MICROBIOLOGY Final Revised TY Syllabus AY 2018 19 onwards1 1 Syllabus Mumbai University by munotes
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AC Item No.
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
Revised Syllabus for T.Y.B.Sc.
Program: B.Sc.
Course: Microbiology (USMB)
(Credit Based Semester and Grading System with
effect from the academic year 2018 – 2019)
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PREAMBLE
The Choice Based Credit system was introduced by Mumbai University from 2016 - 2017.
The process was initiated by restructuring the F.Y.B.Sc. syllabus and the paper pattern
according to the CBCS pattern and its implementation in the same year i.e. 2016 - 17.
This was followed by revision of S.Y.B.Sc. syllabus and paper pattern in the year 2017 -
2018.
The revised S.Y.B.Sc. syllabus gave an opportunity to the Microbiology students to opt for
Paper III of any subject other than Microbiology. Likewise S .Y.B.Sc. students of other
subjects could opt for Microbiology Paper III. This gave them the option to choose from
diversity of applied sciences.
In continuation with this, the T .Y.B.Sc. syllabu s is being revised in the year 2018 - 2019.
The existing paper pattern will also be accordingly revised.
Keeping in tune with the revised syllabus, the committee has ensured that there is a
continuous flow of information and latest advances in the subject imparted to the students.
Hence some of the modules of the earlier syllabus have been upgraded, while some new
modules have been added to the syllabus in order to bridge the knowledge gap of the learner
from S .Y.B.Sc. to T.Y.B.Sc.
The syllabus is aimed at equipping the students with basic knowledge in various branches of
Microbiology such as Microbial Genetics, Molecular Biology, Virology, Medical
Microbiology, Immunology, Microbial Biochemistry and Industrial Microbiology.
Additionally, it also makes stude nts aware of interdisciplinary sciences such as
Bioinformatics and Bioinstrumentation.
In all, the students offering Microbiology as a single major subject that is Six units pattern,
will study eight courses of theory and practicals compulsory during Semes ter V and Semester
VI together, while students opting for double major subject that is Three units pattern, will
have four courses of theory and practicals compulsory during Semester V and Semester VI
together.
The courses for six units will comprise of th e following:
1) USMB 501 and USMB 601
2) USMB 502 and USMB 602
3) USMB 503 and USMB 603
4) USMB 504 and USMB 604
The courses for t hree units will comprise of the following:
1) USMB 501 and USMB 601
2) USMB 502 and USMB 602
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The approach towards designing this syllabus has b een to retain the classic concepts of
Microbiology as well as keeping abreast with the latest discoveries in Microbiology and other
interdisciplinary fields.
In conclusion, the revised syllabus aims at inculcating a spirit of learning and kindling
curiosi ty towards the subject in the minds of learners, resulting in their pursuit of higher
education in Microbiology.
T.Y.B.Sc. MICROBIOLOGY THEORY
(SEMESTER V )
COURSE
CODE TITLE CREDITS AND
LECTURES / SEM
USMB501 Microbial Genetics 2.5 Credits
(60 Lectures )
Unit I DNA Replication 15 Lectures
Unit II Transcription, Genetic Code & Translation 15 Lectures
Unit III Mutation and Repair 15 Lectures
Unit IV Genetic Exchange & Homologous Recombination 15 Lectures
USMB502 Medical Microbiology & Immunology : Part - I 2.5 Credits
(60 Lectures)
Unit I Bacterial Strategies for Evasion and Study of a Few
Diseases 15 Lectures
Unit II Study of a Few Diseases with Emphasis on Cultural
Characteristics of the Etiological agent, Pathogenesis,
Laboratory Diagnosis and Pr evention. 15 Lectures
Unit III General Immunology - I 15 Lectures
Unit IV General Immunology - II 15 Lectures
USMB503 Microbial Biochemistry : Part - I 2.5 Credits
(60 Lectures)
Unit I Biological Membranes & Transport 15 Lectures
Unit II Bioenergetic s & Bioluminescence 15 Lectures
Unit III Methods of Studying Metabolism & Catabolism of
Carbohydrates 15 Lectures
Unit IV Fermentative Pathway & Anabolism of
Carbohydrates 15 Lectures
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USMB504 Bioprocess Technology : Part - I 2.5 Credits
(60 Lectures)
Unit I Upstream Processing - I 15 Lectures
Unit II Upstream Processing - II 15 Lectures
Unit III Fermentation Modes, Equipments and Instruments 15 Lectures
Unit IV Traditional Industrial Fermentations 15 Lectures
N.B.
I. Each theory period shall be of 48 minutes duration. Theory
component shall have 240 instructional periods plus 240 notional
periods per semester which is equal to 384 learning hours. For theory
component the value of One Credit is equal to 38.40 learning hours.
II. Each practical period shal l be of 48 minutes duration. Practical
component shall have 240 instructional periods plus 60 notional
periods per semester which is equal to 240 learning hours. For
practical component the value of One Credit is equal to 40 learning
hours.
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T.Y.B.SC. MICROBIOLOGY THEORY (S EMESTER V)
MICROBIAL GENETICS (USMB -501)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Microbial Genetics (USMB -501) is a course in Genetics for T .Y.B.Sc. undergraduate
students in Sem ester V that deals with various concepts of Genetics.
The learning objectives include the following:
1. DNA Replication: The learner will understand the events occurring in both
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA replication, with a focus on the involvement of
Proteins and Enzymes at the cellular level. The topic will also incl ude the assembly of
Eukaryotic chromosome.
2. Transcription, Genetic Code and Translation: This module aims at the learner
understanding the basis of gene expression and the Central Dogma and the molecular
basis of protein synthesis in Prokaryotes and Eukaryo tes. The module deals with the
structure and properties of different forms of RNA, maturation of RNA and RNA
splicing.
3. Mutation and DNA repair: The molecu lar basis and types of mutation , their cause,
effect and DNA repair is studied. The basic concepts rel ated to molecular biology are
explained.
4. Genetic exchange: This module includes the study of various mechanisms of gene
transfer in bacteria. It also provides insight into the mechanisms of genetic
recombination. The module deals with the Genetics of bacte ria and bacteriophages,
development of new strains and genetic mapping.
5. Practicals
The laboratory techniques and experiments based on these topics will give students
hands on competence in fundamental molecular biology experiments.
LEARNING OUTCOMES :
DNA Replication : The learner will understand th e sequence of events, mechanism ,
enzymes and proteins involved in replication of DNA in prokaryotes and eukaryotes .
Transcription, Genetic Code and Translation: The student will know the central
dogma of biology its two -step transcription and translation, maturation of RNA .
Mutation and DNA repair : The learner will know the concept of mutation, its types,
causes and their effects. This module will also make them understand types of
mutagens, damage to DNA due to m utagenesis, various mechanisms of DNA repair.
Genetic exchange : The student shall understand the various mechanisms of gene
transfer in bacteria and genetic recombination.
Practicals : The students will acquire skill to perform the laboratory techniques and
experiments based on the above topics.
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MICROBIAL GENETICS (USMB -501): DETAIL SYLLABUS
Title Lectures /
Semester Notional
Periods
Unit I: DNA Replication
1.1. Historical perspectiv e - Conservative, dispersive, semi -conservative,
bidirectional and semi -discon tinuous , Theta model of replication .
1.2. Prokaryotic DNA replication - Details of molecular mechanism s
involved in Initiation, Elongation and Termination
1.3. Enzymes and proteins associated with DNA replication - Primase,
Helicase, Topoisomerase , SSB, DNA polyme rases, Ligases, Ter and
Tus proteins .
1.4. Eukaryotic DNA replication - Molecular details of DNA synthesis,
replicating the ends of the chromosomes assembling newly replicated
DNA into nulcleosomes .
1.5. Rolling circle mode of DNA replication 15 L
3 L
4 L
3 L
4 L
1 L 15
Unit II: Transcription, Genetic Code and Translation
2.1 Central Dogma: An Overview, Transcription process,
Transcription in bacteria - Initiation of transcription at promoters,
elongation of an RNA chain, termination of an RNA chain
2.2 Transcripti on in Eukaryotes - Eukaryotic RNA polymerase,
Transcription of protein - coding genes by RNA polymerase II,
Transcription initiation, The structure and production of Eukaryotic
mRNAs, Production of mature mRNA in Eukaryotes, Processing of
Pre-mRNA to mature mRNA. Self Splicing of Introns, RNA editing
2.3 Genetic code - Nature of genetic code and characteristics of genetic
code.
2.4 Translation process - Transfer RNA, structure of tRNA, tRNA genes,
Recognition of the tRNA anticodon by the mRNA codon, Adding of
amin o acid to tRNA , Ribosomal RNA and Ribosomes, Ribosomal
RNA Genes, Initiation of translation, Initiation in Bacteria, Initiation
in eukaryotes, Elongation of the polypeptide chain, termination of
translation, protein sorting in the cell. 15 L
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5 L
2 L
5 L
15
Unit II I: Transcription, Genetic Code and Translation
3.1 Mutation
3.1.1 Terminology: alleles, homozygous, heterozygous, genotype,
phenotype, Somatic mutation, Germline mutation, Gene
mutation, Chromosome mutation, phenotypic lag, hotspots
and mu tator genes 15 L
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3.1.2 Fluctuation test.
3.1.3 Types of mutations: Point mutation, reverse mutation,
suppressor mutation, frameshift mutation, conditional lethal
mutation, base pair substitution, transition, transversion,
missense mutation, nonsense mutation, silent muta tion,
neutral mutation, pleiotropic mutations.
3.1.4 Causes of mutation: Natural/spontaneous mutation --
replication error, depurination, deamination. Induced
mutation: principle and mechanism with illustrative diagrams
for:
3.1.4.1 Chemical mutagens - base analogues, n itrous acid,
hydroxyl amine, intercalating agents and alkylating
agents.
3.1.4.2 Physical mutagen
3.1.4.3 Biological mutagen (only examples)
3.1.5 Ames test
3.1.6 Detection of mutants
3.2 DNA Repair
3.2.1 Mismatch repair,
3.2.2 Light repair
3.2.3 Repair of alkylation damage
3.2.4 Base excision repair
3.2.5 Nucleotide excision repair
3.2.6 SOS repair 1 L
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4 L
1 L
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4 L
Unit IV: Genetic Exchange & Homologous Recombination
4.1 Genetic analysis of Bacteria
4.2 Gene transfer mechanism s in bacteria
4.2.1 Transformation
4.2.1.1 Introduction and History
4.2.1.2 Types of transformation in prokaryotes --Natural
transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Haemophilus influenzae, and Bacillus subtilis .
4.2.1.3 Mapping of bacterial genes using transformation.
4.2.1.4 Problems based on transformation.
4.2.2 Conjugation
4.2.2.1 Discovery of conjugation in bacteria
4.2.2.2 Properties of F plasmid/Sex factor
4.2.2.3 The conjugation machinery
4.2.2.4 Hfr strains, their formation and mechani sm of
conjugation
4.2.2.5 F’ factor, origin and behavior of F’ strains, 15 L
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Sexduction.
4.2.2.6 Mapping of bacterial genes using conjugation
(Wolman and Jacob experiment).
4.2.2.7 Problems based on conjugation
4.2.3 Transduction
4.2.3.1 Introduction and discovery
4.2.3.2 Generalized transduction
4.2.3.3 Use of Generalized transduction for mapping genes
4.2.3.4 Specialized transduction
4.2.3.5 Problems based on transduction
4.3 Recombination in bacteria
4.3.1 General/Homologous recombination
4.3.2 Molec ular basis of recombination
4.3.3 Holliday model of recombination (Single strand DNA break
model only)
4.3.4 Enzymes required for recombination
4.3.5 Site –specific recombination
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MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY: PART -I
(USMB -502)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The course in medical microbiology has been designed to help students to build on the basic
information regarding host defen ce mechanisms that they have gained in S.Y.B.Sc. It has
been designed to highlight the most important areas of medical microbiology i.e. etiology,
transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, prophylaxis, and
treatment of various diseases The students have achieved a basic understanding of Innate
Immunity and Host defence mechanism s in their lower classes and Immunology that forms
an integral part of Medical Microbiology has been designed to help understand the ability of
our immune system to defend against invading pathogens in a logical fashion. This includes
our ability to defend against microorganisms by understanding the concepts of Humoral and
Cellular Immunity (innate immunity) the tissues and organs of the immune system types of
antigens we encounter and very importantly, the different type s of antigen -antibody
reactions .
LEARNING OUTCOMES: The students should be able to
Give details of the virulence factors and other features of the pathogen
Correlate these virulence factors with the pathogenesis and clinical features of the
disease
Comment on the mode of transmission, and therefore modes of prophylaxis of these
diseases
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Comment on the methods of diagnosis of the disease.
Conceptualize how the adaptive immune responses coordinate to fight invading
pathogens and the organs and tissue involved
Discuss the role of antigen in initiating the immune response
Correlate the structure & functions of immunoglobulin
Understand the importance of cytokines , MHC , APCs, Cytokines, and the role in
adaptive immunity.
Understand the various antigen –antibody reactions
MEDICAL MICROBIOLO GY AND IMMUNOLOGY: PART I
(USMB -502): DETAIL SYLLABUS
Title Lectures /
Semester Notional
Periods
Unit I: Bacterial Strategies for Evasion and Study of a Few Diseases
1.1. Study of virulence mechanisms in bacteria
1.1.1. Pathogenicity islands
1.1.2. Bacterial virulence fa ctors
1.1.2.1. Adherence factors
1.1.2.2. Invasion of host cells and tissues
1.1.3. Toxins
1.1.3.1. Exotoxins
1.1.3.2. Exotoxins associated with diarrhoeal diseases
and food poisoning
1.1.3.3. LPS of gram negative bacteri a
1.1.4. Enzymes
1.1.4.1. Tissue degrading enzymes
1.1.4.2. IgA1 proteases
1.1.5. Antiphagocytic factors
1.1.6. Intracellular pathogenicity
1.1.7. Antigenic heterogeneity
1.1.8. The requirement for iron
1.2. Study of A Few Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory Tract (wrt .
Cultural Characteristics of the etiological agent, pathogenesis &
clinical features, laboratory diagnosis , treatment and prevention
only)
1.2.1. S. pyogenes infections
1.2.2. Influenza
1.2.3. Tuberculosis
1.2.4. Pneumonia caused by K .pneumoniae
1.3. Study of urinary tract infections 15 L
5 L
8 L
2L 15
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Unit II: Study of few diseases (wrt. Cultural characteristics of the
etiological agent, pathogenesis & c linical f eatures, laboratory diagnosis,
treatment and prevention only)
2.1 Study of skin infections
2.1.1 Pyogenic skin infections caused by Pseudomonas and S.
aureus
2.1.2 Leprosy
2.1.3 Fungal infections - Candid iasis
2.1.4 Viral Infections - Herpes simplex
2.2 Study of gastrointestinal tract infections
2.2.1 Infections due to Enteropathogenic E.coli strains
2.2.2 Enteric fever - Salmonella
2.2.3 Shigellosis
2.2.4 Rotavirus diarrhoea
2.2.5 Dysentery due to Entamoeba histolytica 15 L
7 L
8 L
15
Unit III: General Immunology – I
3.1. Organs and tissues of the immune system:
3.1.1 Primary lymphoid organs - structure and function of
Thymus and Bone marrow
3.1.2 Secondary lymphoid organs – structure and function of
Spleen , Lymph node , Mucosa associated lymphoid t issues,
Bron chus associated lymphoid tissue , Gut associated
lymphoid tissue , Cutaneous associated lymphoid tissue
3.2 Antigens
3.2.1 Immunogenicity versus antigenicity : Concepts -
Immunogenicity, Immunogen, Antigencity, Antigen,
Haptens. Haptens as valuable researc h and diagnostic tools
3.2.2 Factors that influence immunogenicity - Foreignness,
Molecular size, Chemical composition, Heterogeneity,
Susceptibility of antigen to be processed and presented,
Contribution of the biological system to immunogenicity
Genotype of the recipient, Immunogen dosage, Route of
administration
3.2.3 Adjuvants
3.2.4 Epitopes / antigen determinants - General concept,
Characteristic properties of B - cell epitopes, concepts of
sequential and non -sequential epitopes (with only one
example each). Propert ies of B - cell and T - cell epitopes.
Comparison of antigen recognition by T cells and B cells
3.2.5 Types of antigens – heterophile antigens, isophile antigens,
sequestered antigens, super antigens, bacterial and viral
antig ens
3.3 Immunoglobulins
3.3.1 Immunoglobulins – basic structure of Immunoglobulins ,
heterodimer ; types of heavy and light chains ; constant and 15 L
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5 L
6 L
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variable regions , Immunoblobulin domains -hinge region .
Basic concepts - hypervariable region, complementarity -
determining regions (CDRs), framework regions (FRs) and
their importance.
3.3.2 Immunoglobulin classes and biological activities -
Immunogloublin G, Immunogloublin M, Immunogloublin
A, Immunogloublin E, Immunogloublin D, (including
diagrams)
3.3.3 Antigenic determinants on immunoglobulins – isotypes,
allotypes, idiotypes .
3.3.4 Immunoglobulin Superfamily
Unit IV: General Immunology – II
4.1 Cytokines
4.1.1 Concepts - cytokines, lymphokines, monokines,
interleukines, chemoki nes.
4.1.2 Properties of cytokines
4.1.3 Attributes of cytokines
4.1.4 Biological functions of cytokines
4.2 Major histocompatibility complex
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Three major classes of MHC encoded molecules
4.2.3 The basic structure and functions of Class I and Class II
MHC Molecules
4.2.4 Peptide binding by Cl ass I and Class II MHC molecule
4.3 Antigen presenting cells
4.3.1 Types of APC’s
4.3.2 Endogenous a ntigens: The cytosolic pathway
4.3.3 Exogenous antigens: The endocytic pathway
4.4 Antigen Antibody reactions
4.4.1 Precipitation reaction - Immun oelectrophoresis
4.4.2 Agglutination reactions - haeme -agglutination, bacterial
agglutination, passive agglutination, agglutination
inhibition.
4.4.3 Radioimmunoassay (RIA),
4.4.4 Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay - indirect,
competitive and sandwich ELISA
4.4.5 Immunofluorescen ce- Direct and indirect.
4.4.6 Western blotting. 15 L
2 L
3 L
3 L
7 L
15
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MICROBIAL BIOCHEMISTRY : PART -I (USMB -503)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
This course is designed for T.Y.B.Sc. students who choose to major in Microbiology.
Biochemistry is the branch of science that explores the chemical processes that take place
inside all living things, from bacteria to plants and animals. It is a laboratory based science
that brings together biology and chemistry, by using chemical knowledge and techniques to
help understand and solve biological problems. Microbial physiology is best understood with
knowledge of biochemistry. The course thus focuses on the need to study uptake, various
intermediary metabolic processes and methods to study metabolism both invit ro as well as
invivo. The course is designed to expose students to carbohydrate metabolism as also
understand the principles of energy generation by different physiological groups of
organisms. The advanced area of bioenergetics unfolds the universal mecha nisms of energy
generation by using electron transport systems and gaining knowledge of energy
conservation. The student is also learning anabolic processes through concepts of
biosynthesis, and polymerization namely glycogen and peptidoglycan biosynthesis .
LEARNING OUTCOMES: The students should be able to
Understand the architecture of the membrane and how solute is transported inside the
cell.
Describe and explain the electron transport chains in prokaryotes and mitochondria
and understand the mechanism of ATP synthesis.
Explain bioluminescence mechanism and its significance
Discuss the experimental aspect of studying catabolism and anabolism and the various
pathways for the breakdown of carbohydrates along with reactions in amphibolic
pathways.
Describe various other pathways which produce different end products.
Describe anabolic reactions in carbohydrate synthesis.
Apply the concepts of energetics and catabolism in biodegradation of various
substrates.
MICROBIAL BIOCHEMISTRY : PART -I
(USMB -503): DETAI L SYLLABUS
Title Lectures /
Semester Notional
Periods
Unit I: Biological Membranes & Transport
1.1 Composition and architecture of membrane
1.1.1 Lipids and properties of phospholipid membranes
1.1.2 Integral & peripheral proteins & interactions with lipids
1.1.3 Permeability 15 L
2 L
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1.1.4 Aquaporins
1.1.5 Mechanosensitive channels
1.2 Methods of studying solute transport
1.2.1 Use of whole cells
1.2.2 Liposomes
1.2.3 Proteoliposomes
1.3 Solute transport across membrane
1.3.1 Passive transport and facilitated diffusion by membrane
proteins
1.3.2 Co-transport across plasma memb rane - (Uniport, Antiport,
Symport)
1.3.3 Active transport & electrochemical gradient
1.3.4 Ion gradient provides energy for secondary active t ransport
1.3.4.1 Lactose transport
1.3.5 ATPases and transport ( only Na -K ATPase)
1.3.6 Shock sensitive system – Role of binding proteins
1.3.6.1 Maltos e uptake (Diagram and description)
1.3.6.2 Histidine uptake (Diagram and description)
1.3.7 Phosphotransferase system
1.3.8 Schematic representation of various membrane transport
systems in bacteria.
1.4 Other examples of solute transport:
1.4.1 Iron transport: A special problem
1.4.2 Asse mbly of proteins into membranes and protein export
1.4.3 Bacterial membrane fusion central to many biological
processes
2 L
8 L
3 L
Unit II: Bioenergetics & Bioluminescence
2.1 Biochemical mechanism of generating ATP : Substrate -Level -
Phosphorylation, Oxidative Phosphorylation &
Photophosphorylation
2.2 Electron transport chain
2.2.1 Universal Electron acceptors that transfer electrons to
E.T.C.
2.2.2 Carriers in E.T.C.
2.2.2.1 Hydrogen carriers – Flavoproteins, Quinones
2.2.2.2 Electron carriers – Iron Sulphur protei ns,
Cytochromes.
2.2.3 Mitochondrial ETC
2.2.3.1 Biochemical anatomy of mitochondria
2.2.3.2 Complexes in Mitochondrial ETC
2.2.3.3 Schematic representation of Mitochondrial
ETC .
2.3 Prokaryotic ETC
2.3.1 Organization of electron carriers in bacteria 15 L
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2.3.1.1 Generalized electron transport pathway in
bacteria
2.3.1.2 Different terminal oxidases
2.3.2 Branched bacterial ETC
2.3.3 Pattern of electron flow in E. coli - aerobic and anaerobic
2.3.4 Pattern of electron flow in Azotobacter vinelandii
2.4 ATP synthesis
2.4.1 Explanation of terms – Proton motive force , Proton pump,
Coupling sites, P:O ratio , Redox potential (definition of
Standard reduction potential)
2.4.2 Free energy released during electron transfer from NADH to
O2
2.4.3 Chemiosmotic theory (only explanation)
2.4.4 Structure & function of Mitochondrial ATP synthase
2.4.5 Structure of bacterial ATP synt hase
2.4.6 Mechanism by Rotational catalysis
2.4.7 Inhibitors of ETC, ATPase and uncouplers
2.5 Other modes of generation of electrochemical energy
2.5.1 ATP hydrolysis
2.5.2 Oxalate formate exchange
2.5.3 End product efflux, Definition , Lactate efflux
2.5.4 Bacteriorhodopsin: - Definition, fu nction as proton pump
and significance
2.6 Bioluminescence
2.6.1 Brief survey of bioluminescent systems
2.6.2 Biochemistry of light emission
2.6.3 Schematic diagram
2.6.4 Significance / Application
3 L
2 L
3 L
Unit III: Studying Meta bolism & Catabolism of Carbohydrates
3.1 Experimental Analysis of metabolism
3.1.1 Goals of the study
3.1.2 Levels of organization at which metabolism is studied
3.1.3 Metabolic probes .
3.1.4 Use of radioisotopes in biochemistry
3.1.4.1 Pulse labeling
3.1.4.2 Assay and study of radiorespirometry to
differentiate EMP & ED
3.1.5 Use of biochemical mutants
3.1.6 Sequential induction
3.2 Catabolism of Carbohydrates
3.2.1 Breakdown of polysaccharides – Glycogen, Starch,
Cellulose
3.2.2 Breakdown of oligosaccharides - Lactose, Maltose, Sucrose,
Cellobiose .
3.2.3 Utilization of monosaccha rides - Fructose, Galactose 15 L
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3.2.4 Major pathways – (with structure and enzymes )
3.2.4.1 Glycolysis (EMP)
3.2.4.2 HMP Pathway - Significance of the pathway
3.2.4.3 ED pathway
3.2.4.4 TCA cycle - Action of PDH , Significance of
TCA
3.2.4.5 Incomplete TCA in anaerobic bacteria
3.2.4.6 Anaplerotic reactions
3.2.4.7 Glyox ylate bypass
3.3 Amphibolic role of EMP; Amphibolic role of TCA cycle
3.4 Energetics of Glycolysis, TCA and ED pathway – Balance sheet
only. Format as in Lehninger (2.5 ATP/NADH and 1.5 ATP /
FADH 2) (Based on this format make balance sheet for Glycolysis -
Lacti c acid and Alcohol fermentation and for ED pathway)
1 L
1 L
Unit IV: Fermentative Pathways & Anabolism of Carbohydrates
4.1 Fermentative pathways (with structures and enzymes)
4.1.1 Lactic acid fermentation
4.1.1.1 Homofermentation
4.1.1.2 Heterofermentation
4.1.2 Bifidum pathway
4.1.3 Alcohol fermentation
4.1.3.1 By ED pathway in bacteria
4.1.3.2 By EMP in yeasts
4.2 Other modes of fermentation in microorganisms
4.2.1 Mixed acid
4.2.2 Butanediol
4.2.3 Butyric acid
4.2.4 Acetone -Butanol
4.2.5 Propionic acid (Acrylate and succinate propionate pathway)
4.3 Anabolism of Carbohydrates
4.3.1 General pattern of metabolism leading to synthesis of a cell
from glucose
4.3.2 Sugar nucleotides
4.3.3 Gluconeogenesis (only bacterial )
4.3.4 Biosynthesis of glycogen
4.3.5 Biosynthesis of Peptidoglycan 15 L
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BIOPROCES S TECHNOLOGY: PART -I (USMB -504)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Bioprocess Technology I course is designed to develop the learner’s ability to study the
techniques used in the different phases of industrial microbiology such as strain
improvement, basic fermentation e quipment & its sterilization aspects. It gives an in depth
focus of the different types of fermenters used in industry for production of different
products, and also emphasizes its process parameters. It includes the principles and describes
the main steps and processes in the industrial production of beverages and enzymes.
Industrial microbiology becomes an important application based paper covering
microbial fermentations. Thus, it becomes a laboratory to market scenario where the entire
products reach. T he learner is provided with the details of productions of important
traditional fermentation products like wine, beer, vinegar and enzymes.
Thus, this paper readies the learner to understand and apply the knowledge of fermentation
technology and related p roducts.
This course aims to enable graduates to enter industry with an appropriate level of
understanding of the need for both the science and business aspects to be achievable to make
a viable product and enhance their entrepreneur skills.
LEARNING OUTC OMES: The students should be able to
Describe the applications of microbes and its strain improvement in Industrial
Microbiology.
Apply kinetic formula to determine growth and productivity parameters of batch
continuous, fed batch and solid substrate ferme ntations
Describe the design of bioreactors for different applications and its process parameters
Design media, growth conditions and techniques for producing and recovering
different types of products of commercial value.
Learner will be well –versed wi th the containment and levels of containment.
BIOPROCESS TECHNOLOGY: PART -I
(USMB -504): DETAIL SYLLABUS
Title Lectures /
Semester Notional
Periods
Unit I: Upstream Processing – I
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 An introduction to fermentation processes
1.1.2 The range of ferm entation processes
1.1.3 The Component parts of a fermentation process
1.2 Screening methods
1.2.1 Primary and secondary screening 15 L
3 L
3 L 15
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1.2.2 High throughput screening methods
1.3 Strain improvement
1.3.1 The improvement of industrial microorganisms
1.3.2 The selection of induced mutants synthesi zing improved
levels of primary metabolites
1.3.3 The isolation of induced mutants producing improved yields
of secondary metabolites .
1.3.4 The i mprovement of strains by modifying properties other
than the yield of product
1.4 Preservation of cultures
1.4.1 Preservation of in dustrially important organisms
1.4.2 Quality control of preserved stock
1.4.2.1. Key Criteria’s
1.4.2.2. Development of a master culture bank (MCB)
1.4.2.3. Variability test t o ensure reproducibility of the
MCB
6 L
3 L
Unit II: Upstream Processing – II
2.1 Fermentati on media formulation and raw materials
2.1.1 Media formulation
2.1.2 Raw materials for fermentation media
2.3 The development of inocula for industrial fermentations
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Development of inocula for unicellular bacterial process
2.2.3 Development of inocula for mycelial process
2.3 Sterilization and achievement of aseptic conditions
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Medium sterilization (concept of nabla factor)
2.3.3 Methods of batch sterilization
2.3.4 The design of continuous sterilization process
2.3.5 Sterilization of the Fermenter
2.3.6 Sterilization of the Feed s
2.3.7 Sterilization of the liquid wastes
2.3.8 Filter Sterilization
2.3.8.1 Filter sterilization of fermentation media,
2.3.8.2 Filter sterilization of air
2.3.8.3 Filter sterilization of fermenter exhaust air
2.3.9 Achievement of aseptic conditions
2.4 Scale up and scale down of fermentation 15 L
4 L
3 L
6 L
2 L 15
Unit III: Fermentation Modes, Equipments and Instruments
3.1 Modes of fermentation
3.1.1 Batch, continuous and fed batch fermentation
3.1.2 Solid substrate fermentation 15 L
3 L
15
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3.2 Design of fermenter
3.2.1 Basic f unctions
3.2.2 Aseptic operation & Containme nt
3.2.3 Body construction
3.2.4 Agitator (impeller) – function, types , mechanical seal and
magnetic drive
3.2.5 Baffles
3.2.6 The aeration system (sparger) - function and types
3.2.7 Valves (Globe, piston & needle)
3.2.8 Steam traps
3.2.9 Examples of fermenters - Stirred Tank Reac tor, Air Lift ,
Deep Jet, Photobioreactor
3.3 Instrumentation and control
3.3.1 Introduction to sensors and its types
3.3.2 Measurement and control of: pH, temperature, pressure, foam
sensing, dissolved oxygen, inlet and exit gas analysis.
7 L
5 L
Unit IV: Traditional Fermentations
4.1 Wine – Red, White, Champagne and Sherry : Alcoholic
fermentation, composition of grape juice, Sulphur dioxide addition,
factors affecting wine fermentation, examples and role of yeasts
involved in fermentation, malolactic fermentatio n, technological
aspects of wine making - red, white, champagne, sherry, examples of
aroma compounds of wine, types and examples of wine
4.2 Beer – Ale and Lager : Elements of brewing process, process details,
use of cylindro -conical vessel, primary fermentati on, continuous
fermentation, aging and finishing, yeasts involved in fermentation.
4.3 Alcohol from Molasses : Introduction, biosynthesis of ethanol,
production process - preparation of nutrient solution, fermentation,
recovery by distillation .
4.4 Vinegar (acetic acid): Introduction, biosynthesis, production using
generator, production using submerged fermenter, recovery .
4.5 Baker’s yeast : Outline of production, yeast strains and their
properties, factors important in production -oxygen requirement and
aeration, conc entration of sugar, p H, temperature, preparation of
substrate, fermentation, harvesting of yeast cells, production of
compressed and active dry yeast.
4.6 Fungal amylase production : amylase - production from bacteria
and fungi, amylase and glucoamylase, co ncentration and
purification. 15 L
3 L
3 L
2 L
3 L
2 L
2 L 15
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T.Y.B.Sc . MICROBIOLOGY PRACTICALS
(SEMESTER -V)
Course Code: USMBP05
[Practicals Based on USMB501, Credits -1.5, Lectures - 60, Notional Periods -15]
1. UV survival curve – determination o f exposure time leading to 90% reduction
2. Isolation of mutants using UV mutagenesis
3. Gradient plate technique (dye resistant mutant)
4. Replica plate technique for selection & characterization of mutants – auxotroph &
antibiotic resistant
5. Isolation and detecti on of plasmid DNA.
Course Code: USMBP05
[Practicals Based on USMB502, Credits -1.5, Lectures -60, Notional Periods -15]
1. Acid fast staining.
2. Identification of Candida species using the germ tube test and growth on Chrom agar
3. To determine SLO and SLS activit y of S .pyogenes
4. Study of standard cultures E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., Pseudomonas spp.,
Salmonalla typhi, S. paratyphi A, S. paratyphi B, Shigella spp., S .pyogenes, S. aureus
5. Identification of isolates obtained from pus, sputum, stool and u rine by morphological,
cultural and biochemical properties.
6. Antigen Preparation: O & H antigen preparation of Salmonella. Confirmation by slide
agglutination
Course Code: USMBP06
[Practicals Based on USMB503; Credits -1.5, Lectures - 60, Notional Periods -15]
1. Isolation and study of Bioluminescent organisms
2. Study of oxidative and fermentative metabolism
3. Qualitative and Quantitative assay of Phosphatase
4. Study of Homo - Heterofermentations
5. Isolation and detection of Mitochondria
6. Glucose detection by GOD/POD
Course Code: USMBP06
[Practicals Based on USMB504, Credits -1.5, Lectures - 60, Notional Periods -15]
1. Alcohol Fermentation
1.1. Preparation and standardization of yeast inoculums for alcohol fermentation
1.2. Laboratory Alcohol fermentation using jaggery medium, cal culation of efficiency
of fermentation.
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2. Determine the alcohol tolerance for yeast.
3. Determine the sugar tolerance for yeast.
4. Chemical estimation of sugar by Cole’s ferricyanide method
5. Chemical estimation of alcohol
6. Production of amylase - detection, shake fl ask or solid substrate cultivation and
detection (Qualitative).
7. Primary screening for antibiotic producers using Wilkin’s agar overlay method.
8. Determination of antibiotic spectrum using agar strip / streak method.
9. Industrial Visit
TEXT BOOKS AND REFEREN CE BOOKS
(SEMESTER V)
Course Code: USMB501
Text books :
1. Peter J. Russell (2006), “I Genetics -A molecular approach”, 2nd edition .
2. Benjamin A. Pierce (2008), “Genetics a conceptual approach”, 3rd edition , W. H.
Freeman and company.
3. R. H. Tamarin, (2004), “ Principles of genetics”, Tata McGraw Hill.
4. D. Nelson and M. Cox, (2005), “Lehninger’s Principles of biochemistry”, 4th edition ,
Macmillan worth Publishers.
5. M. Madigan, J. Martinko, J. Parkar, (2009), “Brock Biology of microorganisms”, 12th
edition , Pearson Edu cation International.
6. Fairbanks and Anderson, (1999), “Genetics”, Wadsworth Publishing Company.
7. Prescott, Ha rley and Klein, “Microbiology”, 7th edition Mc Graw Hill international
edition.
8. Robert Weaver, “Molecular biology”, 3rd edition . Mc Graw Hill intern ational edition.
9. Nancy Trun and Janine Trempy, (2004), “Fundamental bacterial genetics”, Blackwell
Publishing
10. Snustad, Simmons, “Principles of genetics”, 3rd edition . John Wiley & sons, Inc.
Reference books:
1. Benjamin Lewin, “Genes IX”, Jones and Bartlett publishers.
2. JD Watson, “Mo lecular biology of the gene”, 5th edition .
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Course Code: USMB502
Text books:
1. Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology, 26th Edition, Lange publication
2. Ananthanarayan and Panicker’s, Textbook of Microbiology, 10th edition
3. Ananthanarayan and Panicker’s, Textbook of Microbiology, 9th edition
4. Ananthanarayan and Panicker’s, Textbook of Microbiology, 8th edition
5. Kuby Immunology, 6th Edition, W H Freeman and Company
6. Pathak & Palan, Immunology: Essential & Fundamental, 1st& 3rd edition, Capital
Publishing Company
7. Fahim Khan, Elements of Immunology, Pearson Education
Reference books / Internet references:
1. Kuby Immunology, 7th edition, W H Freeman and Company
2. Ananthanarayan and Panicker’s, Textbook of Microbiology, 8th edition
3. Baron Samuel , Medical Microbiology, 4th edition
4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7627/
5. http://www.macmillanlearning.com/catalog/static/whf/kuby/
Course Code: USMB503
Text books:
1. Stanier, R. Y., M. Doudoroff and E. A. Adelberg. General Microbiology, 5th edition,
The Macmillan press Ltd
2. Conn, E.E., P. K .Stumpf, G. Bruening and R. Y. Doi. 1987. Outlines of Biochemistry,
5th edition, 1987. John Wiley &Sons. New York.
3. Gottschalk,G., (1985), Bacterial Metabolism, 2nd edition, Springer Verlag
4. White, D., (1995), The Physiology and Biochemistry of Prokaryotes, 3rd edition,
Oxford University Press
5. Nelson, D. L. and M.M. Cox (2005), Lehninger, Principles of biochemistry. 4th edition,
W. H. Freeman and Company
6. Rose, A.H. (1976) Chemical Microbiology, 3rd edition . Butterworth -Heinemann
7. Zubay, G. L (1996), Biochemistry, 4th edition, Wm. C. Brown publishers
8. Mathews, C.K., K.E. van Holde, D.R. Appling, S, J, Anthony -Cahill (20 12)
Biochemistry, 4th edition. Pearson
9. Wilson and Walker, 4th edition Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology. Cambridge University press.
Reference books:
1. Zubay, G. L (1996), Principles of Biochemistry, Wm. C. Brown publishers
2. Cohen, G.N. (2011). Microbial Biochemistry. 2nd edition, Springer
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Course Code: USMB504
Text books
1. Casida L. E., "Industrial Microbiology” (2009) Reprint, New Age International (P) Ltd,
Publishers, New Delhi.
2. Stanbury P. F., Whitaker A. & Hall S. J., (1997), "Principles of Fermentation
Technology", 2nd edition, Aditya Books Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.
3. Stanbury P. F., Whitaker A. & Hall S. J 3rd edition (2017) "Principles of Fermentation
Technology"
4. Peppler, H. J. and Perlman, D. (1979), "Microbial Technology’’. Vol. 1 & 2, Academic
Press
5. H. A. Modi, (2009). ‘’Fermentation Technology’’ Vol. 1 & 2, Pointer Publications,
India.
6. Okafor Nduka (2007) ‘’Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology’’, Science
Publications Enfield, NH, USA.
7. Crueger W. and Crueger A. (2000) "Biotechnology -"A Textbook of Industrial
8. Microbiology", 2nd edition, Panima Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
9. Prescott and Dunn's ‘’Industrial Microbiology’’(1982) 4th edition, McMillan Publishers
Reference books
1. R. C. Dubey, 2005 A Textbook of ‘’Biote chnology’’ S. Chand and Company, New
Delhi.
2. H. A. Modi, 2009. ‘’Fermentation Technology’’ Vol: 1 & 2, Pointer Publications, India
3. Practical Fermentation Technology by Brian Mcneil & Linda M. Harvey (2008).
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T.Y.B.Sc. MICROBIOLOGY THEORY
(SEMEST ER VI)
COURSE
CODE TITLE CREDITS AND
LECTURES / SEM
USMB601 rDNA Technology, Bioinformatics & Virology 2.5 Credits
(60 Lectures)
Unit I Recombinant DNA Technology 15 Lectures
Unit II Applications of rDNA Technology & Bioinformatics 15 Lectures
Unit II I Regulation & Basic Virology 15 Lectures
Unit IV Advanced Virology 15 Lectures
USMB602 Medical Microbiology & Immunology: Part - II 2.5 Credits
(60 Lectures)
Unit I Study of a Few Diseases with Emphasis on Cultural
Characteristics of the Etiologica l Agent,
Pathogenesis, Laboratory Diagnosis and Prevention. 15 Lectures
Unit II Chemotherapy of Infectious Agents 15 Lectures
Unit III Immunology - I 15 Lectures
Unit IV Immunology – II 15 Lectures
USMB603 Microbial Biochemistry: Part - II 2.5 Credi ts
(60 Lectures)
Unit I Lipid Metabolism & Catabolism of Hydrocarbons 15 Lectures
Unit II Metabolism of Proteins and Nucleic Acids. 15 Lectures
Unit III Metabolic Regulation 15 Lectures
Unit IV Prokaryotic Photosynthesis & Inorganic Metabolism 15 Lect ures
USMB604 Bioprocess Technology: Part - II 2.5 Credits
(60 Lectures)
Unit I Downstream Processing 15 Lectures
Unit II Advances in Bioprocess Technology 15 Lectures
Unit III Quality Assurance, Quality Control, Instrumentation
and Bioassay 15 Lectur es
Unit IV Industrial Fermentations 15 Lectures
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T.Y.B.SC. MICROBIOLOGY THEORY (SEMESTER V)
rDNA TECHNOLOGY, BIOINFORMATICS & VIROLOGY
(USMB -601)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
rDNA technology, Bioinformatics and Virology, USMB 601 is a course for T .Y.B.Sc. in
Semester VI Microbiology students which deal with the following:
1. The r DNA technology: This module deals with the basic steps in gene cloning,
vectors, model organisms, methods of transformation and screening and identification
of recombinant cells.
2. Applicat ion of rDNA technology and Bioinformatics: This module will empower
the student to understand the basic techniques in Recombinant DNA technology along
with their applications. Bioinformatics is the basic tool in understanding Cells at the
genomic and prote omic levels. Inclusion of Bioinformatics in this module will
empower the learner with insilico analytical techniques.
3. Gene Regulation and Basic Virology: This module will make the students
understand the genetic basis of regulation and operon control throu gh the inv olvement
of regulatory proteins . The study of Basic Virology will emphasise on the structure,
classification and general modes of replication of viruses.
4. Advanced Virology: This module deals with basic structure and life cycle of
different viruse s and cultivation of viruses. It also com prises of basic study on Prions,
Viriods and viruses causing cancer.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
r DNA technology: This module will make the student understand the methods to
construct recombinant DNA molecules, also kno w the tools required like vectors ,
restriction enzymes etc.
Application of rDNA technology and Bioinformatics : The learner will know about
applications of r DNA technology, through bioinformatics the student will understand
the use of databases and software tools for understanding biological data.
Gene Regulation and Basic Virology: The student will know about gene e xpression
in prokaryotes, operon as a unit of gene regulation, regulation of gene expression in
prokaryotes and bacteriophages. The student will also understand about general
structure, life cycle and classification of viruses.
Advanced Virology: The lear ner will understand the basic structure and l ife cycle of
different viruses and their cultivation . The student will get basic knowledge on Prions,
Viriods and viruses causing cancer.
Practicals : The student s will acquire skill to perform the laboratory tec hniques and
experi ments based on the above topics . The students will understand computational
biology and insilico analytical techniques.
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rDNA TECHNOLOGY, BIOINFORMATICS & VIROLOGY
(USMB -601): DETAIL SYLLABUS
Title Lectures /
Semester Notional
Periods
Unit I: Recombinant DNA Technology
1.1 Branches of Genetics
1.1.1 Transmission genetics
1.1.2 Molecular genetics
1.1.3 Population genetics
1.1.4 Quantitative genetics
1.2 Model Organisms
1.2.1 Characteristics of a model organism
1.2.2 Examples of model organisms used in study
1.2.3 Examples of studi es undertaken using prokaryotic and
eukaryotic model organisms
1.3 Plasmids
1.3.1 Physical nature
1.3.2 Detection and isolation of plasmids
1.3.3 Plasmid incompatibility and Plasmid curing
1.3.4 Cell to cell transfer of plasmids
1.3.5 Types of plasmids
1.3.6 Resista nce Pla smids, Plasmids encoding Toxins and other
Virulence characteristics, Colfactor, Degradative plasmids
1.4 Transposable Elements in Prokaryotes
1.4.1 Insertion sequences
1.4.2 Transposons : Types, Structure and properties, Mechanism of
transposition, Integrons
1.5 Basic steps in Gene Cloning.
1.6 Cutting and joining DNA molecules - Restriction and modification
systems, restriction endonucleases, DNA ligases
1.7 Vectors
1.7.1 Plasmids as cloning vectors. plasmid vectors, pBR322 vector
1.7.2 Cloning genes into pBR322
1.7.3 Phage as cloning vector s, cloning genes into phage vector
1.7.4 Cosmids
1.7.5 Shuttle vectors
1.7.6 YAC
1.7.7 BAC
1.8 Methods of transformation 15 L
1 L
2 L
2 L
2 L
1 L
3 L
3 L
1 L 15
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Unit II: Applications of rDNA Technology & Bioinformatics
2.1 PCR - basic PCR and different types of PCR (Reverse transcriptase
PCR, Real time quantitative PCR )
2.2 Basic techniques
2.2.1 Southern, Northern and Western blotting.
2.2.2 Autoradiography (explain the term
2.3 Screening and selection methods for identification and isolation of
recombinant cells
2.4 Application s of recombinant DNA technology: Site specific
mutagenesis of DNA, Uses of DNA polymorphism, STRS and
VNTRS, DNA molecular testing for human genetic diseases (Only
RFLP), DNA typing, gene therapy, Genetic engineering of plants and
animals.
2.5 Bioinformatics
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2 Definition, aims, tasks and applications of Bioinformatics.
2.5.3 Database, tools and their uses –
2.5.3.1 Importance, Types and classification of databases
2.5.3.2 Nucleic acid sequence databases - EMBL, DDBJ,
GenBank, GSDB, Ensembl and specialized
Genomic res ources.
2.5.3.3 Protein sequence databases -PIR, SWISS -PROT,
TrEMBL NRL -3D.Protein structure databases -
SCOP, CATH, PROSITE, PRINTS and
BLOCKS. KEGG.
2.5.4 Explain the terms: Transcriptome, Metabolomics,
Pharmacogenomics, Phylogenetic analysis, Phylogenetic
tree, Annota tion, Genomics - structural, functional and
comparative genomics, Proteomics - structural and functional
proteomics, Sequence alignment - global v/s local alignment,
FASTA, BLAST (Different types of BLAST) 15 L
2 L
2 L
2 L
4 L
5 L 15
Unit III: Regulation & Basic Virology
3.1 A) Lac operon and problems on Lac operon
B) Trp operon
3.2 Regulation of lytic and lysogenic pathway of lambda phage
3.3 Viral architecture - Capsid, viral genome and envelope
3.4 Viral classification (Baltimore cl assification)
3.5 Viral replication cycle - Attachment, penetration, u ncoating, types of
viral genome, their replication, assembly, maturation & release. 15 L
7 L
3 L
2 L
1 L
2 L 15
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Unit IV: Advanced Virology
4.1 Structure of TMV, T4, Influenza virus, HIV. Life cycle of T4 phage,
TMV, Influenza Virus and HIV in detail .
4.2 Cultivation of viruses - cell culture techniques, embryonated egg,
laboratory animals, Cell culture methods: Equipment required for
animal cell culture, Isolation of animal tissue
4.3 Visualization and enumeration of virus particles
4.3.1 Measurement of infectious units
4.3.1.1 Plaque assay
4.3.1.2 Fluorescent focus assay
4.3.1.3 Infectious center assay
4.3.1.4 Transformation assay
4.3.1.5 Endpoint dilution assay.
4.3.2 Measurement of virus particles and their components
4.3.2.1 Electron microsc opy
4.3.2.2 Atomic force microscopy
4.3.2.3 Haemagglutination
4.3.2.4 Measurement of viral enzyme activity.
4.4 Role of viruses in cancer: Important definitions , characteristics of
cancer cell, Human DNA tumor viruses - EBV, Kaposis sarcoma virus,
Hepatitis B and C virus, Papiloma Vi rus.
4.5 Prions: Defination, Examples of diseases caused by prions, Kuru, PrP
protein and protein only hypothesis
4.6 Viroids 15 L
5 L
3 L
3 L
2 L
1 L
1 L 15
MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY: PART - II
(USMB -602)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Medical microbiology encompasses the etiology, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical
manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, prophylaxis, and t reatment of various diseases that are
most common to humans through which the students build on the basic information regarding
host defence mechanisms that they have gaine d in S.Y.B.Sc. A separate unit is based on
chemotherapy that is available for in fectious agent and the misuse of antibiotic in generation
of multiple resistance strains. Immunology is an integral part of Medical Microbiology and
this course is designed for T.Y.B.Sc. Microbiology students, on the assumption that the
students have achi eved a basic understanding of Innate Immunity and Host Defen ce
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mechanisms. The course has been designed to help understand the ability of our immune
system to defend against invading pathogens in a logical fashion. This includes the role of T
and B cells and their role in obtaining acquired immunity . It also includes the role of
immunoheamatology in blood transfusion and very importantly, can we prevent pathogens
from infecting u s (vaccination) and the production and use of monoclonal antibodies .
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
Give details of the virulence factors and morph ological and cultural features of the
pathogen
Correlate these virulence factors with the pathogenesis and clinical features of the
disease
Comment on the mode of transmission, and modes of prophylaxis of these diseases
Given a few key clinical features, identify the likely causative agent.
Comment on the methods of diagnosis of the disease.
Understand the structure and role of T and B cells in generating adaptive immunity
and thereby study effector responses in both Humoral & Cell Mediated Immunity
Acqu ire an understanding of the role of immune system in disease:
Understand the activation of complement system
Apply the concept of immunity to prevention of disease by development of vaccines
MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY: PART - II
(USMB -602): DETA IL SYLLABUS
Title Lectures /
Semester Notional
Periods
Unit I: Study of a Few Diseases with Emphasis on Cultural
Characteristics of the Etiological Agent, Pathogenesis, Laboratory
Diagnosis and Prevention.
1.1 Study of vector -borne infections - Malaria
1.2 Study of sexually transmitted infectious diseases
1.2.1 Syphilis
1.2.2 AIDS
1.2.3 Gonorrhoea
1.3 Study of central nervous system infectious diseases
1.3.1 Tetanus
1.3.2 Polio
1.3.3 Meningococcal meningitis 15 L
2 L
8 L
5 L
15
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Unit II: Chemotherapy of Infectious Agents
2.1 Attributes of an ideal chemotherapeutic agent - Selective toxicity,
Bioavailability of drug, routes of dru g administration, LD50, MBC,
etc.
2.2 Mode of action of antibiotics on -
2.2.1 Cell wall (Beta -lactams - Penicillin and Cephalosporins,
Carbapenems)
2.2.2 Cell Membrane (Polymyxin and Imida zole)
2.2.3 Protein Synthesis (Streptomycin, Tetracycline and
Chloramphenicol)
2.2.4 Nucleic acid (Quinolones, Nalidixic acid, Rifamyicn)
2.2.5 Enzyme inhibitors (Sulfa drugs, Trimethoprim)
2.3 List of common antibiotics - used for treating viral, fungal and
parasitic diseases .
2.4 Mechanisms of drug resistance - Its evolution, pathways and origin
for ESBL, VRE, MRSA
2.5 (i) Selection and testing of antibiotics for bacterial isolates by Kirby -
Bauer method
(ii) Methods that detect S. aureus resistance to methicillin , and
determination of ESBL strains 15 L
2 L
8 L
1 L
3 L
2 L 15
Unit III: Immunology – I
3.1 T cells
3.1.1 T Cell Receptor -structure (alpha -beta, gamma -delta TCR)
3.1.2 TCR -CD 3 complex - structure and function s. Accessory
molecules
3.1.3 T cell activation
3.1.3.1 TCR mediated si gnaling – Overview
3.1.3.2 Costimulatory signals
3.1.3.3 Superantigens induced T cell activation
3.1.4 T cell differentiation (Memory and Effector cells)
3.2 Cell mediated effector response
3.2.1 General properties of effector T cells
3.2.2 Cytotoxic T cells and destruction of target cell by
perforin/granzyme pathway and Fas pathway
3.2.3 Killing mechanism of NK cells
3.2.4 Antibody mediated cell cytotoxicity (ADCC)
3.3 B cells
3.3.1 B cell receptor and co-receptor -structure and function
3.3.2 B cell activation and Differentiation
3.3.2.1 Thymus dependant and indep endent antigens 15 L
4 L
3 L
4 L
15
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3.3.2.2 Signal transduction pathway activated by BCR -
overview
3.3.2.3 Role T H cell in B cell response -Formation of T -B
conjugates, CD40/CD40L interaction, TH cells
cytokine signals
3.4 Humoral Response
3.4.1 Primary and secondary responses
3.4.2 In vivo sites for induct ion of Humoral response
3.4.3 Germinal centers and antigen induced B cell Differentiation
3.4.3.1 Cellular events within germinal centers - Overview
3.4.3.2 Affinity maturation, somatic hyper -mutation and
class switching
3.4.3.3 Generation of plasma cells and memory cells
4 L
Unit IV: Immunology – II
4.1 Vaccines
4.1.1 Active and passive immunization
4.1.2 Types of vaccines - Killed and attenuated vaccines, Whole
organism vaccines, Purified macromolecules as vaccines,
recombinant viral vector vaccines, DNA vaccines
4.1.3 Use o f adjuvants in vaccine
4.1.4 New vaccine strategies
4.1.5 Ideal vaccine
4.1.6 Route of vaccine administration, Vaccination schedule
4.2 Immunohaematology
4.2.1 Human blood group systems, ABO, secretors and non
secretors, Bombay Blood group. Rhesus system and list of
other blood gro up systems
4.2.2 Haemolytic disease of new born, Coombs test.
4.3 Complement System
4.3.1 Functions and components of complement
4.3.2 Complement Activation —classical, alternative and lectin
pathway
4.3.3 Biological consequences of complement activation
4.4 Monoclonal Antibodies
4.4.1 Produ ction and clinical uses 15 L
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3 L
3 L
2 L 15
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MICROBIAL BIOCHEMISTRY : PART -II
(USMB -603)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Having studied many aspects of microbial physiology in the earlier semester, contents of this
semester is designed to unders tand how myriad organic compounds such as lipids,
carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids can be utilized by the living cells. These life
mechanisms also reveal how biomolecules are synthesized. Since all biosynthetic pathways
are denovo or salvage, the vital regulatory role played by enzymes is understood. Various
levels and mechanisms of regulation are dealt to make the learner aware of coordinated
mechanisms of metabolism in the living cell. Photosynthesis is studied to understand the
diversity in mech anism of its electron transfer, pigments and localization of photosynthetic
apparatus, although the energy conservation mechanism is not different. Microorganisms are
diverse with respect to their metabolism and the field of lithotrophy explains how some
universal inorganic compounds can be used to make constituents of cell biomass yet others
use them as electron acceptors or reduced compounds as source of energy.
LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of the course in Microbial Biochemistry; USMB
603, the learn er will have an understanding of the following metabolic process and their
significance.
Metabolism of Lipids, Fatty acids, Nucleotides and Amino acids
Catabolism of Protein and aliphatic hydrocarbons
Regulation of metabolic process at various levels
Photosynthesis
Metabolism of inorganic molecules with special reference to nitrate and sulfate
Biological Nitrogen fixation
Lithotrophy
At the end of the course the learner will also acquire the following practical skills
Screening of microorganisms produci ng lipase, PHB and protease
Detection of activity of enzymes which play an important role in amino acid and
nitrate metabolism
Quantitative detection of important metabolic products such as protein and uric acid.
Quantitative detection of an important meta bolic enzymes - protease
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MICROBIAL BIOCHEMISTRY : PART -II
(USMB -603): DETAIL SYLLABUS
Title Lectures /
Semester Notional
Periods
Unit I: Lipid Metabolism & Catabolism of Hydrocarbons
1.1 Introduction to Lipids
1.1.1 Lipids –Definition, classification & functio ns
1.1.2 Types and role of fatty acids found in bacteria
1.1.3 Common phosphoglycerides in bacteria
1.1.4 Action of lipases on triglycerides /tripalmitate
1.2 Catabolism of Fatty Acids and PHB
1.2.1 Oxidation of saturated fatty acid by β oxidation pathway
1.2.2 Energetics of β oxida tion of Palmitic acid
1.2.3 Oxidation of propionyl CoA by acrylyl - CoA pathway and
methylcitrate pathway
1.2.4 PHB as a food reserve and its degradation
1.3 Anabolism of Fatty Acids & Lipids
1.3.1 Biosynthesis of straight chain even c arbon saturated fatty acid
(palmitic acid)
1.3.2 Biosynthesis of phosphoglycerides in bacteria
1.3.3 Biosynthesis of PHB
1.4 Catabolism of aliphatic hydrocarbons
1.4.1 Organisms degrading aliphatic hydrocarbons
1.4.2 Hydrocarbon uptake mechanisms
1.4.3 Omega oxidation pathway -
1.4.3.1 Pathway i n Corynebacterium and yeast
1.4.3.2 Pathway in Pseudomonas 15 L
2 L
5 L
6 L
2 L
15
Unit II: Metabolism of Proteins and Nucleic Acids
2.1 Protein / amino acid catabolism
2.1.1 Enzymatic degradation of proteins
2.1.2 General reactions of amino acids catalyzed by
2.1.2.1 Amino acid decarboxylases
2.1.2.2 Amino acid deaminases
2.1.2.3 Amino acid transaminases
2.1.2.4 Amino acid racemases
2.1.3 Metabolic fate of amino acids - Glucogenic and ketogenic
amino acids
2.1.4 Fermentation of single amino acid - Glutamic acid by
Clostridium tetanomorphum
2.1.5 Fermentation of pair of amino acids -Stickland reaction
(include enzymes) 15 L
6 L
15
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2.2 Anabolism of amino acids
2.2.1 Schematic representation of amino acid families
2.2.2 Biosynthesis of amino acids of Serine family (Serine, Glycine
and Cysteine)
2.3 Catabolism of Nucleotides
2.3.1 Degradation of purine nucleotides up to uric acid formation
2.3.2 Salvage pathway for purine and pyrimidine nucleotides
2.4 Biosynthesis of nucleotides
2.4.1 Nomenclature and structure of nucleotides
2.4.2 Role of nucleotides (high energy triphosphates)
2.4.3 Biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides
2.4.4 Biosynthesis of purine nucleotides
2.4.5 Biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides
2 L
3 L
4 L
Unit III: Metabolic Regulation
3.1 Definition of terms and major modes of regulation
3.2 Regulation of enzyme activity
3.2.1 Noncovalent enzyme inhibition
3.2.1.1 Allosteri c enzymes and feedback inhibition
3.2.1.2 Patterns of FBI, combined activation and inhibition
3.2.2 Covalent modification of enzymes
3.2.2.1 Monocyclic cascades
3.2.2.2 Examples of covalent modification (without
structures )
3.2.2.3 Regulation of Glutamine synthetase
3.3 DNA binding proteins and regulation of transcription by positive
& negative control
3.3.1 DNA binding proteins
3.3.2 Negative control of transcription: Repression and Induction
3.3.3 Positive control of transcription: Maltose catabolism in E. col i
3.4 Global regulatory mechanisms
3.4.1 Global contro l & catabolite repression
3.4.2 Stringent response
3.5 Regulation of EMP and TCA cycle - (Schematic and Regulation of
Pryruvate dehydrogenase Complex) 15 L
2 L
5 L
4 L
2 L
2 L 15
Unit IV: Prokaryotic Photosynthesis & Inorganic Metabolism
4.1 Photosyn thesis
4.1.1 Definition of terms in photosynthesis (light and dark reactions,
Hill reaction & reagent, Photophosphorylation)
4.1.2 Photosynthetic pigments
4.1.3 Location of photochemical apparatus
4.1.4 Photochemical generation of reductant 15 L
4 L
15
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4.2 Light reactions in :
4.2.1 Purple photo synthetic bacteria
4.2.2 Green sulphur bacteria
4.2.3 Cyanobacteria (with details)
4.3 Dark reaction
4.3.1 Calvin Benson cycle
4.3.2 Reductive TCA cycle
4.4 Inorganic Metabolism
4.4.1 Assimilatory pathways :
4.4.1.1 Assimilation of nitrate,
4.4.1.2 Ammonia fixation – Glutamate dehydrogenase,
Glutamine syn thetase, GS -GOGAT, Carbamoyl
phosphate synthetase
4.4.1.3 Biological nitrogen fixation (Mechanism for N 2
fixation and protection of nitrogenase)
4.4.1.4 Assimilation of sulphate
4.4.2 Dissimilator y pathways:
4.4.2.1 Nitrate as an electron acceptor (Denitrification in
Paracoccus denit rificans )
4.4.2.2 Sulphate as an electron acceptor
4.5 Lithotrophy –Enlist organisms and produ cts formed during oxidation
of Hydrogen, carbon monoxide, Ammonia, Nitrite, Sulphur, Iron.
3 L
2 L
5 L
1 L
BIOPROCESS TECHNOLOGY: PART -II (USMB -604)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Bioprocess Technology II is designed to develop the learner’s ability to study the techniques
use in the downstream process used for the final product and industrial effluent treatment.
Bioprocess technology II becomes an important application based paper covering microbial
fermentations as well as applying the techniques of molecular biology to enzyme technology,
animal tissue culture as well as plant tissue culture. Thus, it becomes a laboratory to market
scenario where the entire products reach. The learner is provided with the details of
productions of important products like antibiotics, vitamins, organic acid, amino acids and
mushrooms along with the analysis techniques using various instruments and bioassays.
The learner is ex pected to learn the need of Quality management and regulatory bodies as the
products need to fulfill these requirements. Thus, this paper readies the learner to understand
and apply the knowledge of fermentation technology and related products. This course aims
to enable graduates to enter industry with an appropriate level of understanding of the need
for both the science and business aspects to be achievable to make a viable product and
enhance their enterpreunial skills.
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LEARNING OUTCOMES:
Understand t he actual process involved in fermentations of important products.
To apply the knowledge of applications of animal and plant tissue culture techniques.
Learn the applications of immobilized enzymes in various fields.
Understand the working of important i nstruments used in biochemical analysis and
bioassay.
Learn the salient features of quality management and regulatory procedures .
At the end of the course the learner will also acquire the following practical skills
Techniques involved in running a bioass ay, immobilization of cells & sterility testing
Preliminary techniques in animal & plant tissue culture.
BIOPROCESS TECHNOLOGY: PART -II
(USMB -504): DETAIL SYLLABUS
Title Lectures /
Semester Notional
Periods
Unit I: Downstream Processing
1.1 Recovery and purificatio n
1.1.1 Introduction
1.1.2 Methods of DSP: Precipitation, Filtration, Centrifugation,
Cell Disruption, Liquid -Liquid Extraction, Solvent Recovery,
Chromatography, Membrane Processes, Drying,
Crystallization, Whole Broth Processing
1.2 Effluent treatmen t – Introduction , Dissolved oxygen concentration as
indicator of water quality , The strength of fermentation effluents,
Treatment process (Physical, chemical and biological) 15 L
10 L
5 L 15
Unit II: Advances in Bioprocess Technology
2.1 Animal biotechnol ogy
2.1.1 Primary cell culture and established cell lines
2.1.2 Basic principles
2.1.3 Growth media
2.1.4 Cell viability
2.1.5 Scale up of cultured cells and tissue
2.1.6 Applications of cell culture: Vaccines, somatic cell fusion,
valuable products.
2.2 Plant tissue culture
2.2.1 Introductio n 15 L
5 L
5 L 15
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2.2.2 Requirements for in vitro culture, Methods of plant cell and
tissue culture
2.2.3 Types of cultures of plant materials: explants, callus,
organogenesis, root culture, shoot culture, micropropogation,
suspension culture, protoplast culture, protoplast fusion a nd
somatic hybridization .
2.2.4 Applications: production of disease resistant plants,
production of virus free plant, In vitro selection of cell lines
for disease resistance, micropropogation, secondary
metabolites from cell culture, transgenic plants for crop
improvement
2.3 Immobilized enzyme and cells
2.3.1 Introduction and Definitions
2.3.2 Methods
2.3.3 Immobilized Enzyme Reactors
2.3.4 Applications
5 L
Unit III: Quality Assurance, Quality Control, Instrumentation and
Bioassay
3.1 Quality assurance and qua lity control
3.1.1 Definitions, Chemical and pharmaceutical products
3.1.2 Variables of batch process
3.1.3 Q.A and Q.C wrt. - Raw materials, method of manufacturing,
in process items, finished products, label and labeling,
packaging materials
3.1.4 Control of microbial contamina tion during manufacturing
3.2 Sterilization control and assurance
3.3 Instrumentation: Principles, working and application of
3.3.1 Spectrophotometry: UV, Visible & IR
3.3.2 AAS & AES (Flame photometry)
3.4 Bioassay
3.4.1 Introduction
3.4.2 Types: Diffusion, End Point, Turbidometric, Meta bolic
Response, Enzymatic
3.5 Intellectual property rights
3.5.1 Genesis, Role of WTO and TRIPS
3.5.2 Overview of patent system
3.5.3 Requirements for patentability
3.5.4 Patent Categories
3.5.5 Preliminary steps for patent applications
3.5.6 Patent Procedures
3.5.7 For biotech and microbiologic al products 15 L
4 L
2 L
3 L
3 L
3 L
15
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Unit IV: Industrial Fermentations
4.1 Penicillin and semisynthetic penicillins: Introduction, biosynthesis
and regulation, strain development, production methods.
Semisynthetic penicillins: Examples, producti on, advantages
4.2 Aminoglycoside: Streptomycin: Aminoglycoside antibiotics,
biosynthesis, regulation of biosynthesis, strain development,
production method, recovery .
4.3 Vitamin B 12: Occurrence and economic significance,structure,
biosynthesis, production bas ed on media containing carbohydrates by -
Propionibacteria and Pseudomonas, recovery .
4.4 Citric acid: Introduction, strains used for production, biosynthesis,
nutrient media, production processes - surface and submerged, product
recovery.
4.5 Glutamic acid: Prod uction strains, biosynthesis, effect of
permeability on production, conditions of manufacturing, production
process and recovery .
4.6 Mushroom cultivation (Agaricus): Edible mushroom species,
preparation of substrate - composting - phase I and phase II, Factors
affecting composting, preparation of spawn, casing, induction of
fruiting body formation, harvesting 15 L
3 L
3 L
2 L
3 L
2 L
2 L 15
T.Y.B.Sc. MICROBIOLOGY PRACTICALS
(SEMESTER -VI)
Course Code: USMBP07
[Practicals Based on USMB601, Credits -1.5, Lectures - 60, Notional Periods -15]
1. Isolation of genomic DNA of E. coli and measurement of its concentration by UV -VIS.
2. Enrichment of coliphages, phage assay (pilot & proper).
3. Restriction digestion of lambda phage /any plasmid DNA (Demo)
4. Beta galactosidase assay
5. Bioinformatics practical s
On Line Practical
i. Visiting NCBI and EMBL websites & list services available, software tools available
and databases maintained
ii. Visiting & exploring various databases mentioned in syllabus and
a. Using BLAST and FASTA for sequ ence analysis
b. Fish out homologs for given specific sequences (by teacher – decide sequence of
some relevance to their syllabus and related to some biological problem e.g.
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evolution of a specific protein in bacteria, predicting function of unknown protein
from a new organism based on its homology)
c. Six frame translation of given nucleotide sequence
d. Restriction analysis of given nucleotide sequence
e. Pair-wise alignment and multiple alignment of a given protein sequences
f. Formation of phylogenetic tree
6. Animal cel l culture (D emo)
Course Code: USMBP07
[Practicals Based on USMB6 02, Credits -1.5, Lectures -60, Notional Periods -15]
1. Demonstration of malarial parasite in blood films (Demo)
2. Selection and testing of antibiotics using the Kirby -Bauer method
3. Determination o f MBC of an antibiotic.
4. Blood grouping – Direct & Reverse typing
5. Coomb’s Direct test
6. Determination of Isoagglutinin titer
7. Demonstration experiments - Widal, VDRL
Course Code: USMBP0 8
[Practicals Based on USMB 603; Credits -1.5, Lectures - 60, Notional Periods -15]
1. Detection of PHB producing bacteria
2. To study catabolite repression by diauxic growth curve.
3. Protein estimation by Lowry’s method
4. Estimation of uric acid
5. Qualitative and Quantitative assay of Protease
6. Qualitative detection of Lipase
7. Study of breakdown of amino acids – Lysine decarboxylase and Deaminase activity
8. Study of Lithotrophs – Nitrosification and Nitrification
Course Code: USMBP0 8
[Practicals Based on USMB 604, Credits -1.5, Lectures - 60, Notional Periods -15]
1. Bioassay of an antibiotic (Ampicill in / Penicillin)
2. Bioassay of Cyanocobalamin.
3. Perform immobilization of yeast cells for invertase activity - making of beads,
Determination of activity and count by haemocytometer and viable count.
4. Plant tissue culture – Callus culture (Demo).
5. Sterility testing of injectable.
6. Chemical estimation of Penicillin
7. Estimation of phenol.
8. Industrial Visit
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TEXT BOOKS AND REFERENCE BOOKS
(SEMESTER V I)
Course Code: USMB 601
Text books:
1. Peter J. Russell (2006), “I Genetics -A molecular approach”, 2nd edition.
2. Benjamin A. Pierce (2008), “Genetics a conceptual approach”, 3rd edition, W. H.
Freeman and company.
3. R. H. Tamarin, (2004), “Principles of genetics”, Tata McGraw Hill.
4. M. Madigan, J. Martinko, J. Parka r, (2009), “Brock Biology of microorganisms”, 12th
edition, Pearson Education International.
5. Fairbanks and Anderson, (1999), “Genetics”, Wadsworth Publishing Company.
6. Prescott, Harley and Klein, “Microbiology”,. 7th edition Mc Graw Hill international
edition.
7. Edward Wagner and Martinez Hewlett, (2005) “Basic Virology”, 2nd edition, Blackwell
Publishing
8. Teri Shors,.(2009) , “Understanding viruses”, Jones and Bartlett publishers.
9. S.Ignacimuthu, (2005), “Basic Bioinformatics”, Narosa publishing house.
10. Robert We aver, (2008), “Molecular biology”, 3rd edition, Mc Graw Hill international
edition.
11. Primrose and Twyman, (2001), “Principles of gene manipulation and genomics”, 6th
edition, Blackwell Publishing
12. Arthur Lesk, (2009), “Introduction to Bioinformatics”, 3rd edition, Oxford University
Press
13. Snustad, Simmons, “Principles of genetics”, 3rd edition. John Wiley & sons, Inc.
14. A textbook of biotechnology R. C. Dubey 4 th edition. S. Chand.
Reference books:
1. Flint, Enquist, Racanillo and Skalka, “Principles of virology”, 2nd edition. ASM press.
2. T. K. Attwood & D. J. Parry -Smith, (2003), “Introduction to bioinformatics”, Pearson
education
3. Benjamin Lewin, (9th edition), “Genes IX”, Jones and Bartlett publishers.
4. JD Watson, “Molecular biology of the gene”, 5th edition.
Course Code: USMB 602
Text books:
1. Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology, 26th edition, Lange publication
2. Ananthanarayan and Panicker’s, Textbook of Microbiology, 10th edition 2017
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3. Ananthanarayan and Panicker’s, Textbook of Microbiology, 9th edition
4. Ananthanarayan and Panicker’s, Textbook of Microbiology, 8th edition
5. Introduction to diagnostic microbiology for lab Science Maria Dannessa Delost 2015
6. Prescott’s microbiology 10th edition 2017
7. Kuby Immunology,4th and 6th edition, W H Freeman a nd Company
8. Pathak & Palan, Immunology: Essential & Fundamental, 1st& 3rd edition, Capital
Publishing Company
9. Fahim Khan, Elements of Immunology, Pearson Education
Reference books / Internet references:
1. Baron Samuel , Medical Microbiology, 4th edition
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7627/
2. Kuby Immunology, 7th edition, W H Freeman and Company
http://www.macmillanlearning.com/ca talog/static/whf/kuby/
Course Code: USMB 603
Text books:
1. Stanier, R. Y., M. Doudoroff and E. A. Adelberg. General Microbiology, 5th edition,
The Macmillan press Ltd.
2. Conn, E.E., P. K. Stumpf, G. Bruening and R. Y. Doi. 1987 . Outlines of Biochemistry,
5th edition, 1987. John Wiley & Sons. New York.
3. Gottschalk, G., (1985), Bacterial Metabolism, 2nd edition, Springer Verlag
4. White, D., (1995), The Physiology and Biochemistry of Prokaryotes, 3rd edition,
Oxford University Press
5. Nelson, D. L. and M.M. Cox (2005), Lehninger, Principles of biochemistry, 4th edition,
W. H. Freeman and Company.
6. G. Moat, J.W. Foster, M, P. Spector. (2002), Microbial Physiology, 4th edition ,
WILEY -LISS
7. Madiga n, M.T. and J.M. Martinko2006. 11th edition , Brock Biology of
Microorgani sms. Pearson Prentice Hall .
Reference books:
1. Zubay, G. L (1996), Biochemistry, 4th edition, Wm. C. Brown publishers
2. Zubay, G. L (1996), Principles of Biochemistry, Wm. C. Brown publishers
3. Principles of Biochemistry, Lehninger, 5th edition, W. H. Freeman a nd Company
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Course Code: USMB 604
Text books
1. Casida L. E., "Industrial Microbiology” (2009) Reprint, New Age International (P) Ltd,
Publishers, New Delhi.
2. Stanbury P. F., Whitaker A. & Hall S. J., (1997), "Principles of Fermentation
Technology", 2nd Edition, Aditya Books Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.
3. Stanbury P. F., Whitaker A. & Hall S. J 3rd edition (2017) "Principles of Fermentation
Technology"
4. H. K. Das., “Text book of Biotechnology”, 2nd and 3rd edition .
5. A textbook of biotechnology R. C. Dubey 4th edition. S. Chand.
6. H. A. Modi, (2009). ‘’Fermentation Technology’’ Vol. 1 & 2, Pointer Publications,
India
7. Okafor Nduka (2007) ‘’Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology’’, Science
Publications Enfield, NH, USA.
8. Crueger W. and Crueger A. (2000) "Biotechnology -"A Textbook of Industrial
9. Microbiology", 2nd edition, Panima Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
10. Prescott and Dunn's ‘’Industrial Microbiology’’ (1982) 4th edition, McMillan
Publishers .
11. Veerakumari L. “Bioinstrumentation”, MJP Publisher
12. Pharmaceutical Micro biology, Hugo and Russell, 7th edition, Blackwell Science.
Reference books
1. Peppler, H. J. and Perlman, D. (1979), "Microbial Technology’’. Vol 1 & 2, Academic
Press.
2. Williams, Bryan L; Wilson, 2nd edition.” A Biologist's guide to principles and
techniques of practical biochemistry ” Baltimore : University Park Press, 1981.
3. Wilson, Keith, 1936 -; Goulding, Kenneth H , 3rd edition., A Biolo gist's guide
to principles and techniques of practical biochemistry ” London ; Baltimore : E. Arnold,
1986.
4. Wilson and Walker, “Principles and technique s of practical biochemistry” 5th edition.
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Modality of Assessment
Assessment pattern for theory
Scheme of Examination
The learner’s Performance shall be assessed by conducting the Semester End Examinations
with 100% marks
Semester End Theory Assessment - 100% 100 marks
1. Duration - These examinations shall be of 3 hours duration.
2. Theory quest ion paper pattern : -
i. There shall be five questions each of 20 marks (with internal options)
ii. Question one will be based on unit one, question two on unit two, question three on
unit three and question four on unit four . Question five will have questions fr om all
four units of the syllabus .
iii. Each of t he main questions one to four will be subdivided into two sub-question s “A”
and “B”. Sub-question “A” will have four questions (of 6 marks each) out of which
any two will be attempted. Total marks allotted to sub-question “A” will be 12 marks.
Sub-question “B” will be ‘Do as directed ( attempt eight out of twelve)’. Each q uestion
in Sub-question “B” will be of one mark each. Total marks allotted to “B” sub -
question will be 8 marks . Main question five will have six questions (o f 5 marks each)
out of which any four will be attempted , total 20 marks.
iv. All questions shall be compulsory with internal choice within the questions.
v. The allocation of marks will depend on the weightage of the topic.
Passing Standard:
The learners to pass a course shall have to obtain a minimum of 40% marks in aggregate for
each course and 40% marks in Semester End Examination (i.e. 40 out of 100) separately ,
to pass the course and minimum of Grade E in each project, wherever applicable, to pass a
particular semester.
Practical Examination Pattern:
External (Seme ster end practical examination) :-
Sr.No. Particulars/ paper Marks
1. Laboratory work 40
2. Journal 05
3. Viva 05
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Semester V:
The students are required to present a duly cer tified journal for appearing at the practical
examination, failing which they will not be allowed to appear for the examination.
In case of loss of Journal and / or Report, a Lost Certi ficate should be obtained from the
Head of the Department / Co-ordinat or of the department ; failing which the student
will not be allowed to appear for the practical examination.
Semester VI
The students are required to present a duly certified journal for appearing at the practical
examination, failing which they will not be allowed to appear for the examination.
In case of loss of Journal and/ or Report, a Lost Certi ficate should be obtained from the
Head of the Department/ Co-ordinator of the department ; failing which the student will
not be allowed to appear for the prac tical examination.
Overall Examination and Marks Distribution Pattern
Semester V
Course USMB -
501 USMB -
502 USMB -
503 USMB -
504 Grand
Total
Theory 100 100 100 100 400
Practicals 50 50 50 50 200
Semester VI
Course USMB -
601 USMB -
602 USMB -
603 USMB -
604 Grand
Total
Theory 100 100 100 100 400
Practicals 50 50 50 50 200
Course code Practical Syllabus Credits & lectures
USMBP05 Based on USMB501 and USMB502 of
Semester V Credits 3 (8 periods/week)
= 120 periods/semester
USMBP06 Based on USMB503 and US MB504 of
Semester V Credits 3 (8 periods/week)
= 120 periods/semester
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T.Y.B.Sc. Microbiology Practicals: Semester -V
T.Y.B.Sc. Microbiology Practicals: Semester -VI
Course code Practical Syllabus Credits & lectures
USMBP0 5 Based on USMB 501 and USMB 502 of
Semester V Credits 3 (8 periods/week)
= 120 periods/semester
USMBP0 6 Based on USMB 503 and USMB 504 of
Semester V Credits 3 (8 periods/week)
= 120 periods/semester
Course code Practical Syllabus Credits & lectures
USMBP07 Based on USMB601 and USM B602 of
Semester VI Credits 3 (8 periods/week)
= 120 periods/semester
USMBP08 Based on USMB603 and USMB604 of
Semester VI Credits 3 (8 periods/week)
= 120 periods/semester
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COURSE WISE CREDIT ASSIGNMENT UNDER THE FACULTY OF SCIENCE
Progra m: B.Sc.
Course: Microbiology (USMB)
Course wise
credit
assignments
under
the faculty of
science
Type of Courses
/
Credits
Assigned First Year
(Credit x No. of
Courses ) Second Year
(Credit x No. of
Courses ) Third Year
(Credit x No. of
Courses ) Total
Credit
Value
First
Semester Second
Semester Third
Semester Fourth
Semester Fifth
Semester Sixth
Semester
Core Courses
(Theory) 04x03 04x03 06x02 06x02 2.5x04 2.5x04 68
Core Courses
(Practicals) 02x03 02x03 03x02 03x02 1.5x04 1.5x04 36
Foundation
course 02x01 02x01 02x01 02x01 08
Applied
Component
Courses (Theory) 02x01 02x01 04
Applied
Component
Courses
(Practical) 02x01 02x01 04
Total 20 20 20 20 20 20 120