP204T Entrepreneurship
Management 4 4 4 100
MIP205P Industrial Pharmacy Practical
II 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
Page 43
5 Table – 4: Course of study for M. Pharm. (Pharmaceutical Chemistry)
Course Code Course Credit
Hours Credit
Points Hrs./w
k Marks
Semester I
MPC101T Modern Pharmaceutical
Analytical Techniques 4 4 4 100
MPC10 2T Advanced Organic
Chemistry -I 4 4 4 100
MPC103T Advanced Medicinal
chemistry 4 4 4 100
MPC104T Chemistry of Natural
Products 4 4 4 100
MPC105P Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Practical I 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
Semester II
MPC201T Advanced Spectral
Analysis 4 4 4 100
MPC202T Advanced Organic
Chemistry -II 4 4 4 100
MPC203T Computer Aided Drug
Design 4 4 4 100
MPC204T Pharmaceutical Process
Chemistry 4 4 4 100
MPC205P Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Practical II 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
Page 44
6 Table – 5: Course of study for M. Pharm. (Pharmaceutical Analysis)
Course
Code Course Credit
Hours Credit
Points Hrs./wk Marks
Semester I
MPA101T Modern Pharmaceutical
Analytical Techniques 4 4 4 100
MPA102T Advanced Pharmaceutical
Analysis 4 4 4 100
MPA103T Pharmaceutical Validation 4 4 4 100
MPA104T Food Analysis 4 4 4 100
MPA105P Pharmaceutical Analysis
Practical I 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
Semester II
MPA201T Advanced Instrumental
Analysis 4 4 4 100
MPA202T Modern Bio-Analytical
Techniques 4 4 4 100
MPA203T Quality Control and Quality
Assurance 4 4 4 100
MPA204T Herbal and Cosmetic
Analysis 4 4 4 100
MPA205P Pharmaceutical Analysis
Practical II 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
Page 45
7 Table – 6: Course of study for M. Pharm. (Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance)
Course
Code Course Credit
Hours Credit
Points Hrs./w
k Marks
Semester I
MQA101T Modern Pharmaceutical
Analytical Techniques 4 4 4 100
MQA102T Quality Management
System 4 4 4 100
MQA103T Quality Control and Quality
Assurance 4 4 4 100
MQA104T Product Development and
Technology Transfer 4 4 4 100
MQA105P Pharmaceutical Quality
Assurance Practical I 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
Semester II
MQA201T Hazards and Safety
Management 4 4 4 100
MQA202T Pharmaceutical Validation 4 4 4 100
MQA203T Audits and Regulatory
Compliance 4 4 4 100
MQA204T Pharmaceutical
Manufacturing Technology 4 4 4 100
MQA205P Pharmaceutical Quality
Assurance Practical II 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
Page 46
8 Table – 7: Course of study for M. Pharm. (Regulatory Affairs)
Course
Code Course Credit
Hours Credit
Points Hrs./
wk Marks
Semester I
MRA
101T Good Regulatory Practices 4 4 4 100
MRA
102T Documentation and
Regulatory Writing 4 4 4 100
MRA
103T Clinical Research
Regulations 4 4 4 100
MRA
104T Regulations and Legislation
for Drugs & Cosmetics,
Medical Devices, Biologicals
& Herbals, and Food &
Nutraceuticals In India and
Intellectual Property Rights
4
4
4
100
MRA
105P Regulatory Affairs Practical I 12 6 12 150
Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
Semester II
MRA
201T Regulatory Aspects of Drugs
& Cosmetics 4 4 4 100
MRA
202T Regulatory Aspects of Herbal
& Biologicals 4 4 4 100
MRA
203T Regulatory Aspects of
Medical Devices 4 4 4 100
MRA
204T Regulatory Aspects of Food
& Nutraceuticals 4 4 4 100
MRA
205P Regulatory Affairs Practical II 12 6 12 150
Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
Page 47
10 Table – 8: Course of study for M. Pharm. (Pharmaceutical Biotechnology)
Course
Code Course Credit
Hours Credit
Points Hrs./w
k Marks
Semester I
MPB
101T Modern Pharmaceutical
Analytical Techniques 4 4 4 100
MPB
102T Microbial And Cellular Biology 4 4 4 100
MPB
103T Bioprocess Engineering and
Technology 4 4 4 100
MPB
104T Advanced Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology 4 4 4 100
MPB
105P Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Practical I 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
Semester II
MPB
201T Proteins and protein
Formulation 4 4 4 100
MPB
202T Immunotechnology 4 4 4 100
MPB
203T Bioinformatics and Computer
Technology 4 4 4 100
MPB
204T Biological Evaluation of Drug
Therapy 4 4 4 100
MPB
205P Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Practical II 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
Page 48
11
Table – 9: Course of study for M. Pharm. (Pharmacy Practice)
Course
Code Course Credit
Hours Credit
Points Hrs./wk Marks
Semester I
MPP
101T Clinical Pharmacy Practice 4 4 4 100
MPP
102T Pharmacotherapeutics -I 4 4 4 100
MPP
103T Hospital & Community
Pharmacy 4 4 4 100
MPP
104T Clinical Research 4 4 4 100
MPP
105P Pharmacy Practice Practical I 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
Semester II
MPP
201T Principles of Quality Use of
Medicines 4 4 4 100
MPP
202T Pharmacotherapeutics II 4 4 4 100
MPP
203T Clinical Pharmacokinetics and
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 4 4 4 100
MPP
204T Pharmacoepidemiology &
Pharmacoeconomics 4 4 4 100
MPP
205P Pharmacy Practice Practical II 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
Page 49
12
Table – 10: Course of study for (Pharmacology)
Course
Code Course Credit
Hours Credit
Points Hrs./wk Marks
Semester I
MPL
101T Modern Pharmaceutical
Analytical Techniques 4 4 4 100
MPL
102T Advanced Pharmacology -I 4 4 4 100
MPL
103T Pharmacological and
Toxicological Screening
Methods -I
4
4
4
100
MPL
104T Cellular and Molecular
Pharmacology 4 4 4 100
MPL
105P Pharmacology Practical I 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
Semester II
MPL
201T Advanced Pharmacology II 4 4 4 100
MPL
202T Pharmacological and
Toxicological Screening
Methods -II
4
4
4
100
MPL
203T Principles of Drug Discovery 4 4 4 100
MPL
204T Clinical Research and
Pharmacovigilance 4 4 4 100
MPL
205P Pharmacology Practical II 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
Page 50
13
Table – 11: Course of study for M. Pharm. (Pharmacognosy)
Course
Code Course Credit
Hours Credit
Points Hrs./wk Marks
Semester I
MPG101T Modern Pharmaceutical
Analytical Techniques 4 4 4 100
MPG102T Advanced Pharmacognosy -1 4 4 4 100
MPG103T Phytochemistry 4 4 4 100
MPG104T Industrial Pharmacognostical
Technology 4 4 4 100
MPG105P Pharmacognosy Practical I 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
Semester II
MPG201T Medicinal Plant
biotechnology 4 4 4 100
MPG2 02T Advanced Pharmacognosy -II 4 4 4 100
MPG203T Indian system of medicine 4 4 4 100
MPG204T Herbal cosmetics 4 4 4 100
MPG205P Pharmacognosy Practical II 12 6 12 150
- Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
Page 51
34 Table – 12: Course of study for M. Pharm. III and IV Semesters
(Common for All Specializations)
Course
Code Course Credit
Hours Credit
Points
MRM301T Research Methodology and Biostatistics* 4 4
- Journal club 2 2
- Discussion / Presentation
(Proposal Presentation) 5 5
- Research Work 30 30
Total 41 41
* Non University Exam
Page 52
35 PHARMACEUTICS (MPH)
MODERN PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
(MPH 101T)
Scope
This subject deals with various advanced analytical instrumental techniques for
identification, characterization and quantification of drugs. Instruments dealt are
NMR, Mass spectrometer, IR, HPLC, GC etc.
Objectives
After completion of course student is able to know,
Chemicals and Excipients
The analysis of various drugs in single and combination dosage forms
Theoretical and practical skills of the instruments
THEORY 60 HOURS
1. a. UV-Visible spectroscopy : Introduction, Theory, Laws,
Instrumentation associated with UV -Visible spectroscopy,
Choice of solvents and solvent effect and Applications of UV -
Visible spectroscopy.
b. IR spectroscopy : Theory, Modes of Molecular vibrations,
Sample handling, Instrumentation of Dispersive and Fourier -
Transform IR Spectrometer, Factors affecting vibrational
frequencies and Applications of IR spec troscopy
c. Spectroflourimetry: Theory of Fluorescence, Factors
affecting fluorescence, Quenchers, Instrumentation and
Applications of fluorescence spectrophotometer.
d. Flame emission spectroscopy and Atomic absorption
spectroscopy : Principle, Instrumentation , Interferences and
Applications.
2 NMR spectroscopy : Quantum numbers and their role in NMR,
Principle, Instrumentation, Solvent requirement in NMR,
Relaxation process, NMR signals in various compounds,
Chemical shift, Factors influencing chemical shift, Spin-Spin
coupling, Coupling constant, Nuclear magnetic double resonance,
Brief outline of principles of FT -NMR and 13C NMR. Applications
of NMR spectroscopy. 11
Hrs
11
Hrs
Page 53
36 3 Mass Spectroscopy : Principle, Theory, Instrumentation of Mass
Spectroscopy, Different types of ionization like electron impact,
chemical, field, FAB and MALDI, APCI, ESI, APPI Analyzers of
Quadrupole and Time of Flight, Mass fragmentation and its rules,
Meta s table ions, Isotopic peaks and Applications of Mass
spectroscopy 11
Hrs
4 Chromatography : Principle, apparatus, instrumentation,
chromatographic parameters, factors affecting resolution and
applications of the following:
a) Paper chromatography b) Thin Layer chromatography
c) Ion exchange chromatography d) Column chromatography
e) Gas chromatography f) High Performance Liquid
chromatog raphy
g) Affinity chromatography 11
Hrs
5 a. Electrophoresis : Principle, Instrumentation, Working
conditions, factors affecting separation an d applications of the
following:
a) Paper electrophoresis b) Gel electrophoresis c) Capillary
electrophoresis d) Zone electrophoresis e) Moving boundary
electrophoresis f) Iso electric focusing
b. X ray Crystallography : Production of X rays, Different X ray
diffraction methods, Bragg‘s law, Rotating crystal technique, X
ray powder technique, Types of crystals and applications of X -
ray diffraction.
6 Immunological assays : RIA (Radio immuno assay), ELISA,
Bioluminescence assays.
REFERENCES 11
Hrs
5 Hrs
1. Spectrometric Identification of Organic compounds - Robert M Silverstein,
Sixth edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
2. Principles of Instrumental Analysis - Doglas A Skoog, F. James Holler,
Timothy A. Nieman, 5th edition, Eastern press, Bangalore, 1998.
3. Instrumental methods of analysis – Willards, 7th edition, CBS publishers.
4. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry – Beckett and Stenlake, Vol II, 4th
edition, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 1997.
5. Organic Spec troscopy - William Kemp, 3rd edition, ELBS, 1991.
6. Quantitative Analysis of Drugs in Pharmaceutical formulation - P D Sethi, 3rd
Edition, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 1997.
7. Pharmaceutical Analysis - Modern methods – Part B - J W Munson, Volume
11, Marcel Dekke r Series
Page 54
37 DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
(MPH 102T)
SCOPE
This course is designed to impart knowledge on the area of advances in novel
drug delivery systems.
OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of the course, student shall be able to understand
The various approaches for development of novel drug delivery
systems.
The criteria for selection of drugs and polymers for the development of
delivering system
The formulation and evaluation of Novel drug delivery systems..
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Sustained Release(SR) and Controlled Release (CR)
formulations: Introduction & basic concepts, advantages/
disadvantages, factors influencing, Physicochemical & biological
approaches for SR/CR formulation, Mechanism of Drug Delivery
from SR/CR formulation. Polymers: introduction, definition,
classification, properties and application Dosage Forms for
Personalized Medicine: Introduction, Definition,
Pharmacogenetics, Categories of Patients for P ersonalized
Medicines: Customized drug delivery systems, Bioelectronic
Medicines, 3D printing of pharmaceuticals, Telepharmacy. 10
Hrs
2 Rate Controlled Drug Delivery Systems: Principles &
Fundamentals, Types, Activation; Modulated Drug Delivery
Systems;Mechanically activated, pH activated, Enzyme activated,
and Osmotic activated Drug Delivery Systems Feedback
regulated Drug Delivery System s; Principles & Fundamentals. 10
Hrs
3 Gastro -Retentive Drug Delivery Systems : Principle, concepts
advantages and disadvantages, Modulation o f GI transit time
approaches to extend GI transit. Buccal Drug Delivery Systems:
Principle of muco adhesion, advantages and
disadvantages, Mechanism of drug permeation, Methods of
formulation and its evaluations.
4 Occular Drug Delivery Systems : Barriers of drug permeation,
Methods to overcome barriers. 10
Hrs
06
Hrs
Page 55
40 5 Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: Structure of skin and
barriers, Penetration enhancers, Transdermal Drug Delivery
Systems, Formulation and evaluation.
6 Protein and Peptide Delivery: Barriers for protein delivery.
Formulation and Evaluation of delivery systems of proteins and
other macromolecules. 10
Hrs
08
Hrs
7 Vaccine delivery systems: Vaccines, uptake of antigens, single
shot vaccines, mucosal and transdermal delivery of vaccines. 06
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Y W. Chien, Novel Drug Delivery Systems, 2nd edition, revised and
expanded,
Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1992.
2. Robinson, J. R., Lee V. H. L, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems, Ma rcel
Dekker,Inc., New York, 1992.
3. Encyclopedia of controlled delivery, Editor - Edith Mathiowitz, Published by
WileyInterscience Publication, John Wiley and Sons, Inc, New York!
Chichester/Weinheim
4. N.K. Jain, Controlled and Novel Drug Delivery, CBS Publishers & Distributors,
New Delhi, First edition 1997 (reprint in 2001).
5. S.P.Vyas and R.K.Khar, Controlled Drug Delivery - concepts and advances,
Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi, First edition 2002
JOURNALS
1. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPA)
2. Indian drugs (IDMA)
3. Journal of controlled release (Elsevier Sciences) desirable
4. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy (Marcel & Decker) desirable
Page 56
41 MODERN PHARMACEUTICS
(MPH 103T)
Scope
Course designed t o impart advanced knowledge and skills required to learn
various aspects and concepts at pharmaceutical industries
Objectives
Upon completion of the course, student shall be able to understand
The elements of preformulation studies.
The Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Generic drug Product
development
Industrial Management and GMP Considerations.
Optimization Techniques & Pilot Plant Scale Up Techniques
Stability Testing, sterilization process & packaging of dosage forms.
THEORY 60 HRS
1. a. Preformation Concepts – Drug Excipient interactions -
different methods, kinetics of stability, Stability testing. Theories of
dispersion and pharmaceutical Dispersion (Emu lsion and
Suspension, SMEDDS) preparation and stability Large and small
volume parental – physiological and formulation consideration,
Manufacturing and evaluation.
b. Optimization techniques in Pharmaceutical Formulation :
Concept and parameters of optimiz ation, Optimization techniques
in pharmaceutical formulation and processing. Statistical design,
Response surface method, Contour designs, Factorial designs
and application in formulation
2 Validation : Introduction to Pharmaceutical Validation, Scope &
merits of Validation, Validation and calibration of Master plan,
ICH & WHO guidelines for calibration and validation of
equipments, Validation of specific dosage form, Types of
validation. Government regulation, Manufacturing Process Model,
URS, DQ, IQ, OQ & P.Q. of facilities.
3 cGMP & Industrial Management : Objectives and policies of
current good manufacturing practices, layout of buildings,
services, equipments and their maintenance Production
management: Production organization, , materials management,
handl ing and transportation, inventory management and control,
production and planning control, Sales forecasting, budget and
cost control, industrial and personal relationship. Concept of Total
Quality Management. 10
Hrs
10
Hrs
10
Hrs
10
Hrs
Page 57
42 4 Compression and compaction : Physics of tablet compression,
compression, consolidation, effect of friction, distribution of
forces, compaction profiles. Solubility.
5 Study of consolidation parameters ; Diffusion parameters,
Dissolution parameters and Pharmacokinetic parameters, Heckel
plots, Similarity factors – f2 and f1, Higuchi and Peppas plot,
Linearity Concept of significance, Standard deviation , Chi square
test, students T -test , ANOVA test. 10
Hrs
10
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy By Lachmann and Libermann
2. Pharmaceutical dosage forms: Tablets Vol. 1 -3 by Leon Lachmann.
3. Pharmaceutical Dosage f orms: Disperse systems, Vol, 1 -2; By Leon
Lachmann.
4. Pharmaceutical Dosage forms: Parenteral medications Vol. 1 -2; By Leon
Lachmann.
5. Modern Pharmaceutics; By Gillbert and S. Banker.
6. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences.
7. Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 1 -5; By H.S. Bean & A.H.
Beckett.
8. Physical Pharmacy; By Alfred martin
9. Bentley’s Textbook of Pharmaceutics – by Rawlins.
10. Good manufacturing practices for Pharmaceuticals: A plan for total quality
control, Second edition; By Sidney H. Willig.
11. Quality As surance Guide; By Organization of Pharmaceutical producers of
India.
12. Drug formulation manual; By D.P.S. Kohli and D.H.Shah. Eastern
publishers, New Delhi.
13. How to practice GMPs; By P.P.Sharma. Vandhana Publications, Agra.
14. Pharmaceutical Process Validation; By Fra. R. Berry and Robert A. Nash.
15. Pharmaceutical Preformulations; By J.J. Wells.
16. Applied production and operations management; By Evans, Anderson,
Sweeney and Williams.
17. Encyclopaedia of Pharmaceutical technology, Vol I – III.
Page 58
43 REGULATORY AFFAIRS
(MPH 104T)
Scope
Course designed to impart advanced knowledge and skills required to learn the
concept of generic drug and their development, various regulatory filings in
different co untries, different phases of clinical trials and submitting regulatory
documents : filing process of IND, NDA and ANDA
To know the approval process of
To know the chemistry, manufacturing controls and their regulatory
importance
To learn the documentation requirements for
To learn the importance and
Objectives:
Upon completion of the course, it is expected that the students will be able to
understand
The Concepts of innovator and generic drugs, drug development
process
The Regulatory guidance’s and guidelines for filing and approval
process
Preparation of Dossiers and their submission to regulatory agencies in
different countries
Post approval regulatory requirements for actives and drug products
Submission of global documents in CTD/ eCTD formats
Clinical trials requirements for approvals for conducting clinical trials
Pharmacovigilence and process of monitoring in clinical trials.
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. a. Documentation in Pharmaceutical industry : Master
formula record, DMF (Drug Master File), distribution records.
Generic drugs product development Introduction , Hatch -
Waxman act and amendments, CFR (CODE OF FEDERAL
REGULATION) ,drug product performance, in -vitro, ANDA
regulatory approval process, NDA approval process, BE and drug
product assessment, in –vivo, scale up process approval
changes, post marketing surveillance, outsourcing BA and BE to
CRO.
b. Regulatory requirement for product approval : API,
biologics, novel, therapies obtaining NDA, A NDA for generic
drugs ways and means of US registration for foreign drugs 12
Hrs
Page 59
44 2 CMC, post approval regulatory affairs. Regulation for combination
products and medical devices.CTD and ECTD for mat, industry
and FDA liaison. ICH - Guidelines of ICH -Q, S E, M. Regulatory
requirements of EU, MHRA, TGA and ROW countries.
3 Non clinical drug development: Global submission of IND,
NDA, ANDA. Investigation of medicinal products dossier, dossier
(IMPD) an d investigator brochure (IB).
4 Clinical trials: Developing clinical trial protocols. Institutional
review board/ independent ethics committee Formulation and
working procedures informed Consent process and procedures.
HIPAA - new, requirement to clinical stu dy process,
pharmacovigilance safety monitoring in clinical trials. 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Generic Drug Product Development, Solid Oral Dosage forms, Leon Shargel
and IsaderKaufer,Marcel Dekker series, Vol.143
2. The Pharmaceutical Regulatory Process, Second Edition Edited by Ira R.
Berry and Robert P.Martin, Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences,Vol.185,
Informa Health care Publishers.
3. New Drug Approval Process: Accelerating Global Registrations By Richard A
Guarino, MD,5th edition, Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences,Vol.190.
4. Guidebook for drug regulatory submissions / Sandy Weinberg. By John Wiley
& Sons.Inc.
5. FDA regulatory affairs: a guide for prescription drugs, medical devices, and
biologics/edited By Douglas J. Pisano, David Mantus.
6. Clinical Trials and Human Research: A Practical Guide to Regulatory
Compliance By Fay A.Rozovsky and Rodney K. Adams
7. www.ich.org/
8. www.fda.gov/
9. europa.eu/index_en.htm
10. https:/ /www.tga.gov.au/tga -basics
Page 60
45 PHARMACEUTICS PRACTICALS - I
(MPH 105P)
1. Analysis of pharmacopoeial compounds and their formulations by UV Vis
spectrophotometer
2. Simultaneous estimation of multi component containing formulations by UV
spectrophotometry
3. Experiments based on HPLC
4. Experiments based on Gas Chromatography
5. Estimation of riboflavin/quinine sulphate by fluorimetry
6. Estimation of sodium/potassium by flame photometry
7. To perform In-vitro dissolution profile of CR/ SR marketed formulation
8. Formulation and evaluation of sustained release matrix tablets
9. Formulation and evaluation osmotically controlled DDS
10. Preparation and evaluation of Floating DDS - hydro dynamically balanced
DDS
11. Formulation and evaluation of Muco adhesive tablets.
12. Formulation and evaluation of trans dermal patches.
13. To carry out preformulation studies of tablets.
14. To study the effect of compressional force on tablets disintegration time.
15. To study Micromeritic properties of powders and granulation.
16. To study the effect of particle size on dissolution of a tablet.
17. To study the effect of binders on dissolution of a tablet.
18. To plot Heckal plot, Higuchi and peppas plot and determine similarity factors.
Page 61
46 MOLECULAR PHARMACEUTICS (NANO TECHNOLOGY &
TARGETED DDS) (NTDS)
(MPH 201T)
Scope
This course is designed to impart knowledge on the area of advances in novel
drug delivery systems.
Objectives
Upon completion of the course student shall be able to understand
The various approaches for development of novel drug delivery
systems.
The criteria for selection of drugs and polymers for the development of
NTDS
The formulation and evaluation of novel drug delivery systems.
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: C oncepts, Events and
biological process involved in drug targeting. Tumor targeting and
Brain specific delivery.
2 Targeting Methods : introduction preparation and evaluation.
Nano Particles & Liposomes: Types, preparation and evaluation. 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
3 Micro Capsules / Micro Spheres: Types, preparation and
evaluation , Monoclonal Antibodies ; preparation and application,
preparation and application of Niosomes, Aquasomes,
Phytosomes, Electrosomes.
4 Pulmonary Drug Delivery Systems : Aerosols, propellents,
ContainersTypes, preparation and evaluation, Intra Nasal Route
Delivery systems; Types, preparation and evaluation.
5 Nucleic acid based therapeutic delivery system : Gene therapy,
introduction (ex -vivo & in -vivo gene therapy). Potential target
diseases for gene therapy (inherited disorder and cancer). Gene
expression syste ms (viral and nonviral gene transfer). Liposomal
gene delivery systems.
Biodistribution and Pharmacokinetics. knowledge of therapeutic
antisense molecules and aptamers as drugs of future.
REFERENCES 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
12
Hrs
1. Y W. Chien, Novel Drug Delivery Systems, 2nd edition, revised and
expanded,Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1992.
2. S.P.Vyas and R.K.Khar, Controlled Drug Delivery - concepts and
advances, VallabhPrakashan, New Delhi, First edition 2002.
3. N.K. Jain, Controlled and Novel Drug Delivery, CBS Publishers &
Distributors, NewDelhi, First edition 1997 (reprint in 2001).
Page 62
47 ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & P HARMACOKINETICS
(MPH 202T)
Scope
This course is designed to impart knowledge and skills necessary for dose
calculations, dose adjustments and to apply biopharmaceutics theories in
practical problem solving. Basic theoretical discussions of the principles o f
biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics are provided to help the students’ to
clarify the concepts.
Objectives
Upon completion of this course it is expected that students will be able
understand,
The basic concepts in biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics .
The use raw data and derive the pharmacokinetic models and
parameters the best describe the process of drug absorption,
distribution, metabolism and elimination.
The critical evaluation of biopharmaceutic studies involving drug
product equivalency.
The design and evaluation of dosage regimens of the drugs using
pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutic parameters.
The potential clinical pharmacokinetic problems and application of
basics of pharmacokinetic
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Drug Absorption from the Gastrointestinal Tract :
Gastrointestinal tract, Mechanism of drug absorption, Factors
affecting drug absorption, pH –partition theory of drug absorption.
Formuulation and p hysicochemical factors: Dissolution rate,
Dissolution process, Noyes –Whitney equation and drug
dissolution, Factors affecting the dissolution rate. Gastrointestinal
absorption: role of the dosage form: Solution (elixir, syrup and
solution) as a dosage form ,Suspension as a dosage form,
Capsule as a dosage form, Tablet as a dosage form ,Dissolution
methods ,Formulation and processing factors, Correlation of in
vivo data with in vitro dissolution data.Transport model:
Permeability -Solubility -Charge State and the pH Partition
Hypothesis, Properties of the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT), pH
Microclimate Intracellular pH Environment, Tight -Junction
Complex. 12
Hrs
Page 63
48 2 Biopharmaceutic considerations in drug product design
and In Vitro Drug Product Performance: Introduction,
biopharmaceutic factors affecting drug bioavailability, rate -limiting
steps in drug absorption, physicochemical nature of the drug
formulation factors affecting drug product performance , in vitro :
dissolution and drug release testing, compendial methods of
dissolution, alternative methods of dissolution testing,meeting
dissolution requirements,problems of variable control in
dissolution testingperformance of drug products. In vitro –in vivo
correlation, dissolution profile comparisons, drug product
stability,considerations in the design of a drug product.
3 Pharmacokinetics: Basic considerations, pharmacokinetic
models, compartment modeling: one compartment model - IV
bolus, IV infusion, extra -vascular. Multi compartment model:two
compartment - model in brief, non -linear pharmacokinetics: cause
of non -linearity, Michaelis – Menten equation, estimation of k max
and v max. Drug interactions: introduction, the effect of protein -
binding intera ctions,the effect of tissue -binding
interactions,cytochrome p450 -based drug interactions,drug
interactions linked to transporters.
4 Drug Product Performance, In Vivo: Bioavailability and
Bioequivalence : drug product performance, purpose of
bioavailability s tudies, relative and absolute availability. methods
for assessing bioavailability, bioequivalence studies, design and
evaluation of bioequivalence studies, study designs, crossover
study designs, evaluation of the data, bioequivalence example,
study submis sion and drug review process. biopharmaceutics
classification system, methods. Permeability: In -vitro, in -situ and
In-vivo methods.generic biologics (biosimilar drug
products),clinical significance of bioequivalence studies, special
concerns in bioavailabi lity and bioequivalence studies, generic
substitution.
5 Application of Pharmacokinetics: Modified -Release Drug
Products, Targeted Drug Delivery Systems and Biotechnological
Products. Introduction to Pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamic, drug interactions. P harmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics of biotechnology drugs. Introduction, Proteins
and peptides, Monoclonal antibodies, Oligonucleotides, Vaccines
(immunotherapy), Gene therapies. 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
12
Hrs
12
Hrs
Page 64
49 REFERENCES
1. Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics by Milo Gibaldi, 4th
edition,Philadelphia, Lea and Febiger, 1991
2. Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, A. Treatise, D .M. Brahmankar
and Sunil B. Jaiswal., VallabPrakashan, Pitampura, Delhi
3. Applied Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics by Shargel. Land
YuABC, 2ndedition, Connecticut Appleton Century Crofts, 1985
4. Textbook of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Dr. Shobha Rani R.
Hiremath,Prism Book
5. Pharmacokinetics by Milo Gibaldi and D. Perrier, 2nd edition, Marcel
Dekker Inc.,New York, 1982
6. Current Concepts in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Biopharmaceutics,
Swarbrick. J, Leaand Febiger, Philadelphia, 1970
7. Clinical Pharmacokin etics, Concepts and Applications 3rd edition by
MalcolmRowland and Thom~ N. Tozer, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia,
1995
8. Dissolution, Bioavailability and Bioequivalence, Abdou. H.M, Mack
PublishingCompany, Pennsylvania 1989
9. Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Phar macokinetics, An Introduction, 4th
edition,revised and expande by Robert. E. Notari, Marcel Dekker Inc, New
York and Basel,1987.
10 . Biopharmaceutics and Relevant Pharmacokinetics by John. G Wagner and
M.Pemarowski, 1st edition, Drug Intelligence Publications, Hamilton,
Illinois, 1971.
11 . Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, Vol 13, James Swarbrick,
James. G.Boylan, Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, 1996.
12 . Basic Pharmacokinetics,1 st edition,Sunil S JambhekarandPhilip J
Breen,pharmaceutical press, RPS Publishing,2 009.
13 . Absorption and Drug Development - Solubility, Permeability, and Charge
State, Alex Avdeef, John Wiley & Sons, Inc,2003.
Page 65
50 COMPUTER AIDED DRUG DEVELOPMENT
(MPH 203T)
Scope
This course is designed to impart knowledge and skills necessary for computer
Applications in pharmaceutical research and development who want to
understand the application of computers across the entire drug research and
development process. Basic theoretical discussions of the pri nciples of more
integrated and coherent use of computerized information (informatics) in the
drug development process are provided to help the students to clarify the
concepts.
Objectives
Upon completion of this course it is expected that students will be able to
understand,
History of Computers in Pharmaceutical Research and Development
Computational Modeling of Drug Disposition
Computers in Preclinical Development
Optimization Techniques in Pharmaceutical Formulation
Computers in Market Analysis
Computers in Clinical Development
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Robotics
Computational fluid dynamics(CFD)
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. a. Computers in Pharmaceutical Research and
Development : A General Overview: History of Computers in
Pharmaceutical Research and Development. Statistical modeling
in Pharmaceutical research and development: Descriptive versus
Mechanistic Modeling, Statistical Parameters, Estimation,
Confidence Regions, Nonlinearit y at the Optimum, Sensitivity
Analysis, Optimal Design, Population Modeling
b. Quality -by-Design In Pharmaceutical Development:
Introduction, ICH Q8 guideline, Regulatory and industry views on
QbD, Scientifically based QbD - examples of application.
2 Computational Modeling Of Drug Disposition: Introduction
,Modeling Techniques: Drug Absorption, Solubility, Intestinal
Permeation, Drug Distribution ,Drug Excretion, Active Transport;
P-gp, BCRP, Nucleoside Transporters, hPEPT1, ASBT, OCT,
OATP, BBB -Cholin e Transporter. 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
Page 66
51 3 Computer -aided formulation development :: Concept of
optimization, Optimization parameters, Factorial design,
Optimization technology & Screening design. Computers in
Pharmaceutical Formulation: Development of pharmaceutical
emulsions, microemulsion drug carriers Legal Protection of
Innovative Uses of Computers in R&D, The Ethics of Computing
in Pharmaceutical Research, Computers in Market analysis
4 a. Compu ter-aided biopharmaceutical characterization :
Gastrointestinal absorption simulation. Introduction, Theoretical
background, Model construction, Parameter sensitivity analysis,
Virtual trial, Fed vs. fasted state, In vitro dissolution and in vitro -
in vivo correlation, Biowaiver considerations
b. Computer Simulations in Pharmacokinetics and
Pharmacodynamics: Introduction, Computer Simulation: Whole
Organism, Isolated Tissues, Organs, Cell, Proteins and Genes.
c. Computers in Clinical Development : Clinical Data Col lection
and Management, Regulation of Computer Systems
5 Artificial Intelligence (AI), Robotics and Computational fluid
dynamics: General overview, Pharmaceutical Automation,
Pharmaceutical applications, Advantages and Disadvantages.
Current Challenges and F uture Directions. 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Computer Applications in Pharmaceutical Research and Development,
Sean Ekins, 2006, John Wiley & Sons.
2. Computer -Aided Applications in Pharmaceutical Technology, 1st Edition,
Jelena Djuris, Woodhead Publishing
3. Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, Vol 13, James Swarbrick,
James. G.Boylan, Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, 1996.
Page 67
52 COSMETICS AND COSMECEUTICALS
(MPH 204T)
Scope
This course is designed to impart knowledge and skills necessary
forthefundamental need for cosmetic and cosmeceutical products.
Objectives
Upon completion of the course, the students shall be able to understand
Key ingredients used in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals.
Key building blocks for various formulations.
Current technologies in the market
Various key ingredients and basic science to develop cosmetics an d
cosmeceuticals
Scientific knowledge to develop cosmetics and cosmeceuticals with
desired Safety, stability, and efficacy.
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Cosmetics – Regulatory : Definition of cosmetic products as per
Indian regulation. Indian regulatory requirements for labeling of
cosmetics Regulatory provisions relating to import of cosmetics.,
Misbranded and spurious cosmetics. Regulatory provisions
relating to manufacture of c osmetics – Conditions for obtaining
license, prohibition of manufacture and sale of certain cosmetics,
loan license, offences and penalties.
2 Cosmetics - Biological aspects : Structure of skin relating to
problems like dry skin, acne, pigmentation, prickly heat, wrinkles
and body odor. Structure of hair and hair growth cycle. Common
problems associated with oral cavity. Cleansing and care needs
for face, eye lids, lips, hands, feet, nail, scalp, neck, body and
under -arm.
3 Formulation Building blocks: Building blocks for different
product formulations of cosmetics/cosmeceuticals. Surfactants –
Classification and application. Emollients, rheological additives:
classification and application. Antimicrobial used as preservatives,
their merits and demerits. Factors affecting microbial preservative
efficacy. Building blocks for formulation of a moisturizing cream,
vanishing cream, cold cream, shampoo and toothpaste. Soaps
and syndetbars.
Perfumes ; Classification of perfumes. Perfume ingredients listed
as allergens in EU regulation. 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
12
Hrs
Page 68
53 Controversial ingredients: Parabens, formaldehyde liberators,
dioxane.
4 Design of cosmeceutical products: Sun protection, sunscreens
classification and regulatory aspects. Addressing dry skin, acne,
sun-protection, pigmentation, prickly heat, wrinkles, body odor.,
dandruff, dental cavities, bleeding gums, mouth odor and
sensitive teeth through cosmeceutical formulations.
5 Herbal Cosmetics : Herbal ingredients used in Hair care, skin
care and oral care. Review of guidelines for herbal cosmetics by
private bodies like cosmos with respect to preservatives,
emollients, foaming agents, emulsifiers and rheology modifi ers.
Challenges in formulating herbal cosmetics.
12
Hrs
12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Harry’s Cosmeticology. 8th edition.
2. Poucher’sperfumecosmeticsandSoaps,10th edition.
3. Cosmetics - Formulation, Manufacture and quality control, PP.Sharma,4th
edition
4. Handbook of cosmetic science and Technology A.O.Barel, M.Paye and
H.I. Maibach. 3 rd edition
5. Cosmetic and Toiletries recent suppliers catalogue.
6. CTFA directory.
Page 69
54 PHARMACEUTICS PRACTICALS - II
(MPH 205P)
1. To study the effect of temperature change , non solvent addition,
incompatible polymer addition in microcapsules preparation
2. Preparation and evaluation of Alginate beads
3. Formulation and evaluation of gelatin /albumin microspheres
4. Formulation and evaluation of liposomes/niosomes
5. Formulation and evaluation of spherules
6. Improvement of dissolution characteristics of slightly soluble drug by Solid
dispersion technique.
7. Comparison of dissolution of two different marketed products /brands
8. Protein binding studies of a highly protein bound drug & poorly protein
bound drug
9. Bioavailability studies of Paracetamol in animals.
10. Pharmacokinetic and IVIVC data analysis by Win nolineR software
11. In vitro cell studies for permeability and metabolism
12. DoE Using Design Expert® Software
13. Formulation data analysis Using Design Expert® Software
14. Quality -by-Design in Pharmaceutical Development
15. Computer Simulations in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
16. Computational Modeling Of Drug Disposition
17. To develop Clinical Data Collection manual
18. To carry out Sensitivity Analysis, and Population Modeling.
19. Development and evaluation of Creams
20. Development and evaluation of Shampoo and Toothpaste base
21. To incorporate herbal and chemical actives to develop products
22. To address Dry skin, acne, blemish, Wrinkles, bleeding gums and
dandruff
Page 70
55 INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY (MIP)
MODERN PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
(MIP 101T)
Scope
This subject deals with various advanced analytical instrumental techniques for
identification, characterization and quantification of drugs. Instruments dealt are
NMR, Mass spectrometer, IR, HPLC, GC etc.
Objectives
After completion of course student is able to know,
The analysis of various drugs in single and combination dosage forms
Theoretical and practical skills of the instruments
THEORY 60 HOURS
1. UV-Visible spec troscopy: Introduction, Theory, Laws,
Instrumentation associated with UV -Visible spectroscopy, Choice
of solvents and solvent effect and Applications of UV -Visible
spectroscopy.
IR spectroscopy : Theory, Modes of Molecular vibrations, Sample
handling, Inst rumentation of Dispersive and Fourier - Transform
IR Spectrometer, Factors affecting vibrational frequencies and
Applications of IR spectroscopy
Spectroflourimetry: Theory of Fluorescence, Factors affecting
fluorescence, Quenchers, Instrumentation and App lications of
fluorescence spectrophotometer.
Flame emission spectroscopy and Atomic absorption
spectroscopy: Principle, Instrumentation, Interferences and
Applications. 11
Hrs
2 NMR spectroscopy: Quantum numbers and their role in NMR,
Principle, Instrumentation, Solvent requirement in NMR,
Relaxation process, NMR signals in various compounds,
Chemical shift, Factors influencing chemical shift, Spin -Spin
coupling, Coupling constant, Nuclear magnetic double resonance,
Brief outline of principles of FT -NMR and 13C NMR. Applications
of NMR spectroscopy. 11
Hrs
Page 71
56 3 Mass Spectroscopy: Principle, Theory, Instrumentation of Mass
Spectroscopy, Different types of ionization like electron impact,
chemical, field, FAB and MALDI, APCI, ESI, APPI Analyzers of
Quadrupole and Time of Flight, Mass fragmentation and its rules,
Meta stable ions, Isotopic peaks and Applications of Mass
spectroscopy 11
Hrs
4 Chromatography: Principle, apparatus, instrumentation,
chromatographic parameters, factors affecting resolution and
applications of the following:
a) Paper chromatography b) Thin Layer chromatography
c) Ion exchange chromatography d) Column chromatography
e) Gas chromatography f) High Performance Liquid
chromatog raphy
g) Affinity chromatography 11
Hrs
5 Electrophoresis: Principle, Instrumentation, Working conditions,
factors affecting separation and a pplications of the following:
a) Paper electrophoresis b) Gel electrophoresis c) Capillary
electrophoresis d) Zone electrophoresis e) Moving boundary
electrophoresis f) Iso electric focusing
X ray Crystallography: Production of X rays, Different X ray
methods, Bragg‘s law, Rotating crystal technique, X ray powder
technique, Types of crystals and applications of X -ray diffraction. 11
Hrs
6. Immunological Assays: Radioimmunology assay (RIA), ELISA
(Theory & practical) and knowledge on Bioluminescence assays. 5 Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Spectrometric Identification of Organic compounds - Robert M Silverstein,
6th edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
2. Principles of Instrumental Analysis - Doglas A Skoog, F. James Holler,
Timothy A. Nieman, 5th edition, Eastern press, Bangalore, 1998.
3. Instrumental methods of analysis – Willards, 7th edition, CBS publishers.
4. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry – Beckett and Stenlake, Vol II, 4th
edition, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 1997.
5. Organic Spectroscopy - William Kemp, 3rd edition, ELBS, 1991.
6. Quantitative Analysis of Drugs in Pharmaceutical formulation - P D Sethi,
3rd Edition, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 1997.
7. Pharmaceutical Analysis - Modern methods – Part B - J W Munson,
Volume 11, Marcel Dekker Series
Page 72
57 PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT
(MIP 102T)
Scop e
This course is designed to impart knowledge and skills necessary to train the
students on par with the routine of Industrial activities in R&D and F&D.
Objectives
On completion of this course it is expected that students will be able to
understand -
The scheduled activities in a Pharmaceutical firm.
The pre formulation studies of pilot batches of pharmaceutical industry.
The significance of dissolution and product stability
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Preformulation Studies: Molecular optimization of APIs (drug
substances), crystal morphology and variations, powder flow,
structure modification, drug -excipient compatibility studies,
methods of determination. 12
Hrs
2 Formulation Additives : Study of different formulation additives,
factors influencing their incorporation, role of formulation
development a nd processing, new developments in excipient
science. Design of experiments – factorial design for product and
process development. 12
Hrs
3 Solubility: Importance, experimental determination, phase -
solubility analysis, pH -solubility profile, solubility techniques to
improve solubility and utilization of analytical methods –
cosolvency, salt formation, complexation, solid dispersion,
micellar solubilization and hydrotropy. 12
Hrs
4 Dissolution: Theories, mechanisms of dissolution, in-vitro
dissolution testing models – sink and non -sink. Factors
influencing dissolution and intrinsic dissolution studies.
Dissolution test apparatus – designs, dissolution testing for
conventional and controlled release products. Data handling and
correction fact or. Biorelevent media, in-vitro and in-vivo
correlations, levels of correlations. 12
Hrs
Page 73
58 5 Product Stability: Degradation kinetics, mechanisms, stability
testing of drugs and pharmaceuticals, fa ctors influencing -media
effects and pH effects, accelerated stability studies, interpretation
of kinetic data (API & tablets). Solid state stability and shelf life
assignment. Stability protocols, reports and ICH guidelines. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Lachman L, Lieberman HA, Kanig JL. The Theory and Practice Of
rd
Industrial Pharmacy, 3 ed., Varghese Publishers, Mumbai 1991.
th
2. Sinko PJ. Martin's physical pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, 5
ed., B.I. Publications Pvt. Ltd, Noida, 2006.
3. Lieberman HA, Lachman L, Schwartz JB. Pharmaceutical dosage forms:
nd
tablets Vol. I -III, 2 ed., CBS Publishers & distributors, New Delhi, 2005.
4. Conners KA. A Text book of pharmaceutical analysi Wells JI.
Pharmaceutical preformulation: The physicochemical properties of drug
substances. Ellis Horwood Ltd., England, 1998.
5. Yalkowsky SH. Techniques of solubilization of drugs. Vol -12.
Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1981
6. Dressman J, Kramer J. Pharmaceutical dissolution testing. Saurah printer
pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,2005.
rd
7. Sethi PD. Quantitative analysis of drugs in pharmaceutical formulations, 3
ed., CBS publications, New Delhi, 2008.
rd
8. Carstensen JT, Rhodes CT. Drug stability principles and practices, 3
CBS Publishers & distributors, New Delhi, 2005. ed.,
9. Yoshioka S, Stella VJ. Stability of drugs and dosage forms, Springer
(India) Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2006.
th
10. Banker GS, Rhodes CT. Modern Pharmaceutics, 4
Inc, New York, 2005.
11. W. Grimm - Stability testing of drug products. ed., Marcel Dekker
12. Mazzo DJ. International stability testing. Eastern Press Pvt. Ltd.,
Bangalore, 1999. 13. Beckett AH, Stenlake JB. Practical pharmaceutical
th
chemistry, Part I & II., 4
2004. ed., CBS Publishers & distributors, New Delhi,
14. Indian Pharmacopoeia. Controller of Publication. Delhi, 1996.
15. British Pharmacopoeia. British Pharmacopoeia Commission Office,
London, 2008.
16. United States Pharmacopoeia. United States Pharmacopeial Convention,
Inc, USA, 2003.
17. Encyclopaedia of Pharm. Technology, Vol I – III.
18. Wells J. I. Pharmaceutical Preformulation : The physicochemical properties
of drug substances, Ellis Horwood Ltd. England, 1988.
Page 74
59 NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
(MIP 103T)
Scope
This course is de signed to impart knowledge and skills necessary to train the
students in the area of novel drug delivery systems.
Objective
On completion of this course it is expected that students will be able to
understand,
The need, concept, design and evaluation of various customized,
sustained and controlled release dosage forms.
To formulate and evaluate various novel drug delivery systems
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Concept & Models for NDDS: Classification of rate con trolled
drug delivery systems (DDS), rate programmed release,
activation modulated & feedback regulated DDS, effect of system
parameters in controlled drug delivery, computation of desired
release rate and dose for controlled release DDS,
pharmacokinetic design for DDS – intermittent, zero order & first
order release.
Carriers for Drug Delivery: Polymers / co -polymers -
introduction, classification, characterization, polymerization
techniques, application in CDDS / NDDS, biodegradable & natural
polymers. 12
Hrs
2 Study of Various DDS: Concepts, design, formulation &
evaluation of controlled release oral DDS, Mucoadhesive DDS
(buccal, nasal, pul monary) Pulsatile, colon specific, liquid
sustained release systems, Ocular delivery systems 12
Hrs
3 Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: Theory, design,
formulation & evaluation including iontophoresis and other latest
developments in skin delivery systems. 08
Hrs
4 Sub Micron Cosmeceuticals: Biology, formulation science and
evaluation of various cosmetics for skin, hair, nail, eye etc and it’s
regulatory aspects. 04
Hrs
Page 75
60 5 Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: Importance, concept,
biological process and events involved in drug targeting, design,
formulation & evaluation, methods in drug targeting –
nanoparticles, liposomes, niosomes, pharmacosomes, resealed
erythrocytes, microspheres, magnetic microspheres. Specia lized
pharmaceutical emulsions – multiple emulsions, micro -emulsions. 12
Hrs
6 Protein / Peptide Drug Delivery Systems: Concepts, delivery
techniques, formulation, stability testing, causes of protein
destabilization, stabilization methods.
7 Biotechnology in Drug Delivery Systems: Brief review of
major areas -recombinant DNA technology, monoclonal
antibodies, gene therapy. 06
Hrs
8 New trends for Personalized Medicine: I ntroduction, Definition,
Pharmacogenetics, Categories of Patients for Personalized
Medicines: Custom ized drug delivery systems, Bioelectronic
Medicines, 3D printing of pharmaceuticals, Telepharmacy. 06
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Novel Drug Delivery System, Y.W. Chein, Vol 50, Marcel Dekker, NY.
2. Controlled Drug Delivery Systems, Robinson, Vol 29, Marcel Dekker, NY.
3. Transdermal Controlled Systemic Medications, YW Chein, Vol 31, Marcel
Dekker, NY.
4. Bioadhesive DDS, E. Mathiowitz, Vol 98, Marcel Dekker, NY.
5. Nasal System Drug Delivery, K.S.E. Su, Vol 3 9, Marcel Dekker, NY.
6. Drug Delivery Devices, Vol 32, P Tyle Marcel Dekker, NY.
7. Polymers for Controlled Drug Delivery, P.J. Tarcha, CRC Press.
8. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Vyas, CBS, Delhi.
9. Biotechnology of Industrial Antibiotics, E.J. Vandamme, Marcel Dek ker,
NY.
10. Protein Formulation & Delivery, E.J. McNally, Vol 99, Marcel Dekker, NY.
11. Drug Targeting, M.H. Rubinstein, John Wiley, NY.
Page 76
61 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
(MIP 104T)
Scope
This course is designed to impart knowledge and skills necessary to train the
students to be on par with the routine of Industrial activities in drug regulatory
affairs
Objectives
On completion of this course it is expected that students will be able to
understand,
Assist in Regul atory Audit process.
Establish regulatory guidelines for drug and drug products
The Regulatory requirements for contract research organization
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Definition, Need for patenting, Types of Patents, Conditions to
be satisfied by an invention to be patentable, Introduction to
patent search. Parts of patents. Filling of patents. The
essential elements of patent; Guidelines for preparation of
laboratory note book, Non -obviousness in Patent. 12 Hrs
2 Role of GATT, TRIPS, and WIPO 12 Hrs
3 Brief introduction to Trademark protection and WHO Patents.
IPR’s and its types, Major bodies regulating Indian
Pharmaceutical sector.
4 Brief introduction to CDSCO. WHO, USFDA, EMEA, TGA,
MHRA, MCC, ANVISA
5 Regulatory requirements for contract research organization.
Regulations for Biosimilars. 12 Hrs
12 Hrs
12 Hrs
REFERENCES :
1. Pharmaceutical Process Validation: By Fra R. Berry and Robert A. Nash, Vol
57, 2nd Edition
2. Applied Production and Operation Management By Evans, Anderson and
Williams
3. GMP for pha rmaceuticals Material Management by K.K. Ahuja Published by
CBS publishers
4. ISO 9000 -Norms and explanations
5. GMP for pharmaceuticals - Willing S.H. Marcel and Dekker
Page 77
62 INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY PRACTICAL - I
(MIP 105P)
1. Analysis of pharmacopoeial compounds and their formulations by UV Vis
spectrophotometer
2. Simultaneous estimation of multi component containing formulations by UV
spectrophotometry
3. Experiments based on HPLC / GC
4. Estimation of riboflavin/quinine sulphat e by fluorimetry
5. Estimation of sodium/potassium by flame photometry
6. Effect of surfactants on the solubility of drugs.
7. Effect of pH on the solubility of drugs.
8. Stability testing of solution and solid dosage forms for photo degradation..
9. Stability studies of drugs in dosage forms at 25
RH. o
C, 60% RH and 40 o
C, 75%
10. Compatibility evaluation of drugs and excipients ( DSC & FTIR).
11. Preparation and evaluation of different polymeric membranes.
12. Formulation and evaluation of sustained release oral matrix tablet/ oral
reservoir system.
13. Formulation and evaluation of microspheres / microcapsules.
14. Formulation and evaluation of transdermal drug delivery systems.
15. Design and evaluation of face wash, body - wash, creams, lotions, shampoo,
toothpaste, lipstick.
16. Electrophoresis of protein solution.
17. Preparation and evaluation of Liposome delivery system.
Page 78
63 ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS
(MIP 201T)
Scope
This course is designed to impart knowledge and skills necessary for dose
calculations, dose adjustments and to apply Biopharmaceutics theori es in
practical problem solving.
Objectives
On completion of this course it is expected that students will be able to
understand,
The basic concepts in Biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics.
The use of raw data and derive the pharmacokinetic models and
parameters the best describe the process of drug absorption,
distribution, metabolism and elimination.
To critically evaluate Biopharmaceutics studies involving drug product
equivalency.
To design and evaluate dosage regimens of the drugs using
pharmacokin etic and biopharmaceutic parameters.
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Drug Absorption From The Gastrointestinal Tract :
Gastrointestinal tract, Mechanism of drug absorption, Factors
affecting, pH –partition theory, Form ulation and physicochemical
factors: Dissolution rate, Dissolution process, Noyes –Whitney
equation and drug dissolution, Factors affecting the dissolution
rate. Gastrointestinal absorption: role of the dosage form: Solution
(elixir, syrup and solution) as a dosage form ,Suspension as a
dosage form, Capsule as a dosage form, Tablet as a dosage form
,Dissolution methods ,Formulation and processing factors,
Correlation of in vivo data with in vitro dissolution data. Transport
model: Permeability -Solubility -Charge State and the pH Partition
Hypothesis, Properties of the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT), pH
Microclimate Intracellular pH Environment, Tight -Junction
Complex. Solubility: Experimental methods. Permeability: In -vitro,
in-situ and In -vivo methods. 12
Hrs
2 Biopharmaceutic Considerations in Drug Product Design
and In Vitro Drug Product Performance : Introduction,
Biopharmaceutic Factors Affecting Drug Bioavailability, Rate -
Limiting Steps in Drug Absorption, Physicochemical Nature of the 12
Hrs
Page 79
64 Drug Formulation Factors Affecting Drug Product Performance, In
Vitro: Dissolution and Drug Release Testing, Compendial
Methods of Dissolution, Alternative Methods of Dissolution
Testing, Meeting Dissolution Requirements, Problems of Variable
Control in Dissolution Testing Performance of Drug Products: In
Vitro–In Vivo Correlation, Dissolution Profile Comparisons, Drug
Product Stability, Considerations in the Design of a Drug Product.
3 Pharmacokinetics : Basic considerations, Pharmacokinetic
models, Compartment modeling: O ne compartment model - IV
bolus, IV infusion, Extra -vascular; Multi Compartment model: Two
compartment - model in brief, Non -Linear Pharmacokinetics:
Cause of non -linearity, Michaelis – Menten equation, Estimation
Kmax and Vmax. Drug interactions: Introduct ion, The effect of
protein -binding interactions, The effect of tissue -binding
interactions, Cytochrome P450 -based drug interactions, Drug
interactions linked to transporters. 12
Hrs
4 Drug Product Performance, In Vivo: Bioavailability and
Bioequivalence : Drug Product Performance, Purpose of
Bioavailability Studies, Relative and Absolute Availability, ,
Methods for Assessing Bioavailab ility, Bioequivalence Studies,
Design and Evaluation of Bioequivalence Studies, Study Designs,
Crossover Study Designs, Evaluation of the Data, Bioequivalence
Example, Study Submission and Drug Review Process, The
Biopharmaceutics Classification System, Ge neric Biologics
(Biosimilar Drug Products),Clinical Significance of Bioequivalence
Studies, Special Concerns in Bioavailability and Bioequivalence
Studies, Generic Substitution. 12
Hrs
5 Application of Pharmacokinetics: Modified -Release Drug
Products, Targeted Drug Delivery Systems and Biotechnological
Products. Relationship between Pharmacokinetics including
Pharmacodynamics: Generation of a pharmacokinetic –
pharmacodynamic (PKPD) equation, Pharmacokinetic and
pharmacodynamic, interactions. Pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics of biotechnology drugs: Introduction, Proteins
and peptides, Monoclonal antibodies, Oligonucleotides, Vaccines
(immunotherapy),Gene therapies. 12
Hrs
Page 80
65 REFERENCES
1. Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics by Milo Gibaldi, 4th
edition,Philadelphia, Lea and Febiger, 1991
2. Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacok inetics, A. Treatise, D .M. Brahmankar
and Sunil B.J aiswal., Vallab Prakashan, Pitampura, Delhi
3. Applied Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics by Shargel. Land
YuABC, 2nd edition, Connecticut Appleton Century Crofts, 1985
4. Textbook of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Dr. Shobha Rani R.
Hiremath,Prism Book
5. Pharmacokinetics by Milo Gibaldi and D. Perrier, 2nd edition, Marcel
Dekker Inc.,New York, 1982
6. Current Concepts in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Biopharmaceutics,
Swarbrick. J, Lea and Febiger, Philadelp hia, 1970
7. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Concepts and Applications 3rd edition by
Malcolm Rowland and Thom~ N. Tozer, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia,
1995
8. Dissolution, Bioavailability and Bioequivalence, Abdou. H.M, Mack
Publishing Company, Pennsylvania 1989
9. Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, An Introduction, 4th
edition, revised and expande by Robert. E. Notari, Marcel Dekker Inc, New
York and Basel,1987.
10. Biopharmaceutics and Relevant Pharmacokinetics by John. G Wagner and
M.Pemarowski, 1st editi on, Drug Intelligence Publications, Hamilton,
Illinois, 1971.
11. Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, Vol 13, James Swarbrick,
James. G.Boylan, Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, 1996.
12. Basic Pharmacokinetics,1 st edition, Sunil S Jambhekar and Philip J
Breen, pharmaceutical press, RPS Publishing,2009.
13. Absorption and Drug Development - Solubility, Permeability, and Charge
State, Alex Avdeef, John Wiley & Sons, Inc,2003.
Page 81
66 SCALE UP AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
(MIP 20 2T)
Scope
This course is designed to impart knowledge and skills necessary to train the
students to be on scale up, technology transfer process and industrial safety
issues.
Objectives:
On completion of this course it is expected that students will be ab le to
understand,
Manage the scale up process in pharmaceutical industry.
Assist in technology transfer.
To establish safety guidelines, which prevent industrial hazards.
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Pilot plant design: Basic requirements for design, facility,
equipment selection, for tablets, capsules, liquid orals, parentral
and semisolid preparations.
Scale up: Importance, Technology transfer from R & D to pilot
plant to plant scale, process scale up for tablets, capsules, liquid
orals, semisolids, parentral, NDDS products – stress on formula,
equipments, product uniformity, stability, raw materials, physical
layout, input, in -process and finished product specifications,
problems encountered during transfer of technology 12
Hrs
2 Validation: General concepts, types, procedures & protocols,
documentation, VMF. Analytical method validation , cleaning
validation and vender qualification.
3 Equipment Qualification: Importance, IQ, OQ, PQ for
equipments – autoclave, DHS, membrane filter, rapid mixer
granulator, cone blender, FBD, tablet compression machine,
liquid filling and sealing machine. Aseptic room validation. 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
4 Process validation: Importance, validation of mixing,
granulation, drying, compression, tablet coat ing, liquid filling and
sealing, sterilization, water process systems, environmental
control. 12
Hrs
Page 82
67 5 Industrial safety: Hazards – fire, mechanical, electrical,
chemical and pharmaceutical, Monitoring & prevention systems,
industrial effluent testing & treatment. Control of environmental
pollution. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Pharmaceutical process validation, JR Berry, Nash, Vol 57, Marcel Dekker,
NY.
2. Pharmaceutical Production facilities, design and applications, by GC Cole,
Taylor and Francis.
3. Pharmaceutical project management, T.Kennedy, Vol 86, Marcel Dekker,
NY.
4. The theory & Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, L.Lachman, H.A.Lieberma n,
Varghese Publ. Bombay.
5. Tablet machine instruments in pharmaceuticals, PR Watt, John Wiloy.
6. Pharmaceutical dosage forms, Tablets, Vol 1, 2, 3 by Lachman,
Lieberman, Marcel Dekker, NY.
7. Pharmaceutical dosage forms, Parentral medications, Vol 1, 2 by K.E.
Avis, Marcel Dekker, NY.
8. Dispersed system Vol 1, 2, 3 by Lachman, Lieberman, Marcel Dekker,
NY.
9. Subrahmanyam, CVS, Pharmaceutical production and Management, 2007,
Vallabh Prakashan,Dehli.
Page 83
68 PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
(MIP 203T)
Scope
This course is designed to impart knowledge and skills necessary to train the
students to be on par with the routine of Industrial activities in Production
Objectives
On completion of this course it is expected that students will be able to
understand,
Handle the scheduled activities in a Pharmaceutical firm.
Manage the production of large batches of pharmaceutical
formulations.
THEORY 60 Hrs
Improved Tablet Production: Tablet production process, unit
1. operation improvements, granulation and pelletization
equipments, continuous and batch mixing, rapid mixing
granulators, rota granulators, spheronizers and marumerisers,
and other specialized granulation and drying equipments.
Problems encountered.
Coating Technology: Process, equipments, particle coating,
fluidized bed coating, application techniques. Problems
encountered. 12
Hrs
2 Parenteral Production: Area planning & environmental control,
wall and floor treatment, fixtures and machineries, change rooms,
personnel flow, utilities & utilities equipment location, engineering
and maintenance. 12
Hrs
3 Lyophilization & Spray drying Technology: Principles,
process, freeze -drying and spray drying equipments. 12
Hrs
4 Capsule Production: Production process, improved capsule
manufacturing and filling machines for hard and soft gelatin
capsules. Layout and problems encountered.
Disperse Systems Production: Production pr ocesses,
applications of mixers, mills, disperse equipments including fine
solids dispersion, problems encountered. 12
Hrs
Page 84
69 Packaging Technology: Types of packaging materials,
machinery, label ing, package printing for different dosage forms.
5 Air Handling Systems: Study of AHUs, humidity & temperature
control, air filtration systems, dust collectors. Water Treatment
Process: Techniques and maintenance – RO, DM, ultra –
filtration, WFI. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. The Theory & Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, L. Lachman, Varghese
Publ, Bombay.
2. Modern Pharmaceutics by Banker, Vol 72, Marcel Dekker, NY.
3. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Vol 1, 2, 3 by Lachman, Lieberman,
Marcel Dekker, NY.
4. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Parentral medications, Vol 1, 2 by K.E.
Avis, Marcel Dekker, NY.
5. Pharmaceutical Production Facilities, design and application s, by G.C.
Cole, Taylor and Francis.
6. Dispersed System Vol 1, 2, 3 by Lachman, Lieberman, Marcel Dekker, NY.
7. Product design and testing of polymeric materials by N.P. Chezerisionoff.
8. Pharmaceutical Project Management, T.Kennedy, Vol 86, Marcel Dekker,
NY.
9. Packaging Pharmaceutical and Health Care, H.Lockhard.
10. Quality Control of Packaging Materials in Pharmaceutical Industy,
.Kharburn, Marcel Dekker, NY.
11. Freeze drying / Lyophilization of Pharmaceuticals & Biological Products, L.
Ray, Vol 96, Marcel Dekker, NY.
12. Tablet Machine Instrumentation In Pharmaceuticals, PR Watt, Ellis
Horwoods, UK.
Page 85
70 ENTREPRENEURSHIP MANAGEMENT
(MIP 204T)
Scope
This course is designed to impart knowledge and skills necessary to train t he
students on entrepreneurship management.
Objectives:
On completion of this course it is expected that students will be able to
understand,
The Role of enterprise in national and global economy
Dynamics of motivation and concepts of entrepreneurship
Demands and challenges of Growth Strategies And Networking
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Conceptual Frame Work: Concept need and process in
entrepreneurship development. Role of enterprise in national and
global economy. Types of enterprise – Merits and Demerits.
Government policies and schemes for enterprise development.
Institutional support in enterprise development and management. 12
Hrs
2 Entrepreneur: Entrepreneurial motivation – dynamics of
motivation. Entrepreneurial competency –Concepts. Developing
Entrepreneurial competencies - requirements and understanding
the process of entrepreneurship development, self -awareness,
interpersonal skills, creativity, assertiveness, achievement, factors
affecting entrepreneur role. 12
Hrs
3 Launching And Organising An Enterprise: Environment
scanning – Information, sources, schemes of assistance,
problems. Enterprise selection, market assessment, enterprise
feasibility study, SWOT Analysis. Resource mobilisation -
finance, technology, raw material, site and manpower. Costing
and marketing management and quality control. Feedback,
monitoring and evaluation.
4 Growth Strategies And Networking: Performance appraisal and
assessment. Profitability and control measures, demands and
challenges. Need for diversification. Future Growth – Techniques
of expansion and diversification, vision strategies. Concept and
dynamics. Methods, Joint venture, co -ordination and feasibility
study. 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
Page 86
71 5 Preparing Project Proposal To Start On New Enterprise
Project work – Feasibility report; Planning, resource mobilisation
and implementation. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Akhauri, M.M.P.(1990): Entrepreneurship for Women in India, NIESBUD,
New Delhi.
2. Hisrich, R.D & Brush, C.G.(1996) The Women Entrepreneurs, D.C. Health
& Co., Toranto.
3. Hisrich, R.D. and Peters, M.P. (1995): Entrepreneurship – Starting,
Developing and Managing a New Enterprise, Richard D., Inwin, INC, USA.
4. Meredith, G.G. etal (1982): Practice of Entrepreneurship, ILO, Geneva.
5. Patel, V.C. (1987): Women Entrepreneurship – Developing New
Entrepreneurs, Ahmedabad EDII.
Page 87
72 INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY PRACTICAL - II
(MIP 205P)
1. Improvement of dissolution characteristics of slightly soluble drug by Solid
dispersion technique.
2. Comparison of dissolution of two different marketed products /brands
3. Protein binding studies of a highly protein bound drug & poorly protein bound
drug
4. Bioavailability studies of Paracetamol (Animal).
5. Pharmacokinetic and IVIVC data analysis by WinnolineR software
6. In vitro cell studies for permeability and metabolism
7. Formulation and evaluation of tablets
8. Formulation and evaluation of capsules
9. Formulation and evaluation of injections
10. Formulation and evaluation of emulsion
11. Formulation and evaluation of suspension.
12. Formulation and evaluation of enteric coating tablets.
13. Preparation and evaluation of a freeze dried formulation.
14. Preparation and evaluation of a spray dried formulation.
Page 88
73 PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (MPC)
MODERN PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
(MPC 101T)
Scope
This subject deals with various advanced analytical instrumental techniques for
identification, characterization and quantification of drugs. Instruments dealt are
NMR, Mass spectrometer, IR, HP LC, GC etc.
Objectives
After completion of course student is able to know about chemicals and
excipients
The analysis of various drugs in single and combination dosage forms
Theoretical and practical skills of the instruments
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. a. UV-Visible spectroscopy : Introduction, Theory, Laws,
Instrumentation associated with UV -Visible spectroscopy, Choice
of solvents and solvent effect and Applications of UV -Visible
spectroscopy, Di fference/ Derivative spectroscopy.
b. IR spectroscopy : Theory, Modes of Molecular vibrations,
Sample handling, Instrumentation of Dispersive and Fourier -
Transform IR Spectrometer, Factors affecting vibrational
frequencies and Applications of IR spectroscopy , Data
Interpretation.
c. Spectroflourimetry: Theory of Fluorescence, Factors affecting
fluorescence (Characterestics of drugs that can be analysed by
flourimetry), Quenchers, Instrumentation and Applications of
fluorescence spectrophotometer.
d. Flame emission spectroscopy and Atomic absorption
spectroscopy : Principle, Instrumentation, Interferences and
Applications.
2 NMR spectroscopy : Quantum numbers and their role in NMR,
Principle, Instrumentation, Solvent requirement in NMR,
Relaxation process, NMR signals in various compounds,
Chemical shift, Factors influencing chemical shift, Spin -Spin
coupling, Coupling constant, Nuclear magnetic double resonance,
Brief outline of principles of FT -NMR and 13C NMR. Applications
of NMR spectroscopy. 10
Hrs
10
Hrs
Page 89
74 3 Mass Spectroscopy : Principle, Theory, Instrumentation of Mass
Spectroscopy, Different types of ionization like electron impact,
chemical, field, FAB and MALDI, APCI, ESI, APPI Analyzers of
Quadrupole and Time of Flight, Mass fragmentation and its rules,
Meta stable ions, Isotopic peaks and Applications of Mass
spectroscopy. 10
Hrs
4 Chromatography : Principle, apparatus, instrumentation,
chromatographic parameters, factors affecting resolution, isolation
of drug from excipients, data interpretation and applications of the
following:
a) Thin Layer chromatography
b) High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography
c) Ion exchange chromatography
d) Column chromatography
e) Gas chromatography
f) High Performance Liquid chromatography
g) Ultra High Performance Liquid chromatography
h) Affinity chromatography
i) Gel Chromatography 10
Hrs
5 a. Electrophoresis : Principle, Instrumentation, Working
conditions, factors affecting separation and applications of the
following:
a) Paper electrophoresis b) Gel electrophoresis c) Capillary
electrophoresis d) Zone electrophoresis e) Moving boundary
electrophoresis f) Iso electric focusing
b. X ray Crystallography : Production of X rays, Different X ray
methods, Bragg‘s la w, Rotating crystal technique, X ray powder
technique, Types of crystals and applications of X -ray diffraction. 10
Hrs
6 a. Potentiometry: Principle, working, Ion selective Electrodes
and Application of potentiometry.
b. Thermal Techniques : Principle, thermal transitions and
Instrumentation (Heat flux and power -compensation and designs),
Modulated DSC, Hyper DSC, experimental parameters (sample
preparation, experimental conditions, calibration, heating and
cooling rates, resolution, source of errors) and their influence,
advantage and disadvantages, pharmaceutical applications.
Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA): Principle, instrumentati on 10
Hrs
Page 90
75 and advantage and disadvantages, pharmaceutical applications,
derivative differential thermal analysis (DDTA). TGA: Principle,
instrumentation, factors affecting results, advantage and
disadvantages, pharmaceutical applications.
REFERENCES
1. Spectrometric Iden tification of Organic compounds - Robert M Silverstein,
Sixth edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
2. Principles of Instrumental Analysis - Doglas A Skoog, F. James Holler,
Timothy A. Nieman, 5th edition, Eastern press, Bangalore, 1998.
3. Instrumental methods of a nalysis – Willards, 7th edition, CBS publishers.
4. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry – Beckett and Stenlake, Vol II, 4th
edition, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 1997.
5. Organic Spectroscopy - William Kemp, 3rd edition, ELBS, 1991.
6. Quantitative Analysis of Drugs i n Pharmaceutical formulation - P D Sethi,
3rd Edition, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 1997.
7. Pharmaceutical Analysis - Modern Methods – Part B - J W Munson, Vol
11, Marcel. Dekker Series
8. Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds, 2nd edn., P.S/Kalsi, Wiley estern
Ltd., Delhi.
9. Textbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis, KA.Connors, 3rd Edition, John Wiley
& Sons, 1982.
Page 91
76 ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - I
(MPC 102T)
Scope
The subject is designed to pr ovide in -depth knowledge about advances in
organic chemistry, different techniques of organic synthesis and their
applications to process chemistry as well as drug discovery.
Objectives
Upon completion of course, the student shall be to understand
The pr inciples and applications of reterosynthesis
The mechanism & applications of various named reactions
The concept of disconnection to develop synthetic routes for small
target molecule.
The various catalysts used in organic reactions
The chemistry of heterocyclic compounds
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Basic Aspects of Organic Chemistry:
1. Organic intermediates: Carbocations, carbanions, free
radicals, carbenes and nitrenes. Their method of
formation, stability and synthetic applications.
2. Types of reaction mechanisms and methods of
determining them,
3. Detailed knowledge regarding the reactions,
mechanisms and their relative reactivity and orientations.
Addition reactions
a) Nucleophilic uni - and bimolecular reactions (SN1 and
SN2)
b) Elimination reactions (E1 & E2; Hoffman & Saytzeff’s
rule)
c) Rearrangement reaction
2 Study of mechanism and synthetic applications of following
named Reactions:
Ugi reaction, Brook rearrangement, Ullmann coupling reactions,
Dieckmann Reaction, Doebn er-Miller Reaction, Sandmeyer
Reaction, Mitsunobu reaction, Mannich reaction, Vilsmeyer -Haack
Reaction, Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation, Baeyer -Villiger
oxidation, Shapiro & Suzuki reaction, Ozonolysis and Michael
addition reaction 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
Page 92
77 3 Synthetic Reagents & Applications :
Aluminiumisopropoxide, N -bromosuccinamide, diazomethane,
dicyclohexylcarbodimide, Wilkinson reagent, Witting reagent.
Osmium tetroxide, titanium chloride, diazopropane, diethyl
azodicarboxylate, Triphenylphosphine, Benzotriazol -1-yloxy) tris
(dimethylamino) phosphonium hexafluoro -phosphate (BOP).
Protecting groups
a. Role of protection in organic synthesis
b. Protection for the hydroxyl group, including 1,2 -and1 ,3-diols:
ethers, esters, carbonates, cyclic acetals & ketals
c. Protection for the Carbonyl Group: Acetals and Ketals
d. Protection for the Carboxyl Group: amides and hydrazides,
esters
e. Protection for the Amino Group and Amino acids: carbamates
and amides
4 Heterocyclic Chemistry:
Organic Name reactions with their respective mechanism and
application involved in synthesis of drugs containing five, six
membered and fused hetrocyclics such as Debus -Radziszewski
imidazole synthesis, Knorr Pyrazole Synthesis Pinn er Pyrimidine
Synthesis, Combes Quinoline Synthesis, Bernthsen Acridine
Synthesis, Smiles rearrangement and Traube purine synthesis.
Synthesis of few representative drugs containing these
hetrocyclic nucleus such as Ketoconazole, Metronidazole,
Miconazol e, celecoxib, antipyrin, Metamizole sodium,
Terconazole, Alprazolam, Triamterene, Sulfamerazine,
Trimethoprim, Hydroxychloroquine, Quinine, Chloroquine,
Quinacrine, Amsacrine, Prochlorpherazine, Promazine,
Chlorpromazine,Theophylline , Mercaptopurine and Thioguanine. 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
5 Synthon approach and retrosynthesis applications
i. Basic principles, terminologies and advantages of
retrosynthesis; guidelines for dissection of molecules.
Functional group interconvertion and addition (FGI and FGA)
ii. C‐X disconnections; C ‐C disconnections – alcohols and
carbonyl compounds; 1,2 ‐, 1,3‐,1,4‐, 1,5‐, 1,6‐difunctionalized
compounds
iii. Strategies for synthesis of three, four, five and six ‐membered
ring. 12
Hrs
Page 93
78 REFERENCES
1. “Advanced Organic chemistry, Reaction, Mechanisms and Structure”, J
March, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
2. “Mechanism and Structure in Organic Chemistry”, ES Gould, Hold Rinchart
and Winston, New York.
3. “Organic Chemistry” Clayden, Greeves, Warren and Woihers., Oxford
University Press 2001.
4. “Organic Chemistry” Vol I and II. I.L. Finar. ELBS, Pearson Education Lts,
Dorling Kindersley 9India) Pvt. Ltd.,.
5. A guide to mechanisms in Organic Chemistry, Peter Skyes (Orient
Longman, New Delhi).
6. Reactive Intermediates in Organic Chemistry, Tandom and Gowel, Oxford
& IBH Publishers.
7. Combinational Chemistry – Synthesis and applications – Stephen R
Wilson & Anthony W Czarnik, Wiley – Blackwell.
8. Carey, Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition (Viva Books Pvt. Ltd.)
9. Organic Synthesis - The Disconnection Approach, S. Warren, Wily India
10. Principles of Organic Synthesis, ROC Norman and JM Coxan, Nelson
Thorns.
11. Organic Synthesis - Special Techniques. VK Ahluwalia and R Agarwal,
Narosa Publishers.
12. Organic Reaction Mechanisms IVth Edtn, VK Ahluwalia and RK Parashar,
Narosa Publishers.
Page 94
79 ADVANCED MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
(MPC 103T)
Scope
The subject is designed to impart knowledge about recent advances in the field
of medicinal chemistry at the molecular level including different techniques for
the rational drug design.
Objectives
At completio n of this course it is expected that students will be able to
understand
Different stages of drug discovery
Role of medicinal chemistry in drug research
Different techniques for drug discovery
Various strategies to design and develop new drug like molecule s for
biological targets
Peptidomimetics
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Drug discovery: Stages of drug discovery, lead discovery;
identification, validation and diversity of drug targets.
Biological drug targets: Receptors, types, binding and
activation, theories of drug receptor interaction, drug receptor
interactions, agonists vs antagonists, artificial enzymes. 12
Hrs
2 Prodrug Design and Analog design:
a) Prodrug design : Basic concept, Carrier linked prodrugs/
Bioprecursors, Prodrugs of functional group, Prodrugs to
improve patient acceptability, Drug solubility, Drug
absorption and distribution, site specific drug delivery
and sustained drug action. Rationale of prodrug design
and practical consideration of prodrug design.
b) Combating drug resistance: Causes for drug
resistance, strategies to combat drug resistance in
antibiotics and anticancer therapy, Genetic principles of
drug resistance.
c) Analog Design: Introduction, Classical & Non classical,
Bioisosteric replacement strategies, rigid analogs, 12
Hrs
Page 95
80 alteration of chain branching, changes in ring size, ring
position isomers, design of stereo isomers and
geometric isomers, fragments of a lead molecule,
variation in inter atomic distance.
3 a) Medicinal chemistry aspects of the following class of drugs
Systematic study, SAR, Mechanism of action and synthesis of
new generation molecules of following class of drugs:
a) Anti-hypertensive drugs, Psychoactive drugs, Anticonvulsant
drugs, H1 & H2 receptor antagonist, COX1 & COX2 inhibitors,
Adrenergic & Cholinergic agents, Antineoplastic and Antiviral
agents.
b) Stereochemistry and Drug action: Realization that stereo
selectivity is a pre -requisite for evolution. Role of chirality in
selective an d specific therapeutic agents. Case studies,
Enantio selectivity in drug adsorption, metabolism, distribution
and elimination. 12
Hrs
4 Ratio nal Design of Enzyme Inhibitors
Enzyme kinetics & Principles of Enzyme inhibitors, Enzyme
inhibitors in medicine, Enzyme inhibitors in basic research,
rational design of non -covalently and covalently binding enzyme
inhibitors. 12
Hrs
5 Peptidomimetics
Therapeutic values of Peptidomimetics, design of
peptidomimetics by manipulation of the amino acids, modification
of the peptide backbone, incorporating conformational constraints
locally or globally. Chemistry of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and
thromboxones. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Medicinal Chemistry by Burger, Vol I –VI.
2. Wilson and Gisvold’s Text book of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, 12th Edition, Lppincott Williams & Wilkins, Woltess Kluw er
(India) Pvt.Ltd, New Delhi.
3. Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry – Corwin and Hansch.
4. Computational and structural approaches to drug design edited by Robert
M Stroud and Janet. F Moore
Page 96
81 5. Introduction to Quantitative Drug Design by Y.C. Martin.
6. Principles of Medicinal Chemistry by William Foye, 7th Edition, Ippincott
Williams & Wilkins, Woltess Kluwer (India) Pvt.Ltd, New Delhi.
7. Drug Design Volumes by Arienes, Academic Press, Elsevier Publishers,
Noida, Uttar Pradesh..
8. Principles of Drug Design by Smith.
9. The Organic Chemistry of the Drug Design and Drug action by Richard
B.Silverman, II Edition, Elsevier Publishers, New Delhi.
10. An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry, Graham L.Patrick, III Edition,
Oxford U niversity Press, USA.
11. Biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics, DM.Brahmankar, Sunil B.
Jaiswal II Edition, 2014, Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi.
12. Peptidomimetics in Organic and Medicinal Chemistry by Antonio Guarna
and Andrea Trabocchi, First edition, Wiley pub lishers.
Page 97
82 CHEMISTRY OF NATURAL PRODUCTS
(MPC 104T)
Scope
The subject is designed to provide detail knowledge about chemistry of
medicinal compounds from natural origin and general methods of structural
elucidation of such compounds. It also emphasizes on isolation, purification and
characterization of medicinal compounds from natural origin.
Objectives
At completion of this course it is expected that students will be able to
under stand -
Different types of natural compounds and their chemistry and
medicinal importance
The importance of natural compounds as lead molecules for new drug
discovery
The concept of rDNA technology tool for new drug discovery
General methods of structural elucidation of compounds of natural
origin
Isolation, purification and characterization of simple chemical
constituents from natural source
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Study of Natural products as leads for new pharmaceuticals
for the following class of drugs
a) Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System: Morphine
Alkaloids
b) Anticancer Drugs: Paclitaxel and Docetaxel, Etoposide, and
Teniposide
c) Cardiovascular Drugs: Lovastatin, Teprotide and Dicoumarol
d) Neuromuscul ar Blocking Drugs: Curare alkaloids
e) Anti-malarial drugs and Analogues
f) Chemistry of macrolid antibiotics (Erythromycin, Azithromycin,
Roxithromycin, and Clarithromycin) and β - Lactam antibiotics
(Cephalosporins and Carbapenem)
2 a) Alkaloids
General introduction, classification, isolation, purification,
molecular modification and biological activity of alkaloids, general
methods of structural determination of alkaloids, structural
elucidation and stereochemistry of ephedrine, morphine, ergot,
emetine and reserpine. 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
Page 98
83 b) Flavonoids
Introduction, isolation and purification of flavonoids, General
methods of structural determination of flavonoids; Structural
elucidation of quercetin.
c) Steroids
General introduction, chemistry of sterols, sapogenin and cardiac
glycosides. Stereochemistry and nomenclature of steroids,
chemistry of contraceptive agents male & female sex hormo nes
(Testosterone, Estradiol, Progesterone), adrenocorticoids
(Cortisone), contraceptive agents and steroids (Vit – D).
3 a) Terpenoids
Classification, isolation, isoprene rule and general methods of
structural elucidation of Terpenoids; Structural elucidat ion of
drugs belonging to mono (citral, menthol, camphor), di(retinol,
Phytol, taxol) and tri terpenoids (Squalene,Ginsenoside)
carotinoids (β carotene).
b) Vitamins
Chemistry and Physiological significance of Vitamin A, B1, B2,
B12, C, E, Folic acid and Niacin.
12
Hrs
4 a). Recombinant DNA technology and drug discovery
rDNA technology, hybridoma technology, New pharmaceuticals
derived from biotechnology; Oligonucleotide therapy. Gene
therapy: Introduction, Clinical application and recent advances in
gene therapy, principles of RNA & DNA estimation
b). Active constituent of certain crude drugs used in
Indigenous system Diabetic therapy – Gymnema sylvestre,
Salacia reticulate, Pterocarpus marsupiam, Swertia chirata,
Trigonella foenum graccum; Liver dysfunction – Phyllanthus niruri;
Antitumor – Curcuma longa Linn. 12
Hrs
5 Structural Characterization of natural compounds
Structural characterization of natural compounds using IR,
1HNMR, 13CNMR and MS Spectroscopy of specific drugs e.g.,
Penicillin, Morphine, Camphor, Vit -D, Quercetin and Digitalis
glycosides. 12
Hrs
Page 99
84 REFERENCES
1. Modern Methods of Plant Analysis, Peech and M.V.Tracey, Springer –
Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.
2. Phytochemistry Vol. I and II by Miller, Jan Nostrant Rein Hld.
3. Recent advances in Phytochemistry Vol. I to IV – Scikel Runeckles,
Springer Science & Business Media.
4. Chemistry of natural products Vol I onwards IWPAC.
5. Natural Product Chemistry Nakanishi Gggolo, University Science Books,
California.
6. Natural Product Chemistry “A laboratory guide” – Rapheal Khan.
7. The Alkaloid Chemistry and Physiology by RHF Manske, Academic Press.
8. Introduction to molecular Phytochemistry – CHJ Wells, Chapmannstall.
9. Organic Chemistry of Natural Products Vol I and II by Gurdeep and
Chatwall, Himalaya Publishing House.
10. Organic Chemistry of Natural Products Vol I and II by O.P. Agarwal,
Krishan Prakashan.
11. Organic Chemistry Vol I and II by I.L. F inar, Pearson education.
12. Elements of Biotechnology by P.K. Gupta, Rastogi Publishers.
13. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology by S.P.Vyas and V.K.Dixit, CBS Publishers.
14. Biotechnology by Purohit and Mathur, Agro -Bios, 13th edition.
15. Phytochemical methods of Harborne, S pringer, Netherlands.
16. Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry.
Page 100
85 PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL - I
(MPC 105P)
1. Analysis of Pharmacopoeial compounds and their formulations by UV Vis
spectrophotometer, RNA & DNA estimation
2. Simultaneous estimation of multi component containing formulations by UV
spectrophotometry
3. Experiments based on Column chromatography
4. Experiments based on HPLC
5. Experiments based on Gas Chromatography
6. Estimation of riboflavin/quinine sulphate by fluorimetry
7. Estimation of sodium/potassium by flame photometry
To perform the following reactions of synthetic importance
1. Purification of organic solvents, column chromatography
2. Claisen -schimidt reaction.
3. Benzyllic acid rearrangement.
4. Beckmann rearrangement.
5. Hoffmann rearrangement
6. Mannich reaction
7. Synthesis of medicinally important compounds involving more than one
step along with purification and Characterization using TLC, melting point
and IR spectroscopy (4 experiments)
8. Estimation of elemen ts and functional groups in organic natural compounds
9. Isolation, characterization like melting point, mixed melting point, molecular
weight determination, functional group analysis, co -chromatographic
technique for identification of isolated compounds and interpretation of UV
and IR data.
10. Some typical degradation reactions to be carried on selected plant
constituents
Page 101
86 ADVANCED SPECTRAL ANALYSIS
(MPC 201T)
Scope
This subject deals with various hyphenated analytical instrumental techniques
for identification, characterization and quantification of drugs. Instruments dealt
are LC -MS, GC -MS, ATR -IR, DSC etc.
Objectives
At completion of this course it is expected that students will be able to
understand -
Interpretation of the NMR, Mass and IR spectra of various organic
compounds
Theoretical and practical skills of the hyphenated instruments
Identification of organic compounds
THEORY 60Hrs
1. UV and IR spec troscopy:
Wood ward – Fieser rule for 1,3 - butadienes, cyclic dienes and α,
β-carbonyl compounds and interpretation compounds of enones.
ATR-IR, IR Interpretation of organic compounds. 12
Hrs
2 NMR spectroscopy:
1-D and 2 -D NMR, NOESY and COSY, HECTOR, INADEQUATE
techniques, Interpretation of organic compounds. 12
Hrs
3 Mass Spectroscopy
Mass fragmentation and its rules, Fragmentation of important
functional groups like alcohols, amines, carbonyl groups and
alkanes, Meta stable ions, Mc Lafferty rearrangement, Ring rule,
Isotopic peaks, Interpretation of organic compounds. 12
Hrs
4 Chromatography:
Principle, Instrumentation and Applications of the following :
a) GC-MS b) GC -AAS c) LC -MS d) LC -FTIR e) LC -NMR f) CE -
MS g) High Performance Thin Layer chromatography h) Super
critical fluid chromatography i) Ion Chromatography j) I -EC (Ion -
Exclusion Chromatography) k) Flash chromatography 12
Hrs
Page 102
87 5 a). Thermal methods of analysis
Introduction, principle, instrumentation and application of DSC,
DTA and TGA.
b). Raman Spectroscopy
Introduction, Principle, Instrumentation and Applications.
c). Radio immuno assay
Biological standardization , bioassay, ELISA, Radioimmuno
assay of digitalis and insulin. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Spectrometric Identification of Organic compounds - Robert M S ilverstein,
Sixth edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
2. Principles of Instrumental Analysis - Doglas A Skoog, F. James Holler,
Timothy A. Nieman, 5th edition, Eastern press, Bangalore, 1998.
3. Instrumental methods of analysis – Willards, 7th edition, CBS publishers.
4. Organic Spectroscopy - William Kemp, 3rd edition, ELBS, 1991.
5. Quantitative analysis of Pharmaceutical formulations by HPTLC - P D
Sethi, CBS Publishers, New Delhi.
6. Quantitative Analysis of Drugs in Pharmaceutical formulation - P D Sethi,
3rd Edition, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 1997.
7. Pharmaceutical Analysis - Modern methods – Part B - J W Munson,
Volume 11, Marcel Dekker Series
Page 103
88 ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - II
(MPC 202T)
Scope
The subject i s designed to provide in -depth knowledge about advances in
organic chemistry, different techniques of organic synthesis and their
applications to process chemistry as well as drug discovery.
Objectives
Upon completion of course, the student shall able to understand
The principles and applications of Green chemistry
The concept of peptide chemistry.
The various catalysts used in organic reactions
The concept of stereochemistry and asymmetric synthesis.
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Green Chemistry:
a. Introduction, principles of green chemistry
b. Microwave assisted reactions: Merit and demerits of its use,
increased reaction rates, mechanism, superheating effects of
microwave, effects of solvents in microwave assisted
synthesis, microwave technology in process optimization, its
applications in various organic reactions and heterocycles
synthesis
c. Ultrasound assisted reactions: Types of sonochemical
reactions, homogenous, heterogeneous l iquid -liquid and
liquid -solid reactions, synthetic applications
d. Continuous flow reactors: Working principle, advantages and
synthetic applications.
2 Chemistry of peptides
a. Coupling reactions in peptide synthesis
b. Principles of solid phase peptide synthesis, t-BOC and FMOC
protocols, various solid supports and linkers: Activation
procedures, peptide bond formation, deprotection and
cleavage from resin, low and high HF cleavage protocols,
formation of free peptides and peptide amides, purification and
case stud ies, site -specific chemical modifications of peptides
c. Segment and sequential strategies for solution phase peptide
synthesis with any two case studies
d. Side reactions in peptide synthesis: Deletion peptides, side 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
Page 104
89 reactions initiated by proton abstraction, protonation, over -
activation and side reactions of individual amino acids.
3 Photochemical Reac tions
Basic principles of photochemical reactions. Photo -oxidation,
photo -addition and photo -fragmentation.
Pericyclic reactions
Mechanism, Types of pericyclic reactions such as cyclo addition,
electrocyclic reaction and sigmatrophic rearrangement reactions
with examples 12
Hrs
4 Catalysis:
a. Types of catalysis, heterogeneous and homogenous catalysis,
advantages and disadvantages
b. Heterogeneous catalysis – preparation, characterization,
kinetics, supported catalysts, catalyst deactivation and
regeneration, some examples of heterogeneous catalysis
used in synthesis of drugs.
c. Homogenous catalysis, hydrogenation, hydroformylation,
hydrocyanation, Wilkinson catalysts, chiral ligands and chiral
induction, Ziegler ‐Natta catalysts, some examples of
homogenous catalysis used in synthesis of drugs
d. Transition -metal and Organo -catalysis in organic synthesis:
Metal -catalyzed reactions
e. Biocatalys is: Use of enzymes in organic synthesis,
immobilized enzymes/cells in organic reaction.
f. Phase transfer catalysis ‐ theory and applications 12
Hrs
5 Stereochemistry & Asymmetric Synthesis
a. Basic concepts in stereochemistry – optical activity, specific
rotation, racemates and resolution of racemates, the Cahn,
Ingold, Prelog (CIP) sequence rule, meso c ompounds, pseudo
asymmetric centres, axes of symmetry, Fischers D and L
notation, cis -trans isomerism, E and Z notation.
b. Methods of asymmetric synthesis using chiral pool, chiral
auxiliaries and catalytic asymmetric synthesis, enantiopure
separation and Stereo selective synthesis with examples. 12
Hrs
Page 105
90 REFERENCES
1. “Advanced Organic chemistry, Reaction, mechanisms and structure”, J
March, John Wiley and sons, New York.
2. “Mechanism and structure in organic chemistry”, ES Gould, Hold Rinchart
and Winston,NewYork.
3. “Organic Chemistry” Clayden, Greeves, Warren and Woihers., Oxford
University Press 2001.
4. “Organic Chemistry” Vol I and II. I.L. Finar. ELBS, Sixth ed., 1995.
5. Carey, Organic chemistry, 5th edition (Viva Books Pvt. Ltd.)
6. Organic synthesis -the disconnection approach, S. Warren, Wily India
7. Principles of organic synthesis, ROCNorman and JMCoxan, Nelson thorns
8. Organic synthesis - Special techniques VK Ahluwalia and R Aggarwal,
Narosa Publishers.
9. Organic reaction mechanisms IV edtn, VK Ahluwalia and RK Parashar,
Narosa Publishers.
Page 106
91 COMPUTER AIDED DRUG DESIGN
(MPC 203T)
Scope
The subject is designed to impart knowledge on the current state of the art
techniques involved in computer assisted drug design.
Objectives
At completion of this course it is expected that students will be able to
understand
Role of CADD in drug discovery
Different CADD techniques and their applications
Various strate gies to design and develop new drug like molecules.
Working with molecular modeling softwares to design new drug
molecules
The in silico virtual screening protocols
Theory 60 Hrs
1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drug Design (CADD)
History, different techniques and applications.
Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships: Basics
History and development of QSAR: Physicochemical parameters
and methods to calculate physicochemical parameters: Hammett
equation and electronic parameters (sigma), lipophilicity effects
and parameters (log P, pi -substituent constant), steric effects
(Taft steric and MR parameters) Experimental and theoretical
approaches for the determination of these physicochemical
parameters. 12
Hrs
2 Quanti tative Structure Activity Relationships: Applications
Hansch analysis, Free Wilson analysis and relationship between
them, Advantages and disadvantages; Deriving 2D -QSAR
equations.
3D-QSAR approaches and contour map analysis.
Statistical methods used in QSAR analysis and importance of
statistical parameters. 12
Hrs
3 Molecular Modeling and Docking
a) Molecular and Quantum Mechanics in drug desig n.
b) Energy Minimization Methods: comparison between global 12
Hrs
Page 107
92 minimum conformation and bioactive conformation
c) Molecular docking and drug receptor interactions: Rigid
docking, flexible docki ng and extra -precision docking.
Agents acting on enzymes such as DHFR, HMG -CoA
reductase and HIV protease, choline esterase ( AchE &
BchE)
4 Molecular Properties and Drug Design
a) Prediction and analysis of ADMET properties of new
molecules and its importance in drug design.
b) De novo drug design: Receptor/enzyme -interaction and its
analysis, Receptor/enzyme cavity size prediction, predicting
the functional components of cavities, Fragment based drug
design.
c) Homology modeling and generation of 3D -structure of
protein. 12
Hrs
5 Pharmacophore Mapping and Virtual Screening
Concept of pharmacophore, pharmacophore mapping,
identification of Pharmacophore features and Pharmacophore
modeling; Conformational search used in pharmacophore
mapping.
In Silico Drug Design and Virtual Screening Techniques
Similarity based methods and Pharmacophore based screening,
structure based In-silico virtual screening protocols. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Computational and structural approaches to drug discovery , Robert M
Stroud and Janet. F Moore, RCS Publishers.
2. Introduction to Quantitative Drug Design by Y.C. Martin, CRC Press,
Taylor & Francis group..
3. Drug Design by Ariens Volume 1 to 10, Academic Press, 1975, Elsevier
Publishers.
4. Principles of Drug Design b y Smith and Williams, CRC Press, Taylor &
Francis.
5. The Organic Chemistry of the Drug Design and Drug action by Richard B.
Silverman, Elsevier Publishers.
6. Medicinal Chemistry by Burger, Wiley Publishing Co.
Page 108
93 7. An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry –Graham L. Patrick, Oxford
University Press.
8. Wilson and Gisvold’s Text book of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Ippincott Williams & Wilkins.
9. Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry – Corwin and Hansch, Pergamon
Publishers.
10. Computational and structural approaches to drug design edited by Robert
M Stroud and Janet. F Moore
Page 109
94 PHARMACEUTICAL PROCESS CHEMISTRY
(MPC 204T)
Scope
Process chemistry is often described as scale up reactions, taking them from
small quantities created in the research lab to the larger quantities that are
needed for further testing and then to even larger quantities required for
commercial production. The goal of a process chemist is to develop synthetic
routes that are safe, cost -effective, environmentally friendly, and efficient. The
subject is designed to impart knowledge on the development and optimization of
a synthetic route/s and the pilot plant procedure for the manufacture of Active
Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) and new chemical entities (NCEs) for the
drug development phase.
Objectives
At completion of this course it is expected that students will be able to
understand
The strategies of scale up process of apis and intermediates
The various unit operations and various reactions in process chemistry
THEO RY 60 Hrs
1. Process chemistry
Introduction, Synthetic strategy
Stages of scale up process: Bench, pilot and large scale process.
In-process control and validation of large scale process.
Case studies of some scale up process of APIs.
Impurities in API, types and their sources including genotoxic
impurities 12
Hrs
2 Unit operations
a) Extraction: Liquid equilibria, extraction with reflux,
extraction with agitation, counter current extraction.
b) Filtration : Theory of filtration, pressure and vacuum
filtration, centrifugal filtration,
c) Distillation : azeotropic and steam distillation
d) Evaporation : Types of evaporators, factors affecting
evaporation.
e) Crystallization : Crystallization from aqueous, non -
aqueous solu tions factors affecting crystallization,
nucleation. Principle and general methods of Preparation
of polymorphs, hydrates, solvates and amorphous APIs. 12
Hrs
Page 110
95 3 Unit Processes - I
a) Nitration: Nitrating agents, Aromatic nitration, kinetics
and mechanism of aromatic nitration, process equipment
for technical nitration, mixed acid for nitration,
b) Halogenation: Kinetics of halogenations, types of
halogenations, catalytic halogenations. Case study on
industrial halogenation process.
c) Oxidation : Introduction, types of oxidative reactions,
Liquid phase oxidation with oxidizing agents. Nonmetallic
Oxidizing agents such as H 2O2, sodium hypochlorite,
Oxygen gas, ozonolysis. 12
Hrs
4 Unit Processes - II
a) Reduction: Catalytic hydrogenation, Heterogeneous
and homogeneous catalyst; Hydrogen transfer reactions,
Metal hydrid es. Case study on industrial reduction
process.
b) Fermentation : Aerobic and anaerobic fermentation.
Production of
i. Antibiotics; Penicillin and Streptomycin,
ii. Vitamins: B2 and B12
iii. Statins: Lovastatin, Simvastatin
c) Reaction progress kinetic analysis
i. Streamlining reaction steps, route selection,
ii. Characteristics of expedient routes, characteristics of
cost-effective routes, reagent selection, families of
reagents useful for scale -up. 12
Hrs
5 Industrial Safety
a) MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet), hazard labels of
chemicals and Personal Protection Equipment (PPE)
b) Fire hazards, types of fire & fire extinguishers
c) Occupational Health & Safety Assessment Series 1800
(OHSAS -1800) and ISO -14001(Environmental
Management System), Effluents and its management 12
Hrs
Page 111
96 REFERENCES
1. Process Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Challenges in an Ever -
Changing Climate -An Overview; K. Gadamasetti, CRC Press.
2. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia, 3rd edition, Volume 2.
3. Medicinal Chemistry by Burger, 6th edition, Volume 1-8.
4. W.L. McCabe, J.C Smith, Peter Harriott. Unit operations of chemic al
engineering, 7th edition, McGraw Hill
5. Polymorphism in Pharmaceutical Solids .Dekker Series Volume 95 Ed: H
G Brittain (1999)
6. Regina M. Murphy: Introduction to Chemical Processes: Principles,
Analysis, Synthesis
7. Peter J. Harrington: Pharmaceutical Proce ss Chemistry for Synthesis:
Rethinking the Routes to Scale -Up
8. P.H.Groggins: Unit processes in organic synthesis (MGH)
9. F.A.Henglein: Chemical Technology (Pergamon)
10. M.Gopal: Dryden’s Outlines of Chemical Technology, WEP East -West
Press
11. Clausen,Mattson: Principle of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley Publishing Co.,
12. Lowenheim & M.K. Moran: Industrial Chemicals
13. S.D. Shukla & G.N. Pandey: A text book of Chemical Technology Vol. II,
Vikas Publishing House
14. J.K. Stille: Industrial Organic Chemistry (PH)
15. Shreve: Chemi cal Process, Mc Grawhill.
16. B.K.Sharma: Industrial Chemistry, Goel Publishing House
17. ICH Guidelines
18. United States Food and Drug Administration official website www.fda.gov
Page 112
97 PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS – II
(MPC 205P)
1. Synthesis of organic compounds by adapting different approaches
involving (3 experiments)
a) Oxidation
b) Reduction/hydrogenation
c) Nitration
2. Comparative study of synthesis of APIs/intermediates by different synthetic
routes (2 experiments)
3. Assignments on regulatory requirements in API (2 experiments)
4. Comparison of absorption spectra by UV and Wood ward – Fieser rule
5. Interpretation of organic compounds by FT-IR
6. Interpretation of organic compounds by NMR
7. Interpretation of organic compounds by MS
8. Determination of purity by DSC in pharmaceuticals
9. Identification of organic compounds using FT -IR, NMR, CNMR and Mass
spectra
10. To carry out the preparation of following organic compounds
11. Preparation of 4 -chlorobenzhydrylpiperazine. (an intermediate for cetirizine
HCl).
12. Preparation of 4 -iodotolene from p-toluidine.
13. NaBH 4 reduction of vanillin to vanillyl alcohol
14. Preparation of umbelliferone by Pechhman reaction
15. Preparation of triphenyl imidazole
16. To perform the Microwave irradiated reactions of synthetic importance
(Any two)
17. Determination of log P, MR, hydrogen bond donors and acceptors of
selected drugs using softwares
18. Calculation of ADMET properties of drug molecules and its analysis using
softwares
Pharmacophore modeling
19. 2D-QSAR based experiments
20. 3D-QSAR based experiments
21. Docking study based experiment
22. Virtual screening based experiment
Page 113
98 PHARMACEUTICAL ANA LYSIS (MPA)
MODERN PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
(MPA 101T)
Scope
This subject deals with various advanced analytical instrumental techniques for
identification, characterization and quantification of drugs. Instruments dealt are
NMR, Mass spectrom eter, IR, HPLC, GC etc.
Objectives
After completion of course student is able to know about chemicals and
excipients
The analysis of various drugs in single and combination dosage forms
Theoretical and practical skills of the instruments
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. a. UV-Visible spectroscopy : Introduction, Theory, Laws,
Instrumentation associated with UV -Visible spectroscopy, Choice
of solvents and solvent effect and Applications of UV -Visible
spectroscopy, Di fference/ Derivative spectroscopy.
b. IR spectroscopy : Theory, Modes of Molecular vibrations,
Sample handling, Instrumentation of Dispersive and Fourier -
Transform IR Spectrometer, Factors affecting vibrational
frequencies and Applications of IR spectroscopy , Data
Interpretation.
c. Spectroflourimetry: Theory of Fluorescence, Factors affecting
fluorescence (Characterestics of drugs that can be analysed by
flourimetry), Quenchers, Instrumentation and Applications of
fluorescence spectrophotometer.
d. Flame emission spectroscopy and Atomic absorption
spectroscopy : Principle, Instrumentation, Interferences and
Applications.
2 NMR spectroscopy : Quantum numbers and their role in NMR,
Principle, Instrumentation, Solvent requirement in NMR,
Relaxation process, NMR signals in various compounds,
Chemical shift, Factors influencing chemical shift, Spin -Spin
coupling, Coupling constant, Nuclear magnetic double resonance,
Brief outline of principles of FT -NMR and 13C NMR. Applications
of NMR spectroscopy. 10
Hrs
10
Hrs
3 Mass Spectroscopy : Principle, Theory, Instrumentation of Mass 10
Page 114
99 Spectroscopy, Different types of ionization like electron impact,
chemi cal, field, FAB and MALDI, APCI, ESI, APPI Analyzers of
Quadrupole and Time of Flight, Mass fragmentation and its rules,
Meta stable ions, Isotopic peaks and Applications of Mass
spectroscopy. Hrs
4 Chromatography : Principle, apparatus, instrumentation,
chromatographic parameters, factors affecting resolution, isolation
of drug from e xcipients, data interpretation and applications of the
following:
a. Thin Layer chromatography
b. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography
c. Ion exchange chromatography
d. Column chromatography
e. Gas chromatography
f. High Performance Liquid chromatography
g. Ultra High Performance Liquid chromatography
h. Affinity chromatography
i. Gel Chromatography 10
Hrs
5 a. Electrophoresis : Principle, Instrumentation, Working
conditions, factors affecting separation and applications of the
following:
a) Paper electrophoresis b) Gel electrophoresis c) Capillary
electrophoresis d) Zone electrophoresis e) Moving boundary
electrophoresis f) Iso electric focusing
b. X ray Crystall ography : Production of X rays, Different X ray
methods, Bragg‘s law, Rotating crystal technique, X ray powder
technique, Types of crystals and applications of X -ray diffraction 10
Hrs
6 Potentiometry: Principle, working, Ion selective Electrodes and
Application of potentiometry.
Thermal Techniques : Principle, thermal transitions and
Instrumentation (Heat flux and power -compensation and designs),
Modulated DSC, Hyper DSC, experimental parameters (sample
preparation, experimental conditions, calibration, heating and
cooling rates, resolution, source of errors) and their influence,
advantage and disadvantages, pharmaceutical applications.
Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA): Principle, instrumentation 10
Hrs
Page 115
100 and advantage and disadvantages, pharmaceutical applications,
derivative differential thermal analysis (DDTA). TGA: Principle,
instrumentation, factors affecting results, advantage and
disadvantages, pharmaceutical applications.
REFERENCES
1. Spectrometric Ide ntification of Organic compounds - Robert M Silverstein,
Sixth edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
2. Principles of Instrumental Analysis - Doglas A Skoog, F. James Holler,
Timothy A. Nieman, 5th edition, Eastern press, Bangalore, 1998.
3. Instrumental methods of analysis – Willards, 7th edition, CBS publishers.
4. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry – Beckett and Stenlake, Vol II, 4th
edition, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 1997.
5. Organic Spectroscopy - William Kemp, 3rd edition, ELBS, 1991.
6. Quantitative Analysis of Drugs in Pharmaceutical formulation - P D Sethi,
3rd Edition, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 1997.
7. Pharmaceutical Analysis - Modern Methods – Part B - J W Munson, Vol
11, Marcel. Dekker Series
8. Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds, 2nd edn., P.S/Kalsi, Wiley estern
Ltd., Delhi.
9. Textbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis, KA.Connors, 3rd Edition, John Wiley
& Sons, 1982.
Page 116
101 ADVANCED PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS
(MPA 102T)
Scope
This subject deals with the various aspects o f Impurity, Impurities in new drug
products, in residual solvents, Elemental impurities, Impurity profiling and
characterization of degradents, Stability testing of phytopharmaceuticals and
their protocol preparation. It also covers the biological testing of various
vaccines and their principle and procedure.
Objective
After completion of the course students shall able to know,
Appropriate analytical skills required for the analytical method
development.
Principles of various reagents used in functional group analysis that
renders necessary support in research methodology and
demonstrates its application in the practical related problems.
Analysis of impurities in drugs, residual solvents and stability studies of
drugs and biological products
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Impurity and stability studies: 10
Definition, classification of impurities in drug Substance or Active Hrs
Pharmaceutical Ingredients and quantification of impurities as per
ICH guidelines
Impurities in new drug products:
Rationale for the reporting and control of degradation products,
reporting degradation products content of batches, listing of
degradation products in specifications, qualification of degradation
products
Impurities in residual solvents:
General principles, classification of residual solvents, Analytical
procedures, limits of residual solvents, reporting levels of residual
solvents
2 Elemental impurities: 10
Element classification, control of elemental impurities, Potential Hrs
Sources of elemental Impurities, Identification of Potential
Elemental Impurities, analytical procedures, instrumentation & C,
H, N and S analysis
Page 117
102 Stability testing protocols:
Selection of batches, container orientation, test parameters,
sampling frequency, specification, storage conditions, recording of
results, concept of stability, commitment etc. Important
mechanistic and stability related information provided by results of
study of factors like temperature, pH, buffering species ionic
strength and dielectric constant etc. on the reaction rates. With
practical considerations.
3 Impurity profiling and degradent characterizat ion: Method
development, Stability studies and concepts of validation
accelerated stability testing & shelf life calculation, WHO and ICH
stability testing guidelines, Stability zones, steps in development,
practical considerations. Basics of impurity profiling and
degradent characterization with special emphasis. Photostability
testing guidelines, ICH stability guidelines for biological products 10
Hrs
4 Stability testing of phytopharmaceuticals:
Regulatory requirements, protocols, HPTLC/HPLC finger printing,
interactions and complexity. 10
Hrs
5 Biological tests and assays of the following:
a. Adsorbed Tetanus vaccine b. Adsorbed Diphtheria vaccine
c. Human anti haemophilic vaccine d. Rabies vaccine e.
Tetanus Anti toxin f. Tetanus Anti serum g. Oxytocin h.
Heparin sodium IP i. Antivenom. PCR, PCR studies for gene
regulation, instrumentation (Principle and Procedures) 10
Hrs
6 Immunoassays (IA)
Basic principles, Production of antibodies, Separation of bound
and unbound drug, Radioimmunoassay, Optical IA, Enzyme IA ,
Fluoro IA, Luminiscence IA, Quantification and applications of IA. 10
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Vogel‘s textbook of quantitative chemical analysis - Jeffery J Bassett, J.
Mendham, R. C. Denney, 5th edition, ELBS, 1991.
2. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry - Beckett and Stenlake, Vol II, 4th
Edition, CBS publishers, New Delhi, 1997.
3. Textbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis - K A Connors, 3rd Edition, John
Wiley & Sons, 1982.
Page 118
103 4. Pharmaceutical Analysis - Higuchi, Brochmman and Hassen, 2nd Edition,
Wiley – Inter science Publication, 1961.
5. Quantitative Analysis of Drugs in Pharmaceutical formulation – P D Sethi,
3rd Edition, CBS P ublishers New Delhi, 1997.
6. Pharmaceutical Analysis - Modern methods - J W Munson – Part B,
Volume 11, Marcel Dekker Series.
7. The Quantitative analysis of Drugs - D C Carratt, 3rd edition, CBS
Publishers, NewDelhi, 1964.
8. Indian Pharmacopoeia Vol I , II & III 2007, 2010, 2014.
9. Methods of sampling and microbiological examination of water, first
revision, BIS
10 . Practical HPLC method development – Snyder, Kirkland, Glajch, 2nd
edition, John Wiley & Sons.
11 . Analytical Profiles of drug substances – Klaus Florey, Volume 1 – 20,
Elsevier, 2005
12 . Analytical Profiles of drug substances and Excipients – Harry G Brittan,
Volume 21 – 30, Elsevier, 2005.
13 . The analysis of drugs in biological fluids - Joseph Chamberlain, 2nd
edition, CRC press, London.
14 . ICH Guidelines for impurity pr ofiles and stability studies.
Page 119
104 PHARMACEUTICAL VALIDATION
(MPA 103T)
Scope
The main purpose of the subject is to understand about validation and how it
can be applied to industry and thus to improve the quality of the products. The
subject covers the complete information about validation, types, methodology
and application.
Objectives
Upon completion of the subject student shall be able to
Explain the aspect of validation
Carryout validation of manufacturing processes
Apply the knowledge of validation to instruments and equipments
Validate the manufacturing facilities
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Introduction : Definition of Qualification and Validati on,
Advantage of Validation, Streamlining of Qualification & Validation
process and Validation Master Plan.
Qualification: User Requirement Specification, Design
Qualification, Factory Acceptance Test (FAT)/ Site Acceptance
Test (SAT), Installation Qualification, Operational Qualification,
Performance Qualification, Re - Qualification (Maintaining status -
Calibration Preventive Maintenance, Change management),
Qualification of Manufacturing Equipments, Qualification of
Analytical Instruments and Labor atory equipments. 12
Hrs
2 Qualification of analytical instruments: Electronic balance, pH
meter, UV -Visible spectrophotometer, FTIR, GC, HPL C, HPTLC
Qualification of Glassware: Volumetric flask, pipette, Measuring
cylinder, beakers and burette. 12
Hrs
3 Validation of Utility syste ms: Pharmaceutical Water System &
pure steam, HVAC system, Compressed air and nitrogen.
Cleaning Validation: Cleaning Validation - Cleaning Method
development, Validation and validation of analytical method used
in cleaning. Cleaning of Equipment, Cleaning of Facilities.
Cleaning in place (CIP).
4 Analytical method validation: General principles, Validation of
analytical method as per ICH guidelines and USP. 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
Page 120
105 Computerized system validation : Electronic records and digital
significance -21 CFR part 11 and GAMP 5.
5 General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of
Intellectual Property (IP), Intellectual Property Protection (IPP),
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR); Economic imp ortance,
mechanism for protection of Intellectual Property –patents,
Copyright, Trademark; Factors affecting choice of IP protection;
Penalties for violation; Role of IP in pharmaceutical industry;
Global ramification and financial implications. Filing a p atent
applications; patent application forms and guidelines. Types
patent applications -provisional and non -provisional, PCT and
convention patent applications; International patenting
requirement procedures and costs; Rights and responsibilities of
a paten tee; Practical aspects regarding maintaining of a Patent
file; Patent infringement meaning and scope. Significance of
transfer technology (TOT), IP and ethics -positive and negative
aspects of IPP; Societal responsibility, avoiding unethical
practices.
12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. B. T. Loftus & R. A. Nash, "Pharmaceutical Process Validation", Drugs and
Pharm Sci. Series, Vol. 129, 3rd Ed., Marcel Dekker Inc., N.Y.
2. The Theory & Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, 3rd edition, Leon Lachman,
Herbert A. Lieberman, Joseph. L. Karig, Varghese Publishing House,
Bombay.
3. Validation Master plan by Terveeks or Deeks, Davis Harwood International
publishing.
4. Validation of Aseptic Pharmaceutical Processes, 2nd Editio n, by Carleton
& Agalloco, (Marcel Dekker).
5. Michael Levin, Pharmaceutical Process Scale -Up‖, Drugs and Pharm. Sci.
Series, Vol. 157,2nd Ed., Marcel Dekker Inc., N.Y.
6. Validation Standard Operating Procedures: A Step by Step Guide for
Achieving Compliance in the Pharmaceutical, Medical Device, and Biotech
Industries, Syed Imtiaz Haider
7. Pharmaceutical Equipment Validation: The Ultimate Qualification
Handbook, Phillip A. Cloud, Interpharm Press
8. Validation of Pharmaceutical Processes: Sterile Products, Frederick J.
Carlton (Ed.) and James Agalloco (Ed.), Marcel Dekker, 2nd Ed.
9. Analytical Method validation and Instrument Performance Verification by
Churg Chan, Heiman Lam, Y.C. Lee, Yue. Zhang, Wiley Inter Science.
Page 121
106 FOOD ANALYSIS
(MPA 104T)
Scope
This course is designed to impart knowledge on analysis of food constituents
and finished food products. The course includes application of instrumental
analysis in the determination of pesticides in variety of food product s.
Objectives
At completion of this course student shall be able to understand various
analytical techniques in the determination of
Food constituents
Food additives
Finished food products
Pesticides in food
And also student shall have the knowledge on food regulations and
legislations
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Carbohydrates : classification and properties of food
carbohydrates, General methods of analysis of food
carbohydrates, Changes in food carbohydrates during processing,
Digestion, absorption and metabolism of carbohydrates, Dietary
fibre, Crude fibre and application of food carbohydrates
Proteins : Chemistry and classification of amino acids and
proteins, Physico -Chemical properties of protein and their
structure, general methods of analysis of proteins and amino
acids, Digestion, absorption and metabolism of proteins. 12
Hrs
2 Lipids : Class ification, general methods of analysis, refining of fats
and oils; hydrogenation of vegetable oils, Determination of
adulteration in fats and oils, Various methods used for
measurement of spoilage of fats and fatty foods.
Vitamins : classification of vitami ns, methods of analysis of
vitamins, Principles of microbial assay of vitamins of B -series. 12
Hrs
3 Food additives : Introduction, analysis o f Preservatives,
antioxidants, artificial sweeteners, flavors, flavor enhancers,
stabilizers, thickening and jelling agents.
Pigments and synthetic dyes : Natural pigments, their
occurrence and characteristic properties, permitted synthetic 12
Hrs
Page 122
107 dyes, Non -permitted synthetic dyes used by industries, Method of
detection of natural, permitted and non -permitted dyes.
4 General Analytical methods for milk, milk constituents and milk
products like ice cream, milk powder, butter, margarine, cheese
including adulterants and contaminants of milk.
Analysis of fermentation products like wine, spirits, beer and
vinegar. 12
Hrs
5 Pesticide analysis : Effects of pest and insects on various food,
use of pesticides in agriculture, pesticide cycle,
organophosphorus and or ganochlorine pesticides analysis,
determination of pesticide residues in grain, fruits, vegetables,
milk and milk products.
Legislation regulations of food products with special emphasis
on BIS, Agmark, FDA and US -FDA. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. The chemical analysis of foods – David Pearson, Seventh edition,
Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh London, 1976
2. Introduction to the Chemical analysis of foods – S. Nielsen, Jones &
Bartlett publishers, Boston London, 1994.
3. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International, sixth edition, Volume I
& II, 1997.
4. Analysis of Food constituents – Multon, Wiley VCH.
5. Dr. William Horwitz, Official methods of analysis of AOAC International,
18th edition, 2005.
Page 123
108 PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS PRACTICALS - II
(MPA 105P)
1. Analysis of Pharmacopoeial compounds and their formulations by UV Vis
spectrophotometer
2. Simultaneous estimation of multi component containing formulations by UV
spectrophotometry
3. Experiments based on HPLC
4. Experiments based on Gas Chromatography
5. Estimation of riboflavin/quinine sulphate by fluorimetry
6. Estimation of sodium/potassium by flame photometry
7. Assay of official compounds by dif ferent titrations
8. Assay of official compounds by instrumental techniques.
9. Quantitative determination of hydroxyl group.
10 . Quantitative determination of amino group
11 . Colorimetric determination of drugs by using different reagents
12 . Imupurity profiling of drugs
13 . Calibration of glasswares
14 . Calibration of pH meter
15 . Calibration of UV -Visible spectrophotometer
16 . Calibration of FTIR spectrophotometer
17 . Calibration of GC instrument
18 . Calibration of HPLC instrument
19 . Cleaning validation of any one equipment
20 . Determination of total reducing sugar
21 . Determination of proteins
22 . Determination of saponification value, Iodine value, Peroxide value, Acid
value in food products
23 . Determination of fat content and rancidity in food products
24 . Analysis of natural and synthetic colors in food
25 . Determina tion of preservatives in food
26 . Determination of pesticide residue in food products
27 . Analysis of vitamin content in food products
28 . Determination of density and specific gravity of foods
29 . Determination of food additives
Page 124
109 ADVANCED INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS
(MPA 201T)
Scope
This subject deals with various hyphenated analytical instrumental techniques
for identification, characterization and quantification of drugs. Instrumen ts dealt
are LC -MS, GC -MS, and hyphenated techniques.
Objectives
After completion of course student is able to know,
interpretation of the NMR, Mass and IR spectra of various organic
compounds
theoretical and practical skills of the hyphenated instruments
identification of organic compounds
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. HPLC : Principle, instrumentation, pharmaceutical applications,
peak shapes, capacity factor, selectivity, plate number, plate
height, resolution, band broadening, pumps, injector, detectors,
columns, column problems, gradient HPLC, HPLC solvents,
trouble shooting, sample preparation, method development, New
developments in HPLC -role and principles of ultra, nano liquid
chromatography in pharmaceuti cal analysis. Immobilized
polysaccharide CSP’s: Advancement in enantiomeric separations,
revised phase Chiral method development and HILIC
approaches. HPLC in Chiral analysis of pharmaceuticals.
Preparative HPLC, practical aspects of preparative HPLC. 12
Hrs
2 Biochromatography : Size exclusion chromatography, ion
exchange chromatography, ion pair chromatography, affinity
chromatography general principles, stationary phases and mobile
phases.
Gas chromatography : Principles, instrumentation, derivatization,
head space sampling, columns for GC, detectors, quantification.
High performance Thin Layer chromatography : Principles,
instrumentation, pharm aceutical applications.
3 Super critical fluid chromatography: Principles,
instrumentation, pharmaceutical applications.
Capillary electrophoresis: Overview of CE in pharmaceutical
analysis, basic configuration, CE characteristics, principles of CE,
methods and modes of CE. General considerations and method 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
Page 125
110 development in CE, Crown ethers as buffer additives in capillary
electrophoresis. CE -MS hyphenation.
4 Mass spectrometry: Principle, theory, instrumentation of mass
spectrometry, different types of ionization like electron impact,
chemical, field, FAB and MALD, APCI, ESI, APPI mass
fragmentation and its rules, meta stable ions, isotopic peaks and
applications of mass spectrom etry. LC -MS hyphenation and
DART MS analysis. Mass analysers (Quadrpole, Time of flight,
FT-ICR, ion trap and Orbitrap) instruments. MS/MS systems
(Tandem: QqQ, TOF -TOF;Q -IT, Q -TOF, LTQ -FT, LTQ-Orbitrap.
12
Hrs
5 NMR spectroscopy: Quantum numbers and their role in NMR,
Principle, Instrumentation, Solvent requirement in NMR,
Relaxation process, NMR signals in various compounds,
Chemical shift, Factors influencing chemical shift, Spin -Spin
coupling, Coupling constant, Nuclear magnetic double resonance,
Brief outline of principles of FT -NMR with reference to 13CNMR:
Spin spin and spin lattice relaxatio n phenomenon. 13C NMR, 1 -D
and 2 -D NMR, NOESY and COSY techniques, Interpretation and
Applications of NMR spectroscopy. LC -NMR hyphenations. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Spectrometric Identification of Organic compounds - Robert M Silverstein,
Sixth edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
2. Principles of Instrumental Analysis - Doglas A Skoog, F. James Holler,
Timothy A. Nieman, 5th edition, Eastern press, Bangalore, 1998.
3. Instrumental methods of analysis – Willards, 7th edition, CBS publishers.
4. Organic Spectroscopy - William Kemp, 3rd edition, ELBS, 1991.
5. Quantitative analysis of Pharmaceutical formulations by HPTLC - P D
Sethi, CBS Publishers, New Delhi.
6. Quantitative Analysis of Drugs in Pharmaceutical formulation - P D Sethi,
3rd Edition, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 1997.
7. Pharmaceutical Analysis - Modern methods – Part B - J W Munson,
Volume 11, Marcel Dekker Series.
8. Organic Spectroscopy by Donald L. Paviya, 5th Edition.
Page 126
111 MODERN BIO -ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
(MPA 202T)
Scope
This subject is designed to provide detailed knowledge about the importance of
analysis of drugs in biological matrices.
Objectives
Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able to understand
Extraction of drugs from biological samples
Separation of drugs from biological samples using different techniques
Guidelines for BA/BE studies.
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Extraction of drugs and metabolites from biological matrices:
General need, principle and procedure involved in the
Bioanalytical methods such as Protein precipitation, Liquid -
Liquid extrac tion and Solid phase extraction and other novel
sample preparation approach.
Bioanalytical method validation: USFDA and EMEA guidelines. 12
Hrs
2 Biopharmaceutical Consideration:
Introduction, Biopharmaceutical Factors Affecting Drug
Bioavailability, In Vitro: Dissolution and Drug Release Testing,
Alternative Methods of Dissolution Testing Transpo rt models,
Biopharmaceutics Classification System. Solubility: Experimental
methods. Permeability: In-vitro, in -situ and In-vivo methods. 12
Hrs
3 Pharmacokinetics and Toxicokinetics:
Basic consideration, Drug interaction (PK -PD interactions), The
effect of protein -binding interactions, The effect of tissue -binding
interactions, Cytochrome P450 -based drug interactions, Drug
interactions linked to transporters. Microsomal assays
Toxicokinetics -Toxicokinetic evaluation in preclinical studies,
Importa nce and applications of toxicokinetic studies. LC -MS in
bioactivity screening and proteomics. 12
Hrs
4 Cell culture techniques
Basic equipments used in cell culture lab. Cell culture media,
various types of cell culture, general procedure for cell cultures;
isolation of cells, subculture, cryopreservation, characterization of 12
Hrs
Page 127
112 cells and their applications. Principles and applications of cell
viability assays (MTT assays), Principles and applications of flow
cytometry.
5 Metabolite identification:
In-vitro / in -vivo approaches, protocols and sample preparation.
Microsomal approaches (Rat liver microsomes (RLM) and Human
liver microsomes (HLM) in Met –ID. Regulatory per spectives.
In-vitro assay of drug metabolites & drug metabolizing enzymes.
Drug Product Performance, In Vivo: Bioavailability and
Bioequivalence:
Drug Product Performance, Purpose of Bioavailability Studies,
Relative and Absolute Availability. Methods for Assessing
Bioavailability, Bioequivalence Studies, Design and Evaluation of
Bioequivalence Studies, Study Designs, Crossover Study
Designs, Generic Biologics (Biosimilar Drug Products), Clinical
Significance of Bioequivalence Studies. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Analysis of drugs in Biological fluids - Joseph Chamberlain, 2nd Edition.
CRC Press, Newyork. 1995.
2. Principles of Instrumental Analysis - Doglas A Skoog, F. James Holler,
Timothy A . Nieman, 5th edition, Eastern press, Bangalore, 1998.
3. Pharmaceutical Analysis - Higuchi, Brochmman and Hassen, 2nd Edition,
Wiley – Interscience Publications, 1961.
4. Pharmaceutical Analysis - Modern methods – Part B - J W Munson,
Volume 11, Marcel Dekker Series
5. Practical HPLC method Development – Snyder, Kirkland, Glaich, 2nd
Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New Jercy. USA.
6. Chromatographic Analysis of Pharmaceuticals – John A Adamovics, 2nd
Edition, Marcel Dekker, Newyork, USA. 1997.
7. Chromatographic methods in clinical chemistry & Toxicology – Roger L
Bertholf, Ruth E Winecker, John Wiley & Sons, New Jercy, USA. 2007.
8. Good Laboratory Practice Regulations, 2nd Edition, Sandy Weinberg Vol.
69, Marcel Dekker Series, 1995.
9. Good laboratory Practice Regulations – Allen F. Hirsch, Volume 38,
Marcel Dekker Series, 1989.
10. ICH, USFDA & CDSCO Guidelines.
11. Palmer
Page 128
113 QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
(MPA 203T)
Scope
This course deals with the various aspects of quality control and quality
assurance aspects of pharmaceutical industries. It covers the important aspects
like cGMP, QC tests, documentation, quality certifications, GLP and regulatory
affairs.
Objectives
At the completion of this subject it is expected that th e student shall be able to
know
the cGMP aspects in a pharmaceutical industry
to appreciate the importance of documentation
to understand the scope of quality certifications applicable to
Pharmaceutical industries
to understand the responsibilities of QA & QC departments
THEORY 60 hrs
1. Concept and Evolution of Quality Control and Quality
Assurance
Good Laboratory Practice, GMP, Overview of ICH Guidelines -
QSEM, with special emphasis on Q -series guidelin es.
Good Laboratory Practices: Scope of GLP, Definitions, Quality
assurance unit, protocol for conduct of non clinical testing, control
on animal house, report preparation and documentation. 12
Hrs
2. cGMP guidelines according to schedule M, USFDA (inclusive
of CDER and CBER) Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention
(PIC), WHO and EMEA covering: Organization and personnel
responsibilities, training, hygiene and personal records, drug
industry location, design, construction and plant lay out,
maintenance, sanitation, environmental control, utilities and
main tenance of sterile areas, control of contamination and Good
Warehousing Practice. CPCSEA guidelines. 12
Hrs
3. Analysis of raw materials, fini shed products, packaging
materials, in process quality control (IPQC), Developing
specification (ICH Q6 and Q3) 12
Hrs
Page 129
114 Purchase specifications and maintenance of stores for raw
materials. In p rocess quality control and finished products quality
control for following formulation in Pharma industry according to
Indian, US and British pharmacopoeias: tablets, capsules,
ointments, suppositories, creams, parenterals, ophthalmic and
surgical products (How to refer pharmacopoeias), Quality control
test for containers, closures and secondary packing materials.
4. Documentation in pharmaceutical industry: Three tier
documentation, Policy, Procedures and Work instructions, and
records (Formats), Basic principles - How to maintain, retention and
retrieval etc. Standard operating procedures (How to write), Master
Formula Record, Batch Formula Record, Quality audit plan and
reports. Specification and test pro cedures, Protocols and reports.
Distribution records. Electronic data. 12
Hrs
5. Manufacturing operations and controls: Sanitation of
manufacturing premises, mix -ups and cross contamination,
processing of intermediates and bulk products, packaging
operations, IPQC, release of finished product, process deviations,
charge -in of components, time limitations on production, drug
product inspe ction, expiry date calculation, calculation of yields,
production record review, change control, sterile products, aseptic
process control, packaging. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Quality Assurance Guid e by organization of Pharmaceutical Procedures of
India, 3rd revised edition, Volume I & II, Mumbai, 1996.
2. Good Laboratory Practice Regulations, 2nd Edition, Sandy Weinberg Vol.
69, Marcel Dekker Series, 1995.
3. Quality Assurance of Pharmaceuticals - A comped ium of Guide lines and
Related materials Vol I & II, 2nd edition, WHO Publications, 1999.
4. How to Practice GMP’s – P P Sharma, Vandana Publications, Agra, 1991.
5. The International Pharmacopoeia – vol I, II, III, IV & V - General Methods
of Analysis and Qual ity specification for Pharmaceutical Substances,
Excepients and Dosage forms, 3rd edition, WHO, Geneva, 2005.
6. Good laboratory Practice Regulations – Allen F. Hirsch, Volume 38, Marcel
Dekker Series, 1989.
7. ICH guidelines
8. ISO 9000 and total quality management
Page 130
115 9. The drugs and cosmetics act 1940 – Deshpande, Nilesh Gandhi, 4th
edition, Susmit Publishers, 2006.
10. QA Manual – D.H. Shah, 1st edition, Business Horizons, 2000.
11. Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceuticals a plan for total quality
control – Sidney H. Willig, Vol. 52, 3rd edition, Marcel Dekker Series.
12. Steinborn L. GMP/ISO Quality Audit Manual for Healthcare Manufacturers
and Their Suppliers, Sixth Edition, (Volume 1 - With Checklists and
Software Package). Taylor & Francis; 2003.
13. Sarker DK. Quality Systems and Controls for Pharmaceuticals. John Wiley
& Sons; 2008.
Page 131
116 HERBAL AND COSMETIC ANALYSIS
(MPA 204T)
Scope
This course is designed to impart knowledge on analysis of herbal products.
Regulatory requirements, herbal drug interaction with monographs.
Performance evaluation of cosmetic products is included for the better
understanding of the equipments used in cosmetic industries for the purpose.
Objectives
At completion of this course student shall be able to understand
Determination of herbal remedies and regulations
Analysis of natural products and monographs
Determination of Herbal drug -drug interaction
Principles of performance evalua tion of cosmetic products.
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Herbal remedies - Toxicity and Regulations: Herbals vs
Conventional drugs, Efficacy of herbal medicine products,
Validation of Herbal Therapies, Pharmacodynamic and
Pharmacokinetic issues. Herbal drug standardization : WHO and
AYUSH guidelines. 12
Hrs
2 Adulteration and Deterioration: Introduction, types of
adulteration/substitution of herbal drugs, Causes and Measure of
adulteration, Sampling Procedures, Determination of Foreign
Matter, DNA Finger printing techniques in identification of drugs of
natural origin, heavy metals, pesticide residues, phototoxin and
microbial contamination in herbal formulations.
Regulatory requirements for setting herbal drug industry:
Global marketing management, Indian and international patent
law as applicable herbal drugs and natural products and its
protocol. 12
Hrs
3 Testing of natural products and drugs: Effect of herbal
medicine on clinical laboratory testing, Adulterant Screening using
modern analytical instruments, Regulation and dispensing of
herbal drugs, Stability testing of natural products, protocol.
Monographs of Herbal drugs: Study of monographs of herbal
drugs and comparative study in IP, USP, Ayurvedic 12
Hrs
Page 132
117 Pharmacopoeia, American herbal Pharmacopoeia, British herbal
Pharmacopoeia, Siddha and Unani Pharmacopoeia, WHO
guidelines in quality assessment of herbal drugs.
4 Herbal drug -drug interaction: WHO and AYUSH guidelines for
safety monitoring of natural medicine, Spontaneous reporting
schemes for bio drug adverse reactions, bio drug -drug and bio
drug-food interacti ons with suitable examples. Challenges in
monitoring the safety of herbal medicines. 12
Hrs
5 Evaluation of cosmetic products : Determination of acid value,
ester value, saponification value, iodine value, peroxide value,
rancidity, moisture, ash, volatile matter, heavy metals, fineness of
powder, density, viscosity of cosmetic raw materials and finished
products. Study of quality of raw materia ls and general methods
of analysis of raw material used in cosmetic manufacture as per
BIS.
Indian Standard specification laid down for sampling and testing
of various cosmetics in finished forms such as baby care
products, skin care products, dental products, personal hygiene
preparations, lips sticks. Hair products and skin creams by the
Bureau Indian Standards. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Pharmacognosy by Trease and Evans
2. Pharmacognosy by Kokate, Purohit and Gokhale
3. Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant, WHO, Geneva
4. Pharmacognosy & Pharmacobiotechnology by Ashutosh Kar
5. Essential of Pharmacognosy by Dr.S.H.Ansari
6. Cosmetics – Formulation, Manufacturing and Quality Control, P.P.
Sharma, 4th edition, Vandana Publications Pvt. Ltd., Delhi
7. Indian Standard specification, for raw materials, BIS, New Delhi.
8. Indian Standard specification for 28 finished cosmetics BIS, New Delhi
9. Harry’s Cosmeticology 8th edition
10. Suppliers catalogue on specialize d cosmetic excipients
11. Wilkinson, Moore, seventh edition, George Godwin. Poucher’s Perfumes,
Cosmetics and Soaps
12. Hilda Butler, 10th Edition, Kluwer Academic Publishers. Handbook of
Cosmetic Science and Technology, 3rd Edition,
Page 133
118 PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS PRACTICALS - I
(MPA 205P)
1. Comparison of absorption spectra by UV and Wood ward – Fiesure rule
2. Interpretation of organic compounds by FT-IR
3. Interpretation of organic compounds by NMR
4. Interpretation of organic compounds by MS
5. Determination of purity by DSC in pharmaceuticals
6. Identification of organic compounds using FT -IR, NMR, CNMR and Mass
spectra
7. Bio molecules separation utilizing various sample preparation techniques
and Quantit ative analysis of components by gel electrophoresis.
8. Bio molecules separation utilizing various sample preparation techniques
and Quantitative analysis of components by HPLC techniques.
9. Isolation of analgesics from biological fluids (Blood serum and urine) .
10. Protocol preparation and performance of analytical/Bioanalytical method
validation.
11. Protocol preparation for the conduct of BA/BE studies according to
guidelines.
12. In process and finished product quality control tests for tablets, capsules,
parenterals and creams
13. Quality control tests for Primary and secondary packing materials
14. Assay of raw materials as per official monographs
15. Testing of related and foreign substances in drugs and raw materials
16. Preparation of Master Formula Record.
17. Preparation of Batch Manufacturing Record.
18. Quantitative analysis of rancidity in lipsticks and hair oil
19. Determination of aryl amine content and Developer in hair dye
20. Determination of foam height and SLS content of Shampoo.
21. Determination of total fatty matter in creams (Soap, s kin and hair creams)
22. Determination of acid value and saponification value.
23. Determination of calcium thioglycolate in depilatories
Page 134
119 PHARMACEUTICAL QUALITY ASSURANCE (MQA)
MODERN PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
(MQA 101T)
Scope
This subject deals with various advanced analytical instrumental techniques for
identification, characterization and quantification of drugs. Instruments dealt are
NMR, Mass spectrometer, IR, HPLC, GC etc.
Objectives
After com pletion of course student is able to know about chemicals and
excipients
The analysis of various drugs in single and combination dosage forms
Theoretical and practical skills of the instruments
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. a. UV-Visible spectroscopy : Introduction, Theory, Laws,
Instrumentation associated with UV -Visible spectroscopy, Choice
of solvents and solvent effect and Applications of UV -Visible
spectroscopy, Difference/ Derivative spectroscopy.
b. IR spectroscopy : Theory, Modes of Molecular vibrations,
Sample handling, Instrumentation of Dispersive and Fourier -
Transform IR Spectrometer, Factors affecting vibrational
frequencies and Applications of IR spectrosco py, Data
Interpretation.
c. Spectroflourimetry: Theory of Fluorescence, Factors
affecting fluorescence (Characterestics of drugs that can be
analysed by flourimetry), Quenchers, Instrumentation and
Applications of fluorescence spectrophotometer.
d. Flame emissio n spectroscopy and Atomic absorption
spectroscopy : Principle, Instrumentation, Interferences and
Applications.
2 NMR spectroscopy : Quantum numbers and their role in NMR,
Principle, Instrumentation, Solvent requirement in NMR,
Relaxation process, NMR signals in various compounds,
Chemical shift, Factors influencing chemical shift, Spin -Spin
coupling, Coupling constant, Nuclear magnetic double resonance,
Brief outline of principles of FT -NMR and 13C NMR. Applications
of NMR spectroscopy. 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
Page 135
120 3 Mass Spectroscopy : Principle, Theory, Instrumentation of Mass
Spectroscopy, Different types of ionization like electron impact,
chemical, field, FAB and MALDI, APCI, ESI, APPI Analyzers of
Quadrupole and Time of Flight, Mass fragmentation and its rules,
Meta stable ions, Isotopic peaks and Applications of Mass
spectroscopy. 12
Hrs
4 Chromatography : Principle, apparatus, instrumentation,
chromatographic parameters, factors affecting resolution, isolation
of drug from excipients, data interpretation and applications of the
following:
Thin Layer chromatography
High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography
Ion exchange chromatography
Column chromatography
Gas chromatography
High Performance Liquid chromatography
Ultra High Performance Liquid chromatography
Affinity chromatography
Gel Chromatography 12
Hrs
5 a. Electrophoresis : Principle, Instrumentation, Working
conditions, factors affecting separation and applications of the
following:
a) Paper electrophoresis b) Gel electrophoresis c) Capillary
electrophoresis d) Zone electrophoresis e) Moving boundary
electrophoresis f) Iso electric focusing
b. X ray Crystallography : Production of X rays, Different X ray
methods, Bragg‘s law, Rotating crystal technique, X ray powder
technique, Types of crystals and applications of X -ray diffraction. 12
Hrs
6 a. Potentiometry: Principle, working, Ion selective Electrodes
and Application of potentiometry.
b. Thermal Techniques : Principle, thermal transitions and
Instrumentation (Heat flux and power -compensation and designs),
Modulated DSC, Hyper DSC, experimental parameters (sam ple
preparation, experimental conditions, calibration, heating and
cooling rates, resolution, source of errors) and their influence,
advantage and disadvantages, pharmaceutical applications.
Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA): Principle, instrumentation 12
Hrs
Page 136
121 and advantage and disadvantages, pharmaceutical applications,
derivative differential thermal analysis (DDTA). TGA: Principle,
instrumentation, factors affecting results, advantage and
disadvantages, pharmaceutical applications.
REFERENCES
1. Spectrometric Identification of Organic compounds - Robert M Silverstein,
Sixth edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
2. Principles of Instrumental Analysis - Doglas A Skoog, F. James Holler,
Timothy A. Nieman, 5th edition, Eastern press, Bangalore, 1998.
3. Instrumental methods of analysis – Willards, 7th edition, CBS publishers.
4. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry – Beckett and Stenlake, Vol II, 4th
edition, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 1997.
5. Organic Spectros copy - William Kemp, 3rd edition, ELBS, 1991.
6. Quantitative Analysis of Drugs in Pharmaceutical formulation - P D Sethi,
3rd Edition, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 1997.
7. Pharmaceutical Analysis - Modern Methods – Part B - J W Munson, Vol
11, Marcel. Dekker Series
8. Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds, 2nd edn., P.S/Kalsi, Wiley estern
Ltd., Delhi.
9. Textbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis, KA.Connors, 3rd Edition, John Wiley
& Sons, 1982.
10. Textbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis, KA.Connors, 3rd Edition, John Wiley
& Sons, 1982.
Page 137
122 QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
(MQA 102T)
Scope
This course is designed to impart fundamental knowledge and concepts about
various quality management principles and systems utilized in the
manufacturing industry. It also aids in understanding the quality evaluation in the
pharmaceutical industries.
Objectives
At completion of this course it is expected that students will be able to
understand -
The importance of quality
ISO management systems
Tools for quality improvement
Analysis of issues in quality
Quality evaluation of pharmaceuticals
Stability test ing of drug and drug substances
Statistical approaches for quality
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Introduction to Quality: Evolution of Quality, Definition of
Quality, Dimensions of Quality
Quality as a Strategic Decision: Meaning of strategy and
strategic quality management, mission and vision statements,
quality policy, Quality objectives, strategic planning and
implementation, McKinsey 7s model, Competitive analysis,
Management commitment to quality
Customer Focus: Meaning of customer and customer focus,
Classification of customers, Customer focus, Customer
perception of quality, Factors affecting customer perception,
Customer requirements, Meeting customer needs and
expectations, Customer satisfaction and Customer delight,
Handling customer complaints, Understanding customer behavior,
concept of internal and external customers. Case studies.
Cost of Quality: Cost of quality, Categories of cost of Quality,
Models of cost of quality, Optimisi ng costs, Preventing cost of
quality. 12
Hrs
Page 138
123 2 Pharmaceutical quality Management: Basics of Quality
Management, Total Quality Management (TQM), Principles of Six
sigma, ISO 9001:2008, 9001:2015, ISO 14001:2004,
Pharmaceutical Quality Management – ICH Q10, Knowledge
management, Quality Metrics, Operational Excellence and Quality
Management Review. OSHAS guidelines, NABL certification and
accreditation, CFR -21 part 11, WHO -GMP requirements. 12
Hrs
3 Six System Inspection model: Quality Management system,
Production system, Facility and Equipment system, Laboratory
control system, Materials system, Packaging and labeling system.
Concept of self inspection.
Quality systems: Change Management/ Change control.
Deviations, Out of Specifications (OOS), Out of Trend (OOT),
Complaints - evaluation and handling, Investigation and
determinat ion of root cause, Corrective & Preventive Actions
(CAPA), Returns and Recalls, Vendor Qualification, Annual
Product Reviews, Batch Review and Batch Release. Concept of
IPQC, area clearance/ Line clearance. 12
Hrs
4 Drug Stability: ICH guidelines for stability testing of drug
substances and drug products.
Study of ICH Q8, Quality by Design and Process
development report
Quality risk management: Introduction, risk assessment, risk
control, risk review, risk management tools, HACCP, risk ranking
and filtering according to ICH Q9 guidelines . 12
Hrs
5 Statistical Process control (SPC): Definition and Importance of
SPC, Quality measurement in manufacturing, Statistical control
charts - concepts and general aspects, Advantages of statistical
control, Process capability, Estimating Inherent or potential
capability from a control chart analysis, Measuring process control
and quality improvement, Pursuit of decreased process variability. 8 Hrs
6 Regulatory Compliance through Quality Management and
development of Quality Culture
Benchmarking: Definition of benchmarking, Reasons for
benchmarking, Types of Benchmarking, Benchmarking process,
Advantages of benchmarking, Limitations of benchmarking. 4 Hrs
Page 139
124 REFERENCES
1. Implementing Juran's Road Map for Quality Leadership: Benc hmarks and
Results, By Al Endres, Wiley, 2000
2. Understanding, Managing and Implementing Quality: Frameworks,
Techniques and Cases, By Jiju Antony; David Preece, Routledge, 2002
3. Organizing for High Performance: Employee Involvement, TQM,
Reengineering, and K nowledge Management in the Fortune 1000: The
CEO Report By Edward E. Lawler; Susan Albers Mohrman; George
Benson, Jossey -Bass, 2001
4. Corporate Culture and the Quality Organization By James W. Fairfield -
Sonn, Quorum Books, 2001
5. The Quality Management Sourcebook: An International Guide to Materials
and Resources By Christine Avery; Diane Zabel, Routledge, 1997
6. The Quality Toolbox, Second Edition, Nancy R. Tague, ASQ Publications
7. Juran's Quality Handbook, Sixth Edition, Joseph M. Juran and Joseph A.
De F eo, ASQ Publications
8. Root Cause Analysis, The Core of Problem Solving and Corrective Action,
Duke Okes, 2009, ASQ Publications.
Page 140
125 QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
(MQA 103T)
Scope
This course deals with the various aspects of quality control and quality
assurance aspects of pharmaceutical industries. It covers the important aspects
like cGMP, QC tests, documentation, quality certifications, GLP and regulatory
affairs .
Objectives
Upon completion of t his course the student should be able to
Understand the cGMP aspects in a pharmaceutical industry
To appreciate the importance of documentation
To understand the scope of quality certifications applicable to
Pharmaceutical industries
To understand the responsibilities of QA & QC departments.
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Introduction: Concept and evolution and scopes of Quality
Control and Quality Assurance, Good Laboratory Practice, GMP,
Overview of ICH Gui delines - QSEM, with special emphasis on Q -
series guidelines.
Good Laboratory Practices: Scope of GLP, Definitions, Quality
assurance unit, protocol for conduct of non clinical testing, control
on animal house, report preparation and documentation.
CPCSEA guidelines. 12
Hrs
2 cGMP guidelines according to schedule M, USFDA (inclusive of
CDER and CBER) Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention(PIC),
WHO and EMEA covering: Organization and personnel
responsibilities, training, hygiene and personal records, drug
industry location, design, construction and plant lay out,
maintenance, sanitation, environmental control, utilities and
maintenance of sterile areas, control of contamination and Good
Warehousing Practice. 12
Hrs
3 Analysis of raw materials, finished products, packaging materials,
in process quality control (IPQC), Developing specification (ICH
Q6 and Q3), purchase specifications and maintenance of stores
for raw materials. 12
Hrs
Page 141
126 In process quality control and finished products quality control for
following dosage forms in Pharma industry according to Indian,
US and British pharmacopoeias: tablets, capsules, ointments,
suppositories, creams, parenterals, ophthalmic and surgical
products (How to refer pharmacopoeias).
4 Documentation in pharmaceutical industry: Three tier
documentation, Policy, Procedures and Work instructions, and
records (Formats), Basic principles - How to maintain, retention
and retrieval etc. Stan dard operating procedures (How to write),
Master Batch Record, Batch Manufacturing Record, Quality audit
plan and reports. Specification and test procedures, Protocols and
reports. Distribution records. Electronic data handling. Concepts
of controlled and uncontrolled documents.
Submission documents for regulators DMFs, as Common
Technical Document and Electronic Common Technical
Documentation (CTD, eCTD). Concept of regulated and non
regulated markets. 12
Hrs
5 Manufacturing operations and controls: Sanitation of
manufacturing premises, mix -ups and cross contamination,
processing of intermediates a nd bulk products, packaging
operations, IPQC, release of finished product, process deviations,
charge -in of components, time limitations on production, drug
product inspection, expiry date calculation, calculation of yields,
production record review, chang e control, sterile products, aseptic
process control, packaging, reprocessing, salvaging, handling of
waste and scrap disposal.
Introduction, scope and importance of intellectual property rights.
Concept of trade mark, copyright and patents. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Quality Assurance Guide by organization of Pharmaceutical Procedures of
India, 3rd revised edition, Volume I & II, Mumbai, 1996.
2. Good Laboratory Practice Regulations, 2nd Edition, Sandy Weinberg Vol.
69, Marcel Dekker Series, 1995.
3. Quality Assurance of Pharmaceuticals - A compedium of Guide lines and
Related materials Vol I & II, 2nd edition, WHO Publications, 1999.
4. How to Practice GMP’s – P P Sharma, Vandana Publications, Agra, 1991.
Page 142
127 5. The International Pharmacopoeia – vol I, II, III, IV & V - General Methods
of Analysis and Quality specification for Pharmaceutical Substances,
Excepients and Dosage forms, 3rd edition, WHO, Geneva , 2005.
6. Good laboratory Practice Regulations – Allen F. Hirsch, Volume 38, Marcel
Dekker Series, 1989.
7. ICH guidelines
8. ISO 9000 and total quality management
9. The drugs and cosmetics act 1940 – Deshpande, Nilesh Gandhi, 4th
edition, Susmit Publishers, 2006.
10. QA Manual – D.H. Shah, 1st edition, Business Horizons, 2000.
11. Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceuticals a plan for total quality
control – Sidney H. Willig, Vol. 52, 3rd edition, Marcel Dekker Series.
12. Steinborn L. GMP/ISO Quality Audit Manual for Healthcare Manufacturers
and Their Suppliers, Sixth Edition, (Volume 1 - With Checklists and
Software Package). Taylor & Francis; 2003.
13. Sarker DK. Quality Systems and Controls for Pharmaceuticals. John Wiley
& Sons; 2008.
14. Packaging of Pharmaceuticals.
15. Sche dule M and Schedule N.
Page 143
128
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
(MQA 104T)
Scope
This deal with technology transfer covers the activities associated with Drug
Substance, Drug Product and analytical tests and methods, required following
candidate drug selection to completion of technology transfer from R&D to the
first receiving site and technology transfer related to post -marketing changes in
manufacturing places.
Objectives
Upon completion of this course the student should be able to
To understand the new product development process
To understand the necessary information to transfer technology from
R&D to actual manufacturing by sorting out various information
obtained during R&D
To elucidate necessary information to transfer technology of existing
products between various manufacturing places
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Principles of Drug discovery and development: Introduction,
Clinical research pro cess. Development and informational content
for Investigational New Drugs Application (IND), New Drug
Application (NDA), Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA),
Supplemental New Drug Application (SNDA), Scale Up Post
Approval Changes (SUPAC) and Bulk acti ve chemical Post
approval changes (BACPAC), Post marketing surveillance,
Product registration guidelines – CDSCO, USFDA.
2 Pre-formulation studies: Introduction/concept, organoleptic
properties, purity, impurity profiles, particle size, shape and
surface are a. Solubility, Methods to improve solubility of Drugs:
Surfactants & its importance, co -solvency. Techniques for the
study of Crystal properties and polymorphism. Pre -formulation
protocol, Stability testing during product development.
3 Pilot plant scale up: Concept, Significance, design, layout of
pilot plant scale up study, operations, large scale manufacturing
techniques (formula, equipment, process, stability and quality
control) of solids, liquids, semisolid and parenteral dosage forms.
New era of drug p roducts: opportunities and challenges. 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
12
Hrs
Page 144
129 4 Pharmaceutical packaging: Pharmaceutical dosage form and
their packaging requirments, Pharmaceutical packaging materials,
Medical device packaging, Enteral Packaging, Aseptic packaging
systems, Container closure systems, Issues facing modern drug
packaging, Selection and evaluation of Pharmaceutical packaging
materials.
Quality control test : Containers, closures and secondary
packing materials.
5 Technology transfer: Development of technology by R & D,
Technology transfer from R & D to production, Optimization and
Production, Qualitative and quantitative technology models.
Documentation in technology transfer: Development repor t,
technology transfer plan and Exhibit. 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. The process of new drug discovery and development. I and II Edition
(2006) by Charles G. Smith, James T and O. Donnell. CRC Press, Group
of Taylor and Francis.
2. Leon Lac Lachman, Herbert A. Liberman, Theory and Practice of Industrial
Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York.
3. Sidney H Willing, Murray M, Tuckerman. Williams Hitchings IV, Good
manufacturing of pharmaceuti cals (A Plan for total quality control) 3rd
Edition. Bhalani publishing house Mumbai.
4. Tablets Vol. I, II, III by Leon Lachman, Herbert A. Liberman, Joseph B.
Schwartz, 2nd Edn. (1989) Marcel Dekker Inc. New York.
5. Text book of Bio - Pharmaceutics and clinica l Pharmacokinetics by Milo
Gibaldi, 3rd Edn, Lea & Febriger, Philadelphia.
6. Pharmaceutical product development. Vandana V. Patrevale. John I.
Disouza. Maharukh T.Rustomji. CRC Press, Group of Taylor and Francis.
7. Dissolution, Bioavailability and Bio -Equivalence by Abdou H.M, Mack
Publishing company, Eastern Pennsylvania.
8. Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences, by Alfonso & Gennaro, 19th
Edn.(1995)OO2C Lippincott; Williams and Wilkins A Wolters Kluwer
Company, Philadelp hia.
9. The Pharmaceutical Sciences; the Pharma Path way ‘Pure and applied
Pharmacy’ by D. A Sawant, Pragathi Books Pvt. Ltd.
10. Pharmaceutical Packaging technology by D.A. Dean. E.R. Evans, I.H. Hall.
1st Edition(Reprint 2006). Taylor and Francis. London and New York.
Page 145
130 QUALITY ASSURANCE PRACTICAL - I
(MQA 105P)
PRACTICALS
1. Analysis of Pharmacopoeial compounds in bulk and in their formulations
(tablet/ capsules/ semisolids) by UV Vis spectrophotometer
2. Simultane ous estimation of multi -drug component containing formulations
by UV spectrophotometry
3. Experiments based on HPLC
4. Experiments based on Gas Chromatography
5. Estimation of riboflavin/quinine sulphate by fluorimetry
6. Estimation of sodium/potassium by flame photometry or AAS
7. Case studies on
Total Quality Management
Six Sigma
Change Management/ Change control. Deviations,
Out of Specifications (OOS)
Out of Trend (OOT)
Corrective & Preventive Actions (CAPA)
Deviations
8. Development of Stability study protocol
9. Estimation of process capability
10. In process and finished product quality control tests for tablets, capsules,
parenterals and semisolid dosage forms.
11. Assay of raw materials as per official monographs
12. Testing of related and foreign substances in drugs and raw materials
13. To carry out pre formulation study for tablets, parenterals (2 experiment).
14. To study the effect of pH on the solubility of drugs, (1 experiment)
15. Quality control tests for Primary and secondary packaging materials
16. Accelerated stability studies (1 experiment)
17. Improved solubility of drugs using surfactant systems (1 experiment)
18. Improved solubility of drugs using co -solvency method (1 experiment)
19. Determination of Pka and Log p of drugs.
Page 146
131 HAZARDS AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT
(MQA 201T)
Scope
This course is designed to convey the knowledge necessary to understand
issues related to different kinds of hazard and their management. Basic
theoretical and practical discussions integrate the proficiency to handle the
emergency situation in the pharmaceutical product development process and
provides the principle based approach to solve the complex tribulations.
Objectives
At completion of this course it is expected that students will be able to
Understand about environmental problems among learners.
Impart basic knowledge about the environment and its allied problems.
Develop an attitude of concern for the industry environment.
Ensure safety standards in pharmaceutical industry
Provide comprehens ive knowledge on the safety management
Empower an ideas to clear mechanism and management in different
kinds of hazard management system
Teach the method of Hazard assessment, procedure, methodology for
provide safe industrial atmosphere.
THEORY 60Hrs
1. Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies: Natural
Resources, Renewable and non -renewable resources, Natural
resources and associated problems,
a) Forest resources; b) Water resources; c) Mineral resources; d)
Energy resources; e) Land resources
Ecosystems: Concept of an ecosystem and Structure and
function of an ecosystem. Environmental hazards: Hazards
based on Air, Water, Soil and Radioisotopes. 12
Hrs
2 Air based hazards: Sources, Types of Hazards, Air circulation
maintenance industry for sterile area and non sterile area,
Preliminary Hazar d Analysis (PHA) Fire protection system: Fire
prevention, types of fire extinguishers and critical Hazard
management system. 12
Hrs
3 Chemical based hazards: Sources of chemical hazards,
Hazards of Organic synthesis, sulphonating hazard, Organic
solvent hazard, Control measures for chemical hazards, 12
Hrs
Page 147
132 Management of comb ustible gases, Toxic gases and Oxygen
displacing gases management, Regulations for chemical hazard,
Management of over -Exposure to chemicals and TLV concept.
4 Fire and Explosion : Introduction, Industria l processes and
hazards potential, mechanical electrical, thermal and process
hazards. Safety and hazards regulations, Fire protection system:
Fire prevention, types of fire extinguishers and critical Hazard
management system mechanical and chemical explos ion,
multiphase reactions, transport effects and global rates.
Preventive and protective management from fires and explosion -
electricity passivation, ventilation, and sprinkling, proofing, relief
systems -relief valves, flares, scrubbers. 12
Hrs
5 Hazard and risk management: Self-protective measures against
workplace hazards. Critical training for risk management, Process
of hazard ma nagement, ICH guidelines on risk assessment and
Risk management methods and Tools
Factory act and rules, fundamentals of accident prevention,
elements of safety programme and safety management,
Physicochemical measurements of effluents, BOD, COD,
Determina tion of some contaminants, Effluent treatment
procedure, Role of emergency services. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Y.K. Sing, Environmental Science, New Age International Pvt, Publishers,
Bangalore
2. “Quantitative Risk Assessment in Chemical Process Industries” American
Institute of Chemical Industries, Centre for Chemical Process safety.
3. Bharucha Erach, The Biodiversity of India, Mapin Pu blishing Pvt. Ltd.,
Ahmedabad – 380 013, India,
4. Hazardous Chemi cals: Safety Management and Global Regulations,
T.S.S. Dikshith, CRC press
Page 148
133 PHARMACEUTICAL VALIDATION
(MQA 202T)
Scope
The main purpose of the subject is to understand about validation and how it
can be ap plied to industry and thus improve the quality of the products. The
subject covers the complete information about validation, types, methodology
and application.
Objectives
At completion of this course, it is expected that students will be able to
understand
The concepts of calibration, qualification and validation
The qualification of various equipments and instruments
Process validation of different dosage forms
Validation of analytical method for estimation of drugs
Cleaning validation of equipme nts employed in the manufacture of
pharmaceuticals
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Introduction to validation: Definition of Calibration, Qualification
and Validation, Scope, frequency and importance. Difference
betw een calibration and validation. Calibration of weights and
measures. Advantages of Validation, scope of Validation,
Organization for Validation, Validation Master plan, Types of
Validation, Streamlining of qualification & Validation process and
Validation Master Plan.
Qualification: User requirement specification, Design
qualification, Factory Acceptance Test (FAT)/Site Acceptance
Test (SAT), Installation qualification, Operational qualification,
Performance qualification, Re -Qualification (Maintaining stat us-
Calibration Preventive Maintenance, Change management). 10
Hrs
2 Qualification of manufacturing equipment: Dry Powder
Mixers, Fluid Bed and Tray dryers, Tablet Compression
(Machine), Dry heat sterilization/Tunnels, Autoclaves, Membrane
filtration, Capsule filling machine.
Qualification of analytical instruments: UV-Visible
spectrophotometer, FTIR, DSC, GC, HPLC, HPTLC, L C-MS. 10
Hrs
Page 149
134 3 Qualification of laboratory equipments: Hardness tester,
Friability test apparatus, tap density tester, Disintegration tester,
Dissolution test apparatus
Validation of Utility sys tems: Pharmaceutical water system &
pure steam, HVAC system, Compressed air and nitrogen. 10
Hrs
4 Process Validation: Concept, Process and documentation of
Process Validation. Prospective, Concurrent & Retrospective
Validation, Re validation criteria, Process Validation of various
formulations (Coated tablets, Capsules, Ointment/Creams, Liquid
Orals and aerosols.), Aseptic filling: Media fil l validation, USFDA
guidelines on Process Validation - A life cycle approach.
Analytical method validation: General principles, Validation of
analytical method as per ICH guidelines and USP. 10
Hrs
5 Cleaning Validation: Cleaning Method development, Validation
of analytical method used in cleaning, Cleaning of Equipment,
Cleaning of Faci lities. Cleaning in place (CIP).
Validation of facilities in sterile and non -sterile plant.
Computerized system validation: Electronic records and digital
signature - 21 CFR Part 11 and GAMP 10
Hrs
6 General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of
Intellectual Property (IP), Intellectual Property Protection (IPP),
Intellectual P roperty Rights (IPR); Economic importance,
mechanism for protection of Intellectual Property –patents,
Copyright, Trademark; Factors affecting choice of IP protection;
Penalties for violation; Role of IP in pharmaceutical industry;
Global ramification and financial implications. Filing a patent
applications; patent application forms and guidelines. Types
patent applications -provisional and non provisional, PCT and
convention patent applications; International patenting
requirement procedures and costs; Righ ts and responsibilities of
a patentee; Practical aspects regarding maintaining of a Patent
file; Patent infringement meaning and scope. Significance of
transfer technology (TOT), IP and ethics -positive and negative
aspects of IPP; Societal responsibility, avoiding unethical
practices. 10
Hrs
Page 150
135 REFERENCES
1. B. T. Loftus & R. A. Nash, "Pharmaceutical Process Validation", Drugs and
Pharm Sci. Series, Vol. 129, 3rd Ed., Marcel Dekker Inc., N.Y.
2. The Theory & Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, 3rd edition, Leon Lachman,
Herbert A. Lieberman, Joseph. L. Karig, Varghese Publishing House,
Bombay.
3. Validation Master plan by Terveeks or Deeks, Davis Harwood International
publishing.
4. Validation of Aseptic Pharm aceutical Processes, 2nd Edition, by Carleton
& Agalloco,
5. (Marcel Dekker).
6. Michael Levin, Pharmaceutical Process Scale -Up”, Drugs and Pharm. Sci.
Series, Vol. 157,2nd Ed., Marcel Dekker Inc., N.Y.
7. Validation Standard Operating Procedures: A Step by Step Gu ide for
Achieving Compliance in the Pharmaceutical, Medical Device, and Biotech
Industries, Syed Imtiaz Haider
8. Pharmaceutical Equipment Validation: The Ultimate Qualification
Handbook, Phillip A. Cloud, Interpharm Press
9. Validation of Pharmaceutical Process es: Sterile Products, Frederick J.
Carlton (Ed.) and James Agalloco (Ed.), Marcel Dekker
10. Analytical Method validation and Instrument Performance Verification by
Churg Chan, Heiman Lam, Y.C. Lee, Yue. Zhang, Wiley Interscience.
11. Huber L. Validation and Quali fication in Analytical Laboratories. Informa
Healthcare
12. Wingate G. Validating Corporate Computer Systems: Good IT Practice for
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers. Interpharm Press
13. LeBlanc DA. Validated Cleaning Technologies for Pharmaceutical
Manufacturing. Inte rpharm Press
Page 151
136 AUDITS AND REGULATORY COMPLIANCE
(MPA 203T)
Scope
This course deals with the understanding and process for auditing in
pharmaceutical industries. This subject covers the methodology involved in the
auditing process of different in pharmaceutical industries.
Objectives
Upon completion of this course the student should be able to
To understand the importance of auditing
To understand the methodology of auditing
To carry out the audit process
To prepare the auditing report
To prepare the check list for auditing
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Introduction: Objectives, Management of audit , Responsibilities,
Planning process, information gathering, administration,
Classifications of deficiencies 12
Hrs
2 Role of quality systems and audits in pharmaceutical
manufacturing environment: cGMP Regulations, Quality
assurance functions, Quality systems approach, Management
responsibilities, Resource , Manufacturing operations, Evaluation
activities, Transitioning to quality system approach, Audit checklist
for drug industries. 12
Hrs
3 Auditing of vendors and production department : Bulk
Pharmaceutical Chemicals and packaging material Vendor audit,
Warehouse and weighing, D ry Production: Granulation, tableting,
coating, capsules, sterile production and packaging. 12
Hrs
4 Auditing of Microbiological laboratory: Auditing the
manufacturing process, Product and process information, General
areas of interest in the building raw materials, Water, Packaging
materials. 12
Hrs
Page 152
137 5 Auditing of Quality Assurance and engineering department:
Quality Assurance Maintenance, Critical systems: HVAC, Water,
Water for Injection systems, ETP. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Compliance auditing for Pharmaceutical Manufacturers. Karen Ginsbury
and Gil Bismuth, Interpharm/CRC, Boca Raton, London New York,
Washington D.C.
2. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Handbook, Regulations and Quality by
Shayne Cox Gad. Wiley -Interscience, A John Wiley and s ons, Inc.,
Publications.
3. Handbook of microbiological Quality control. Rosamund M. Baird, Norman
A. Hodges, Stephen P. Denyar. CRC Press. 2000.
4. Laboratory auditing for quality and regulatory compliance. Donald C.
Singer, Raluca -loana Stefan, Jacobus F. Van Staden. Taylor and Francis
(2005).
Page 153
138 PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
(MQA 204T)
Scope
This course is designed to impart knowledge and skills necessary to train the
students with the industrial activities during Pharmaceutical Manufacturing.
Objectives
At completion of this course it is expected that students will be able to
understand,
The common practice in the pharmaceutical industry developments,
plant layout and production planning
Will be familiar with the principles and practices of aseptic process
technology, non sterile manufacturing technology and packaging
technology.
Have a better understanding of principles and implementation of
Quality by design (QbD) and process analytical technolo gy (PAT) in
pharmaceutical manufacturing
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Pharmaceutical industry developments: Legal requirements
and Licenses for API and formulation industry, Plant location -
Factors influencing.
Plant layout: Factors influencing, Special provisions, Storage
space requirements, sterile and aseptic area layout.
Production planning: General principles, production systems,
calculation of standard cost, process planning, routing, loading,
scheduling, dispatching of records, production control. 12
Hrs
2 Aseptic process technology: Manufacturing, manufacturing
flowcharts, in proc ess-quality control tests for following sterile
dosage forms: Ointment, Suspension and Emulsion, Dry powder,
Solution (Small Volume & large Volume ).
Advanced sterile product manufacturing technology : Area
planning & environmental control, wall and floor t reatment,
fixtures and machineries, change rooms, personnel flow, utilities
& utilities equipment location, engineering and maintenance .
Process Automation in Pharmaceutical Industry: With specific
reference to manufacturing of sterile semisolids, Small Vo lume
Parenterals & Large Volume Parenterals (SVP & LVP), Monitoring
of Parenteral manufacturing facility, Cleaning in Place (CIP), 12
Hrs
Page 154
139 Sterilization in Place (SIP), Prefilled Syringe, Powdered Jet,
Needle Free Injections, and Form Fill Seal Technology (FFS).
Lyophilization technology : Principles, process, equipment.
3 Non sterile manufacturing process technology:
Manufacturing, manufa cturing flowcharts, in process -quality
control tests for following Non -Sterile solid dosage forms: Tablets
(compressed & coated), Capsules (Hard & Soft).
Advance non -sterile solid product manufacturing
technology : Process Automation in Pharmaceutical Indus try with
specific reference to manufacturing of tablets and coated
products, Improved Tablet Production: Tablet production process,
granulation and pelletization equipments, continuous and batch
mixing, rapid mixing granulators, rota granulators, spheroniz ers
and marumerisers, and other specialized granulation and drying
equipments. Problems encountered.
Coating technology : Process, equipments, particle coating,
fluidized bed coating, application techniques. Problems
encountered. 12
Hrs
4 Containers and closures for pharmaceuticals: Types,
performance, assuring quality of glass; types of plastics used,
Drug plastic interactio ns, biological tests, modification of plastics
by drugs; different types of closures and closure liners; film
wrapper; blister packs; bubble packs; shrink packaging; foil /
plastic pouches, bottle seals, tape seals, breakable seals and
sealed tubes; qualit y control of packaging material and filling
equipment, flexible packaging, product package compatibility,
transit worthiness of package, Stability aspects of packaging.
Evaluation of stability of packaging material. 12
Hrs
5 Quality by design (QbD) and process analytical technology
(PAT): Current approach and its limitations. Why QbD is required,
Advantages, Elements of QbD, Terminology: QTPP. CMA, CQA,
CPP, RLD, Design space, Design of Experiments, Risk
Assessment and mitigation/minimization. Quality by Design,
Formulations by Design, QbD for drug products, QbD for Drug
Substances, QbD for Excipients, Analytical QbD. FDA initiative on
process analytical technology. PAT as a driver for improving
quality and reducing costs: quality by design (QbD), QA, QC and
GAMP. PAT guidance, standards and regulatory requirements. 12
Hrs
Page 155
140 REFERENCES
1. Lachman L, Lieberman HA, Kanig JL. The theory and practice of industrial
rd
pharmacy, 3 ed., Varghese Publishers, Mumbai 1991.
th
2. Sinko PJ. Martin's physical pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, 5
ed., B.I. Publications Pvt. Ltd, Noida, 2006.
3. Lieberman HA, Lachman L, Schwartz JB. Pharmaceutical dosage forms:
nd
tablets Vol. I -III, 2 ed., CBS Publishers & distributors, New Delhi, 2005.
th
4. Banker GS, Rhodes CT. Modern Pharmaceutics, 4
Inc, New York, 2005. ed., Marcel Dekker
5. Sidney H Willing, Murray M, Tuckerman. Williams Hitchings IV, Good
manufacturing of pharmaceuticals (A Plan for total quality control) 3rd
Edition. Bhalani publishing house Mumbai.
6. Indian Pharmacopoeia. Controller of Publication. Delhi, 1996.
7. British Pharmacopoeia. British Pharmacopoeia Commission Office,
London, 2008.
8. United States Pharmacopoeia. United States Pharmacope ial Convention,
Inc, USA, 2003.
9. Dean D A, Evans E R and Hall I H. Pharmaceutical Packaging
Technology. London, Taylor & Francis, 1st Edition. UK.
10. Edward J Bauer. Pharmaceutical Packaging Handbook. 2009. Informa
Health care USA Inc. New york.
11. Shaybe Cox Ga d. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Handbook. John Willey
and Sons, New Jersey, 2008.
Page 156
141 QUALITY ASSURANCE PRACTICAL – II PRACTICALS
(MQA 205P)
1. Organic contaminants residue analysis by HPLC
2. Estimation of Metall ic contaminants by Flame photometer
3. Identification of antibiotic residue by TLC
4. Estimation of Hydrogen Sulphide in Air.
5. Estimation of Chlorine in Work Environment.
6. Sampling and analysis of SO 2 using Colorimetric method
7. Qualification of following Pharma equipment
a.Autoclave
b.Hot air oven
c.Powder Mixer (Dry)
d.Tablet Compression Machine
8. Validation of an analytical method for a drug
9. Validation of a processing area
10. Qualification of at least two analytical instruments
11. Cleaning validation of one equipment
12. Qualification of Pharmaceutical Testing Equipment (Dissolution testing
apparatus, Friability Apparatus, Disintegration Tester)
13. Check list for Bulk Pharmaceutical Chemicals vendors
14. Check list for tableting production.
15. Check list for sterile production area
16. Check list for Water for injection.
17. Design of plant layout: Sterile and non-sterile
18. Case study on application of QbD
19. Case study on application of PAT
Page 157
142 PHARMACEUTICAL REGULATORY AFFAIRS (MRA)
Scope GOOD REGULATORY PRACTICES (MRA 101T)
This course is designed to impart fundamental knowledge on various Good
Regulatory Practices viz., cGMP, GLP, GALP and GDP for Pharmaceuticals,
Cosmetics, Food & Nutraceuticals, Medical devices, In-vitro Diagnostic Medical
Devices (IVDs) and biological pro ducts and understand the rationale behind
these requirements and will propose ways and means of complying with them.
Objectives
At completion of this course it is expected that students will be able to
understand,
The key regulatory and compliance elements with respect to Good
Manufacturing Practices, Good Laboratory Practices, Good Automated
Laboratory Practices and Good Documentation Practices.
Prepare and implement the check lists and SOPs for various Good
Regulatory Practices
Implement Good Regu latory Practices in the Healthcare and related
Industries
Prepare for the readiness and conduct of audits and inspections.
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Current Good Manufacturing Practices: Introduction, US cGMP
Part 210 and Part 211.EC Principles of GMP (Directive 12
Hrs
91/356/EEC) Article 6 to Article 14 and WHO cGMP guidelines
GAMP -5; Medical device and IVDs Global Harmonization Task
Force(GHTF) Guidance docs.
2 Good Laboratory Practices: Introduction, USFDA GLP 12
Regulations (Subpart A to Subpart K), Controlling the GLP Hrs
inspection process, Documentation, Audit, goals of Laboratory
Quality Audit, Audit tools, Future of GLP regulations, relevant ISO
and Quality Council of India(QCI) Standards
3 Good Automated Laboratory Practices: Introduction to GALP, 12
Principles of GALP, GALP Requirements, SOPs of GALP, Hrs
Training Documentation,21 CFR Part 11, General check list of
21CFR Part 11, Software Evaluation checklist, relevant ISO and
QCI Standards .
Page 158
143 4 Good Distribution Practices : Introduction to GDP, Legal GDP
requirements put worldwide, Principles, Personnel,
Documentation, Premises and Equipment, Deliveries to
Customers, Returns, Self -Inspection, Provision of information,
Stability testing principles, WHO GDP, USP GDP (Supply chain
integrity), relevant CDSCO guidance and ISO standards 12
Hrs
5 Quality management systems: Concept of Quality, Total Quality
Management, Quality by design, Six Sigma concept, Out of
Specifications (OOS), Change control. Validation: Types of
Validation, Types of Qualification, Validation master plan (VMP),
Analytical Method Validation. Validation of utilities, [Compressed
air, steam, water systems, Heat Ventilation and Air conditioning
(HVAC)]and Cleaning Validation. The International Conference on
Harmonization ( ICH) process, ICH guidelines to establish quality,
safety and efficacy of drug substances and products, ISO 13485,
Sch MIII and other relevant CDSCO regulatory guidance
documents. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Good Laboratory Practice Regulations, by Sandy Weinberg, Fourth Edition
Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol.168
2. Good Pharmaceutical Manufacturing practice, Rational and compliance by
John Sharp, CRC Press
3. Establishing a cGMP Laboratory Au dit System, A practical Guide by David
M.Bleisner, Wiley Publication.
4. How to practice GLP by PP Sharma, Vandana Publications.
5. Laboratory Auditing for Quality and Regulatory compliance bu Donald
C.Singer, Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol.150.
6. Drug s & Cosmetics Act, Rules & Amendments
Page 159
144 DOCUMENTATION AND REGULATORY WRITING
(MRA 102T)
Scope
This course is designed to impart fundamental knowledge on documentation
and general principles involved in regulatory writing and submission to agencies.
Objectives
Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to,
Know the various documents pertaining to drugs in pharmaceutical
industry
Understand the basics of regulatory compilation
Create and asse mble the regulation submission as per the
requirements of agencies
Follow up the submissions and post approval document requirements
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Documentation in pharmaceutical industry : Exploratory
Product Development Brief (EPDB) for Drug substance and Drug
product, Product Development Plan (PDP), Product Development
Report (PDR), Master Formula Record, Batch Manufacturing
Record and its calculations, Batch Reconciliation, Batch
Packagin g Records, Print pack specifications, Distribution
records, Certificate of Analysis (CoA), Site Master File and Drug
Master Files (DMF). 12
Hrs
2 Dossier preparation and submission: Introduction and
overview of dossiers, contents and organization of dossier,
binders and sections, compilation and review of dossier. Paper
submissions, overview and m odules of CTD, electronic CTD
submissions; Electronic submission: Planning electronic
submission, requirements for submission, regulatory bindings and
requirements, Tool and Technologies, electronic dossier
submission process and validating the submission, Electronic
Submission Gateway (ESG). Non eCTD electronic submissions
(NeeS), Asian CTD formats (ACTD) submission. Organizing,
process and validation of submission. Submission in Sugam
system of CDSCO. 12
Hrs
Page 160
145 3 Audits: Introduction, Definition, Summary, Types of audits, GMP
compliance audit, Audit policy, Internal and External Audits,
Second Party Audits, External third party audits, Auditing
strateg ies, Preparation and conducting audit, Auditing strategies,
audit analysis, audit report, audit follow up. Auditing/inspection of
manufacturing facilities by regulatory agencies. Timelines for
audits/inspection. GHTF study group 4 guidance document.
ISO 13485. 12
Hrs
4 Inspections: Pre-approval inspections, Inspection of
pharmaceutical manufacturers, Inspection of drug distribution
channe ls, Quality systems requirements for national good
manufacturing practice inspectorates, inspection report, model
certificate of good manufacturing practices, Root cause analysis,
Corrective and Preventive action (CAPA). 12
Hrs
5 Product life cycle management: Prior Approval Supplement
(PAS), Post Approval Changes [SUPAC], Changes Being
Effected in 30 Days (CBE -30), Annual Report, Post marketing
Reporting Requirements, Post approval Labeling Changes,
Lifecycle Management, FDA Inspection and Enforcement,
Establishment Inspection Report (EIR), Warning Letters, Recalls,
Seizure and Injunctions. ISO Risk Management Stand ard 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Compliance auditing for Pharmaceutical Manufacturers. Karen
Ginsbury and Gil Bismuth, Interpharm/CRC, Boca Raton, London New
York, Washington D.C.
2. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Handbook, Regulations and Quality by
Shayne Cox Gad. Wiley -Interscience, A John Wiley and sons, Inc.,
Publications.
3. Handbook of microbiological Quality control. Rosamund M. Baird,
Norman A. Hodges, Stephen P. Denyar. CRC Press. 2000.
4. Laborato ry auditing for quality and regulatory compliance. Donald C.
Singer, Raluca -loana Stefan, Jacobus F. Van Staden. Taylor and
Francis (2005).
5. Implementing Juran's Road Map for Quality Leadership: Benchmarks
and Results, By Al Endres, Wiley, 2000
6. Understanding, Managing and Implementing Quality: Frameworks,
Techniques and Cases, By Jiju Antony; David Preece, Routledge, 2002
Page 161
146 7. Organizing for High Performance: Employee Involvement, TQM,
Reengineering, and Knowledge Management in the Fortune 1000: The
CEO Report By Edward E. Lawler; Susan Albers Mohrman; George
Benson, Jossey -Bass, 2001
8. Corporate Culture and the Quality Organization By James W. Fairfield -
Sonn, Quorum Books, 2001
9. The Quality Management Sourcebook: An International Guide to
Materials and Resources By Christine Avery; Diane Zabel, Routledge,
1997
10. The Quality Toolbox, Second Edition, Nancy R. Tague, ASQ
Publications
11. Juran's Quality Handbook, Sixth Edition, Joseph M. Juran and Joseph
A. De F eo, ASQ Publications
12. Root Cause Analysis, The Core of Problem Solving and Corrective
Action, Duke Okes, 2009, ASQ Publications
13. International Medical Device Regulators Forum (IMDRF) Medical
Device Single Audit Program (MDSAP)
Page 162
147 CLINICAL RESEARCH REGULATIONS
(MRA 103T)
Scope
This course is designed to impart the fundamental knowledge on the clinical
development process of drugs, pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices, phases
and conduct of clinical trials and research, regulations and guidance governing
the conduct of clinical research in India, USA and EU. It prepares the students
to learn in detail on various laws, legislations and guidance related to safety,
efficacy, ethical conduct and regulatory approval of clinical research.
Objectives
Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able to (know, do and
appreciate)
History, origin and ethics of clinical and biomedical research and
evaluation
Clinical drug, medical dev ice development process and different types
and phases of clinical trials
Regulatory requirements and guidance for conduct of clinical trials and
research
Theory 60 Hrs
1. Clinical Drug Development Process
Different types of Clinical Studies
Phases of clinical trials, Clinical Trial protocol
Phase 0 studies
Phase I and subtype studies (single ascending, multiple
ascending, dose escalation, methods, food effect studies,
drug – drug interaction, PK end points
Phase II studies (proof of concept or principle studies to
establish efficacy)
Phase III studies (Multi ethnicity, global clinical trial,
registration studies)
Phase IV studies (Post Marketing Studies; PSUR)
Clinical Investigation and Evaluation of Medical Devices &
IVDs
Different Types of Studies
Key Concepts of Medical Device Clinical Evaluation
Key concepts of Clinical Investigation 12
Hrs
Page 163
148 2 Ethics in Clinical Research:
Historical Pers pectives: Nuremberg Code, Thalidomide study
, Nazis Trials, Tuskegee Syphilis Study, The Belmont Report,
The declaration of Helsinki
Origin of International Conference on Harmonization - Good
Clinical Practice (ICH -GCP) guidelines.
The ethics of randomized clinical trials
The role of placebo in clinical trials
Ethics of clinical research in special population
Institutional Review Board/Independent Ethics
Committee/Ethics Committee – composition, roles,
responsibilities, review and approval process and ongoi ng
monitoring of safety data
Data safety monitoring boards.
Responsibilities of sponsor, CRO, and investigator in ethical
conduct of clinical research
Ethical principles governing informed consent process
Patient Information Sheet and Informed Consent Form
The informed consent process and documentation 12
Hrs
3 Regulations governing Clinical Trials
India: Clinical Research regulations in India – Schedule Y &
Medical Device Guidance
USA: Regulations to conduct drug studies in USA (FDA)
NDA 505(b)(1) of the FD&C Act (Application for approval of a
new drug)
NDA 505(b)(2) of the FD&C Act (Application for approval of a
new drug that relies, at least in part, on data not developed
by the applicant)
ANDA 505(j) of the FD&C Act (Application for approval of a
generic drug product)
FDA Guidance for Industry - Acceptance of Foreign Clinical
Studies
FDA Clinical Trials Guidance Document: Good Clinical
Practice
EU: Clinical Research regulations in European Union (EMA) 12
Hrs
Page 164
149 4 Clinical Research Related Guidelines
Good Clinical Practice Guidelines (ICH GCP E6)
Indian GCP Guidelines
ICMR Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research
CDSCO guidelines
GHTF study group 5 guidance documents
Regulatory Guidance on Efficacy and Safety ICH Guidance’s
E4 – Dose Response Information to support Drug
Registration
E7 – Studies in support of General Population: Geriatrics
E8 – General Considerations of Clinical Trials
E10 – Choice of Control Groups and Related Issues in
Clinical Trials,
E 11 – Clinical Investigation of Medicinal Products in the
Pediatric Population
General biostatics principle applied in clinical research
5 USA & EU Guidance
USA: FDA Guidance
CFR 21Part 50: Protection of Human Subjects
CFR 21Part 54: Financial Disclosure by Clinical Investigators
CFR 21Part 312: IND Application
CFR 21Part 314: Application for FDA Approval to Market a
New Drug
CFR 21Part 320: Bioavailability and bioequivalence
requirements
CFR 21Part 812: Investigational Device Exemptions
CFR 21Part 822: Post -market surveillance
FDA Safety Reporting Requirements for INDs and BA/BE
Studies
FDA Med Watch
Guidance for Industry: Good Pharmacovigilance Practices
and Pharmacoepidemiologic Assessment
European Union: EMA Guidance
EU Directives 2001
EudraLex (EMEA) Volume 3 – Scientific guidelines for
medicinal products for human use
EU Annual Safety Report (ASR)
Volume 9A – Pharmacovigilance for Medicinal Products for
Human Use
EU MDD with respect to clinical research
ISO 14155 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
Page 165
150 REFERENCES
1. Clinical Trials and Human Research: A Practical Guide to Regulatory
Compliance By Fay A. Rozovsky and Rodney K. Adams
2. HIPAA and Human Subjects Research: A Question and Answer
Reference Guide By Mark Barnes, JD, LLM and Jennifer Kulynych, JD,
PhD
3. Principles and Practices of Clinical Research, Second Edition Edited by
John I. Gallin and Frederick P. Ognibene
4. Reviewing Clinical Trials: A Guide for the Ethics Committee; Johan PE
Karlberg and Marjorie A Speers; Karlberg, Johan Petter Einar, Hong
Kong.
5. International Pharmaceutical Product Registrati on: Aspects of Quality,
Safety and Efficacy; Anthony C. Cartwright; Taylor & Francis Inc., USA.
6. New Drug Approval Process: The Global Challenge; Guarino, Richard
A; Marcel Dekker Inc., NY.
7. FDA regulatory affairs: a guide for prescription drugs, medical dev ices,
and biologics; Douglas J. Pisano, David Mantus; CRC Press, USA
8. Country Specific Guidelines from official websites.
9. Drugs & Cosmetics Act & Rules and Amendments
RECOMMENDED WEBSITES:
1. EU Clinical Research Directive 2001: http://www.eortc.be/services/doc
/clinical -eudirective -04-april-01.pdf
2. Code of Federal Regulations, FDA:
http://www.a ccessdata.fda.gov/scripts /cdrh /cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm
3. Guidelines of International Conference on Harmonization: http://www .
ich.org /products/guidelines.html
4. Eudralex Guidelines: http://www.gmpcompliance.info/euguide.htm
5. FDA New Drug Application:
6. http://www.fda.gov/regulatoryinformation /legislation/FederalFoodDruga
ndCosmetic
ActFDCAct/FDCActChapterVDrugsandDevices/ucm108125.htm
7. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency: http://www
.mhra.gov.uk
8. Central Drugs Standard Control Organization Guidance for Industry:
http://cdsco.nic.in/CDSCO -GuidanceForIndustry.pdf
9. ICMR Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research: http://icmr.nic.in
/ethical_guideli nes.pdf
Page 166
151 REGULATIONS AND LEGISLATION FOR DRUGS & COSMETICS,
MEDICAL DEVICES, BIOLOGICALS & HERBALS, AND FOOD &
NUTRACEUTICALS IN INDIA AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
RIGHTS
(MRA 104T)
Scope
This course is designed to impart fundamental knowledge on regulations and
legislation in India w.r.t. Drugs & Cosmetics, Medical Devices, Biologicals &
Herbals, and Food & Nutraceuticals. It prepares the students for basic
regulatory requirements in Indi a of Drugs & Cosmetics, Medical Devices,
Biologicals & Herbals, and Food & Nutraceuticals. for manufacture, import &
registration, export, sale, marketing authorization, clinical trials and intellectual
property rights.
Objectives
Upon the completion of t he course the student shall be able to:
Know different Acts and guidelines that regulate Drugs & Cosmetics,
Medical Devices, Biologicals & Herbals, and Food & Nutraceuticals
industry in India.
Understand the approval process and regulatory requirements for
Drugs & Cosmetics, Medical Devices, Biologicals & Herbals, and Food
& Nutraceuticals
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Biologicals & Herbals, and Food & Nutraceuticals
Acts and Rules (with latest amendments):
1. Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 and Rules 1945: DPCO
and NPPA
2. Other relevant provisions (rules schedules and
guidelines for approval of Drugs & Cosmetics, Medical
Devices, Biologicals & Herbals, and Food &
Nutraceuticals in India
Other relevant Acts: Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic
Substances Act; Medicinal and Toilet Preparations (Excise
Duties) Act, 1955; Pharmacy Act, 1948; Drugs and Magic
Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1955; Prevention
of Cruelty to Animals Act. 12
Hrs
Page 167
152 2 Regulatory requirements and approval procedures for Drugs
& Cosmetics Medical Devices, Biologicals & Herbals, and
Food & Nutraceuticals
CDSCO (Central Drug Standard Control Organization) and State
Licensing Authority: Organization, Responsibilities
Rules, regulations, guidelines and standards for
regulatory filing of Drugs & Cosmetics, Medical Devices,
Biologicals & Herbals, and Food & Nutraceuticals
Format and contents of Regulatory dossier filing
Clinical trial/ investigations 12
Hrs
3 Indian Pharmacopoeial Standards, BIS standards and ISO and
other relevant standards 12
Hrs
4 Bioavailability and Bioequivalence data (BA &BE), BCS
Classification of Drugs, Regulatory Requirements for
Bioequivalence study
Stability requirements: ICH and WHO
Guidelines for Drug testing in animals/ Preclinical Studies
Animal testing: Rationale for conducting studies, CPCSEA
Guidelines
Ethical guidelines for human participants
ICMR -DBT Guidelines for Stem Cell Research 12
Hrs
5 Intellectual Property Rights : Patent, Trademark, Copyright,
Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications, Indian Patent
Scenario. IPR v s Regulatory Affairs 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Manual of Patent Practice & Procedure, 3rd Edition, by The Patent Office
of India
2. Patent Failure How Judges, Bureaucrats, and Lawyers put innovators at
risk by James Bessen and Michael J. Meurer
3. Principles and Practice of Clinical Trial Medicine by Richard Chin and
Bruce Y. Lee
4. Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research on Human Participants by
Indian Council of Medical Research New delhi 2006.
5. CPCSEA Gui delines for Laboratory Animal Facility by Committee for the
purpose of control and supervision on experiments on animals (CPCSEA)
Page 168
153 6. ICH E6 Guideline ― Good Clinical Practice‖ by ICH Harmonised Tripartite
7. Guidance for Industry on Submission of Clinical Trial Application for
Evaluating Safety and Efficacy by CDSCO (Central Drug Standard Control
Organisation)
8. Guidance for Industry on Requirement of Chemical & Pharmaceutical
Information including Stability Study Data before approval of clinical trials /
BE studies by CDSCO
9. Guidelines for Import and Manufacture of Medical Devices by CDSCO
10. Guidelines from official website of CDSCO
Page 169
154 REGULATORY AFFAIRS PRACTICAL - I
(MRA 105P)
1. Case studies (4 Nos.) of each of Good Pharmaceutical Practices.
2. Documentation for in process and finished products Quality control tests for
Solid, liquid, Semisolid and Sterile preparations.
3. Preparation of SOPs, Analytical reports (Stability and validation)
4. Protocol preparation for documentation of various types of records (BMR,
MFR, DR)
5. Labeling comparison between brand & generics.
6. Preparation of clinical trial protocol for registering trial in India
7. Registration for conducting BA/ BE studies in India
8. Import of drugs for research and developmental activities
9. Preparation of regulatory dossier as per Indian CTD format and submission
in SUGAM
10. Registering for different Intellectual Property Rights in India
11. GMP Audit Requirements as per CDSCO
12. Preparation and documentation for Indian Patent application.
13. Preparation of checklist for registration of IND as per ICH CTD format.
14. Preparation of checklist for registration of NDA as per ICH CTD format.
15. Preparation of checklist for registration of ANDA a s per ICH CTD format.
16. Case studies on response with scientific rationale to USFDA Warning Letter
17. Preparation of submission checklist of IMPD for EU submission.
18. Comparison study of marketing authorization procedures in EU.
19. Comparative study of DMF system in US, EU and Japan
20. Preparation of regulatory submission using eCTD software
21. Preparation of Clinical Trial Application (CTA) for US submission
22. Preparation of Clinical Trial Application (CTA) for EU submission
23. Comparison of Clinical Trial Application requirem ents of US, EU and Japan
of a dosage form.
24. Regulatory requirements checklist for conducting clinical trials in India.
25. Regulatory requirements checklist for conducting clinical trials in Europe.
26. Regulatory requirements checklist for conducting clinical trials in USA
Page 170
155 SEMESTER II
REGULATORY ASPECTS OF DRUGS & COSMETICS
(MRA 201T)
Scope
This course is designed to impart the fundamental knowledge on the drug
development process, regulatory requirements f or approval of new drugs, drug
products and cosmetics in regulated and semi -regulated countriesIt prepares
the students to learn in detail on the regulatory requirements, documentation
requirements, and registration procedures for marketing the drug produ cts and
cosmetics in regulated and semi -regulated countries.
Objectives
Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able to know
process of drug discovery and development and generic product
development
regulatory approval process and registration procedures for API and
drug products in US, EU
Cosmetics regulations in regulated and semi -regulated countries
A comparative study of India with other global regulated markets
Theory 60 Hrs
1. USA & CANADA: Organization structure and functions of FDA.
Federal register and Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), History
and evolution of United States Federal, Food, Drug and Cosmetic
Act (FFDCA), Hatch Waxman act and Orange book, Purple book,
Drug Master Files (DMF) system in US, Regulatory Approval
Process fo r Investigational New Drug (IND), New Drug
Application (NDA), Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA),
Supplemental New Drug Application (SNDA); Regulatory
requirements for Orphan drugs and Combination Products,
Changes to an approved NDA / ANDA. Regulato ry considerations
for manufacturing, packaging and labeling of pharmaceuticals in
USA. Legislation and regulations for import, manufacture,
distribution and sale of cosmetics in USA and Canada. 12
Hrs
2 European Union & Australia: Organization and structure of EMA
& EDQM, General guidelines, Active Substance Master Files
(ASMF) system in EU, Content and approval process of IMPD,
Marketing Authorization procedures in EU (Centralized procedure, 12
Hrs
Page 171
156 Decentralized procedure, Mutual recognition procedure and
National Procedure). Regulatory considerations for
manufacturing, packaging and labeling of pharmaceuticals in EU,
Eudralex directives for huma n medicines, Variations &
extensions, Compliance of European Pharmacopoeia (CEP)/
Certificate of Suitability (CoS), Marketing Authorization (MA)
transfers, Qualified Person (QP) in EU. Legislation and
regulations for import, manufacture, distribution and s ale of
cosmetics in European Union & Australia.
3 Japan: Organization of the PMDA, Pharmaceutical Laws and
regulations, types of registration applications, DMF system in
Japan, drug regulatory approval process, Regulatory
considerations for manufacturing, pa ckaging and labeling of
pharmaceuticals in Japan, Post marketing surveillance in Japan.
Legislation and regulations for import, manufacture, distribution
and sale of cosmetics in Japan
12
Hrs
4 Emerging Market: Introduction, Countries covered, Study of the
world map,study of various committees across the globe (ASEAN,
APEC, EAC, GCC, PANDRH, SADC)
WHO: WHO, GMP, Regulatory Requirements for registration of
drugs and post approval requirements in WHO through
prequalification programme, Certificate of Pharmaceutical Product
(CoPP) - General and Country Specific (South Africa, Egypt,
Algeria and Morocco, Nigeria, Kenya and Botswana) 12
Hrs
5 Brazil, ASEAN, CIS and GCC Countries:
ASIAN Countries: Introduction to ACTD, Regulatory
Requirements for registration of drugs and post approval
requirements in China and South Korea & Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Region i.e. Vietnam, Malaysia,
Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.
CIS (Commonwealth Independent Sta tes): Regulatory pre -
requisites related to Marketing authorization requirements for
drugs and post approval requirements in CIS countries i.e.
Russia, Kazakhstan and Ukraine GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council)
for Arab states: Regulatory pre -requisites related to Marketing
authorization requirements for drugs and post approval
requirements in Saudi Arabia and UAE
Legislation and regulations for import, manufacture, distribution
and sale of cosmetics in Brazil, ASEAN, CIS and GCC Countries. 12
Hrs
Page 172
157 REFERENCES :
1. Generic Drug Product Development, Solid Oral Dosage forms, Leon
Shargel and Isader Kaufer, Marcel Dekker series, Vol.143
2. The Pharmaceutical Regulatory Process, Edited by Ira R. Be rry Marcel
Dekker Series, Vol.144
3. The Pharmaceutical Regulatory Process, Second Edition Edited by Ira R.
Berry and Robert P. Martin, Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Vol.185 Informa Health care Publishers.
4. New Drug Approval Process: Accelerating Glob al Registrations By
Richard A Guarino, MD, 5th edition, Drugs and the Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Vol.190.
5. Guidebook for drug regulatory submissions / Sandy Weinberg. By John
Wiley & Sons. Inc.
6. Drugs: From Discovery to Approval, Second Edition By Rick Ng
7. New Drug Development: A Regulatory Overview, Eighth Edition By Mark
Mathieu
8. Pharmaceutical Risk Management By Jeffrey E. Fetterman, Wayne L.
Pines and Gary H. Slatko
9. Preparation and Maintenance of the IND Application in eCTD Format By
William K. Sietsema
10. Count ry Specific Guidelines from official websites.
11. http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/regulation_legislation/
ListMRAWebsites.pdf
12. Roadmap to an ASEAN ec onomic community Edited by Denis Hew.
ISEAS Publications, Singapore 2005, ISBN981 -230-347-2
13. ASEAN, Rodolfo C. Severino, ISEAS Publications, Singapore 2005,
ISBN 978-981-230-750-7
14. Building a Future with Brics: The Next Decade for Offshoring, Mark
Kobayashi -Hillary, Springer
15. Outsourcing to India: The Offshore Advantage, Mark Kobayashi -Hillary,
Springer Trade performance and Regional Integration of the CIS
Countries, Lev Freinkman,
16. The world Bank, Washington, DC, ISBN: 0-8212 -5896 -0
17. Global Pharmaceutical Policy: Ensuring Medicines for Tomorrow's World
ByFrederick M. Abbott, Graham Dukes, Maurice Nelson Graham Dukes
139
18. The Gulf Cooperation Council: A Rising Power and Lessons for ASEAN
by Linda Low and Lorraine Carlos Salazar (Nov 22, 2010)
19. Doing Business in the Asean Countries, Balbir Bhasin, Business Expert
Press ISBN:13:978 -1-60649 -108-9
20. Realizing the ASEAN Economic Community: A Comprehensive
Assessment, Michael G Plummer (Editor), Chia Siow Yue (Editor),
Instute of South east asian studies, Singapore
Page 173
158 REGULATORY ASPECTS OF HERBAL AND BIOLOGICALS
(MRA 202T)
Scope
This course is designed to impart fundamental knowledge on Regulatory
Requirements, Licensing and Registration, Regulation on Labelling of Biologics
in India, USA and Europe
It prepares the students to learn in detail on Regulatory Requirements for
biologics, Vaccines and Blood Products
Objectives
Upon the completion of the course the student shall be able to :
Know the regulatory Requiremen ts for Biologics and Vaccines
Understand the regulation for newly developed biologics and
biosimilars
Know the pre -clinical and clinical development considerations of
biologics
Understand the Regulatory Requirements of Blood and/or Its
Components Including Blood Products and label requirements
Theory 60 Hrs
1. India : Introduction, Applicable Regulations and Guidelines ,
Principles for Development of Similar Biologics, Data
Requirements for Preclinical Studies, Data Requirements for
Clinical Trial Application, Data Requirements for Market
Authorization Application, Post -Market Data for Similar Biologics,
Pharmacovigilance. GMP and GDP. 12
Hrs
2 USA: Introduction to Biologics; biologics, biological and
biosimilars, different biological products, difference between
generic drug and biosimilars, laws, regulations and guidance on
biologics/ biosi milars, development and approval of biologics and
biosimilars (IND, PMA, BLA, NDA, 510(k), pre -clinical and clinical
development considerations, advertising, labelling and packing of
biologics 12
Hrs
3 European Union: Introduction to Biologics; directives, scientific
guidelines and guidance related to biologics in EU, comparability/
biosimilarity assessment, Plasma master file, TSE/ BSE
evaluation, development and regulatory approval of biologics
(Investigational medicinal products and biosimilars), pre-clinical 12
Hrs
Page 174
159 and clinical development considerations; stability, safety,
advertising, labelling and packing of biologics in EU
4 Vaccine regulations in India, US and European Union: Clinical
evaluation, Marketing authorisation, Registration or licensing,
Quality assessment, Pharmacovigilance, Additional requirements
Blood and Blood Products Regulations in India, US and European
Union: Regulatory Requirements of Blood and/or Its Components
Including Blood Products, Label Requirements, ISBT
(International Society of Blood Transfusion) and IHN (International
Haemovigilence Network) 12
Hrs
5 Herbal Products: Quality, safety and legislation for herbal
products in India, USA and European Union. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. FDA Regulatory Affairs: A Guide for Prescription Drugs, Medical Devic es,
and Biologics, Douglas J. Pisano , David S. Mantus ; Informa ,2008
2. Biological Drug Products: Development and Strategies; Wei
Wang , Manmohan Singh ; wiley ,2013
3. Development of Vaccines: From Discovery to Clinical Testing; Manmohan
Singh , Indresh K. Srivastava ;Wiley, 2011
4. www.who.int/biologicals/en
5. www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegul atoryInfo
rmation/
6. www.ihn -org.com
7. www.isbtweb.org
8. Guidelines on Similar Biologics: Regulatory Requirements for Marketing
Authorization in India
9. www.cdsco.nic.in
10. www.ema.europa.eu › scientific guidelines › Biologicals
11. www.fda.gov/biol ogicsbloodVaccines/GuidanceCompliance Regulatory
Information (Biologics)
Page 175
160 REGULATORY ASPECTS OF MEDICAL DEVICES
(MRA 203T)
Scope
This course is designed to impart the fundamental knowledge on the medical
devices and in vitro diagnostics, basis of classification and product life cycle of
medical devices, regulatory requirements for approval of medical devices in
regulated countries like US, EU and Asian countries along with WHO
regulations. It prepares the students to learn in detail on the harmonization
initiatives, quality and ethical considerations, regulatory and documentation
requirements for marketing medical devices and IVDs in regulated countries.
Objectives
Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able to know
basics of medical devices and IVDs, process of development, ethical
and quality considerations
harmonization initiatives for approval and marketing of medical devices
and IVDs
regulatory approval process for medical devices and IVDs in India, US,
Canada, EU, Japan and ASEAN
clinical evaluation and investigation of medical devices and IVDs
Theory 60 Hrs
1. Medical Devices: Introduction, Definition, Risk based
classification and Essential Principles of Medical Devices and
IVDs. Differentiating medical devices IVDs and Combination
Products from that of pharmaceuticals, History of Medical Device
Regulation, Product Lifecycle of Medical Devices and
Classification o f Medical Devices.
IMDRF/GHTF: Introduction, Organizational Structure, Purpose
and Functions, Regulatory Guidelines, Working Groups,
Summary Technical Document (STED), Global Medical Device
Nomenclature (GMDN).
2 Ethics: Clinical Investigation of Medical Devices, Clinical
Investigation Plan for Medical Devices, Good Clinical Practice for
Clinical Investigation of medical devices (ISO 14155:2011)
Quality: Quality System Regulations of Medical Devices: ISO
13485, Quality Risk Management of Medical Devices: ISO
14971, Validation and Verification of Medical device, Adverse
Event Reporting of Medical device 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
Page 176
161 3 USA: Introduction, Classification, Regulatory approval process for
Medical Devices (510k) Premarket Notification, Pre -Market
Approval (PMA), Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) and In
vitro Diagnostics, Quality System Requirements 21 CFR Part 820,
Labeling requirements 21 CFR Part 801, P ost marketing
surveillance of MD and Unique Device Identification (UDI). Basics
of In vitro diagnostics, classification and approval process. 12
Hrs
4 European Union: Introduction, Classification, Regulatory
approval process for Medical Devices
(Medical Device Directive, Active Implantable Medical Device
Directive) and In vitro Diagnostics ( In Vitro Diagnostics Directive),
CE certification process.
Basics of In vitro diagnostics, classification and approval process. 12
Hrs
5 ASEAN, China & Japan: Medical Devices and IVDs, Regulatory
registration procedures, Quality System requirements and clinical
evaluation and investigation.
IMDRF study groups and guidance documents. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. FDA regulatory affairs: a guide for prescription drugs, medical devices, and
biologics by Douglas J. Pisano, David Mantus.
2. Medical Device Development: A Regulatory Overview by Jonathan S.
Kahan
3. Medical Product Regulatory Affairs: Pharmaceuticals , Diagnostics, Medical
Devices by John J. Tobin and Gary Walsh
4. Compliance Handbook for Pharmaceuticals, Medical Devices and
Biologics by Carmen Medina
5. Country Specific Guidelines from official websites.
Page 177
162 REGULATORY ASPECTS OF FOOD & NUTRACEUTICALS
(MRA 204T)
Scope
This course is designed to impart the fundamental knowledge on Regulatory
Requirements, Registration and Labeling Regulations of Nutraceuticals in India,
USA and Europe.
It prepares the students to learn in detail on Regulatory Aspects for
nutraceuticals and food supplements.
Objectives
Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able to
Know the regulatory Requirements for nutraceuticals
Understand the regulation for registration and lab eling of nutraceuticals
and food supplements in India, USA and Europe.
Theory 60 Hrs
1. Nutraceuticals: Introduction, History of Food and Nutraceutical
Regulations, Meaning of Nutraceuticals, Dietary Supplements,
Functional Foods, Medical Foods, Scope and Opportunities in
Nutraceutical Market. 12
Hrs
2 Global Aspects: WHO guidelines on nutrition. NSF International:
Its Role in the Dietary Supplements and Nutraceuticals Industries,
NSF Certification, NSF Standards for Food And Dietary
Supplements. Good Manufacturing Practices for Nutraceuticals. 12
Hrs
3 India : Food Safety and Standards Act, Food Safety and
Standards Authority of India: Organization and Functions,
Regulations for import, manufacture and sale of nutraceutical
products in India, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) in
India. 12
Hrs
4 USA: US FDA Food Safety Modernization Act, Dietary
Supplement Health a nd Education Act. U.S. regulations for
manufacture and sale of nutraceuticals and dietary supplements,
Labelling Requirements and Label Claims for Dietary
Supplements, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) in the
U.S 12
Hrs
Page 178
163 5 European Union: European Food Safety Authority (EFSA):
Organization and Functions. EU Directives and regulations for
manufacture and sale of nutraceuticals and dietary supplements.
Nutrition labellin g. European Regulation on Novel Foods and
Novel Food Ingredients. Recommended Dietary Allowances
(RDA) in Europe. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Regulation of Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals: A Global Perspective
by Clare M. Hasler (Wiley Online Library)
2. Nutraceutical and Functional Food Regulations in the United States and
Around the World by Debasis Bagchi (Academic Press, Elsevier)
3. http://www.who.int/publications/guidelines/nutrition/en/
4. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/ etudes/STUD/2015/536324/IPOL_
STU(2015)536324_EN.pdf
5. Handbook of Nutraceuticals by Yashwant Pathak (CRC Press)
6. Food Regulation: Law, Science, Policy and Practice by Neal D. Fortin
(Wiley)
7. Country Specific Guidelines from official websites.
Page 179
164 REGULATORY AFFAIRS PRACTICAL - II
(MRA 205P)
1. Case studies on
2. Change Management/ Change control. Deviations
3. Corrective & Preventive Actions (CAPA)
4. Documentation of raw materials analysis as per official monographs
5. Preparation of audit checklist for various agencies
6. Preparation of submission to FDA using eCTD software
7. Preparation of submission to EMA using eCTD software
8. Preparation of submission to MHRA using eCTD software
9. Preparation of Biologics License Applications (BLA)
10. Preparation of documents required for Vaccine Product Approval
11. Comparison of clinical trial application requirements of US, EU and
India of Biologics
12. Preparation of Checklist for Registration of Blood and Blood Products
13. Registration requ irement comparison study in 5 emerging markets
(WHO) and preparing check list for market authorization
14. Registration requirement comparison study in emerging markets
(BRICS) and preparing check list for market authorization
15. Registration requirement comparis on study in emerging markets
(China and South Korea) and preparing check list for market
authorization
16. Registration requirement comparison study in emerging markets
(ASEAN) and preparing check list for market authorization
17. Registration requirement comparison study in emerging markets (GCC)
and preparing check list for market authorization
18. Checklists for 510k and PMA for US market
19. Checklist for CE marking for various classes of devices for EU
20. STED Application for Class III Devices
21. Audit Checklist for Medical Device Facility
22. Clinical Investigation Plan for Medical Devices
Page 180
165 PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY (MPB)
MODERN PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
(MPB 101T)
Scope
This subject deals with various advanced analytical instrumental techniques for
identification, characterization and quantification of drugs. Instruments dealt are
NMR, Mass spectrometer, IR, HPLC, GC etc.
Objectives
After completion of course student is able to know,
The analysis of various drugs in single and combination dosage forms
Theoretical and practical skills of the instruments
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. a. UV-Visible spectroscopy : Introduction, Theory, Laws,
Instrumentation associa ted with UV -Visible spectroscopy, Choice
of solvents and solvent effect and Applications of UV -Visible
spectroscopy.
IR spectroscopy : Theory, Modes of Molecular vibrations,
Sample handling, Instrumentation of Dispersive and Fourier -
Transform IR Spectrome ter, Factors affecting vibrational
frequencies and Applications of IR spectroscopy
b. Spectroflourimetry: Theory of Fluorescence, Factors
affecting fluorescence, Quenchers, Instrumentation and
Applications of fluorescence spectrophotometer.
c. Flame emission spectroscopy and Atomic absorption
spectroscopy : Principle, Instrumentation, Interferences and
Applications. 12
Hrs
2 NMR spectroscopy : Quantum numbers and their role in NMR,
Principle, Instrumentation, Solvent requirement in NMR,
Relaxation process, NMR signals in various compounds,
Chemical shift, Factors influencing chemical shift, Spin -Spin
coupling, Coupling constant, Nuclear magnetic double resonance,
Brief outline of principles of FT -NMR and 13C NMR. Applications
of NMR spectroscopy. 12
Hrs
Page 181
166 3 Mass Spectroscopy : Principle, Theory, Instrumentation of Mass
Spectroscopy, Diffe rent types of ionization like electron impact,
chemical, field, FAB and MALDI, APCI, ESI, APPI Analyzers of
Quadrupole and Time of Flight, Mass fragmentation and its rules,
Meta stable ions, Isotopic peaks and Applications of Mass
spectroscopy 12
Hrs
4 Chromatography : Principle, apparatus, instrumentation,
chromatographic parameters, factors affecting resolution and
applications of the following:
a) Paper chromatography b) Thin Layer chromatography
c) Ion exchange chromatography d) Column chromatography
e) Gas chromatography f) High Performance Liquid
chromatography
g) Affinity chromatography 12
Hrs
5 a. Electrophoresis : Principle, Instrumentation, Working
conditions, factors affecting separation and applications of the
following:
a) Paper electrophoresis b) Gel electrophoresis c) Capillary
electrophoresis d) Zone electrophoresis e) Moving boundary
electrophoresis f) Iso electric focusing
b. X ray Crystallography : Production of X rays, Different X ray
methods, Bragg‘s law, Rotating crystal t echnique, X ray powder
diffration technique, Types of crystals and applications of X -ray
diffraction. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Spectrometric Identification of Organic compounds - Robert M Silverstein,
Sixth edition, John Wiley & Sons.
2. Principles of Instrumental Analysis - Doglas A Skoog, F. James Holler,
Timothy A. Nieman, 5th edition, Eastern press, Bangalore.
3. Instrumental methods of analysis – Willards, 7th edition, CBS publishers.
4. Practi cal Pharmaceutical Chemistry – Beckett and Stenlake, Vol II, 4th
edition, CBS Publishers, New Delhi.
5. Organic Spectroscopy - William Kemp, 3rd edition, ELBS.
6. Quantitative Analysis of Drugs in Pharmaceutical formulation - P D Sethi,
3rd Edition, CBS Publishe rs, New Delhi.
7. Pharmaceutical Analysis - Modern methods – Part B - J W Munson,
Volume 11, Marcel Dekker Series
Page 182
167 MICROBIAL AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY
(MPB 102T)
Scope
This subject is designed to provide the advanced knowledge to the
biotechnology students in invaluable areas of advanced microbiology which
plays a crucial role in determining its future use and applications in medicine,
drug discovery and in pharmaceutical industry .
Objective
At the completion of this course it is expected that the students will get an
understanding about the following aspects;
Importance of Microorganisms in Industry
Central dogma of molecular biology
Structure and function of cell and cell communication
Cell culture technolo gy and its applications in pharmaceutical
industries.
Microbial pathogenesis and correlating it to rational use of antimicrobial
agents.
THEORY 60Hrs
1. Microbiology
Introduction – Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Bacteria, fungi,
actionomycetes and virus - structure, chemistry and morphology,
cultural, physiological and reproductive features. Methods of
isolation, cultivation and maintenance of pure cultures. Industrially
important microorganisms - exam ples and applications
2 Molecular Biology: Structure of nucleus and chromosome,
Nucleic acids and composition, structure and types of DNA and
RNA. Central dogma of molecular biology: Replication,
Transcription and translation.
Gene regulation
Gene copy numbe r, transcriptional control and translational
control.
RNA processing
Modification and Maturation, RNA splicing, RNA editing, RNA
amplification. Mutagenesis and repair mechanisms, types of
mutants, application of mutagenesis in stain improvement, gene
mappi ng of plasmids - types purification and application. Phage
genetics, geneticorganization, phage mutation and lysogeny. 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
Page 183
168 3 Cell structure and function
Cell organelles, cytoskeleton & cell movements, basic aspectsof
cell regulation, bioenergetics and fuelling reactions of aerobics
and anaerobics,secondary metabolism & its applications. Cell
communication, cell cycle and apoptosis, mechanism of cell
division. Celljunctions /adhesion and extra cellular matrix, germ
cells and fertilization, histology – thelife and death of cells in
tissues.
Cell Cycle and Cytoskeleton
Cell Division and its Regulation, G -Protein CoupledReceptors,
Kinases, Nuclear receptors, Cytoskeleton & cell movements,
IntermediateFilaments.
Apoptosis and Oncogenes
Programmed Cell Death, Tumor cells, carcinogens & repair.
Differentiation and Developmental Biology
Fertilization, Events of Fertilization, In vitro Fertilization,
Embryonic Germ Cells, Stem Cells and its Application. 12
Hrs
4 Principles of microbial nutrition
Physical and chemical environment for microbial growth, Stability
and degeneration of microbial cultures.
Growth of animal cells in culture
General procedure for cell culture, Nutrient composition, Primary,
established and transformed cell cultures, applications of cell
cultures in pharmaceutical industry and research. Gro wth of
viruses in cell culture propagation and enumeration. In-vitro
screening techniques - cytotoxicity, anti -tumor, anti -viral assays. 12
Hrs
5 Microbial pathology
Identifying the features of pathogenic bacteria, fungi and viruses.
Mechanism of microbial pathogenicity, etiology and pathology of
common microbial diseases and currently recommended
therapies for common bacterial, fungal & viral infections.
Mechanism of action of antimicrobial agents and possible sites of
chemotherapy. 12
Hrs
Page 184
169 REFERENCES
1. W.B. Hugo and A.D. Russel: Pharmac eutical Microbiology, Blackwell
Scientific publications, Oxford London.
2. Prescott and Dunn, Industrial Microbiology, CBS Publishers & Distributors,
Delhi.
3. Pelczar, Chan Kreig, Microbiology, Tata McGraw Hill edn.
4. David Freifelder, Molecular Biology, 2nd edition, Narosa Publishing House.
5. R. Ian Freshney, Culture of animal cells – A manual of Basic techniques,
6th edition, Wileys publication house.
6. David Baltimore,Molecular cell biology, W H Freeman & Co publishers.
7. Cell biology vol -I,II,III by Julio E.Cells
8. Bergeys manual of systematic bacteriology, Williams and Wilkins - A
Waverly company.
Page 185
170 BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(MPB 103T)
Scope
This paper has been designed to provide the knowledge to the biotechnology
students in invaluable areas of bioprocess technology to develop skills to
modify, design and operate different types of fermenters, to understand and
implement various fermentation procedures, to train students in scale up
fermentation opera tions .
Objective
At the completion of this subject it is expected that students will be able to,
Understand basics and design of fermentation technology
Scale up and scale down processing of fermentation technology
Bioprocessing of the industrially importa nt microbial metabolites in
industries and R & D organizations.
Regulation governing the manufacturing of biological products
Understand and conduct fermentation process kinetics.
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Introduction to fermentation technology
Basic principles of fermentation
Study of the design and operation of bioreactor
Ancillary parts and function, impeller design and agitation, power
requirements on measurements and control of dissolved oxygen,
carbon dioxide, temperature, pH and foam.
Types of bioreactor
CSTR, tower, airlift, bubble column, packed glass bead, hollow
fiber, configuration and application
Computer control of fermentation process
System configuration and application 12
Hrs
2 Mass transfer
Theory, diffusional resistance to oxygen requirements of
microorganisms, measurements of mass transfer co - efficient and
factor affecting them, effects of aeration and agitation on mass
transfer, supply of air, air compressing, cleaning and sterilization
of air and plenum ventilation, air sampling and testing standards
for air purity. 12
Hrs
Page 186
171 Rheology
Rheological properties of fermentation system and their
importance in bioprocessing.
3 Scale up of fermentation process
Principles, theoretical considerations, techniques used, media fo r
fermentation, HTST sterilization, advantage and disadvantage,
liquid sterilization.
Cultivation and immobilized culture system
Cultivation system - batch culture, continuous culture,
synchronous cultures, fed batch culture. Graphical plot
representing the above systems.
Introduction to immobilization
Techniques, immobilization of whole cell, immobilized culture
system to prepare fine chemicals. Immobilization of enzymes and
their applications in the industry. Reactors for immobilized
systems and perspec tive of enzyme engineering.
12
Hrs
4 Scale down of fermentation process
Theory, equipment design and operation, methods of filtration,
solvent extraction, chromatographic separation, crystallization
turbidity analysis and cell yield determination, metabolic response
assay, enzymatic assay, bioautographic techniques and
disruption of cells for product recovery.
Isolation and screening
Primary and secondary, maintenance of stockculture, strain
improvement for increased yield. 12
Hrs
5 Bioprocessing of the industrially important microbial
metabolites
a) Organic solvents – Alcohol and Glycerol
b) Organic acids - Citric acids, Lactic acids,
c) Amino acids - Glutamic acids, Lysine, Cyclic AMP and
GMP
d) Antibiotics - Penicillin, Streptomycin, Griseofulvin,
e) Vitamins - B12, Riboflavin and Vitamin C
Biosynthetic pathways for some secondary metabolites, microbial
transformation of steroids and alkaloids
Regulation governing the manufacturing of biological products . 12
Hrs
Page 187
172 REFERENCES
1. Peter Stanbury, Allan Whitaker, Stephen Hall, Principles of Fermentation
technology, Elsevier stores.
2. L.E. Casida, Industrial Microbiology, John Wiley & sons Inc.
3. F.M. Asubel, Curre nt protocols in molecular biology, volume I and II, John
Wiley Publishers.
4. Biotol Board, Bioreactor design and product yield, Butterworth and
Helhemann Publishers.
5. H. Patel, Industrial microbiology, Macmillan India Limited.
Page 188
173 ADVANCED PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
(MPB 104T)
Scope
This paper has been designed to provide the knowledge to the students to
develop skills of advanced techniques of isolation and purification of enzymes,
to enrich students with current status of development of vaccines and economic
importance of biotechnology products.
Objective
At the completion of this subject it is expected that students will be able to
Understand about the latest technology d evelopment in biotechnology
technique, tools and their uses in drug and vaccine development.
Identify appropriate sources of enzymes.
Understand and perform genetic engineering techniques in gene
manipulation, r -DNA technology and gene amplification.
Under stand the overview of pharmacogenomics.
Learn the regulatory approval process and key regulatory agencies for
new drugs, biologics, devices, and drug -device combinations.
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Enzyme Technology
Classification, general properties of enzymes, dynamics of
enzymatic activity,sources of enzymes, extraction and purification,
pharmaceutical,therapeutic and clinical application. Production of
amyloglucosidase, glucose isomerase,amylase and try psin. 12
Hrs
2 Genetic Engineering
Techniques of gene manipulation, cloning strategies,procedures,
cloning vectors expression vectors, recomb inant selection
andscreening, expression in E.coli and yeast.
Site directed mutagenesis, polymerase chain reaction, and
analysis of DNAsequences.
Gene library and cDNA
Applications of the above technique in the production of,
Regulatory proteins - Interferon, Interleukins
Blood products - Erythropoietin
Vaccines - Hepatitis -B
Hormones - Insulin 12
Hrs
Page 189
174 3 Therapeutic peptides
Study on controlled and site specified delivery of therapeutic
peptides and proteins through various routes of administration.
Transgenic animals
Production of useful proteins in transgenic animals and gene
therapy.
Human Genome
The human genome project -a brief study, Human chromosome –
Structure and classification, chromosomal abnormalities –
Syndromes 12
Hrs
4 Signal transduction
Introduction, cell signaling pathways, Ion channels, Sensors and
effecto rs, ON and OFF mechanisms, Spatial and temporal
aspects of signaling, cellular process, development, cell cycle and
proliferation, neuronal signaling, cell stress, inflammatory
responses and cell death, signaling defects and diseases.
Oncogenes
Introductio n, definition, various oncogenes and their proteins. 12
Hrs
5 Microbial Biotransformation
Biotransformation for the synthesis of chiral drugs and steroids.
Microbial Biodegradation
Biodegradation of xenobiotics, chemical and industrial wastes,
Production of single -cell protein,
Applications of microbes in environmental monitoring.
Biosensors
Definition, characteristics of ideal biosensors, type s of biosensors,
biological recognition elements, transducers, application of
biosensors. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Biotechnology -The biological principles: MD Trevan, S Boffey, KH
Goulding and P.F. Stanbury.
2. Immobilization of cells and enzymes: HosevearKennadycabral& Bicker
staff
3. Principles of Gene Manipulating: RW Old and S.B.Primrose.
4. Molecular Cell Biology: Harvey Lodish, David Baltimore, Arnold Berk, S
LawenceZipursky, Paul Matsudaira, James Darnell.
5. Modern Biotechnology: S.B Primrose
Page 190
175 6. Gene transfer and expression protocols -methods in Molecular Biology, vol.
VII, Edit E.T. Murray
7. Current protocols in Molecular Biology, Vo1.I & II:F.M. Asubel, John wiley
Publishers
8. Current protocols in cellular biology, Vo1.1 & II John wiley publishers.
9. Principles of human genetics; by Curt Stern, published by W.H. Freeman.
Page 191
176 PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY PRACTI CAL - I
(MPB 105P)
1. Analysis of Pharmacopoeial compounds and their formulations by UV Vis
spectrophotometer
2. Simultaneous estimation of multi component containing formulations by UV
spectrophotometry
3. Experiments based on HPLC
4. Experiments based on Gas Chromatography
5. Estimation of riboflavin/quinine sulphate by fluorimetry
6. Estimation of sodium/potassium by flame photometry
7. Isolation and Purification of microorganism from the soil
8. Microbial contamination of Water and biochemical parameters.
9. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory concentration by gradient plate
technique and serial dilution method.
10. UV- survival curve and Dark repair
11. Sterility test for pharmaceutical preparations
12. Sub culturing of cells and cytotoxicity assays.
13. Construction of growth curve and determination of specific growth rate and
doubling time
14. Fermentation process of alcohol and wine production
15. Fermentation of vitamins and antibiotics
16. Whole cell immobilization engineering
17. Thermal death kinetics of bacteria
18. Replica plating
19. Bio-autography.
20. Isolation and estimation of DNA
21. Isolation and estimation of RNA
22. Isolation of plasmids
23. Agarose gel electrophoresis.
24. Transformation techniques
25. SDS – polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for proteins
26. Polymerase chain reaction technique.
Page 192
177 PROTEINS AND PROTEIN FORMULATIONS
(MPB 201T)
Scope
This course is designed to impart knowledge and skills necessary for knowing
fundamental aspects of proteins and their formulations is a part of drug research
and development process. Basic theoretical discussions of the principles of
more integrated and coherent use of information for protein formulation and
design are provided to help the students to clarify the various biological
concepts of protein .
Objective
At the completion of this course it is expected that students will be able to
understand,
Various methods of purification of proteins
Peptides in drug development
Protein identification and characterization
Protein based formulations
Sequencing proteins
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Protein engineering
Concepts for protein engineering. Isolation and purification of
proteins, Stability and activity based approaches of protein
engineering, Chemic al and Physical Considerations in Protein
and Peptide Stability, Different methods for protein engineering,
gene shuffling, and direct evolution.
2 Peptidomimetics
Introduction, classification; Conformationally restricted peptides,
design, pseudopeptides, peptidomimetics and transition state
analogs; Biologically active template; Amino acid replacements;
Peptidomimetics and rational drug design; CADD techniques in
peptidomimetics; Development of non peptide peptidomimetics.
12
Hrs
12
Hrs
3 Proteomics
Protein identification and characterization: Methods/strategies,
protein identification, de novo protein characterization, Isoto pe
labelling, N - and C -terminal tags. 12
Hrs
Page 193
178 2-Dimensional gel electrophoresis
Methods including immobilized pH gradients (IPGs), resolution,
reproducibility and image analysis, future developments
4 Protein formulation
Different strategies used in the formulation of DNA and proteins,
Analytical and biophysical parameters of proteins and DNA in pre -
formulation, Liposomes, Neon -spears, Neon -particulate system,
PEGylation, Biological Activity, Biophysical Characterization
Techniques, Forced degradation studies of protein.
12
Hrs
5 Methods of prot ein sequencing
Various methods of protein sequencing, characterisation, Edman
degradation, Tryptic and/or Chymotryptic Peptide Mapping. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. H. Lodhishet. Al. Molecular Cell Biology, W. H. Freeman and Company
2. Protein Purification – Hand Book, Amersham pharmacia biotech
3. EngelbertBuxbaum, Fundamentals of Protein Structure and Function,
Springer Science
4. Sheldon J. Park, Jennifer R. Cochran, Protein Engineering and Design,
CRC press.
5. Robert K. Skopes. Protein purification, principle and practice, springer link.
6. David Whitford, Proteins -Structure and Function, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
7. James Swarbrick, Protein Formulation and Delivery Informa Healthcare
USA,Inc.
8. Rodney Pearlman, Y. John Wang Formulation, Characterization, and
Stability of Protein Drugs, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Page 194
179 IMMUNOTECHNOLOGY
(MPB 202T)
Scope
This course is designed to impart knowledge on production and enginee ring of
antibodies, the application of antigens, the design of (recombinant) vaccines,
strategies for immune intervention, etc. The Immunotechnology - based
techniques will be used for therapeutics and diagnostics, industries in the
production, quality con trol and quality assurance, and in R&D.
Objective
After this course, the students will be able to: -
Understand the techniques like immunodiagnostic tests,
Characterization of lymphocytes, purification of antigens and antibody,
etc.
Access health problems with immunological background;
Develop approaches for the immune intervention of diseases
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Fundamental aspects of immunology
Introduction, cells and organs of the immune system, cellular
basis of Immune response, primary and secondary lymphoid
organs, antigen antibody and their structure.
Types of immune responses, anatomy of immune response.
Overview of innate and adaptive Immunity.
Humoral Immunity
B – Lymphocytes and their acti vation. Structure and function of
immunoglobulins, idiotypes and anti idiotypic antibodies.
Cell mediated Immunity
Thymus derived lymphocytes (T cells) – their ontogeny and types,
MHC complex, antigen presenting cells (APC), mechanisms of T
cell activation , macrophages, dendritic cells, langerhans cells,
mechanism of phagocytosis
2 Immune Regulation and Tolerance
Complement activation and types and their biological functions,
cytokines and their role in immune response.
Hypersensitivity
Hypersensitivity Types I -IV, Hypersensitivity reactions and
treatment
Autoimmune diseases 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
Page 195
180 3 Vaccine technology
Vaccine and their types, conventional vaccines, novel methods for
vaccine production, antiidiotype vaccine, DNA vaccine, genetically
engineered vaccine, iscoms, synthetic peptides, and
immunodiagnostics.
Stem cell technology
Stem cell technology and applications to immunology 12
Hrs
4 Hybridoma Technology
Hybridoma techniques – fusion methods for myeloma cells and B -
Lymphocytes, selection and screening techniques. Prod uction
and purification of monoclonal antibodies and their applications in
Pharmaceutical industry. 12
Hrs
5 Immunological Disorder
Autoimmune disorders and types, pathogenic mechanisms,
treatment, experimental models of auto immune diseases,
primary and secondary immunodeficiency disorders.
Immunodiagnosis
Antigen antibody interaction – Precipitation reaction, Agglutination
reactions, Principles and applications of ELISA, Radio Immuno
Assay, Western blot analysis, immune -electrophoresis, immuno
fluorescence, chemiluminescence assay, complement fixation
reaction. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. J. Kubey, Immunology – an Introduction.
2. S.C. Rastogi, Immunodiagonstics, New Age International.
3. Ashim Chakravarthy, Immunology and Immunotechnology, Oxford
University Press.
4. E. Benjamini, Molecular Immunology.
Page 196
181 BIOINFORMATICS AND COMPUTATIONAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
(MPB 203T)
Scope
This paper has been designed to provide the advanced knowledge to the
biotechnology students in invaluable areas of advanced bioinformatic s which
plays a crucial role in determining its future use and applications in medicine,
drug discovery and in pharmaceutical industry.
Objectives
Upon completion of this course it is expected that the students will be able to
understand,
Use of computers in developing a new drugs
Biological concepts for bioinformatics
Proteins and their diversity
Various gene finding methods
Searching the biological databases
Target searching
Various methods of drug designing
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Introduction to Bioinformatics
Definition and History of Bioinformatics, Internet and
Bioinformatics, Introduction to Data Mining, Applications of Data
Mining to Bioinformatics,
Biological Da tabase
Protein and nucleic acid databases. Structural data bases.
Collecting and storing the sequence and Applications of
Bioinformatics. 12
Hrs
2 Sequence analysis
Sequence alignment, pair wise alignment techniques, multiple
sequence analysis, multiple sequence alignment; Flexible
sequence similarity searching with the FAST3 program package,
the u se of CLUSTAL W and CLUSTAL X for the multiple
sequence alignment. Tools used for sequence analysis.
3 Protein informatics
Introduction; Force field methods; Energy, buried and exposed
residues, side chains and neighbours; Fixed regions, hydrogen
bonds, mapp ing properties onto surfaces; Fitting monomers, R & 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
Page 197
182 S fit of conformers, assigning secondary structures; Sequence
alignment -methods, evaluation, scoring; Protein completion,
backbone construction and side chain addition; Small peptide
methodology, software accessibility, building peptides; Protein
displays; Substructure manipulations, annealing.
Protein structure prediction
Protein folding and model generation; Secondary structure
prediction, analyzing secondary structures; Protein loop
searching, loop generating methods, loop analysis; Homology
modeling, concepts of homology modeling, potential applications,
description, methodology, homologous sequence identification;
Align structures, align model sequence; Construction of variable
and conserved regions, threading techniques, Topology
fingerprint approach for prediction, evaluation of alternate models;
Structure prediction on a mystery sequence, structure aided
sequence t echniques of structure prediction, structural profiles,
alignment algorithms, mutation tables, prediction, validation,
sequence based methods of structure prediction, prediction using
inverse folding, fold prediction; Significance analysis, scoring
techniq ues, sequence - sequence scoring.
Docking
Docking problems, methods for protein - ligand docking, validation
studies and applications; Screening small molecule databases,
docking of combinatorial libraries, input data, analyzing docking
results.
4 Diversity of Genomes
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Gene Families. Genome Analysis:
Introduction, Gene prediction methods, Gene mapping and
applications - Genetic and Physical Mapping, Integrated map,
Seque nce assembly and gene expression.
Completed Genomes
Bacterium, Nematode, Plant and Human
Evolution of Genomes
Lateral or Horizontal Transfer among Genomes, Transcriptome
and Proteome -General Account
Phylogenetic analysis
Evolutionary Change in Nucleotide S equences, Rates and
Patterns of Nucleotide Substitution, Models for Nucleotide
Substitution, Construction of Phylogenetic Tree, Genome
Annotation technique. 12
Hrs
Page 198
183 5 Target searching and Drug Designing
Target and lead, timeline for drug development, target discovery,
target modulators, In-silico gene expression, microarray, and lead
discovery, libraries of ligands, active site analysis, and prediction
of drug quality. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. David W. Mount, Bioinformatics Sequence and Genome Analysis, CBS
Publishers and Distributors
2. S. C. Rastogiet. al. Bioinformatics - Concepts Skill and Applications, CBS
Publishers and Distributors
3. T. E. Creighton, Protein Structure and Molecular Properties, W.
H.Freeman and Company
4. Andreas D. Baxevanis, B. F. Francis Ouellette, Bioinformatics; A Practical
Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
5. Arthur M. Lesk, Introduction to Bioinformatics, Oxford University Press.
6. Shui Qing Ye. Bioinformatics: A Practical Approach, Chapman & Hall/CRC.
7. David Posada, Bioinformatics for DNA Sequence Analysis, Humana press.
8. Lesk, A.M. Introduction to Bioinformatics. Oxfor d University Press.
9. Letovsky, S.I. Bioinformatics. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
10. Baldi, P. and Brunak, S. Bioinformatics. The MIT Press.
Page 199
184 BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF DRUG THERAPY
(MPB 204T)
Scope
This paper ha s been designed to provide the knowledge to the biotechnology
students to understand the importance of biological and evaluation of drug
therapy of biological medicines.
Objective
At the completion of this subject it is expected that students will be able to,
Understand about the general concept of standardization of biological.
Understand the importance of transgenic animals and knockout
animals.
Understand the biological medicines in development of various
diseases.
Learn the biological evaluation of dru gs in vitro and in vivo
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Biological Standardization
General principles, Scope and limitation of bio -assay, bioassay of
some official drugs.
Preclinical drug evaluation
Preclinical drug evaluation of its biological activity, potency and
toxicity -Toxicity test in animals including acute, sub -acute and
chronic toxicity, ED50 and LD50 determination, special toxicity
test like teratogenecity and mutagenecity.
Guidelines for toxicity studies
Various guidelines for toxicity studies. Animal experiments
assessing safety of packaging materials. 12
Hrs
2 Pyrogens
Pyrogens: Sources, Ch emistry and properties of bacterial
pyrogens and endotoxins, Official pyrogen tests.
Microbiological assay
Assay of antibiotics and vitamins.
Biological evaluation of drugs
Screening and evaluation (including principles of screening,
development of models for diseases: In vivo models / In vitro
models / cell line study). 12
Hrs
Page 200
185 3 Biologic Medicines in Development for various diseases - 12
By Therapeutic Category Hrs
Genetic Disorders
Eye related Disorders
Digestive Disorders
Diabetes/Related Conditions
Cardiovascular Disease
Cancer/Related Conditions
Blood Disorders
Autoimmune Disorders
Infectious Diseases
Neurologic Disorders
Skin Diseases
Organe Transplantation
Biologic Medicines in Development for various diseases –
by Product Category
Antisense
Vaccines
Recombinant Hormones/Proteins
Monoclonal Antibodies (mAb)
Interferons
Growth Factors
Gene Therapy
RNA Interference
4 Regulatory aspects : drugs, biologics and medical devices
An introduction to the regulations and documents necessary for
approval of a medical product.
Regulatory consideration
Regulatory consideration for pre -clinical testing and clinical testing
of drugs, biologics and medical devices.
New Drug Applications for Global Pharmaceutical Product
Approvals 12
Hrs
5 Bioavailability
Objectives and consideration in bio -availability studies of
Biopharmaceuticals, Concept of equivalents, Measurements of
bio-availability. 12
Hrs
Page 201
186 Determination of the rate of absorption, Bioequivalence and its
importance, Regulatory aspects of bio -availability and
bioequivalence studies for conventional dosage forms and
controlled drug delivery systems of Biopharmaceuticals.
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics: - Basic consideration, Pharmacokinetic models,
Application of Pharmacokinetics in new drug development of
Biopharmaceuticals and designing of dosage forms and Novel
drug delivery sys tems of Biopharmaceuticals.
REFERENCES
1. Perkins F.T., Hennessen W. Standardization and Control of Biologicals
Produced by Recombinant DNA Technology , International Association of
Biological Standardization
2. J.H. Burn., Biological Standardization, Oxford University Press
3. Drug Discovery and Evaluation in Pharmacology assay: Vogel
4. Chow, Shein, Ching, Design and analysis of animal studies in
pharmaceutical development,
5. Nodine and Siegler, Animal and Clinical pharmacologic Techniques in
Drug Evaluation.
6. Screening methods in pharmacology (vol I & II), R.A. Turner.
Page 202
187 PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL - II
(MPB 205P)
1. Protein identification
2. Protein characterization
3. Protei n biochemistry
4. Recombinant DNA Technology
5. Protein expression
6. Protein formulations
7. Database searching
8. Sequence analysis methods
9. Protein structure prediction
10. Gene annotation methods
11. Phylogenetic analysis
12. Protein, DNA binding studies
13. Preparation of DNA for PCR applications – Isolation, Purity and
Quantification
14. Introduction to PCR – working of PCR, Programming.
15. Introduction to RT -PCR – working, programming.
16. Primer design using softwares.
17. Gene DNA amplification by random / specific primers.
18. Southern Hybridiza tion
19. Western Blotting
20. Gene transformation
Page 203
188 PHARMACY PRACTICE (MPP)
Scope CLINICAL PHARMACY PRACTICE (MPP 101T)
This course is designed to impart the basic knowledge and skills that are
required to practice pharmacy including the provision of pharmaceutical care
services to both healthcare professionals and patients in clinical settings.
Objectives
Upon completion of this course it is expected that students shall be able to :
Understand the elements of pharmaceutical care and provide
comprehensive patient care services
Interpret the laboratory results to aid the clinical diagnosis of various
disorders
Provide integrated, critically analyzed medicine and poison information
to enable healthcare professionals in the efficient patient management
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy: Definition, evolution and
scope of clinical pharmacy, International and national scenario of
clinical pharmacy practice, Pharmaceutical care
Clinical Pharmacy Serv ices: Ward round participation, Drug
therapy review (Drug therapy monitoring including medication
order review, chart endorsement, clinical review and pharmacist
interventions) 12
Hrs
2 Clinical Pharmacy Services: Patient medication history
interview, Basic concept of medicine and poison information
services, Basic concept of pharmacovigilance, Hemovigilance,
Materiovigilance and AEFI, Patient medication counselling, Drug
utilisation evaluation, Documentation of clinical pharmacy
services , Quality assurance of clinical pharmacy services. 12
Hrs
3 Patient Data Analysis:
Patient Data & Practice Skills : Patient's case history - its
structure and significances in drug therapy management,
Common medical abbreviations and terminologies used in clinical
practice , Communication skills: verbal and non -verbal
communications, its applications in patient care services. 12
Hrs
Page 204
189 Lab Data Interpretation: Hematological tests , Renal function
tests , Liver function tests
4 Lab Data Interpretation: Tests associated with cardiac
disorders, Pulmonary function tests , Thyroid function tests , Fluid
and electrolyte balance , Microbiological culture sensitivi ty tests 12
Hrs
5 Medicines & Poison Information Services
Medicine Information Service: Definition and need for medicine
information service, Medicine information resources, Systematic
approach in answering medicine information queries, Preparation
of verbal and written response, Establishing a drug information
centre.
Poison Information Serv ice: Definition, need, organization and
functions of poison information centre. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. A Textbook of Clinical Pharmacy Practice – Essential concepts and skills –
Parthasarathi G, Karin Nyfort -Hansen and Milap Nahata
2. Practice Standards and Definitions - The Society of Hospital Pharmacists
of Australia
3. Basic skills in interpreting laboratory data - Scott LT, American Society of
Health System Pharmacists Inc
4. Relevant review articles from recent medical and pharmaceutical literature.
Page 205
190 PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS -I
(MPP 102T)
Scope
This course aims to enable the students to understand the different treatment
approaches in managing various disease conditions. Also, it imparts knowledge
and skills in optimizing drug therapy of a patient by individualizing the treatment
plan through evidence -based medicines.
Objectives
Upon completion of this course it is expected that students shall be able t o:
Describe and explain the rationale for drug therapy
Summarize the therapeutic approach for management of various
disease conditions including reference to the latest available evidence
Discuss the clinical controversies in drug therapy and evidence base d
medicine
Prepare individualized therapeutic plans based on diagnosis
Identify the patient specific parameters relevant in initiating drug
therapy, and monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time - course of
clinical and laboratory indices of therapeu tic response and adverse
effect/s)
THEORY 60 Hrs
Etiopathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of diseases
associated with following systems
1. Cardiovascular system: Hypertension, Congestive cardiac
failure, Acute coronary syndrome, Arrhythmias, Hyperlipidemias. 12
Hrs
2 Respiratory system: Asthma, Chronic obstructive airways
disease, Drug induced pulmonary diseases
Endocrine system: Diabetes, Thyroid diseases 12
Hrs
3 Gastrointestinal system: Peptic ulcer diseases, Reflux
esophagitis, Inflammatory bowel diseases, Jaundice & hepatitis 12
Hrs
4 Gastrointestinal system: Cirrhosis, Dia rrhea and Constipation,
Drug -induced liver disease
Hematological diseases: Anemia, Deep vein thrombosis, Drug
induced hematological disorders 12
Hrs
Page 206
191 5 Bone and joint disorders: Rheumatoid arthritis, Osteoarthritis,
Gout, Osteoporosis
Dermatological Diseases: Psoriasis, Eczema and scabies,
impetigo, drug induced skin disorders
Ophthalmology: Conjunctivitis, Glaucoma 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Roger and Walker. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics - Churchill
Livingstone publication
2. Joseph T. Dipiro et al. Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach -
Appleton & Lange
3. Robins SL. Pathologic basis of disease -W.B. Saunders publication
4. Eric T. Herfindal. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics - Williams and
Wilkins Publication
5. Lloyd Young and Koda -Kimble MA Applied Therapeutics: The clinical Use
of Drugs - Lippincott Williams and Wilkins
6. Chisholm - Burns Wells Schwinghammer Malone and Joseph P Dipiro.
Pharmacotherapy Principles and practice -– McGraw Hill Publication
7. Carol Mattson Porth. Principles of Pathophysiology - Lippincott Williams
and Wilkins
8. Harrison's. Principle s of Internal Medicine - McGraw Hill
9. Relevant review articles from recent medical and pharmaceutical literature
Page 207
192 HOSPITAL & COMMUNITY PHARMACY
(MPP 103T)
Scope
This course is designed to impart basic knowl edge and skills that are required to
practice pharmacy in both hospital and community settings.
Objectives
Upon completion of this course it is expected that students shall be able to:
Understand the organizational structure of hospital pharmacy
Understand drug policy and drug committees
Know about procurement & drug distribution practices
Know the admixtures of radiopharmaceuticals
Understand the community pharmacy management
Know about value added services in community pharmacies
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Introduction to Hospitals – Definition, classification,
organizational structure
Hospital Pharmacy: Definition, Relationship of hospital
pharmacy department with other departments, Organizational
structure, legal requirements, work load statistics, Infrastructural
requirements, Hospital Pharmacy Budget and Hospital Pharmacy
management
Hospital Drug Policy: Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committee,
Infection Control committee, Research & Ethics Committee,
Management of Medicines as per NABH 12
Hrs
2 Hospital Formulary Guidelines and its development, Developing
Therapeutic guidelines, Drug procurement process, and methods
of Inventory control, Methods of Drug distribution, Intravenous
admixtures, Hospital Waste Management
3 Education and training: Training of technical staff, training and
continuing education for pharmacists, Pharmacy students ,
Medical staff and students, Nursing staff and students, Formal
and informal meetings and lectures, Drug and therapeutics
newsletter.
Community Pharmacy Practice: Definition, roles &
responsibilities of community pharmacists, and their relationship
with o ther health care providers. 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
Page 208
193 Community Pharmacy management: Legal requirements to
start community pharmacy, site selection, lay out & design, drug
display, super drug store model, accounts and audits, Good
dispensing practices, Different softwares & databases used in
community pharmacies. Entrepreneurship in community
pharmacy.
4 Prescription – Legal requirements & interpre tation, prescription
related problems
Responding to symptoms of minor ailments: Head ache,
pyrexia, menstrual pains, food and drug allergy,
OTC medication: Rational use of over the counter medications
Medication counseling and use of patient information le aflets
Medication adherence – Definition, factors influencing adherence
behavior, strategies to improve medication adherence
Patient referrals to the doctors
ADR monitoring in community pharmacies 12
Hrs
5 Health Promotion – Definition and health promotion activities,
family planning, Health screening services, first aid, prevention of
communicable and non -communicable diseases, smoking
cessation, Child & mother care
National Health Programs - Role of Community Pharmacist in
Malaria and TB control programs
Home Medicines review program – Definition, objectives,
Guidelines, method and outc omes
Research in community pharmacy Practice 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Hospital Pharmacy - Hassan WE. Lea and Febiger publication.
2. Textbook of hospital pharmacy - Allwood MC and Blackwell.
3. Avery’s Drug Treatment, Adis International Limited.
4. Community Pharmacy Practice – Ramesh Adepu, BSP Publishers,
Hyderabad
5. Remington Pharmaceutical Sciences.
6. Relevant review articles from recent medical and pharmaceutical literature
Page 209
194 CLINICAL RESEARCH
(MPP 104T)
Scope
This course aims to provide the students an opportunity to learn drug
development process especially the phases of clinical trials and also the ethical
issues involved in the conduct of clinical research. Also, it aims to imparts
knowledge and develop skills on conceptualizing, designing, conducting and
managing clinical trials.
Objectives
Upon completion of this course it is expected that students shall be able to:
Know the new drug development process.
Understand the regulatory and ethical requirements.
Appreciate and conduct the clinical trials activities
Know safety monitoring and reporting in clinical trials
Manage the trial coordination process
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Drug development process : Introduction, various approaches to
drug discovery, Investigational new drug application submission
Ethics in Biomedical Research: Ethical Issues in Biomedical
Research – Principles of ethics in biomedical research, Ethical
committee [institutional review board] - its constitution and
functions, Challenges in implementation of ethical guidelines, ICH
GCP guidelines and ICMR guidelines in conduct of Clinical trials,
Drug Safe ty Reporting. 12
Hrs
2 Types and Designs used in Clinical Research: Planning and
execution of clinical trials, Various Phases of clinical trials,
Bioavailability and Bioequivalence studies, Randomization
techniques (Simple randomization, restricted randomization,
blocking method and stratification), Types of research designs
based on Controlling Method (Experimental, Quasi experimental,
and Observational methods) Time Sequences (Prospective and
Retrospective), Sampling methods (Cohort study, case Control
study and cross sectional study), Health outcome measures
(Clinical & Physiological, Humanistic and economic)
Clinical Trial Study team: Roles and responsibilities of:
Investigator, Study Coordinator, Sponsor, Monitor, Contract
Research Organization. 12
Hrs
Page 210
195 3 Clinical trial Documents: Guidelines to the preparation of
following docum ents: Protocols, Investigator’s Brochure, Informed
Consent Form, Case report forms, Contracts and agreements,
Dairy Cards
Clinical Trial Start up activities: Site Feasibility Studies ,
Site/Investigator selection , Pre-study visit , Investigator meeting ,
Clinical trial agreement execution , Ethics committee document
preparation and submission 12
Hrs
4 Investigational Product: Procurement and Storage of
investigation product
Filing procedures : Essential documents for clinical trial, Trial
Master File preparation and maintenance, Investigator Site File,
Pharmacy File, Site initiation visit, Conduct, Report and Follow up
Clinical Trial Monitoring and Close out:
Preparation and conduct of monitoring visit: Review of source
documents, CRF, ICF, IP storage, accountability and
reconciliation, Study Procedure, EC communications, Safety
reporting, Monitoring visit reporting and follow -up
Close -Out visit : Study related documents collection, Archival
requirement, Investigational Product reconciliation and
destruction, Close -Out visit report. 12
Hrs
5 Quality Assurance and Quality Control in Clinical Trials:
Types of audits, Audit criteria, Audit process , Responsibilities of
stakeholders in audit process , Audit follow -up and documentation,
Audit resol ution and Preparing for FDA inspections, Fraud and
misconduct management
Data Management
Infrastructure and System Requirement for Data
Management : Electronic data capture systems , Selection and
implementation of new systems , System validation and test
procedures, Coding dictionaries , Data migration and archival
Clinical Trial Data Management: Standard Operating
Procedures, Data management plan, CRF & Data base design
considerations, Study set -up, Data entry, CRF tracking and
corrections, Data cleanin g, Managing laboratory and ADR data ,
Data transfer and database lock , Quality Control and Quality
Assurance in CDM , Data mining and warehousing. 12
Hrs
Page 211
196 REFERENCES
1. Principles and practice of pharmaceutical medicine, Second edition.
Authors:Lionel. D. Edward, Aadrew.J.Flether Anthony W Fos , Peter D
Sloaier Publisher:Wiley;
2. Handbook of clinical research. Julia Lloyd and Ann Raven Ed. Churchill
Livingstone
3. Principles of Clinical Research edited by Giovanna di Ignazio, Di Giovanna
and Haynes.
4. Central Drugs Standard Control Organization. Good Clinical Practices -
Guidelines for Clinical Trials on Pharmaceutical Products in India. New
Delhi: Ministry of Health.
5. International Conference on Harmonisati on of Technical requirements for
registration of Pharmaceuticals for human use. ICH Harmonised Tripartite
Guideline. Guideline for Good Clinical Practice.E6; May 1996.
6. Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research on Human Subjects. Indian
Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
7. Textbook of Clinical Trials edited by David Machin, Simon Day and Sylvan
Green, John Wiley and Sons.
8. Clinical Data Management edited by R K Rondels, S A Varley, C F Webbs.
Second Edition, Jan 2000, Wiley Publications.
9. Goodman & Gilman: JG Hardman, LE Limbard, McGraw Hill Publications.
10. Relevant review articles from recent medical and pharmaceutical literature.
Page 212
197 PHARMACY PRACTICE PRACTICAL – I
(MPP 105P)
Pharmacy Practice practical component includes experiments covering
important topics of the courses Clinical Pharmacy Practice,
Pharmacotherapeutics -I, Hospital & Community Pharmacy and Clinical
Research.
List of Experiments (24)
1. Treatment Chart Review (one)
2. Medication History Inter view (one)
3. Patient Medication Counseling (two)
4. Drug Information Query (two)
5. Poison Information Query (one)
6. Lab Data Interpretation (two)
7. Presentation of clinical cases of various disease conditions adopting
Pharmaceutical Care Plan Model (eight)
8. ABC Analysis of a given list of medications (one)
9. Preparation of content of a medicine, with proper justification, for the
inclusion in the hospital formulary (one)
10. Formulation and dispensing of a given IV admixtures (one)
11. Preparation of a patient information leaflet (two)
12. Preparation of Study Protocol (one)
13. Preparation of Informed Consent Form (one)
Page 213
198 PRINCIPLES OF QUALITY USE OF MEDICINES
(MPP 201T)
Scope:
This course is designed to impart basic knowledge and skills that are required to
practice quality use of medicines (QUM) in different healthcare settings and also
to promote quality use of medicines, in clinical practice, through evidence -based
medicine approach.
Objectives:
Upon completion of this cour se it is expected that students shall be able to:
Understand the principles of quality use of medicines
Know the benefits and risks associated with use of medicines
Understand regulatory aspects of quality use of medicines
Identify and resolve medication r elated problems
Promote quality use of medicines
Practice evidence -based medicines
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Introduction to Quality use of medicines (QUM): Definition and
Principles of QUM, Key partners and responsibilities of the
partners, Building blocks in QMC, Evaluation process in QMC,
Communication in QUM, Cost effective prescribing. 12
Hrs
2 Concepts in QUM
Evidence based medicine: Definition, concept of evidence
based medicine, Approach and practice of evidence based
medicine in clinical settings
Essential drugs: Definition, need, concept o f essential drug,
National essential drug policy and list
Rational drug use: Definition, concept and need for rational drug
use, Rational drug prescribing, Role of pharmacist in rational drug
use.
3 QUM in various settings: Hospital settings, Ambulatory
care/Residential care, Role of health care professionals in
promoting the QUM, Strategies to promote the QUM, Impact of
QUM on E -health, integrative medicine and multidisciplinary care.
QUM in special population: Pediatric prescribing, Geriatric
prescribing, P rescribing in pregnancy and lactation, Prescribing in
immune compromised and organ failure patients. 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
Page 214
199 4 Regulatory aspects of QUM in India: Regulation including
scheduling, Regulation of complementary medicines, Regulation
of OTC medicines, Professional responsibility of pharmacist, Role
of industry in QUM in medicine development. 12
Hrs
5 Medication errors: Definition, categorization and causes of
medication errors, Detection and prevention of medication errors,
Role of pharmacist in monitoring and management of medication
errors
Pharmaco vigilance: Definition, aims and need for
pharmacovigilance, Types, predisposing factors and mechanism
of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), Detection, reporting and
monitoring of ADRs, Causality assessment of ADRs,
Management of ADRs, Role of pharmacist in pharmacovigilance. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES:
1. A Textbook of Clinical Pharmacy Practice – Essential concepts and skills –
Parthasarathi G, Karin Nyfort -Hansen and Milap Nahata
2. Andrews EB, Moore N. Mann’s Pharmacovigilance
3. Dipiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC. Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic
Approach
4. Straus SE, Richardson WS, Glasziou P, Haynes RB. Evidence -Based
Medicine: How to practice and teach it
5. Cohen MR. Medication Errors
6. Online:
http://medicinesaustralia.com.au/files/2012/05/MA_QUM_External_Red
uced.pdf
http://curriculum.racgp .org.au/statements/quality -use-of-medicines/
http://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/14051541/Chapter_2.pdf
7. Relevant review articles from recent medical and pharmaceutical literature.
Page 215
200 PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS II
(MPP 202T)
Scope
This course aims to enable the students to understand the different treatment
approaches in managing various disease conditions. Also, it imparts knowl edge
and skills in optimizing drug therapy of a patient by individualizing the treatment
plan through evidence -based medicines.
Objectives
Upon completion of this course it is expected that students shall be able to:
Describe and explain the rationale for drug therapy
Summarize the therapeutic approach for management of various
disease conditions including reference to the latest available evidence
Discuss the clinical controversies in drug therapy and evidence based
medicine
Prepare individualized therapeutic plans based on diagnosis
Identify the patient specific parameters relevant in initiating drug
therapy, and monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time - course of
clinical and laboratory indices of therapeutic response and adverse
effect/s)
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Nervous system: Epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, Stroke,
Headache, Alzheimer’s disease, Neuralgias and Pain pathways
and Pain management.
2 Psychiatric disorders: Schizophrenia, Depression, Anxiety
disorders, Sleep disorders, Drug induced psychiatric disorders
Renal system: Acute renal failure, Chronic renal failure, Renal
dialysis, Drug induced renal disease 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
3 Infectious diseases: General guidelines for the rational use of
antibiotics and surgical prophylaxis, Urinary tract infections,
Respiratory tract infections, Gastroenteritis, Tuberculosis, Malaria,
Bacterial endocarditis, Septicemia. 12
Hrs
4 Infectious diseases: Meningitis, HIV and opportunistic infections,
Rheumatic fever, Dengue fever, H1N1, Helmenthiasis, Fungal
infections
Gynecological disorders: Dysmenorrhea, Hormone
replacement therapy. 12
Hrs
Page 216
201 5 Oncology: General principles of cancer chemotherapy,
pharmacotherapy of breast cancer, lung cancer, head & neck
cancer, hematological malignancies, Management of nausea and
vomiting, Palliative care 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Roger and Walker. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics - Churchill
Livingstone publication.
2. Joseph T. Dipiro et al. Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach -
Appleton & Lange
3. Robins SL. Pathologic basis of disease -W.B. Saunders publication
4. Eric T. Herfindal. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics - Williams and
Wilkins Publication
5. Lloyd Young and Koda -Kimble MA Applied Therapeutics: The clinical Use
of Drugs - Lippincott Williams and Wilkins
6. Chisholm - Burns Wells Schwinghammer Malone and Joseph P Dipiro.
Pharmacotherapy Principles and practice -– McGraw Hill Publication
7. Carol Mattson Porth. Principles of Pathophysiology - Lippincott Williams
and Wilkins
8. Harrison's. Principle s of Internal Medicine - McGraw Hill
9. Relevant review articles from recent medical and pharmaceutical literature
Page 217
202 CLINICAL PHARMACOKINETICS AND THERAPEUTIC DRUG
MONITORING
(MPP 203T)
Scope
This course is d esigned to enable students to understand the basics principles
and applications of pharmacokinetics in designing the individualized dosage
regimen, to interpret the plasma drug concentration profile in altered
pharmacokinetics, drug interactions and in the rapeutic drug monitoring
processes to optimize the drug dosage regimen. Also, it enables students to
understand the basic concepts of pharmacogenetics, pharmacometrics for
modeling and simulation of pharmacokinetic data.
Objectives
Upon completion of this course it is expected that students shall be able to:
Design the drug dosage regimen for individual patients
Interpret and correlate the plasma drug concentrations with patients'
therapeutic outcomes
Recommend dosage adjustment for patients with renal/ hepatic
impairment
Recommend dosage adjustment for paediatrics and geriatrics
Manage pharmacokinetic drug interactions
Apply pharmacokinetic parameters in clinical settings
Interpret the impact of genetic polymorphisms of individuals on
pharmacokinetics and or pharmacodynamics of drugs
Do pharmacokinetic modeling for the given data using the principles of
pharmacometrics
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Introduction to Clinical pharmacokinetics: Compartmental and
Non compartmental models, Renal and non -renal clearance,
Organ extraction and models of hepatic clearance, Estimation and
determinants of bioavailability, Multiple dosing, Calculation of
loading and maintenance doses
Designing of dosage regimens: Determinatio n of dose and
dosing intervals, Conversion from intravenous to oral dosing,
Nomograms and Tabulations in designing dosage regimen. 12
Hrs
Page 218
203 2 Pharmacokinetics of Drug Interaction: Pharmacokinetic drug
interactions , Inhibition and Induction of Drug metabolism ,
Inhibition of Biliary Excretion
Pharmacogenetics: Genetic polymorphism in Drug metabolism:
Cytochrome P -450 Isoenzymes, Genetic Polymorphism in Drug
Transport and Drug Targets, Pharmacogenetic s and
Pharmacokinetic / Pharmacodynamic considerations
Introduction to Pharmacometrics: Introduction to Bayesian
Theory, Adaptive method or Dosing with feedback, Analysis of
Population pharmacokinetic Data. 12
Hrs
3 Non Linier Mixed Effects Modelling: The Structural or Base
Model, Modeling Random Effects, Modeling Covariate
Relationships, Mixture Model, Estimation Methods, Model
Building Techniques, Covariate Screening Methods, Testing the
model assumptions, Precision of the parameter estimates and
confidence intervals, Model misspecification and violation of the
model assumptions, Model Validation , Simulation of dosing
regimens and dosing recommendations, Pharmacometrics
software. 12
Hrs
4 Altered Pharmacokinetics: Drug dosing in the e lderly, Drug
dosing in the paediatrics, Drug dosing in the obese patients, Drug
dosing in the pregnancy and lactation , Drug dosing in the renal
failure and extracorporeal removal of drugs, Drug dosing in the in
hepatic failure. 12
Hrs
5 Therapeutic Drug monitoring: Introduction, Individualization of
drug dosage regimen (Variability – Genetic, age, weight, disease
and Intera cting drugs), Indications for TDM, Protocol for TDM,
Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Correlation in drug therapy,
TDM of drugs used in the following conditions: Cardiovascular
disease: Digoxin, Lidocaine, Amiodarone ; Seizure disorders:
Phenytoin, Carbamaze pine, Sodium Valproate ; Psychiatric
conditions: Lithium, Fluoxetine, Amitriptyline; Organ
transplantations: Cyclosporine ; Cytotoxic Agents: Methotrexate,
5-FU, Cisplatin; Antibiotics: Vancomycin, Gentamicin,
Meropenem. 12
Hrs
Page 219
204 REFERENCES
1. Leon Shargel, Susanna Wu -Pong, Andrew Yu. Applied Biopharmaceutics
& Pharmacokinetics. New York: Mc Graw Hill.
2. Peter L. Bonate. Pharmacokinetic - Pharmacodynamic Modeling and
Simulation. Springer Publications.
3. Michael E. Burton, Leslie M. Shaw, Jerome J. Schentag, William E.Evans.
Applied Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Principles of Therapeutic
Drug Monitoring. Iippincott Williams & Wilkins.
4. Steven How -Yan Wong, Irving Su nshine. Handbook of Analytical
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Toxicology. CRC Press, USA.
5. Soraya Dhillon, Andrzej Kostrzewski. Clinical pharmacokinetics. 1st
edition. London: Pharmaceutical Press.
6. Joseph T.Dipiro, William J.Spruill, William E.Wade, Rober t A.Blouin and
Jane M.Pruemer .Concepts in Clinical Pharmacokinetics. American
Society of Health -System Pharmacists, USA.
7. Malcolm Rowland, Thomas N. Tozer .Clinical Pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics: concepts and applications. Iippincott Williams &
Wilkins, USA.
8. Evans, Schentag, Jusko. Applied pharmacokinetics. American Society of
Health system Pharmacists, USA.
9. Michael E. Winter. Basic Clinical Pharmacokinetics. Iippincott Williams &
Wilkins, USA.
10. Milo Gibaldi. Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacoki netics. Pharma
Book Syndicate, USA.
11. Dhillon and Kostrzewski. Clinical pharmacokinetics. Pharmaceutical Press,
London.
12. John E .Murphy. Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 5th edition. US: American
Society of Health - System Pharmacist, USA.
13. Relevant review articles from recent medical and pharmaceutical literature
Page 220
205 PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY & PHARMACOECONOMICS
(MPP 204T)
Scope
This course enables students to understand various pharmacoepidemiological
methods and their c linical applications. Also, it aims to impart knowledge on
basic concepts, assumptions, terminology, and methods associated with
Pharmacoeconomics and health related outcomes, and when should be
appropriate Pharmacoeconomic model should be applied for a he alth care
regimen.
Objectives
Upon completion of this course it is expected that students shall be able to:
Understand the various epidemiological methods and their applications
Understand the fundamental principles of Pharmacoeconomics.
Identify and dete rmine relevant cost and consequences associated
with pharmacy products and services.
Perform the key Pharmacoeconomics analysis methods
Understand the Pharmacoeconomic decision analysis methods and its
applications.
Describe current Pharmacoeconomic methods and issues.
Understand the applications of Pharmacoeconomics to various
pharmacy settings.
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Introduction to Pharmacoepidemiology : Definition, Scope,
Need, Aims & Applications; O utcome measurement: Outcome
measures, Drug use measures: Monetary units, Number of
prescriptions, units of drug dispensed, defined daily doses,
prescribed daily doses, Diagnosis and Therapy surveys,
Prevalence, Incidence rate, Monetary units, number of
prescriptions, unit of drugs dispensed, defined daily doses and
prescribed daily doses, medications adherence measurements.
Concept of risk: Measurement of risk, Attributable risk and
relative risk, Time - risk relationship and odds ratio 12
Hrs
2 Pharmacoepidemiological Methods : Qualitative models: Drug
Utilization Review; Quantitative models: case reports, case series,
Cross section al studies, Cohort and case control studies,
Calculation of Odds’ ratio, Meta analysis models, Drug effects
study in populations: Spontaneous reporting, Prescription event 12
Hrs
Page 221
206 monitoring, Post marketing surveillance, Record linkage systems,
Applications of Pharmacoepidemiology
3 Introduction to Pharmacoeconomics: Definition, history of
Pharmacoeconomics, Need of Pharmacoeconomic studies i n
Indian healthcare system.
Cost categorization and resources for cost estimation: Direct
costs. Indirect costs. Intangible costs.
Outcomes and Measurements of Pharmacoeconomics: Types
of outcomes: Clinical outcome, Economic outcomes, Humanistic
outcomes; Quality Adjusted Life Years, Disability Adjusted Life
Years Incremental Cost Effective Ratio, Average Cost Effective
Ratio. Person Time, Willingness To Pay, Time Trade Off and
Discounting. 12
Hrs
4 Pharmacoeconomic evaluations: Definition, Steps involved,
Applications, Advantages and disadvantages of the following
Pharmacoeconomic mode ls: Cost Minimization Analysis (CMA),
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA), Cost Effective Analysis (CEA), Cost
Utility Analysis (CUA), Cost of Illness (COI), Cost Consequences
Analysis (COA). 12
Hrs
5 Definition, Steps involved, Applications, Advantages and
disadvantages of the following:
Health related quality of life (HRQOL): Definition, Need for
measurement of HRQOL, Common HRQOL measures.
Definition, Steps involved, Applications of the following:
Decision Analysis and Decision tree, Sensitivity analysis, Markov
Modeling, Software used in pharmacoeconomic analysis,
Applications of Pharmacoeconomics. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Rascati K L. Essentials of Pharmacoeconomics, Woulters Kluwer
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia.
2. Thomas E Getzen. Health economics. Fundamentals and Flow of Funds.
John W iley & Sons, USA.
3. Andrew Briggs, Karl Claxton, Mark Sculpher. Decision Modelling for Health
Economic Evaluation, Oxford University Press, London.
4. Michael Drummond, Mark Sculpher, George Torrence, Bernie O'Brien and
Greg Stoddart. Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care
Programmes Oxford University Press, London.
Page 222
207 5. George E Mackinnon III. Understanding health outcomes and
pharmacoeconomics.
6. Graker, Dennis. Pharmacoeconomics and outcomes.
7. Walley, Pharmacoeconomics.
8. Pharmacoeconomic – ed. by Nowakowska – University of Medical
Sciences, Poznan.
9. Relevant review articles from recent medical and pharmaceutical literature
Page 223
208 PHARMACY PRACTICE PRACTICAL - II
(MPP 205P)
Pharmacy Practice practical component includes experiments covering
important topics of the courses Principles of Quality Use of Medicines,
Pharmacotherapeutics -II, Clinical Pharmacokinetics & Therapeutic Drug
Monitoring and Pharmacoepidemio logy and Pharmacoeconomics.
List of Experiments (24)
1. Causality assessment of adverse drug reactions (three)
2. Detection and management of medication errors (three)
3. Rational use of medicines in special population (three)
4. Presentation of clinical cases of various disease conditions adopting
Pharmaceutical Care Plan Model (eight)
5. Calculation of Bioavailability and Bioequivalence from the given data (two)
6. Interpretation of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring reports of a given patient
(three)
7. Calculation of various P harmacoeconomic outcome analysis for the given
data (two)
Page 224
209 PHARMACOLOGY (MPL)
MODERN PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
(MPL 101T)
Scope
This subject deals with various advanced analytical instrumental techniques for
identification, characterization and quantification of drugs. Instruments dealt are
NMR, Mass spectrometer, IR, HPLC, GC etc.
Objectives
After completion of course student is able to know about,
Chemicals and Excipients
The ana lysis of various drugs in single and combination dosage forms
Theoretical and practical skills of the instruments
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. UV -Visible spectroscopy : Introduction, Theory, Laws,
Instrumentation associated with UV -Visible spectroscopy, Choice
of solvents and solvent effect and Applications of UV -Visible
spectroscopy, Difference/ Derivative spectroscopy.
IR spectroscopy : Theory, Modes of Molecular vibrations, Sample
handling, Instrumentation of Dispersive and Fourier - Transform
IR Spectrometer, Factors affecting vibrational frequencies and
Applications of IR spectroscopy, Data Interpretation.
Spectroflourimetry: Theory of Fluorescence, Factors affecting
fluorescence (Characterestics of drugs tha t can be analysed by
flourimetry), Quenchers, Instrumentation and Applications of
fluorescence spectrophotometer.
Flame emission spectroscopy and Atomic absorption
spectroscopy : Principle, Instrumentation, Interferences and
Applications. 10
Hrs
2 NMR spectroscopy : Quantum numbers and their role in NMR,
Principle, Instrumentation, Solvent requirement in NMR,
Relaxation process, NMR si gnals in various compounds,
Chemical shift, Factors influencing chemical shift, Spin -Spin
coupling, Coupling constant, Nuclear magnetic double resonance,
Brief outline of principles of FT -NMR and 13C NMR. Applications
of NMR spectroscopy. 10
Hrs
Page 225
210 3 Mass Spectroscopy : Principle, Theory, Instrumentation of Mass
Spectroscopy, Different types of ionization like electron impact,
chemical, field, FAB and MALDI, APCI, ESI, APPI Analyzers of
Quadrupole and Time of Flight, Mass fragmentation and its rules,
Meta stable ions, Isotopic peaks and Applications of Mass
spectroscopy.
4 Chromatography : Principle, apparatus, instrumentation,
chromatographic parameters, factors affecting resolution, isolat ion
of drug from excipients, data interpretation and applications of the
following:
j) Thin Layer chromatography
k) High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography
l) Ion exchange chromatography
m) Column chromatography
n) Gas chromatography
o) High Performance Liquid chromatogr aphy
p) Ultra High Performance Liquid chromatography
q) Affinity chromatography
r) Gel Chromatography
5 Electrophoresis : Principle, Instrumentation, Working conditions,
factors affecting separation and applications of the following:
a) Paper electrophoresis b) Gel electrophoresis c) Capillary
electrophoresis d) Zone electrophoresis e) Moving boundary
electrophoresis f) Iso electric focusing
X ray Crystallography : Production of X rays, Different X ray
methods, Bragg‘s law, Rotating crystal technique, X ray powder
technique, Types of crystals and applications of X -ray diffraction. 10
Hrs
10
Hrs
10
Hrs
6 Potentiometry: Principle, working, Ion selective Electrodes and
Application of potentiometry.
Thermal Techniques : Principle, thermal transitions and
Instrumentation (Heat flux and power -compensation and designs),
Modulated DSC, Hyper DSC, experimental parameters (sample
preparation , experimental conditions, calibration, heating and
cooling rates, resolution, source of errors) and their influence,
advantage and disadvantages, pharmaceutical applications.
Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA): Principle, instrumentation
and advantage an d disadvantages, pharmaceutical applications,
derivative differential thermal analysis (DDTA). TGA: Principle,
instrumentation, factors affecting results, advantage and
disadvantages, pharmaceutical applications. 10
Hrs
Page 226
211 REFERENCES
1. Spectrometric Identification of Organic compounds - Robert M Silverstein,
Sixth edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
2. Principles of Instrumental Analysis - Doglas A Skoog, F. James Holl er,
Timothy A. Nieman, 5th edition, Eastern press, Bangalore, 1998.
3. Instrumental methods of analysis – Willards, 7th edition, CBS publishers.
4. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry – Beckett and Stenlake, Vol II, 4th
edition, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 1997.
5. Organic Spectroscopy - William Kemp, 3rd edition, ELBS, 1991.
6. Quantitative Analysis of Drugs in Pharmaceutical formulation - P D Sethi,
3rd Edition, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 1997.
7. Pharmaceutical Analysis - Modern Methods – Part B - J W Munson, Vol
11, Ma rcel. Dekker Series
8. Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds, 2nd edn., P.S/Kalsi, Wiley estern
Ltd., Delhi.
9. Textbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis, KA.Connors, 3rd Edition, John Wiley
& Sons, 1982.
Page 227
212 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY - I
(MPL 102T)
Scope
The subject is designed to strengthen the basic knowledge in the field of
pharmacology and to impart recent advances in the drugs used for the treatme nt
of various diseases. In addition, this subject helps the students to understand
the concepts of drug action and mechanisms involved
Objectives
Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to :
Discuss the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of certain diseases
Explain the mechanism of drug actions at cellular and molecular level
Understand the adverse effects, contraindications and clinical uses of
drugs used in treatment of diseases
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. General Pharmacology
a. Pharmacokinetics: The dynamics of drug absorption,
distribution, biotransformation and elimination. Concepts of linear
and non -linear compartment models. Significance of Protein
binding.
b. Pharmacodynamics: Mechanism of drug action and the
relationship between drug concentration and effect. Receptors,
structural and functional families of receptors, quantitation of drug
receptors interaction and elicited effects. 12
Hrs
2 Neurotransmission
a. General aspects and steps involved in neurotransmission.
b. Neurohumoral transmission in autonomic nervous system
(Detailed study about neurotransmitters - Adrenaline and Acetyl
choline).
c. Neurohumoral transmission in central nervous system (Detailed
study about neurotransmitters - histamine, serotonin, dopamine,
GABA, glutamate and glycine].
d. Non adrenergic non cholinergic transmi ssion (NANC). Co -
transmission 12
Hrs
Page 228
213 Systemic Pharmacology
A detailed study on pathophysiology of diseases, mechanism of
action, pharmacology and toxicology of existing as well as novel
drugs used in the following systems
Autonomic Pharmacology
Parasympathomimetics and lytics, sympathomimetics and lytics,
agents affecting
neuromuscular junction
3 Central nervous system Pharmacology
General and local anesthetics
Sedatives and hypnotics, drugs used to treat anxiety.
Depression, psychosis, mania, epilepsy, neurodegenerative
diseases.
Narcotic and non -narcotic analgesics. 12
Hrs
4 Cardiovascular Pharmacology
Diuretics, antihypertensives, antiischemics, anti - arrhythmics,
drugs for heart failure and hyperlipidemia.
Hematinics, coagulants , anticoagulants, fibrinolytics and anti -
platelet drugs 12
Hrs
5 Autocoid Pharmacology
The physiological and pathological role of Histamine, Serotonin,
Kinins Prostaglandins Opioid autocoids.
Pharmacology of antihistamines, 5HT antagonists. 12
Hrs
REFEERENCES
1. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Goodman and Gillman‘s
2. Principles of Pharmacology. The Pathophysiologic basis of drug Therapy
by David E Golan, Armen H, Tashjian Jr, Ehrin J,Armstrong, April W,
Armstrong, Wolters, Kluwer -Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers.
3. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology by B.G Katzung
4. Hand book of Clinical Pharmacokinetics by Gibaldi and Prescott.
5. Applied biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics by Leon Shargel and
Andrew B.C.Yu.
6. Graham Smith. Oxford textbook of Clinical Pharmacology.
7. Avery Drug Treatment
8. Dipiro Pharmacology, Pathophysiolog ical approach.
9. Green Pathophysiology for Pharmacists.
Page 229
214 10. Robbins & Cortan Pathologic Basis of Disease, 9th Ed. (Robbins
Pathology)
11. A Complete Textbook of Medical Pharmacology by Dr. S.K Srivastava
published by APC Avichal Publishing Company
12. KD.Tripathi. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology.
13. Modern Pharmacology with Clinical Applications, Craig Charles R. & Stitzel
Robert E., Lippincott Publishers.
14. Clinical Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics : Concepts and
Applications – Malcolm Rowland and Thomas N.Tozer, Wolters Kluwer,
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers.
15. Applied biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and
Drug metabolism for industrial scientists.
16. Modern Pharmacology, C raig CR. & Stitzel RE, Little Brown & Company.
Page 230
215 PHARMACOLOGICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL SCREENING
METHODS - I
(MPL 103T)
Scope
This subject is designed to impart the knowledge on preclinical evaluation of
drugs and recent experimental techniques in the drug discovery and
development. The subject content helps the student to understand the
maintenance of laboratory animals as per t he guidelines, basic knowledge of
various in-vitro and in-vivo preclinical evaluation processes
Objectives
Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to,
Appraise the regulations and ethical requirement for the usage of
experimental animals.
Describe the various animals used in the drug discovery process and
good laboratory practices in maintenance and handling of experimental
animals
Describe the various newer screening methods involved in the drug
discovery process
Appreciate and correlate t he preclinical data to humans
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Laboratory Animals
Common laboratory animals: Description, handling and
applications of different species and strains of animals.
Transgenic animals: Production, maintenance and applications
Anaesthesia and euthanasia of experimental animals.
Maintenance and breeding of laboratory animals.
CPCSEA guidelines to conduct experiments on animals
Good laboratory practice.
Bioassay -Principle, scope and limit ations and methods 12
Hrs
2 Preclinical screening of new substances for the
pharmacological activity using in vivo , in vitro , and other
possi ble animal alternative models.
General principles of preclinical screening. CNS Pharmacology:
behavioral and muscle co ordination, CNS stimulants and 12
Hrs
Page 231
216 depressants, anxiolytics, anti-psychotics, anti epileptics and
nootropics. Drugs for neurodegenerative diseases like
Parkinsonism, Alzheimers and multiple sclerosis. Drugs acting on
Autonomic Nervous System.
3 Preclinical screening of new substances for the
pharmacological activity using in vivo , in vitro , and other
possible animal alternative models.
Respiratory Pharmacology: anti -asthmatics, drugs for COPD and
anti allergics. Reproductive Pharmacology: Aphrodi siacs and
antifertility agents Analgesics, antiinflammatory and antipyretic
agents. Gastrointestinal drugs: anti ulcer, anti -emetic, anti -
diarrheal and laxatives. 12
Hrs
4 Preclinical screening of new substances for the
pharmacological activity using in vivo , in vitro , and other
possible animal alternative models.
Cardiovascular Pharmacology: antihypertensives, antiarrythm ics,
antianginal, antiatherosclerotic agents and diuretics. Drugs for
metabolic disorders like anti -diabetic, antidyslipidemic agents.
Anti cancer agents. Hepatoprotective screening methods. 12
Hrs
5 Preclinical screening of new substances for the
pharmacological activity using in vivo , in vitro , and other
possible animal alternative models.
Iimmunomodulators, Immunosuppressants and immunostimulants
General principles of immunoassay: theoretical basis and
optimization of immunoassay, heterogeneous and homogenous
immunoassay systems. Immunoassay methods evaluation;
protocol outline, ob jectives and preparation. Immunoassay for
digoxin and insulin
Limitations of animal experimentation and alternate animal
experiments.
Extrapolation of in vitro data to preclinical and preclinical to
humans 12
Hrs
Page 232
217 REFERENCES
1. Biological standardization by J.H. Burn D.J. Finney and I.G. Goodwin
2. Screening methods in Pharmacology by Robert Turner. A
3. Evaluation of drugs activities by Laurence and Bachrach
4. Methods in Pharmacology by Arnold Schwartz.
5. Fundamentals of experimental Pharmacology by M.N.Ghosh
6. Pharmacological experiment on intact preparations by Churchill Livingstone
7. Drug discovery and Evaluation by Vogel H.G.
8. Experimental Pharmacology by R.K.Goyal .
9. Preclinical evaluation of new drugs by S.K. Guta
10. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, SK.Kulkarni
11. Practical Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, SK.Kulkarni, 3rd Edition.
12. David R.Gross. Animal Models in Cardiovascular Research, 2nd Edition,
Kluwer Acade mic Publishers, London, UK.
13. Screening Methods in Pharmacology, Robert A.Turner.
14. Rodents for Pharmacological Experiments, Dr.Tapan Kumar chatterjee.
15. Practical Manual of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology by Bikash
Medhi (Author), Ajay Prakash (Author)
Page 233
218 CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY
(MPL 104T)
Scope:
The subject imparts a fundamental knowledge on the structure and functions of
cellular components and help to understand the interaction of these components
with drugs. This information will further help the student to apply the knowledge
in drug discovery process.
Objectives:
Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able to,
Explain the receptor signal transduction processes.
Explain the molecular pathways affected by drugs.
Appreciate the applicability of molecular pharmacology and
biomarkers in drug discovery process.
Demonstrate molecular biology techniques as applicable for
pharmacology
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Cell biology
Structure and functions of cell and its organelles
Genome organization. Gene expression and its regulation,
importance of siRNA and micro RNA, gene mapping and gene
sequencing
Cell cycl es and its regulation.
Cell death – events, regulators, intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of
apoptosis.
Necrosis and autophagy.
2 Cell signaling
Intercellular and intracellular signaling pathways.
Classification of receptor family and molecular structure ligan d
gated ion channels; G -protein coupled receptors, tyrosine kinase
receptors and nuclear receptors.
Secondary messengers: cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, calcium ion,
inositol 1,4,5 -trisphosphate, (IP3), NO, and diacylglycerol.
Detailed study of following intracellular signaling pathways: cyclic
AMP signaling pathway, mitogen -activated protein kinase (MAPK)
signaling, Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of
transcription (STAT) signaling pathway. 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
Page 234
219 3 Principles and applications of genomic and proteomic tools
DNA electrophoresis, PCR (reverse transcription and real time),
Gene sequencing, micro array technique, SDS page, ELISA and
western blotting,
Recombinant DNA technology and gene therapy
Basic principles of recombinant DNA technology -Restriction
enzymes, various types of vectors. Applications of recombinant
DNA technology.
Gene therapy - Various types of gene transfer techniques, clinical
applications and recent advances in gene therapy. 12
Hrs
4 Pharmacogenomics
Gene mapping and cloning of disease gene.
Genetic variation an d its role in health/ pharmacology
Polymorphisms affecting drug metabolism
Genetic variation in drug transporters
Genetic variation in G protein coupled receptors
Applications of proteomics science: Genomics, proteomics,
metabolomics, functionomics, nutrig enomics
Immunotherapeutics
Types of immunotherapeutics, humanisation antibody therapy,
Immunotherapeutics in clinical practice 12
Hrs
5 a. Cell culture techniques
Basic equipments used in cell culture lab. Cell culture media,
various types of cell culture, general procedure for cell cultures;
isolation of cells, subculture, cryopreservation, characterization of
cells and their application.
Principles and applications of cell viability assays, glucose uptake
assay, Calcium influx assays
Principles and applications of flow cytometry
b. Biosimilars 12
Hrs
REFERENCES:
1. The Cell, A Mol ecular Approach. Geoffrey M Cooper.
2. Pharmacogenomics: The Search for Individualized Therapies. Edited by J.
Licinio and M -L. Wong
3. Handbook of Cell Signaling (Second Edition) Edited by Ralph A. et.al
4. Molecular Pharmacology: From DNA to Drug Discovery. John Dickenson
et.al
5. Basic Cell Culture protocols by Cheril D.Helgason and Cindy L.Miller
6. Basic Cell Culture (Practical Approach ) by J. M. Davis (Editor)
7. Animal Cell Culture: A Practical Approach by John R. Masters (Editor)
8. Current porotocols in molecular biology vol I to VI edited by Frederick
M.Ausuvel et la.
Page 235
220 PHARMACOLOGICAL PRACTICAL - I
(MPL 105P)
1. Analysis of pharmacopoeial compounds and their formulations by UV Vis
spec trophotometer
2. Simultaneous estimation of multi component containing formulations by UV
spectrophotometry
3. Experiments based on HPLC
4. Experiments based on Gas Chromatography
5. Estimation of riboflavin/quinine sulphate by fluorimetry
6. Estimation of sodium/potassium by flame photometry
Handling of laboratory animals.
1. Various routes of drug administration.
2. Techniques of blood sampling, anesthesia and euthanasia of experimental
animals.
3. Functional observation battery tests (modified Irwin test)
4. Evaluation of CNS stimulant, depressant, anxiogenics and anxiolytic,
anticonvulsant activity.
5. Evaluation of analgesic, anti -inflammatory, local anesthetic, mydriatic and
miotic activity.
6. Evaluation of diuretic activity.
7. Evaluation of antiulcer activity by pylorus ligation method.
8. Oral glucose tolerance test.
9. Isolation and identification of DNA from various sources (Bacteria,
Cauliflower, onion, Goat liver).
10. Isolation of RNA from yeast
11. Estimation of proteins by Braford/Lowry’s in biological samples.
12. Estimation of RNA/DNA by UV Spectroscopy
13. Gene amplification by PCR.
14. Protein quantification Western Blotting.
15. Enzyme based in-vitro assays (MPO, AChEs, α amylase, α glucosidase).
16. Cell viability assays (MTT/Trypan blue/SRB).
17. DNA fragmentation assay by agaros e gel electrophoresis.
18. DNA damage study by Comet assay.
19. Apoptosis determination by fluorescent imaging studies.
20. Pharmacokinetic studies and data analysis of drugs given by different
routes of administration using softwares
21. Enzyme inhibition and induction activity
22. Extraction of drug from various biological samples and estimation of drugs
in biological fluids using different analytical techniques (UV)
23. Extraction of drug from various biological samples and estimation of drugs
in biological fluids using differ ent analytical techniques (HPLC)
Page 236
221 REFERENCES
1. CPCSEA, OECD, ICH, USFDA, Schedule Y, EPA guidelines,
2. Fundamentals of experimental Pharmacology by M.N.Ghosh
3. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology by S.K. Kulkarni.
4. Drug discovery and Evaluation by Vogel H.G.
5. Spectrometric Identification of Organic compounds - Robert M Silverstein,
6. Principles of Instrumental Analysis - Doglas A Skoog, F. James Holler,
Timothy A. Nieman,
7. Vogel‘s Text book of quantita tive chemical analysis - Jeffery, Basset,
Mendham, Denney,
8. Basic Cell Culture protocols by Cheril D. Helgason and Cindy L.Mille
9. Basic Cell Culture (Practical Approach ) by J. M. Davis (Editor)
10. Animal Cell Culture: A Practical Approach by John R. Masters (Editor)
11. Practical Manual of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology by Bikash
Medhi(Author), Ajay Prakash (Author) Jaypee brothers’ medical publishers
Pvt. Ltd
Page 237
222 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY - II
(MPL 201T)
Scope
The subject is designed to strengthen the basic knowledge in the field of
pharmacology and to impart recent advances in the drugs used for the treatment
of various diseases. In addition, the subject helps the student to understand the
concepts of drug action and mechanism involved
Objectives
Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to:
Explain the mechanism of drug actions at cellular and molecular level
Discuss the Pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of certain diseases
Understand the adverse effects, contraindications and clinical uses of
drugs used in treatment of diseases
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Endocrine Pharmacology
Molecular and cellular mechanism of action of hormones such as
growth hormone,
prolactin, thyroid, insulin and sex hormones
Anti-thyroid drugs, Oral hypoglycemic agents, Oral
contraceptives, Corticosteroids.
Drugs affecting calcium regulation
2 Chemotherapy
Cellular and molecular mechanism of actions and resistance of
antimicrobial agents
such as ß -lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones, Macrolide
antibiotics. Antifungal, antiviral, and anti -TB drugs. 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
3 Chemotherapy
Drugs used in Protozoal Infections
Drugs used in the treatment of Helminthiasis
Chemotherapy of cancer
Immunopharmacology
Cellular and biochemical mediators of inflammation and immune
respon se. Allergic or
hypersensitivity reactions. Pharmacotherapy of asthma and
COPD.
Immunosuppressants and Immunostimulants 12
Hrs
Page 238
223 4 GIT Pharmacology
Antiulcer drugs, Prokinetics, antiemetics, anti-diarrheals and
drugs for constipation
and irritable bowel syndrome.
Chronopharmacology
Biological and circadian rhythms, applications of chronotherapy in
various diseases like
cardiovascular disease, diabetes, asthma and peptic ulcer 12
Hrs
5 Free radicals Pharmacology
Generation of free radicals, role of free radicals in etiopathology of
various diseases
such as diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer.
Protective activity of certain important antioxidant
Recent Advances in Treatment:
Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Cancer, Diabetes
mellitus 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. The Pharmacological basis of therapeutics - Goodman and Gill man‘s
2. Principles of Pharmacology. The Pathophysiologic basis of drug therapy by
David E Golan et al.
3. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology by B.G -Katzung
4. Pharmacology by H.P. Rang and M.M. Dale.
5. Hand book of Clinical Pharmacokinetics by Gibaldi and Prescott.
6. Text book of Therapeutics, drug and disease management by E T.
Herfindal and Gourley.
7. Applied biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics by Leon Shargel and
Andrew B.C.Yu.
8. Handbook of Essential Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug
Metabolism for Industrial Scientists
9. Robbins & Cortan Pathologic Basis of Disease, 9th Ed. (Robbins
Pathology)
10. A Complete Textbook of Medi cal Pharmacology by Dr. S.K Srivastava
published by APC Avichal Publishing Company.
11. KD.Tripathi. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology
12. Principles of Pharmacology. The Pathophysiologic basis of drug Therapy
by David E Golan, Armen H, Tashjian Jr, Ehrin J,Armst rong, April W,
Armstrong, Wolters, Kluwer -Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers
Page 239
224 PHARMACOLOGICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL SCREENING
METHODS -II
(MPL 202T)
Scope:
This subject imparts knowledge on the preclinical safety and toxicological
evaluation of drug & new chemical entity. This knowledge will make the student
competent in regulatory toxicological evaluation.
Objectives:
Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able to,
Explain the vari ous types of toxicity studies.
Appreciate the importance of ethical and regulatory requirements for
toxicity studies.
Demonstrate the practical skills required to conduct the preclinical
toxicity studies.
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Basic definition and types of toxicology (general, mechanistic,
regulatory and descriptive)
Regulatory guidelines for conducting toxicity studies OECD, ICH,
EPA and Schedule Y
OECD principles of Good laboratory practice (GLP)
History, concept and its importance in drug development 12
Hrs
2 Acute, sub -acute and chronic - oral, dermal an d inhalational
studies as per OECD guidelines.
Acute eye irritation, skin sensitization, dermal irritation & dermal
toxicity studies.
Test item characterization - importance and methods in regulatory
toxicology studies
3 Reproductive toxicology studies, Male reproductive toxicity
studies, female reproductive studies (segment I and segment III),
teratogenecity studies (segment II)
Genotoxicity studies (Ames Test , in vitro and in vivo Micronucleus
and Chromosomal aberrations studies)
In vivo carcinogenicity studies
4 IND enabling studies (IND studies) - Definition of IND, importance
of IND, industry perspective, list of studies needed for IND
submission. 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
12
Hrs
Page 240
225 Safety pharmacology studies - origin, concepts and importance of
safety pharmacology.
Tier1 - CVS, CNS and respiratory safety pharmacology, HERG
assay. Tier2 - GI, renal and other studies
5 Toxicokinetics - Toxicokinetic evalua tion in preclinical studies,
saturation kinetics Importance and applications of toxicokinetic
studies.
Alternative methods to animal toxicity testing. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Hand book on GLP, Quality practices for regulated non -clinical research
and development ( http://www.who.int/tdr/publications/documents/glp -
handbook.pdf).
2. Schedule Y Guideline: drugs and cosmetics (second amendment) rules,
2005, ministry of health and family welfare (department of health) New
Delhi
3. Drugs from discovery to approval by Rick NG.
4. Animal Models in Toxicology, 3rd Edition, Lower and Bryan
5. OECD test guidelines.
6. Principles of toxicology by Karen E . Stine, Thomas M. Brown.
7. Guidance for Industry M3(R2) Nonclinical Safety Studies for the Conduct
of Human Clinical Trials and Marketing Authorization for Pharmaceuticals
(http://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/guidancecomplianceregulatoryinform
ation/guidances/ucm073246.pdf)
Page 241
226 PRINCIPLES OF DRUG DISCOVERY
(MPL 203T)
Scope:
The subject imparts basic knowledge of drug disco very process. This
information will make the student competent in drug discovery process
Objectives:
Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able to,
Explain the various stages of drug discovery.
Appreciate the importance of the role of genomics, proteomics and
bioinformatics in drug discovery
Explain various targets for drug discovery.
Explain various lead seeking method and lead optimization
Appreciate the importance of the role of computer aided drug design in
drug discovery
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. An overview of modern drug discovery process: Target
identification, target validation, lead identification and lead
Optimization. Economics of drug discovery.
Target Discovery and validation -Role of Genomics, Proteomics
and Bioinformatics. Role of Nucleic acid microarrays, Protein
microarrays, Antisense technologies, siRNAs, antisense
oligonucleotides, Zinc finger proteins. Role of transgenic animals
in target validation.
2 Lead Identification - combinatorial chemistry & high throughput
screening, in silico lead discovery techniques, Assay development
for hit identification.
Protein structure
Levels of protein structure, Domains, motifs, and folds in protein
structure. Computational prediction of protein structure: Threading
and homology modeling methods. Application of NMR and X -ray
crystallography in protein structure prediction
3 Rational Drug Design
Traditional vs rational drug design, Methods followed in traditional
drug design, High throughput screening, Concepts of Rational
Drug Design, Rational Drug Design Methods: Structure and
Pharmacophore based approaches 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
12
Hrs
Page 242
227 Virtual Screening techniques: Drug likeness screening, Concept
of pharmacophore mapping and pharmacophore based
Screening,
4 Molecular docking: Rigid docking, flexible docking, manual
docking; Docking based screening. De novo drug design.
Quantitative analysis of Structure Activity Relationsh ip
History and development of QSAR, SAR versus QSAR,
Physicochemical parameters, Hansch analysis, Fee Wilson
analysis and relationship between them.
12
Hrs
5 QSAR Statistical methods – regression analysis, partial least
square analysis (PLS) and other multivariate statistical methods.
3D-QSAR approaches like COMFA and COMSIA
Prodrug design -Basic concept, Prodrugs to improve patient
acceptability, Drug solubility, Drug absorption and distribution, site
specific drug delivery and sustained drug action. Rationale of
prodrug design and practical consideration of prodrug design 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. MouldySioud. Target Discovery and Validation Reviews and Protocols:
Volume 2 Emerging Molecular Targetsand Treatment Options. 2007
Humana Press Inc.
2. Darryl León. Scott MarkelIn. S ilico Technologies in Drug Target
Identification and Validation. 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
3. Johanna K. DiStefano. Disease Gene Identification. Methods and
Protocols. Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London.
4. Hugo Kubiny. QSAR: Hansch Analy sis and Related Approaches. Methods
and Principles in Medicinal Chemistry. Publisher Wiley -VCH
5. Klaus Gubernator, Hans -Joachim Böhm. Structure -Based Ligand Design.
Methods and Principles in Medicinal Chemistry. Publisher Wiley -VCH
6. Abby L . Parrill. M . Rami Reddy. Rational Drug Design. Novel
Methodology and Practical Applications. ACS Symposium Series;
American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1999.
7. J. Rick Turner. New drug development design, methodology and, analysis.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Jersey.
Page 243
228 CLINICAL RESEARCH AND PHARMACOVIGILANCE
(MPL 204T)
Scope:
This subject will provide a value addition and current requirement for the
students in clinical research and pharmacovigilance. It will teac h the students on
conceptualizing, designing, conducting, managing and reporting of clinical trials.
This subject also focuses on global scenario of Pharmacovigilance in different
methods that can be used to generate safety data. It will teach the students in
developing drug safety data in Pre -clinical, Clinical phases of Drug development
and post market surveillance.
Objectives:
Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able to,
Explain the regulatory requirements for conducting clinical trial
Demonstrate the types of clinical trial designs
Explain the responsibilities of key players involved in clinical trials
Execute safety monitoring, reporting and close -out activities
Explain the principles of Pharmacovigilance
Detect new adverse drug reactions and their assessment
Perform the adverse drug reaction reporting systems and
communication in Pharmacovigilance
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Regulatory Perspectives of Clinical Trials:
Origin and Princip les of International Conference on
Harmonization - Good Clinical Practice (ICH -GCP) guidelines
Ethical Committee: Institutional Review Board, Ethical
Guidelines for Biomedical Research and Human Participant -
Schedule Y, ICMR
Informed Consent Process: Structure and content of an
Informed Consent Process Ethical principles governing informed
consent process
2 Clinical Trials: Types and Design
Experimental Study - RCT and Non RCT,
Observation Study: Cohort, Case Control, Cross sectional
Clinical Trial Study Tea m
Roles and responsibilities of Clinical Trial Personnel: Investigator,
Study Coordinator, Sponsor, Contract Research Organization and
its management 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
Page 244
229 3 Clinical Trial Documentation - Guidelines to the preparation of
documents, Preparation of protocol, Investigator Brochure, Case
Report Forms, Clinical Study Report Clinical Trial Monitoring -
Safety Monitoring in CT
Adverse Drug Reactions: Definition and typ es. Detection and
reporting methods. Severity and seriousness
assessment.Predictability and preventability assessment,
Management of adverse drug reactions; Terminologies of ADR. 12
Hrs
4 Basic aspects, terminologies and establishment of
pharmacovigilance
History and progress of pharmacovigilance, Significance of safety
monitoring, Pharmacovigilance in India and international aspects,
WHO international drug monitoring programme, WHO and
Regulatory terminologies of ADR, evaluation of medication safety,
Establishing pharmacovigilance centres in Hospitals, Industry and
National programmes related to pharmacovigilance. Roles and
responsibiliti es in Pharmacovigilance 12
Hrs
5 Methods, ADR reporting and tools used in
Pharmacovigilance
International classification of diseases, Interna tional Non -
proprietary names for drugs, Passive and Active surveillance,
Comparative observational studies, Targeted clinical
investigations and Vaccine safety surveillance. Spontaneous
reporting system and Reporting to regulatory authorities,
Guidelines for ADRs reporting. Argus, Aris G Pharmacovigilance,
VigiFlow, Statistical methods for evaluating medication safety
data. 12
Hrs
6 Pharmacoep idemiology, pharmacoeconomics, safety
pharmacology 12
Hrs
REFERENCES
1. Central Drugs Standard Control Organization - Good Clinical Practices,
Guidelines for Clinical Trials on Pharmaceutical Products in India. New
Delhi: Ministry of Health;2001.
2. International Conference on Harmonization of Technical requirements for
registration of Pharmaceuticals for human use. ICH Harmonized Tripartite
Guideline. Guideline for Good Clinical Practice.E6; May 1996.
Page 245
230 3. Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research on Human Subjects 2000.
Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
4. Textbook of Clinical Trials edited by David Machin, Simon Day and Sylvan
Green, Marc h 2005, John Wiley and Sons.
5. Clinical Data Management edited by R K Rondels, S A Varley, C F Webbs.
Second Edition, Jan 2000, Wiley Publications.
6. Handbook of clinical Research. Julia Lloyd and Ann Raven Ed. Churchill
Livingstone.
7. Principles of Clinical Research edited by Giovanna di Ignazio, Di Giovanna
and Haynes.
Page 246
231 PHARMACOLOGICAL PRACTICAL - II
(MPL 205P)
1. To record the DRC of agonist using suitable isolated tissues preparation.
2. To study the effects of antagonist/potentiating agents on DRC of agonist
using suitable isolated tissue preparation.
3. To determine to the strength of unknown sample by matching bioassay by
using suitable tissue preparation.
4. To determine to the strength of unknown sample by interpolation bioassay
by using suitable tissue preparation
5. To determine to the strength of unknown sample by bracketing bioassay
by using suitable tissue preparation
6. To determine to the strength of unknown sample by multiple point
bioassay by using suitable tissue preparation.
7. Estimation of PA 2 values of various antagonists using suitable isolated
tissue preparations.
8. To study the effects of various drugs on isolated heart preparations
9. Recording of rat BP, heart rate and ECG.
10. Recording of rat ECG
11. Drug absorption studies by averted rat ileum preparation.
12. Acute oral toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines.
13. Acute dermal toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines.
14. Repeated dose toxicity studies - Serum biochemical, haematological, urine
analysis, functiona l observation tests and histological studies.
15. Drug mutagenicity study using mice bone -marrow chromosomal aberration
test.
16. Protocol design for clinical trial.(3 Nos.)
17. Design of ADR monitoring protocol.
18. In-silico docking studies. (2 Nos.)
19. In-silico pharmacophore based screening.
20. In-silico QSAR studies.
21. ADR reporting
REFERENCES
1. Fundamentals of experimental Pharmacology -by M.N.Ghosh
2. Hand book of Experimental Pharmacology -S.K.Kulakarni
3. Text book of in-vitro practical Pharmacology by Ian Kitchen
4. Bioassay Techniques for Drug Development by Atta -ur-Rahman, Iqbal
choudhary and William Thomsen
5. Applied biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics by Leon Shargel and
Andrew B.C.Yu.
6. Handbook of Essential Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug
Metabolism for Industrial Scientists.
Page 247
232 PHARMACOGNOSY (MPG)
MODERN PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
(MPG 101T)
Scope
This subject deals with various advanced analytical instrumental techniques for
identification, characterization and quantification of drugs. Instruments dealt are
NMR, Mass spectrometer, IR, HPLC, GC etc.
Objectives
After completion of course student is able to know,
The analysis of various drugs in single and combination dosage forms
Theoretical and practical skills of the instruments
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. UV -Visible spectroscopy : Introduction, Theory, Laws,
Instrumentation associated with UV -Visible spectroscop y, Choice
of solvents and solvent effect and Applications of UV -Visible
spectroscopy.
IR spectroscopy : Theory, Modes of Molecular vibrations, Sample
handling, Instrumentation of Dispersive and Fourier - Transform
IR Spectrometer, Factors affecting vibratio nal frequencies and
Applications of IR spectroscopy
Spectroflourimetry: Theory of Fluorescence, Factors affecting
fluorescence, Quenchers, Instrumentation and Applications of
fluorescence spectrophotometer.
Flame emission spectroscopy and Atomic absorption
spectroscopy : Principle, Instrumentation, Interferences and
Applications. 12
Hrs
2 NMR spectroscopy : Quantum numbers and their role in NMR,
Principle, Instrumentation, Solvent requirement in NMR,
Relaxation process, NMR signals in various compounds,
Chemical shift, Factors influencing chemical shift, Spin -Spin
coupling, Coupling constant, Nuclear magnetic double resonance,
Brief outline of pri nciples of FT -NMR and 13C NMR. Applications
of NMR spectroscopy.1 12
Hrs
Page 248
233 3 Mass Spectroscopy : Principle, Theory, Instrumentation of Mass
Spectroscopy, Different types of ionization like electron impact,
chemical, field, FAB and MALDI, APCI, ESI, APPI Analyzers of
Quadrupole and Time of Flight, Mass fragmentation and its rules,
Meta stable ions, Isotopic peaks and Applications of Mass
spectroscopy. 10
Hrs
4 Chromatography : Principle, apparatus, instrumentation,
chromatographic parameters, factors affecting resolution, isolation
of drug from excipients, data interpretation and applications of th e
following:
a) Thin Layer chromatography
b) High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography
c) Ion exchange chromatography
d) Column chromatography
e) Gas chromatography
f) High Performance Liquid chromatography
g) Ultra High Performance Liquid chromatography
h) Affinity chromatography
i) Gel Chromatography 10
Hrs
5 Electrophoresis : Principle, Instrumentation, Working conditions,
factors affecting separation and applications of the following:
a) Paper electrophoresis
b) Gel electrophoresis
c) Capillary electrophoresis
d) Zone electrophoresis
e) Moving boundary electrophoresis
f) Iso electric focusing
X ray Crystallography : Production of X rays, Different X ray
methods, Bragg‘s law, Rotating crystal technique, X ray powder
technique, Types of crystals and applications of X -ray diffraction. 10
Hrs
6 Potentiometry: Principle, working, Ion selective Electrodes and
Application of potentiometry.
Thermal Techniques : Principle, thermal transitions and
Instrumentation (Heat flux and power -compensation and designs),
Modulated DSC, Hyper DSC, experimental parameters (sample
preparation, experimental conditions, calibration, heating and 10
Hrs
Page 249
234 cooling rates, resolution, source of errors) and their influence,
advantage and disadvantages, pharmaceutical applications .
Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA): Principle, instrumentation
and advantage and disadvantages, pharmaceutical applications,
derivative differential thermal analysis (DDTA). TGA: Principle,
instrumentation, factors affecting results, advantage and
disad vantages, pharmaceutical applications.
REFERENCES
1. Spectrometric Identification of Organic compounds - Robert M Silverstein,
Sixth edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
2. Principles of Instrumental Analysis - Doglas A Skoog, F. James Holler,
Timothy A. Nieman, 5th edition, Eastern press, Bangalore, 1998.
3. Instrumental methods of analysis – Willards, 7th edition, CBS publishers.
4. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry – Beckett and Stenlake, Vol II, 4th
edition, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 1997.
5. Organic Spectroscopy - William Kemp, 3rd edition, ELBS, 1991.
6. Quantitative Analysis of Drugs in Pharmaceutical formulation - P D Sethi,
3rd Edition, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 1997.
7. Pharmaceutical Analysis - Modern Methods – Part B - J W Munson, Vol
11, Marcel. Dekker Series
8. Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds, 2nd edn., P.S/Kalsi, Wiley estern
Ltd., Delhi.
Page 250
235 ADVANCED PHARMACOGNOSY - I
(MPG 102T)
SCOPE
To learn and understand the advances in the field of cultivation and isolat ion of
drugs of natural origin, various phytopharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and their
medicinal use and health benefits.
OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able to know the,
advances in the cultivation and production of drugs
various phyto -pharmaceuticals and their source, its utilization and
medicinal value.
various nutraceuticals/herbs and their health benefits
Drugs of marine origin
Pharmacovigilance of drugs of natural origin
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Plant drug cultivation: General introduction to the importance of
Pharmacognosy in herbal drug industry, Indian Council of
Agricultural Research, Current Good Agricultural Practices,
Current Good Cu ltivation Practices, Current Good Collection
Practices, Conservation of medicinal plants - Ex-situ and In-
situ conservation of medicinal plants.
2 Marine natural products: General methods of isolation and
purification, Study of Marine toxins, Recent adv ances in research
in marine drugs, Problems faced in research on marine drugs
such as taxonomical identification, chemical screening and their
solution.
3 Nutraceuticals: Current trends and future scope, Inorganic
mineral supplements, Vitamin supplements, Di gestive enzymes,
Dietary fibres, Cereals and grains, Health drinks of natural origin,
Antioxidants, Polyunsaturated fatty acids, Herbs as functional
foods, Formulation and standardization of neutraceuticals,
Regulatory aspects, FSSAI guidelines, Sources, n ame of marker
compounds and their chemical nature, medicinal uses and health
benefits of following
i) Spirulina ii) Soya bean iii) Ginseng iv) Garlic v) Broccoli vi)
Green and Herbal Tea vii) Flax seeds viii) Black cohosh ix)
Turmeric. 12
Hrs
12
Hrs
12
Hrs
Page 251
236 4 Phytopharmaceuticals: Occurrence, isolation and characteristic
features (Chemical nature, uses in pharmacy, medicinal and
health benefits) of following.
a) Carotenoids – i) α and β - Carote ne ii) Xanthophyll (Lutein)
b) Limonoids – i) d-Limonene ii) α – Terpineol
c) Saponins – i) Shatavarins
d) Flavonoids – i) Resveratrol ii) Rutin iii) Hesperidin iv)
Naringin v) Quercetin
e) Phenolic acids - Ellagic acid
f) Vitamins
g) Tocotrienols and Tocopherols
h) Andrographolide, Glycolipids, Gugulipids, Withanolides,
Vascine, Taxol
i) Miscellaneous 12
Hrs
5 Pharmacovigilance of drugs of natural origin: WHO and
AYUSH guidelines for safety monitoring of natural medicine,
Spontaneous reporting schemes for biodrug adverse reactions,
bio drug -drug and bio drug -food interactions with suitable
examples. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES (Latest Editions of)
1. Pharmacognosy - G. E. Trease and W.C. Evans. Saunders Edinburgh,
New York.
2. Pharmacognosy -Tyler, Brady, Robbers
3. Modem Methods of Plant Analysis - Peach & M.V. Tracey, Vol. I&II
4. Text Book of Pharmacognosy by T.E. Wallis
5. Marine Natural Products -Vol.I to IV.
6. Natural products: A lab guide by Raphael Ikan , Academic Press 1991.
7. Glimpses of Indian Ethano Pharmacology, P. Pushpangadam. Ulf Nyman.
V.George Tropical Botanic Garden & Research Institute, 1995.
8. Medicinal natural products (a biosynthetic approach), Paul M. Dewick,
John Wiley & Sons Ltd., England, 1998.
9. Chemistry of Marine Natural Products - Paul J. Schewer 1973.
10. Herbal Drug Industry by RD. Choudhary, Eastern Publisher, New Delhi,
1996.
11. Cultivation of Medicinal Plants by C.K. Atal & B.M. Kapoor.
12. Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants, C.K. Atal & B.M. Kapoor
13. Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic crops, AA Farooqui and B.S.
Sreeramu. University P ress, 2001.
Page 252
237 14. Natural Products from Plants, 1st edition, by Peter B. Kaufman, CRC
Press, New York, 1998
15. Recent Advances in Phytochemistry - Vol. 1&4: Scikel Runeckles - Appleton
Century crofts.
16. Text book of P harmacognosy, C.K.Kokate, Purohit, Ghokhale, Nirali
Prakasshan, 1996.
17. Pharmacognosy and Pharmacobiotechnology, Ashutoshkar, New Age
Publications, New Delhi.
Page 253
238 PHYTOCHEMISTRY
(MPG 103T)
SCOPE
Students shall be equipped with the knowledge of natural product drug
discovery and will be able to isolate, identify and extract and the phyto -
constituents
OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able to know the,
different classes of phyt oconstituents, their biosynthetic pathways, their
properties, extraction and general process of natural product drug
discovery
phytochemical fingerprinting and structure elucidation of
phytoconstituents.
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Biosynthetic pathways and Radio tracing techniques:
Constituents & their Biosynthesis, Isolation, Characterization and
purification with a special reference to their importance in herbal
industries of following phyto -pharmaceuticals containing drugs:
a) Alkaloids: Ephedrine, Quinine, Strychynine, Piperine,
Berberine, Taxol, Vinca alkoloids.
b) Glycosides: Digitoxin, Glycyrrhizin, Sennosides,
Bacosides, Quercitin.
c) Steroids: Hecogenin, guggulosterone and withanolides
d) Coumarin: Umbelliferone.
e) Terpenoids: Cucurbitacins 12
Hrs
2 Drug discovery and development: History of herbs as source of
drugs and drug discovery, the lead structure selection process,
structure development, product discovery process and drug
registration, Selection and optimization of lead compounds with
suitable examples from the following source : artemesin,
andrographolides. C linical studies emphasising on phases of
clinical trials, protocol design for lead molecules. 12
Hrs
3 Extraction and Phytochemical studies: Recent advances in
extractions with emphasis on selection of method and choice of
solvent for extraction, successive and exhaustive extraction and
other methods of extraction commonly used like microwave 12
Hrs
Page 254
239 assisted extraction, Methods of fractionation. Separation of
phytoconstituents by latest CCCET, SCFE techniques including
preparative HPLC and Flash column chromatography.
4 Phytochemical finger printing: HPTLC and LCMS/GCMS
applications in the characterization of herbal extracts. Structure
elucidation of phytoconstituents. 12
Hrs
5 Structure elucidation of the following compounds by spectroscopic
techniques like UV, IR, MS, NMR (1H, 13C)
a. Carvone, Citral, Menthol
b. Luteolin, Kaempferol
c. Nicotine, Caffeine iv) Glycyrrhizin. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES (Latest Editions of)
1. Organic chemistry by I.L. Finar Vol.II
2. Pharmacognosy by Trease and Evans, ELBS.
3. Pharmacognosy by Tylor and Brady.
4. Text book of Pharmacognosy by Wallis.
5. Clark’s isolation and Identification of drugs by A.C. Mottal.
6. Plant Drug Analysis by Wagner & Bladt.
7. Wilson and Gisvolds text book of Organic Medicinnal and Pharmaceutical
Chemistry by Deorge. R.F.
8. The Chemistry of Natural Products, Edited by R.H. Thomson, Springer
International Edn. 1994.
9. Natural Products Chemistry Practical Manual by Anees A Siddiqui and
SeemiSiddiqui
10. Organic Chemistry of Natural Products, Vol. 1&2. Gurdeep R Chatwal.
11. Chemistry of Natural Products - Vol. 1 onwards IWPAC.
12. Modem Methods of Plant Analysis - Peach & M.V. Tracey, Vol. I&II
13. Medicinal Natural products – a biosynthetic approach, Dewick PM, John
Wiley & Sons, Toronto, 1998.
14. Chemistry of Natural Products, Bhat SV, Nagasampagi B A, Meenakshi S,
Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
15. Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plants, 2nd edition,
Bruneton J, Interceptt Ltd., New York, 1999.
Page 255
240 INDUSTRIAL PHARMACOGNOSTICAL TECHNOLOGY
(MPG 104T)
SCOPE
To understand the Industrial and commercial potential of drugs of natural origin,
integrate traditional Indian systems of medicine with modern medicine and also
to know regulatory and quality policy for the trade of herbals and drugs of
natural origin.
OBJECTIVES
By the end of the course the student shall be able to know,
the requirements for setting up the herbal/natural drug industry.
the guidelines for quality of herbal/natural medicines and regulatory
issues.
the patenting/IPR of he rbals/natural drugs and trade of raw and
finished materials.
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Herbal drug industry: Infrastructure of herbal drug industry
involved in production of standardized extracts and various
dosage forms. Current challenges in upgrading and
modernization of herbal formulations. Entrepreneurship
Development, Project selection, project report, technical
knowledge, Capital venture, plant design, layout and construction.
Pilot plant scale –up techniques, case studies of herbal extracts.
Formulation and production management of herbals. 12
Hrs
2 Regulatory requirements for setting herbal drug industry:
Global marketing management. Indian and international patent
law as applicable herbal drugs and natural products.
Export - Import (EXI M) policy, TRIPS.
Quality assurance in herbal/natural drug products.
Concepts of TQM, GMP, GLP, ISO -9000. 12
Hrs
3 Monographs of herbal drugs: General parameters of
monographs of herbal drugs and comparative study in IP, USP,
Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia, Siddha and Unani Pharmacopoeia,
American herbal pharmacopoeia, British herbal pharmacopoeia,
WHO guidelines in quality assessment of herbal drugs.
Page 256
241 4 Testing of natural products and drugs: Herbal medicines -
clinical laboratory testing. Stability testing of natural products,
protocols. 12
Hrs
5 Patents: Indian and international patent laws, proposed
amendments as applicable to herbal/natural products and
process. Geographi cal indication, Copyright, Patentable subject
maters, novelty, non obviousness, utility, enablement and best
mode, procedure for Indian patent filing, patent processing, grant
of patents, rights of patents, cases of patents, opposition and
revocation of pa tents, patent search and literature, Controllers of
patents. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES (Latest Editions of)
1. Herbal drug industry by R.D. Choudhary (1996), Eastern Publisher, New
Delhi.
2. GMP for Botanicals - Regulatory and Quality issues on Phytomedicine by
Pulok K Mukharjee (2003), Ist Edition, Business horizons Robert
Verpoorte, New Delhi.
3. Quality control of herbal drugs by Pulok K Mukarjee (2002), Business
Horizons Pharmaceutical Publisher, New Delhi.
4. PDR for Herbal Medicines (2000), Medicinal Economic Company, New
Jersey.
5. Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia (2002), IDMA, Mumbai.
6. Text book of Pharmacognosy by C.K. Kokate, Purohit, Gokhlae (1996),
Nirali Prakashan, New Delhi.
7. Text book of Pharmacognosy a nd Phytochemistry by Vinod D. RangarI
(2002), Part I & II, Career Publication, Nasik, India.
8. Plant drug analysis by H.Wagner and S.Bladt, Springer, Berlin.
9. Standardization of Botanicals. Testing and extraction methods of medicinal
herbs by V. Rajpal (2004), Vol.I, Eastern Publisher, New Delhi.
10. Phytochemical Dictionary. Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants
by J.B.Harborne, (1999), IInd Edition, Taylor and Francis Ltd, UK.
11. Herbal Medicine. Expanded Commission E Monographs by M.Blumenthal,
(2004), IST Edition,
12. Drug Formulation Manual by D.P.S.Kohli and D.H.Shah (1998), Eastern
Publisher, New Delhi.
Page 257
242 PHARMACOGNOSY PRACTICAL - I
(MPG I05P)
1. Analysis of Pharmacopoeial compounds of natural origin and th eir
formulations by UV Vis spectrophotometer
2. Analysis of recorded spectra of simple phytoconstituents
3. Experiments based on Gas Chromatography
4. Estimation of sodium/potassium by flame photometry
5. Development of fingerprint of selected medicinal plant extracts commonly
used in herbal drug industry viz. Ashwagandha, Tulsi, Bael, Amla, Ginger,
Aloe, Vidang, Senna, Lawsonia by TLC/HPTLC method.
6. Methods of extraction
7. Phytochemical screening
8. Demonstration of HPLC - estimation of glycerrhizin
9. Monograph analysis of clo ve oil
10. Monograph analysis of castor oil.
11. Identification of bioactive constituents from plant extracts
12. Formulation of different dosage forms and their standardisation.
Page 258
243 MEDICINAL PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
(MPG 201T)
SCOPE
To explore the knowledge of Biotechnology and its application in the
improvement of quality of medicinal plants
OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able to,
Know the process like genetic engineering in medicinal pla nts for
higher yield of Phytopharmaceuticals.
Use the biotechnological techniques for obtaining and improving the
quality of natural products/medicinal plants
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Introduction to Plant bio technology: Historical perspectives,
prospects for development of plant biotechnology as a source of
medicinal agents. Applications in pharmacy and allied fields.
Genetic and molecular biology as applied to pharmacognosy,
study of DNA, RNA and protein repl ication, genetic code,
regulation of gene expression, structure and complicity of
genome, cell signaling, DNA recombinant technology. 12
Hrs
2 Different tissue culture techniques: Organogenesis and
embryogenesis, synthetic seed and monoclonal variation,
Protoplast fusion, Hairy root multiple shoot cultures and their
applications. Micro propagation of medicinal and aromatic plants.
Sterilization methods involved in tissue culture, gene transfer in
plants and their applications. 15
Hrs
3 Immobilisation techniques & Secondary Metabolit e
Production: Immobilization techniques of plant cell and its
application on secondary metabolite Production. Cloning of plant
cell: Different methods of cloning and its applications. Advantages
and disadvantages of plant cell cloning. Secondary metabolism in
tissue cultures with emphasis on production of medicinal agents.
Precursors and elicitors on production of secondary metabolites. 15
Hrs
4 Biotransformation and Transgenesis: Biotransformation,
bioreactors for pilot and large scale cultures of plant cells and
retention of biosynthetic potential in cell culture. Transgenic 13
Hrs
Page 259
244 plants, methods used in gene identification, localization and
sequencing of genes. Application of PCR in plant genome
analysis.
5 Fermentation technology: Application of Fermentation
technology, Produc tion of ergot alkaloids, single cell proteins,
enzymes of pharmaceutical interest. 05
Hrs
REFERENCES (Latest Editions of)
1. Plant tissue culture, Bhagwani, vol 5, Elsevier Publishers.
2. Plant cell and Tissue Culture (Lab. Manual), JRMM. Yeoman.
3. Elements in biotechnology by PK. Gupta, Rastogi Publications, New Delhi.
4. An introduction to plant tissue culture by MK. Razdan, Science Publishers.
5. Experiments in plant tissue culture by John HD and Lorin WR., Cambridge
University Press.
6. Pharmaceutical biotechnology by SP. Vyas and VK. Dixit, CBS Publishers.
7. Plant cell and tissue culture by Jeffrey W. Pollard and John M Walker,
Humana press.
8. Plant tissue culture by Dixon, Oxford Press, Washington DC, 1985
9. Plant tissue culture by Street.
10. Pharmacognosy by G. E. Trease and WC. Evans, Elsevier.
11. Biotechnology by Purohit and Mathur, Agro -Bio, 3rd revised edition.
12. Biotechnological applications to tissue culture by Shargool, Peter D,
Shargoal, CKC Press.
13. Pharm acognosy by Varo E. Tyler, Lynn R. Brady and James E. Robberrt,
That Tjen, NGO.
14. Plant Biotechnology, Ciddi Veerasham.
Page 260
245 ADVANCED PHARMACOGNOSY - II
(MPG 202T)
SCOPE
To know and understand the Adulteration and Deterioration that occurs in
herbal/natural drugs and methods of detection of the same. Study of herbal
remedies and their validations, including methods of screening
OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able to know the,
validation of herbal remedies
methods of detection of adulteration and evaluation techniques for the
herbal drugs
methods of screening of herbals for various biological properties
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Herbal remedies – Toxicity and Regulations: Herbals vs
Conventional drugs, Efficacy of Herbal medicine products,
Validation of herbal therapies, Pharmacodynamic and
Pharmacokinetic issues. 12
Hrs
2 Adulteration and Deterioration: Introduction, Types of
Adulteration/ Substitution of Herbal drugs, Causes and Measures
of Adulteration, Sampling Procedures, Determination of Foreign
Matter, DNA Finger pr inting techniques in identification of drugs of
natural origin, detection of heavy metals, pesticide residues,
phytotoxin, microbial contamination in herbs and their
formulations. 12
Hrs
3 Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology: Ethnobotany in herbal
drug evaluation, Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals, Bio -prospecting tools for drug
discovery, Role of Ethn opharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology. 12
Hrs
4 Analytical Profiles of herbal drugs: Andrographis paniculata,
Boswellia sera ta, Coleus forskholii, Curcuma longa, Embelica
officinalis, Psoralea corylifolia. 12
Hrs
5 Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto -Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating 12
Hrs
Page 261
246 Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants,
Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vi vo evaluation techniques
for Anti -inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing,
Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines.
REFERENCES (Latest Editions of)
1. Glimpses of Ind ian Ethano Pharmacology by P. Pushpangadam. Ulf
Nyman. V.George Tropical Botanic Garden & Research Institute.
2. Natural products: A lab guide by Raphael Ikan, Academic Press.
3. Pharmacognosy - G. E. Trease and W.C. Evans. WB. Saunders
Edinburgh, New York.
4. Phar macognosy -Tyler, Brady, Robbers, Lee & Fetiger.
5. Modem Methods of Plant Analysis - Peach & M.V. Tracey, Vol. I & II,
Springer Publishers.
6. Herbal Drug Industry by RD. Choudhary, Eastern Publishers, New Delhi.
7. Text book of Pharmacognosy by C.K.Kokate, Purohit, Ghokhale, Nirali
Prakashan.
8. Text Book of Pharmacognosy by T.E. Wallis, J & A Churchill Ltd., London.
9. Quality control of herbal drugs by Pulok K Mukherjee, Business Horizons
Pharmaceutical Publishers, New Delhi.
10. Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia, IDMA, Mumbai.
11. Text book of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry by Vinod D. RangarI,
Part I & II, Career Publication, Nasik, India.
12. Plant drug analysis by H.Wagner and S.Bladt, 2nd edition, Springer, Berlin.
13. Standardization of Botanicals. Testing and extraction methods of m edicinal
herbs by V. Rajpal (2004), Vol.I, Eastern PublisherS, New Delhi.
14. Herbal Medicine. Expanded Commission E Monographs, M.Blumenthal.
Page 262
247 INDIAN SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE
(MPG 203T)
SCOPE
To make the students understand thoroughly the principles, preparations of
medicines of various Indian systems of medicine like Ayurveda, Siddha,
Homeopathy and Unani. Also focusing on clinical research of traditional
medicines, quality assurance and challenges in mon itoring the safety of herbal
medicines.
OBJECTIVES
After completion of the course, student is able to
To understand the basic principles of various Indian systems of
medicine
To know the clinical research of traditional medicines, Current Good
Manufacturi ng Practice of Indian systems of medicine and their
formulations.
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Fundamental concepts of Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and
Homoeopathy systems of medicine
Different dosage forms of the ISM.
Ayurveda: Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia, Analysis of formulations
and bio crude drugs with references to: Identity, purity and quality.
Siddha: Gunapadam (Siddha Pharmacology), raw
drugs/Dhatu/Jeevam in Siddha system of medicine, Purification
process (Suddhi). 12
Hrs
2 Naturopathy, Yoga and Aromatherapy practices
a) Naturopathy - Introduction, basic principles and treatment
modalities.
b) Yoga - Introduction and Streams of Yoga. Asanas, Pranayama,
Meditations and Relaxation techniques.
c) Aromatherapy – Introduction, aroma oils for common problems,
carrier oils. 12
Hrs
3 Formulation development of various systems of medicine
Salient features of the techniques of preparation of some of the
important class of Formulations as per Ayurveda, Siddha,
Homeopathy and Unani Pharmacopoeia and texts.
Standardization,
Shelf life and Stability studies of ISM formulations. 12
Hrs
Page 263
248 4 Schedule T – Good Manufacturing Practice of Indian systems of
medicine
Components of GMP (Schedule – T) and its objectives,
Infrastructural requirements, working space, storage area,
machinery and equipments, standard operating procedures,
health and hygiene, documentation and records.
Quality assurance in ISM formulation industry - GAP, GMP a nd
GLP. Preparation of documents for new drug application and
export registration.
Challenges in monitoring the safety of herbal medicines:
Regulation, quality assurance and control, National/Regional
Pharmacopoeias. 12
Hrs
5 TKDL, Geographical indication Bill, Government bills in AYUSH,
ISM, CCRAS, CCRS, CCRH, CCRU 12
Hrs
REFERENCES (Latest Editions of )
1. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia, The Controller of Publications, Civil Lines,
Govt. of India, New Delhi.
2. Hand Book on Ayurvedic Medicines, H. Panda, National Institute of
Industrial Research, New Delhi.
3. Ayurvedic System of Medicine, Kaviraj Nagendranath Sengupata, Sri
Satguru Publications, New Delhi.
4. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia. Formulary of Ayurvedic Medicines, IMCOPS,
Chennai.
5. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia. Formulary of Homeopathic Medicines,
IMCOPS, Chennai.
6. Homeopathic Pharmacy : An introduction & Hand book, Steven B. Kayne,
Churchill Livingstone, New York.
7. Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia, IDMA, Mumbai.
8. British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, bRITISH Herbal Medicine Association, UK.
9. GMP for Botanicals - Regulatory and Quality issues on Phytomedicine,
Pulok K Mukharjee, Business Horizons, New Delhi.
10. Indian System of Medicine and Homeopathy in India, Planning and
Evaluation Cell, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
11. Essential of Food and Nutrition, Swaminathan, Bappco, Bangalore.
12. Clinical Dietitics and Nutrition, F.P. Antia, Oxford University Press, Delhi.
13. Yoga - The Science of Holistic Living by V.K.Yoga, Vivekananda Yoga
Prakashna Publishing, Bangalore.
Page 264
249 HERBAL COSMETICS
(MPG 204T)
SCOPE
This subject deals with the study of preparation and standardization of
herbal/natural cosmetics. This subject gives emphasis to various national and
international standards prescribed regarding herbal cosmeceuticals.
OBJECTIVES
After completion of the course, student shall be able to,
understand the basic principles of various herbal/natural cosmetic
preparations
current Good Manufacturing Practices of herbal/natural cosmetics as
per the regulatory authorities
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Introduction: Herbal/natural cosmetics, Classification &
Economic aspects.
Regulatory Provisions relation to manufacture of cosmetics: -
License, GMP, offences & Penalties, Import & Export of
Herbal/natural cosmetics, Industries involved in the production of
Herbal/natural cosmetics. 12
Hrs
2 Commonly used herbal cosmetics, raw materials, preservatives,
surfactants, humectants, oils, colors, and some functional herbs,
preformulation studies, compatibility studies, possible interactions
between chemicals and herbs, design of herbal cosmetic
formulation. 12
Hrs
3 Herbal Cosmetics : Physiology and chemistry of skin and
pigmenta tion, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream,
Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks,
Bath products, soaps and baby product, Preparation and
standardisation of the following :
Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washe s & Tooth Pastes,
Cosmetics for Nails . 12
Hrs
4 Cosmeceuticals of herbal and natural origin: Hair growth
formulations, Shampoos, Conditioners , Colorants & hair oils,
Fairness formulations, vanishing & foundation creams, anti-sun
burn preparations, moisturizing creams, deodorants. 12
Hrs
Page 265
250 5 Analysis of Cosmetics, Toxicity screening and test methods:
Quality control and toxicity studies as per Drug and Cosmetics
Act. 12
Hrs
REFERENCES (Latest Editions of)
1. Panda H. Herbal Cosmetics (Hand book), Asia Pacific Busine ss Press Inc,
New Delhi.
2. Thomson EG. Modern Cosmetics, Universal Publishing Corporation,
Mumbai.
3. P.P.Sharma. Cosmetics - Formulation, Manufacturing & Quality Control,
Vandana Publications, New Delhi.
4. Supriya K B. Handbook of Aromatic Plants, Pointer Publis hers, Jaipur.
5. Skaria P. Aromatic Plants (Horticulture Science Series), New India
Publishing Agency, New Delhi.
6. Kathi Keville and Mindy Green. Aromatheraphy (A Complete Guide to the
Healing Art), Sri Satguru Publications, New Delhi.
7. Chattopadhyay PK. Herbal Cosmetics & Ayurvedic Medicines (EOU),
National Institute of Industrial Research, Delhi.
8. Balsam MS & Edward Sagarin. Cosmetics Science and Technology, Wiley
Interscience, New York.
Page 266
251 PHARMACOGNOSY PRACTICAL II
(MPG 205P)
1. Isolation of nucleic acid from cauliflower heads
2. Isolation of RNA from yeast
3. Quantitative estimation of DNA
4. Immobilization technique
5. Establishment of callus culture
6. Establishment of suspension culture
7. Estimation of aldehyde contents of volatile oils
8. Estimation of total phenolic content in herbal raw materials
9. Estimation of total alkaloid content in herbal raw materials
10. Estimation of total flavonoid content in herbal raw materials
11. Preparation and standardization of various sim ple dosage forms from
Ayurvedic, Siddha, Homoeopathy and Unani formulary
12. Preparation of certain Aromatherapy formulations
13. Preparation of herbal cosmetic formulation such as lip balm, lipstick, facial
cream, herbal hair and nail care products
14. Evaluation of herbal tablets and capsules
15. Preparation of sunscreen, UV protection cream, skin care formulations.
16. Formulation & standardization of herbal cough syrup.
Page 267
252 Semester III
MRM 301T - Research Methodology & Biostatistics
UNIT – I
General Research Methodology: Research, objective, requirements,
practical difficulties, review of literature, study design, types of studies,
strategies to eliminate errors/bias, controls, randomization, cros sover design,
placebo, blinding techniques.
UNIT – II
Biostatistics: Definition, application, sample size, importance of sample size,
factors influencing sample size, dropouts, statistical tests of significance, type
of significance tests, parametric test s(students “t” test, ANOVA, Correlation
coefficient, regression), non -parametric tests (wilcoxan rank tests, analysis of
variance, correlation, chi square test), null hypothesis, P values, degree of
freedom, interpretation of P values.
UNIT – III
Medical Research: History, values in medical ethics, autonomy, beneficence,
non-maleficence, double effect, conflicts between autonomy and
beneficence/non -maleficence, euthanasia, informed consent, confidentiality,
criticisms of orthodox medical ethics, im portance of communication, control
resolution, guidelines, ethics committees, cultural concerns, truth telling,
online business practices, conflicts of interest, referral, vendor relationships,
treatment of family members, sexual relationships, fatality.
UNIT – IV
CPCSEA guidelines for laboratory animal facility: Goals, veterinary care,
quarantine, surveillance, diagnosis, treatment and control of disease, personal
hygiene, location of animal facilities to laboratories, anesthesia, euthanasia,
physical facilities, environment, animal husbandry, record keeping, SOPs,
personnel and training, transport of lab animals.
UNIT – V
Declaration of Helsinki: History, introduction, basic principles for all medical
research, and additional principles for medical re search combined with
medical care.
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