MA Linguistics Sem III IV_1 Syllabus Mumbai University

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Department of Linguistics
University of Mumbai


M.A. PROGRAMME IN LINGUISTICS

CHOICE -BASED CREDIT SYSTEM


LIST OF COURSES

(Semester I II & IV )



Semester III

Course Type Course Code Title of the Course

Elective
Field Methods
Elective
Phonological Theory
Elective
Advanced Morphology
Elective Advances in Principles &
Parameters approach

Elective
Sentential Semantics
Elective Introduction to Pragmatics

Elective Functional approaches to
Language

Elective Cognitive Linguistics

Elective Basics of Semiotics

Elective Translation: Theory & Practice

Elective Introduction to Computational
Linguistics

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Semester IV

Course Type Course Code Title of the Course

Project Based Course s

Ability Enhancement Course
Language Documentation
Ability Enhancement Course Fundamentals of Auditory &
Acoustic Phonetics

Ability Enhancement Course Analyzing Structures of Modern
Indian Languages

Ability Enhancement Course Stylistics and Discourse
Analysis

Ability Enhancement Course Advances in Computational
Linguistics
Interdisciplinary/ Cross -
disciplinary course (I/C)

Linguistic Traditions in India
Interdisciplinary/ Cross -
disciplinary course
Language & Philosophy

Interdisciplinary/ Cross -
disciplinary course
Language in the Social Sphere

Interdisciplinary/ Cross -
disciplinary course
Language, Power & Inequality

Interdisciplinary/ Cross -
disciplinary course
Language, Culture & Nation
Interdisciplinary/ Cross -
disciplinary course
Media Semiotics

Interdisciplinary/ Cross -
disciplinary course
Educational Linguistics

Interdisciplinary/ Cross -
disciplinary course Syntactic Models for
Computational Linguistics

Interdisciplinary/ Cross -
disciplinary course
Lexicography

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Field Methods


The main objective of this course is to train students in field methods and techniques for the
purpose of analyzing a language that is not known to them. In this course the students are
required to elicit data from native speaker s of an unknown language first in the classroom and
then, if possible, the students should go to the field to work with the speech community that
actually uses this variety of language. Training is given in eliciting linguistic data, recording,
transcribing , analyzing the same with interlinear translation and writing the grammar of this
language that includes among others, sound system (phonetics & phonology), morphology,
syntax, semantics and sociolinguistic aspects. After collecting the data and transcribi ng them
accurately, the students are expected to provide a gloss to the data collected by them. Further, the
students can choose topics in different areas such as phonology, morphology, syntax etc. and
provide a brief linguistic sketch of the expressions f ound in the chosen area of this language.
This paper will be evaluated on the basis of the dissertation which will be submitted by the
student before the end of the semester.

Every candidate should submit to the University before the date to be specified from year to
year, two copies of the dissertation which will carry 100 marks (Dissertation –75 marks & Viva -
voce on dissertation – 25 mark s). The dissertation and the viva -voce will be assessed by the
guide and one of the other examiners from the panel an d the mean of the two assessments will be
taken as the evaluation of the dissertation.

Readings:

Abbi, A. 2001. A Manual of Linguistic Field Work and Structure of Indian Languages. Munich:
Lincom Europa.
Bloomfield, L. 1942. Outline Guide for the Practical Study of Foreign Languages. Baltimore:
Linguistic Society of America.
Hockett, C.F. 1958. A Course in Modern Linguistics. New York: Macmillan.
Lounsbury, F. 1953. “Field Methods and Techniques in Linguistics” . In Krobe, A.L. (ed. ),
Anthropolog y Today . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Nida, E.A. 1949. Morphology: The Descriptive Analysis of Words. (2nd edition) . Ann Arbor :
University of Michigan Press.
Pike. K.L. 1947. Phonemics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Samarin, W.J. 1 967. Field Linguistics: A Guide to Linguistic Fieldwork. New York: Holt,
Reinhart, Winston.

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Phono logical Theory
This course is aimed at introducing to the students current theoretical approaches in
Phonological analysis. The students will be trained to theorize the various phonological
phenomena found in languages.

1) Phonological Systems: Phonological t ypology, universals and markedness .
2) Phonological processes : Phonological processes such as assimilation, dissimilation,
insertion, coalescence etc. P atterns in phonological systems .
3) Prosody in phonological theory: Syllable in phonological theory, stress and tone in
phonological theory.
4) Rule -based phonological theory: Underlying and surface representations,
phonological rules, formalism of rules, naturalness, limits on abstraction in
phonological theory, rule or dering, opacity, problems in rule -based approach.
5) Constraint -based phonological theory: Optimality theory - from rules to constraints,
the model of OT: G EN component, EVAL component . Types of constraints:
Faithfulness constraints, Markedness constraints. Constraint ranking: handling
phonological universals and diversity in phonological systems. Opacity. The
emergence of the unmarked.

Practical Component : The students are expected to solve practical problems and analyse a
phonological phenom enon in their languages using the theoretical frameworks discussed in
this course.

Reading s:
Chomsky , Noam and Morris Halle . 1968. Sound Patterns of English. New York: Harper and
Row.
Durand, Jacques. 2014. Generative and Non -Linear Phonology. New York: Routledge.
Halle, Morris and George Clements. 1983. Problem Book in Phonology: A Workbook for
Introductory Courses in Linguistics and in Modern Phonology. The MIT Press.
Kager, Ren é. 1999. Optimality Theory. Cambridge University Press.
Katamba , Francis. 1989. An Introduction to Phonology. Longman.
Kenstowicz, Michael. 1993. Phonology in Generative Grammar. Wiley -Blackwell.
Kenstowich . Michael and Charles Kisseberth . 1979. Generative Phonology: Description and
Theory. New York: Academic Press.

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McCarthy, John. 2002. A Thematic Guide to Optimality Theory. Cambridge University Press.
McCarthy, John. 2008. Doing Optimality Theory. Blackwell.
MaCarthy, John and Alan Prince. 2004. “Emergence of the unmarked”, in John McCarthy
(ed.). Optimality Theor y: A Reader. Blackwell.
Prince , Alan and Paul Smolensky . 2004. Optimality Theory. Blackwell.

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Advanced Morphology
The objective is to acquire tools to analyse the morphology of a language in details using the
current theoretical frameworks. This course builds on the basic concepts discussed in the
Morphosyntax course in the First Semester.

1) Typology of morphological systems : Inflectional, agglutinative, isolating,
polysynthetic types of languages. Universals in Morphology.
2) Morphological features: Notion of features, Typology of feature systems, F eature
geometry, Exponence of morphological features, Syncretism.
3) Morpholog ical processes: Inflection , derivational processes and compounding.
Affixation, cliticization, suppletion, incorporation , reduplication .
4) Theoretical approaches to morphological analysis : Item -and-arrangement, Item-
and-process, Word -based morphological approaches (Whole Word Morphology ),
Distributed Morphology . Place of morphology in the theory of linguistic structure.

Practical Component: The students are expected to solve problems and analyse a
morphological phenomenon in their language, using the theoretical models discussed in this
course. They may also compare the morphology of the languages in the class. They may also
compare the theo retical models using the morphological data of a language.

Readings:
Anderson, Stephen. 1992. A-morphous Morphology. Cambridge University Press.
Baerman, Matthew. (ed.). 2015. The Oxford Handbook of Inflection. Oxford University Press.
Bobaljik. Jonathan. 2008. “Missing Persons: A Case study in Morphological Universals”, in
The Linguistic Review, special theme issue Examples of Linguistic Universals 25.1 -2,
Pp. 203 -230.
Bobaljik, Jonathan. 2015. “Suppletion: some theoretical implications”, in Annual Review of
Linguistics 1, Pp. 1 -18.
Corbett, Greville. 2012. Features. Cambridge University Press.
Ford, Alan, Rajendra Singh and Gita Mortohardjono. 1997. Pace Panini: Towards a word -
based theory of morphology. Peter Lang Publishing Inc.
Lieber , Rochelle and Pavol Štekaue. (eds) 20 14. The Oxford Handbook of Derivational
Morphology. Oxford University Press.

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Lieber, Rochelle and Pavol Štekaue. (eds) 20 11. The Oxford Handbook of Compounding .
Oxford University Press.
Marantz, Alec. 2013. “No escape from morphemes in morphological processing”, in
Language and Cognitive Processes , 28:7, 905 -916.
Marantz, Alec. 1988. “Clitics, morphological merger, and the mapping to phonol ogical
structure”, in M. Hammond & M. Noonan ( eds.), Theoretical morphology. Pp. 253 -270.
New York: Academic Press.
Siddiqi, Daniel. 2009. Syntax within the Word. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Spencer, Andrew & Arnold Zwicky. 2001. The Handbook of Morphology. Blackwell.

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Advances in Principles & Parameters Approach
In this course, the students will be introduced to the theoretical advances in the Principles and
Parameters approach to syntax since 1995. The main focus of this course will be on the
Minimalism. The students are expected to be familiar with the Principle s and Parameters
approach, especially the GB model.

1) ‘Minimalism’ in linguistic theory : A brief history of the development of the
Generative grammar - major concerns of the discipline. Success of P & P approach
and problems in the GB model. Minimalist as sumptions regarding the Faculty of
Language, levels of repres entations and interface levels: The Strong Minimalist
Thesis.
2) Levels of representations : Eliminating DS and SS, eliminating Government. Case
theory and Theta theory in Minimalism.
3) Structure bu ilding : Derivational approach, bare phrase structure. Lexicon and
numeration, notion of features, feature checking and checking domains. Operations
Select, Merge and Move. Copy theory of Movement. Agree and Case. Spell -out.
Notion of a ‘Phase’. Linearizati on and antisymmetry of syntax .
4) Economy conditions: Economy of representation: Full Interpretation. Economy of
derivation - Procrastinate, Last Resort and Greed, Minimal Link Condition.
5) Syntax -semantics interface: LF, scope, quantifier raising, reconstructi on effects,
Binding Theory.

Readings:
Boeckx, Cedric. (ed.). 2011. The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Minimalism. Oxford
University Press.
Bošković, Željko & Howard Lasnik. (eds). 2007. Minimalist Syntax: The Essential Readings.
Blackwell Publishing.
Chomsky, Noam. 2001. ‘Derivation by Phase’ in Michael Kenstowicz. (ed.). Ken Hale: A
Life in Language . Cambridge: The MIT Press. Pp.1 -52.
Chomsky, Noam. 2004. ‘Beyond Explanatory Adequacy’, in Adriana Belletti. (ed.).
Structures and Beyond: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, Vol. 3. Oxford
University Press. Pp.104 -131.

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Chomsky, Noam. 2006. ‘On Phases’, in Robert Freidin, Carlos Otero & Maria -Luisa
Zubizaretta. (eds.). Foundational Issues in Linguistic Theory . Th e MIT Press.
Pp.133 -166.
Corver, Norbert & Jairo Nunes. 2007. The Copy Theory of Movement. John Benjamins.
Hauser, Marc, Noam Chaomsky & W. Tecumesh Fitch. 2002. ‘The Faculty of Language:
what is it, who has it, and how did it evolve?’, in Science, vol 298. Pp. 1569 -1579.
Lasnik, Howard & Juan Uriagereka (with Cedric Boeckx). 2005. A Course in Minimalist
Syntax: Foundations and Prospects. Blackwell Publishing.
Journals:
Language
Lingua
Linguistic Inquiry
Linguistic Review
Natural Language and Linguistic Theory
Syntax

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Sentential Semantics
The course seeks to apply concepts and tools of logical calculus towards analyzing sentential
meaning in natural languages.
The course re quires that the students have done a basic course in Language and Logic.
Contents of Course :
A. Predicates and Predication : The structure and interpretation of elementary clauses,
the semantics of predicates and predication , verbs, adjectives, nominals, relative
clauses as predicates.
B. Semantics of Noun Phrases :
a. Referring Expressions: Definite & inde finite NP’s, plural and mass terms,
kinds, semantics of pronouns and anaphora.
b. Modifiers: predicates as restrictive modifiers, adjectives, relative clauses as
modifiers.
c. Relative clauses: semantic composition inside a relative clause, variable
binding, int erpretability and syntactic constraints on indexing.
d. Quantifiers, Quantification & Quantifier Movement: generalized quantifiers,
quantifying determiners, presuppositional quantifier phrases, quantifiers in
object position, repairing type -mismatches, quantifiers in natural languages,
quantifier movement and in-situ interpretation, semantic and syntactic
constraints on quantifier movement.
C. Semantics of Verb Phrases : Event/State distinction, Davidson’s e vent analysis, verb
meanings and argument structure, thematic roles, analyses of adverbs.
D. Clausal Complements and Attitude Reports : clausal complements and truth values,
words, worlds and propositions, interpreted logical forms (ILF), the theory of ILF.
E. Semantics of Tense, Aspect and Modality : Time as a relation between events, deictic
interpretation of tense, tense as a predicate, aspect vs. aspectual class, semantics of aspect,
Modality: accessibility relations, deontic and epistemic modality.
Read ings:
Heim I. & Kratzer A. (1998) . Semantics in Generative Grammar . Oxford: Blackwell.
Larson R. & Segal G. (1995) . Knowledge of Meaning. An Introduction to Semantic Theory .
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Indian reprint - New Delhi: PHI Learning Private Ltd.
(2009).
Portner P. (2005) What is Meaning? Fundamentals of Formal Semantics . Oxford: Blackwell.
Portner P. & Partee B. (2002) Formal Semantics The Essential Readings . Oxford: Blackwell.
Portner P. (2009) Modality Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Smith, C. S. (1991). The parameter of aspect. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic
Publishers.
Online Resource: Semantic Archive http://www.semanticsarchive.net/

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Introduction to Pragmatics
This course seeks to introduce the study of language in action i.e. action inherent in an
encoded proposition. It is concerned with ideas about language -use.
Course content:
1. Defining Pragmatics : Definition and delimitation of pragmatics, semantics/pragmatics
distinction , use of pragma tics, some issues in pragmatics .
2. Context, Implicature & Reference : Notion of context , context and convention,
implications and implicature, types of implicature , reference and anaphora.
3. Presupposition and Entailment : Presupposition, types of presupposition, the projection
problem, ordered entailments, semantic and pragmatic presupposition.
4. Pragmatic Principles : The Communicative Principle, The Cooperative P rinciple,
Politeness Principle. Developments in Gricean Theory: Horn’s Q -principle & R -principle;
Relevance theory – Principle of Relevance.
5. Speech Acts & Events : Functioning of speech acts, Illocutionary Force Indicating Devices
(IFIDs), felicity conditions, the performative hypothesis, classification of speech acts, indirect
speech acts, speech events.
6. Conversation and Preference Structure : Conversational Analysis; turns and turn -taking;
pauses, overlaps and back -channels, sequences, preference, cohesion and coherence.
Readings:
Austin J.L. (1962/1975) How to do things with words . William James Lectures. 2nd ed.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Blakemore D. (1992). Understanding Utterances: An Introduction to Pragmatics . Oxford:
Blackwell.
Davis S. (1991) Pragmatics : A Reader. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Davis W. (1998). Implicature . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Grice P. (1989) Study in the way of words . U.S.: Harvard University Press.
Grundy P. (2008). Doing Pragmatics . London: Hodder Education , Hachetter Livre.
Horn L. & Ward G. (2004) The Handbook of Pragmatics . Oxford: Blackwell.
Huang Y. (2007). Pragmatics . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Levinson S. (1983). Pragmatics . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Peccei J.S. (1999). Pragmatics (Language Workbooks). London: Routledge.

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Sacks H. (1995). Lectures in Conversation . Vol. I -II. (Jefferson G. ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.
Sacks H , Schegloff E.A and Jefferson G. (1974). A simplest systematic for the organization
of turn -taking in a conversation. Language 50(4): 696 -735.
Schegloff E.A., Jefferson. G. and Sacks H. (1977) . The preference of self correction in the
organization of repair in conversation. Language 53: 361 -82.
Searle J.R. (1969) Speech Acts: An essay in philosophy of language . Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Sperber D. & Wilson D. (1995). Relevance: Communication and Cognition . Oxford:
Blackwell.
Yule G. (1996). Pragmatics . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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Functional Approaches to Language
Prague School of Linguistics : Language as a system of purposeful means of expression.
Functions of language: internal vs. manifested speech, intellectual vs. spoken language,
communicative vs. poetic social functions, written vs. oral language, function of variation etc.
Relationship between structure and function: notion of functional load . Explanator y power of
functional notions. Relevance of functional linguistics in the development of standard literary
language.
Systemic -Functional Grammar : Language as text, system, structure and resource.
Dimensions in language and their ordering principles. Unity of lexis and grammar: the
lexicogrammar cline. Metafunctions of language: ideational, interpersonal and textual.
Semiotic dimensions of language in context. Role of semanti cs in grammar. Applications of
Systemic Functional Grammar.
Ethnography of Communication : Centrality of performance in linguistic knowledge, ways
of speaking as an object of study: Dell Hymes’ model of speaking , notions of means of
speech, speech economy, speech communities, speech situations, speech event and speech
act. Inequality amongst speakers: speech and social relations. The Ethnopoetic approach:
narrative as a universal genre, performed speech as constitutive of tradition, poetic features of
perfor mance, notion of interactional text, narrative form as grammar of experience.
Cognitive -Functional theories of language : Language as a product of general cognitive
abilities: theories of Givon, Langacker & Lakoff ; language as dependent upon meaning and
use; conceptual sources for grammatical material; grammaticalization paths & synchronic
patterns; creation of grammatical meaning: emancipation, pragmatic inference, habituation,
categorization; language as a comple x adaptive system
Readings :
Beckner, C., Blythe, R., Bybee, J., Christiansen, M. H., Croft, W., Ellis, N. C., &
Schoenemann, T. (2009). Language is a complex adaptive system: Position
paper. Language learning , 59(s1), 1 -26.
Bybee, J. L., & Hopper, P. J. (Eds.). (2001). Frequency and the emergence of linguistic
structure (Vol. 45). John Benjamins Publishing.
Bybee, J. L. (2006). From usage to grammar: The mind's response to
repetition. Language , 82(4), 711 -733.
Bybee, J. (2010). Language, usage and cognition . Cambridge University Press.
Eggins, S. (2004). Introduction to systemic functional linguistics . A&C Black.
Givón, T. (1985). Iconicity, isomorphism and non -arbitrary coding in syntax. Iconicity in
syntax , 187 -219.
Givón, T. (1995). Functionalism and grammar . John Benjamins Publishing.
Givón, T. (2014). On understanding grammar . Academic Press.
Halliday, M. A. (1994). Functional grammar. London: Edward Arnold .

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Halliday, Michael, Christian MIM Matthiessen, and Christian Matthiessen. (2014). An
introduction to functional grammar . Routledge,
Hopper, P. J., & Thompson, S. A. (1980). Transitivity in grammar and discourse. Language ,
251-299.
Hopper, P. J., & Thompson, S. A. (1984). The discourse basis for lexical categories in
universal grammar. Language , 703 -752.
Hopper, P. J., & Thompson, S. A. (1985). The iconicity of the universal categories ‘noun’and
‘verb’. Iconicity in syntax , 151 -183.
Hymes, D. H. (1974). Studies in the history of linguistics: traditions and paradigms . Indiana
University Press.
Hymes, D.H. (1975). Breakthrough into performance. In D. Ben -Amos & K. Goldstein
(Eds.), Folklore: Performance and communication (pp. 11 -74). The Hague: Mouton.
Hymes, D. (2003). Foundations in sociolinguistics: An ethnographic approach . Psychology
Press.
Hymes, D. (2003). Ethnography, linguistics, narrative inequality: Toward an understanding
of voice . Taylor & Francis.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1999). Philosophy in the flesh: The embodied mind and its
challenge to western thought . Basic books.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (2008). Metaphors we live by . University of Chicago press.
Langacker, R. W. (1987). Foundations of cognitive grammar: Theoretical prerequisites (Vol.
1). Stanford university press.
Langacker, R. W. (1999). Grammar and conceptualization (Vol. 14). Walter de Gruyter.
Langacker, R. W. (2008). Cognitive grammar: A basic introduction . Oxford University Press.
Matějka, L. (Ed.). (1976). Sound, Sign, and Meaning: Quinquagenary of the Prague
Linguistic Circle (Vol. 1). Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, University
of Michigan.
Steiner, P. (Ed.). (2014). The Prague School: Selected Writings, 1929 -1946 . University of
Texas Press.
Toman, J. (1995). The magic of a common language: Jakobson, Mathesius, Trubetzkoy , and
the Prague Linguistic Circle . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Vachek, J. (2003). Dictionary of the Prague school of linguistics (Vol. 50). John Benjamins
Publishing.
Vachek, J. (1968). A Prague school reader in linguistics. Bloomington: Indiana University.

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Cognitive Linguistics

1. Studies on the interaction between language, culture, and cognition: Historical
background; Pattern versus Process concepts of language and mind.

2. Cognitive Linguistics : Core concepts and Theoretical positions
a. The structural characteristics of natural language categorization : Prototypicality,
polysemy, cognitive models, mental imagery, the image schemas and their
transformations, the role of domains in the interpretation of metaphors and
metonymies .
b. The functional principles of linguistic organization: iconicity and naturalness
c. Central tenets of Cognitive Grammar and Construction Grammar
d. The experiential and pragmatic background of language -in-use and
e. The relationship between language and thought including issues concerning
relativism and conceptual universals.

3. Theoretical, methodological, and descriptive characteristics of recent studies in cognitive
sociolinguistics .

4. Applications of Cognitive Linguistics : Empirical Studies of Linguistic Usage
Patterns.

Readings:
Brdar , Mario, Stefan Th. Gries, and Milena Zic Fuchs (eds.) . 2011. Cognitive Linguistics :
Convergence and Expansion . John Benjamins Pub. Co.
Bybee, Joan. 2010. Language, Usage and Cognition. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Charteris -Black, J. 2004. Corpus Approaches to Critical Metaphor Analysis . New York:
Palgrave MacMillan.
Choinski, Michal . 2010. Cognitive Linguistics in Action: From Theory to Application and Back .
Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.
Croft, W. and Cruse, D. A. 2 004. Cognitive Linguistics . Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Dirven, Rene and Verspoor, Marjolijn (eds.). Cognitive Exploration of Language and
Linguistics. Amsterdam and Philadelphia : John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Evans, Vyvyan & Melanie Green .2006. Cognitive Linguistics: An Introduction . Edinburgh:
Edinburgh University Press.

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Evans, Vyvyan, Benjamin K. Bergen and Jörg Zinken (eds.) . 2007. The Cognitive Linguistics
Reader . London: Equinox Publishing Co.
Fauconnier, Gilles and Mark Turner . 2003. The Way We Think . New York: Basic Books.
Geeraerts, Dirk. 1995. “Cognitive Linguistics”. In J. Verschueren, J. -O. Östman and J.
Blommaert (eds.). Handbook of Pragmatics . Amsterdam: John Be njamins, 111 -116.
Geeraerts, D. (ed.) . 2006. Cognitive Linguistics: Basic Readings . Berlin and New York: Mouton
de Gruyter.
Geeraerts, D. and H. Cuyckens ( eds.). 2007. The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics .
New York: Oxford University Press.
Gibbs, R.W. Jr. and Steen, G.J. (eds.). 1999. Metaphors in Cognitive Linguistics . Amsterdam
and Philadelphia : John Benjamins .
Jackendoff, Ray .1996. "Conceptual semantics and Cognitive linguistics". In Cognitive
Linguistics 7-1, pp. 93 -129.
Janssen, T. and Redeker, G. (eds) .1999. Scope and Foundations of Cognitive Linguistics . The
Hague: Mouton De Gruyter.
Kristiansen, G. et al. (eds.). 2006. Cognitive Linguistics: Current Applications and Future
Perspectives . Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Lakoff, George and Johnson, Mark. 1980. Metaphors We Live by . Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
Lakoff, George. 1987. Women, Fire, and Dan gerous Things. What Categories Reveal about the
Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, George and Johnson, Mark. 1998. Philosophy in the Flesh. The Embodied Mind and Its
Challenge to Western Thought . New York: Basic Books.
Lamb, Sydney M. 19 71. The Crooked Path of Progress in Cognitive Linguistics . Georgetown
University Monograph Series on Languages and Linguistics 24:99 -123.
Lamb, Sydney M. 1999. Pathways of the Brain. The Neurocognitive Basis of Language .
Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Langacker, Ronald W. 1987. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar Vol. 1: Theoretical
Prerequisites. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
------------ .1990. Concept, Image, and Symbol: The Cognitive Basis of Grammar . Berlin:
Mouton de Gruyter.

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------------ .1991. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar Vol. 2: Descriptive Application. Stanford:
Stanford University Press.
Lee, D.A. 2001. Cognitive Linguistics: An Introduction (1st ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University
Press.
Nancy C. Kula, Bert Botma and Kuniya Nasuka wa (eds.) .2011. Continuum Companion to
Phonology. London: Continuum International Publishing Group.
Radden, G. And Dirven, R. 2007. Cognitive English Grammar. Amsterdam and Philadelphia :
John Benjamins .
Schmid, H. J. et al. 1996. An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics . New York: Longman.
Schmid, Hans -Jörg and Handl, Susanne (eds.). 2010 . Cognitive Foundations of Linguistic Usage
Patterns. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co.
Silverman, Daniel. 2011. "Usage -based Phonology". In Nancy C. Kula, Bert Botma and Kuniya
Nasukawa (eds.), Continuum Companion to Phonology . London : Continuum.
Taylor, J. R. 2002. Cognitive Grammar . New York: Oxford University Press.
Tendahl,Markus. 20 09. A Hybrid Theory of Metaphor :Relevance Theory and Cognitive
Linguistics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Tomasello, M. 2003. Constructing a Language: A Usage -Based Theory of Language
Acquisition . Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press.
Ungerer, Friedrich & Hans -Jorg Schmid. 2006. An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics (2nd
ed.). London: Longman.
Yamaguchi, Masataka, et al. (eds.). 2014 . Approaches to Language, Culture, and Cognition:
The Intersection of Cognitive Linguistics and Linguistic Anthropology. London: Palgrave
MacMillan.

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Basics of Semiotics

1. Introduction :
Definitions, Traditions, Methodologies, Relation to Linguistics, Langue & Parole, Scope
of Semiotics, The evolution of semiosis, Signification and Communication, Models of
Communication, Abelardian Semiotics, Design for a Semiotic Theory.
2. Models of the Sign :
The Saussurean Model , The Peircian Model, Hjelmslev’s Framework.
Signs & Things : Naming things, Referentiality, Modality, Empty signifiers.
The problem of a typology of signs.

3. Analysin g Structures :
Horizontal and vertical axes , The syntagmatic dimension , Conceptual relations,
Spatial relations, Sequential relations, Structural reduction, The paradigmatic dimension,
The commutation test, Oppositions, Alignment, Markedness, The semi otic square, Signs
& Myths.
4. Codes :
Types of Codes: Perceptual Codes, Social Codes, Textual Codes, Codes of Realism.
Guiraud’s views on logical codes & aesthetic codes. Eco’s views on the ‘Theories of
Codes’ : System and codes, The s -code as structure, E xpression and content, Denotation &
connotation, Message & Text, Content & Referent, Meaning as cultural unit, The
Interpretant, The semantic system, Semantic markers and the sememe, Revised semantic
model, The format of the semantic space, Overcoding & undercoding, The interplay of
codes and the message as an open form .
5. Semiotic Perspective on Text and Discourse Constitution :
Notion of ‘Text’, The positioning of the subject, Modes of Address, Reading Positions,
Intertextuality, Problematizing au thorship, Reading as rewriting, Intratextuality, Bricolage,
Types and degrees of Intertextuality, Theories of interpretation. Derrida on ‘Sign and
Writing’. Poststructuralist Semiotics.
Readings :
Barthes, Roland . 1953/1967. Writing Degree Zero. Trans. Annette Lavers & Colin Smith .
London : Cape.
--------- 1964/67 . Elements of Semiology. Trans. Annette Lavers & Colin Smith . London :
Jonathan Cape.
--------- 1982. Empire of Signs . Trans. Richard Howard . New York : Hill and Wang.
--------- 1983. A Barthes Reader. Ed. Susan Sontag . New York : Hill and Wang.
---------- 1987. Selected Writings . Ed. Mark Poster . Cambridge : Polity Press.

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Blonsky, M. (ed.) . 1985. On Signs : A Semiotic Reader. Oxford : Blackwell.
Chandler, Daniel. 2002. Semiotics : The Basics . London : Routledge.
Cobley, Paul (ed.) . 2001. The Routledge Companion to Semiotics and Linguistics .
London and New York : Routledge.
Danesi, Marcel. 2007. The Quest for Meaning: A Guide to Semiotic Theory and Practice .
Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Deely, John. 1990. Basics of Semiotics . Bloomington & Indianapolis : Indiana University
Press.
----------- 2007. Intentionality and Semiotics. Scranton & London : University of
Scranton Press.
Derrida , Jacques. 1976. Of Grammatology. Trans. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. Baltimore : John
Hopkins University Press.
---------- 1978. Writing and Difference. Trans. Alan Bass. London : Routledge & Kegan Paul .
Eco, Umberto. 1976. A Theory of Semiotics. Bloomington : Indiana University Press.
---------- 1979. The Role of the Reader. Bloomington : Indiana University Press.
---------- 1984. Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language . Bloomington : Indiana
University Press .
---------- 1994. The Limits of Interpretation . Bloomington : Indiana University Press.
Foucault, Michel. 1994. Aesthetics : Method and Epistemology. Ed. James Faubion.
London : Penguin Books.
Gibbs, R.W. Jr. 1994. The Poetics of Mind : Fig urative Thought , Language and Understanding .
Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
Gill, H.S. 1989. Abelardian Semiotics and Other Essays. New Delhi : Bahri Publications.
--------- 1996. The Semiotics of Conceptual Structures . New Delhi : Bahri Publications.
Greimas, A.J. 1987. On Meaning : Selected Writings in Semiotic Theory . Trans. Paul J. Perron
and F.H. Collins. London : Francis Pinter.
Guiraud, P. 1975. Semiology. Trans. George Gross. London : Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1978. Language as a Social Semiotic . London : Edward Arnold.
Hawkes, Terence. 1977. Structuralism and Semiotics . London : Methuen & Co Ltd.
Hervey, Sandor. 1982. Semiotic Perspectives . London : George Allen and Unwin.
Hodge, R. and Kre ss, G. 1988. Social Semiotics. New York : Cornell University Press.

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Innis, R.E. 1985. Semiotics : An Introductory Reader . London : Hutchinson.
Jakobson, R. 1960. “Linguistics and Poetics”. In T.A. Sebeok (ed.) Style in Language.
pp.350 -77. Ca mbridge, Mass. : MIT Press.
Jaworski, Adam and Crispin Thurlow (eds.) . 2011. Semiotic Landscape. New York : Continuum
Publishing Corporation
Kapoor, K. 1991. “The Linguistic Sign : Bhartrhari’s Sphota Vada”. In H.S. Gill (ed.),
Structures of Signification, Vol. II, pp. 291 -98. New Delhi : Wiley Eastern Ltd.
Kelkar, A.R. 1980. Prolegomena to an Understanding of Semiosis and Culture . Mysore :
Central Institute of Indian Languages.
Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago : University of
Chicago Press.
Lacan, Jacques. 1977. Ecrits . Trans. Alan Sheridan. London : Routledge.
Lodge, David (ed.) 1988 . Modern Criticism and Theory : A Reader. London & New York :
Longman .
Lotman, Yuri. 1990 . Universe of the Mind : A Semiotic Theory of Culture . Bloomington &
Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
Merrel, Floyd. 1985. A Semiotic Theory of Texts. New York : Mouton de Gruyter.
Mertz, E. and R.J. Parmentier . (eds.) .19 85. Semiotic Mediation : Sociocultural and
Psychological Perspectives. London : Academic Press Inc.
Miall, D.S. (ed.) 1982. Metaphor : Problems and Perspectives. Sussex : The Harvester Press.
Morris, Charles W. 1938/1970 . Foundations on the Th eory of Signs. Chicago : Chicago
University Press.
---------- . 1971. Writings on the General Theory of Signs. The Hague : Mouton.
Noth, W. 1995. Handbook of Semiotics . Bloomington : Indiana University Press.
Ortony, A.(ed.) 1980. Metaphor and Thought . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
Park, Clara Clairborne. 1991. Rejoining the Common Reader , Essays 1962 -1990 .
Evanston, Illinois : North Western University Press.
Parret, Herman. 1983. Semiotics and Pragmatics. Amsterdam : John Benjamins.
Peirce, C.S. 1931 -58. Collected Writings . (8 Vols.). Eds. C. Hartshorne , P. Weis and
Arthur W. Burks. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press.
---------- 1998 a - . Writings of Charles S. Peirce : A Chronological E dition (6 Vols.) .

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Ed. Nathan Houser, Peirce Edition Project. Bloomington : Indiana University Press.
---------- 1998 b . The Essential Peirce : Selected Philosophical Writings (2 Vols.).
Bloomington : Indiana University Pre ss.
Petofi, Janos S. (ed.) 1988. Text and Discourse Constitution : Empirical Aspects, Theoretical
Approaches. Berlin and New York : Walter de Gruter.
Pomorska, C. and S. Rudy . (eds.) 1985. Roman Jakobson : Verbal Art, Verbal Sign, Verbal
Time. London : Basil Blackwell.
Posner, R., K. Robering, and T.A. Sebeok, (eds.) .1997/1998/2001. Semiotics: A Handbook on
the Sign -Theoretic Foundations of Nature and Culture , 3 Vols. (Vol.I –1997, Vol. II –
1998, and Vol.III – 2001). Berlin : Walte r de Gruyter.
Saussure, Ferdinand de . 1916/1983. Course in General Linguistics. Trans. Roy Harris.
London : Duckworth.
Schleifer, Ronald. 1987. A.J. Greimas and the Nature of Meaning : Linguistics, Semiotics and
Discourse Theory . London and Sydney : Croom Helm.
Scholes, R. 1982. Semiotics and Interpretation. New Haven : Yale University Press.
Sebeok, T.A. 1994. Signs : An Introduction to Semiotics. Toronto : University of Toronto Press.
---------- 2000a. Essays in Semiotics : Cult ure Signs. Ottawa : Legas Press.
---------- 2000b. Essays in Semiotics :Life Signs . Ottawa : Legas Press.
Sebeok, T.A. , and M. Danesi. 2000. The Forms of Meaning : Modeling Systems Theory and
Semiotic Analysis . Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter.
Sebeok, T.A. 2001. Global Semiotics. Bloomington : Indiana University Press.
Srivastava, R.N. and K. Kapoor. 1988 . ‘Semiotics in India’. In The Semiotic Web 1987, ed.
T. A. Sebeok and J. Umiker -Sebeok, pp 217 -265. Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter .
Tilley, Christopher (ed.) . 1990. Reading Material Culture : Structuralism, Hermeneutics and
Post-structuralism. Oxford : Basil Blackwell.
Tobin, Y. (ed.). 1988. The Prague School and Its Legacy in Linguistics, Literature, Semiotics,
Folklore and the Arts. Amsterdam : John Benjamins.
Todorov, Tzvetan. 1982. Theories of the Symbol . Oxford : Blackwell.
--------- . 1983. Symbolism and Interpretation. London : Routledge and Kegan Paul.

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Translation: Theory and Practice

1. Scope and Relevance of Translation Studies :
a) In Language Teaching, in Comparative Literature, in Cross -Cultural Studies, in
Contrastive Linguistics.
b) Translation as an Instrument of Linguistic, Cultural and Literary Criticism.

2. Theories of Translation : Plurality of Paradigms: theories of natural equivalence, theories
of directional equivalence, the skopos theory, Polysystem Theory, Deconstruction and
Postcolonial Translation.
3. Approaches to Translation : Paradigms and Craft of Translation; Tools of Translation:
Communicative and Semantic Translation; Translation and Transliteration; Full and Partial
Translation; Total and Restricted; Rank -Bound and Unbounded Translation.
4. Nature of Meaning : Types of Meaning : Associative: Situational, Pr agmatic;
Cognitive : Referential, Thematic, Linguistic, Implicit; Communicative : Illocutionary,
Performative, Prognostic : The role of the Translator in the Transference of Meaning.
5. Issues of Translation : The Dynamic Dimension of Communication; Princi ples of
Correspondence; Loss and Gain; Problems of Equivalence , Untranslatability; the
Linguistic, Stylistic and Cultural Factors; Meaning Variation .
6. Text Analysis: Analysis of Text; Process of Translation; Language Functions; Text
Categories and Text T ypes: Scientific and Technical; Legal, Administrative, Literary;
Translation Methods: Translation of Literary Texts
Readings :

Baker, Mona (ed.). 2006. Translation Studies: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. London and New
York: Routledge.
Basnett -Mc Gu ire, S. & A.Lefevere. (eds.). 1990. Translation History and Culture . London :
Punter.
Basnett -Mc Guire, S. 1991. Translation Studies. London : Routledge.
Bellos, David. 2011. Is That a Fish in Your Ear ?: Translation and the Meaning of Everything.
New York : Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Bigunet J. & S.Rainer (eds.). 1989. The Craft of Translation . Chicago: University of Chicago
Press.

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Boase -Beier, Jean. 2011. A Critical Introduction to Translation Studies. London: Continuum
International Publishing Group.
Brislin, W. R. (ed.). 1987. Translation – Applications and Research . New York : Gardner Press
Catford, J. C. 1974. A Linguistic Theory of Translation . London: Oxford University Press.
Cohen, J. M. 1962. English Translators and Translations . London: Longman, Green & Co.
Cronin, Michael. 2003. Translation and Globalization. London and New York: Routledge.
Dollerup, C. H. Gottlieb & V. H. Pederson. (eds.). 1994. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology .
Universi ty of Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
Eco, Umberto. 2001 . Experiences in Translation. Toronto, Buffalo, London: University of
Toronto Press.
----------- . 2003. Mouse or Rat?: Translation as Negotiation. London: Phoenix.
Forster, L. 1958. Aspects of Translation . London: Oxford University Press.
Frawley, W. 1984. Translation: Literary, Linguistic and Philosophical Perspectives.London:
Associated University Press.
Gentzler, Edwin. 2010. (Revised 2nd Edition). Contemporary Translation The ories. New Delhi:
Viva Books.
Grossman, Edith. 2010. Why Translation Matters. Yale University Press.
Hardwick, Lorna. 2000. Translating Words and Translating Cultures . London: Duckworth.
Hatim, Basil and Munday, Jeremy. 2004. Translation : A n Advanced Resource Book. New York
: Routledge.
Holmes, J.S. 1975. The Name and Nature of Translation Studies . Amsterdam : University of
Amsterdam Press.
Holmes, J., Lambert & A. Lefevere. (ed.). 1978. Literature and Translation . Acco: Louvain.
Karunakaran, K. & M. Jayakumar. (ed.). 1988. Translation as Synthesis: A Search for a New
Gestalt. New Delhi : Bahri Publications Pvt. Ltd.:
Kelly, L. G. 1979. The True Interpreter: A History of Translation Theory and Practice in t he
West. Oxford: Blackwell.
Kiraly, D.C. 1995. Pathways to Translation : Pedagogy and Process . Kent : Kent State
University Press.
Lawrence, V. (ed.). 2000. The Translation Studies Reader . London: Routledge.
Landers, Clifford E. 2001. Literary Translation: A Practical Guide. Multilingual Matters Ltd.

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Lefevere, A. 1975. Translating Poetry, Seven Strategies and a Blue Print . Amsterdam: Van
Gorcum.
Lefevere, Andre. 1992. Translation, Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame. London,
New York : Routledge.
Lorscher, W. 1991. Translation Performance, Translation Process and Translation Strategies :
A Psycholinguistic Explanation . Tubingen : Gunter Narr Verlag.
Malmkjær, Kirsten and Windle, Kevin (eds.). 2011. The Oxford Handbook of Translation
Studies Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Moore, N. C. & L. Lower. (ed.). 1992. Translation East and West: A Cross Cultural Approach.
Selected Conference papers Vol. 5. College of Languages, L inguistics and Literature.
Honolulu: University of Hawaii.
Mukherjee, S. 1981. Translations as Discovery and other Essays . New Delhi: Allied Publishers
Pvt. Ltd.
Munday, Jeremy. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications. London and
New York: Routledge.
------------ . 2007. Translation as Intervention . London and New York: Routledge.
Nair, Rukmini Bhaiya (ed.) . 2002. Translation, Text and Theory : The Paradigm of India. . New
Delhi , Thousand Oak s,London : Sage Publications.
Newmark, P. 1981. Approaches to Translation . London: Pergamon Press.
----------- . 1988. A Textbook of Translation . London: Prentice Hall.
Newmark, P. 1991. About Translation . Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Nida, E 1964 . Towards a Science of Translation . Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Nida, E. & C. Taber. 1969. The Theory and Practice of Translation . Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Nida, E. 1975. Language Structure and Translation . Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Niranjana, Tejaswini. 1 992. Siting Translation : History, Poststructuralism and the Colonial
Context . Berkeley : University of California Press.
Ponterotto, Diane . 2010. “ Cross -cultural variation in idiomatic expression: Insights from
Cognitive Metaphor Theory and implication for Translation Studies”. In Tabakowska , E.,
Michał Choin ski, and Łukasz Wiraszka (eds.). Cognitive Linguistics in Action : From Theory
to Application and Back. Berlin and New York: Walter De Gruyter. pp. 343 -370.
Pym, Anthony. 2010. Exploring Translation Theories. London & New York : Routledge.

Page 28

Richards, I. A. (ed.). 1959. On Translation . Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
Robinson, Douglas. 2001. Who Translates? Translator Subjectivities Beyond Reason . Albany:
SUNY Press.
--------- ---. 2003. Performative Linguistics: Speaking and Translating as Doing Things with
Words. London and New York: Routledge.
----------- . 2012. Becoming a Translator (Third Edn.). London & New York : Routledge.
Savory, T. 1957. The Art of Translation . Lond on: Cape.
Sallis, J. 2002. On Translation. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Snell -Hornby, M. 1988. Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach . Amsterdam : John
Benjamin.
Snell - Hornby, M. , Franz Pochhacker , Hans Kaindli (edts.) . 1992. Translation : An
Interdiscipline. Amsterdam : John Benjamins.
Steiner, G. 1975. After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation . London: Oxford
University Press.
Steiner, T. R. 1975. English Translation Theory . Amsterdam & Assen.V an: Gorcum.
Talgeri, P. and S. B. Verma. (ed.). 1988. Literature in Translation . Mumbai: Popular Prakashan.
Toury, G. (ed.). 1987. Translation Across Cultures . New Delhi: Bahri Publications .
Toury, G. 1995 . Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. . Amsterdam : John Benjamins.
Venuti, Lawrence. 1995. The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation . London :
Routledge.
Wilss, W. 1982. The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods . Tubingen : Gunter Norr.
----------- . 1996. Knowledge and Skills in Translator Behaviour. Amsterdam and Philadelphia:
Benjamins.

Page 29

Introduction to Computational Linguistic s
The aim of this course is to introduce to the students basic of computational linguistics. This
course provides the knowledge of human machine interaction.
1. Language in computer applications : Area of Natura l Language Processing, Language
Technology, Computational Linguistics . Applications, Technology , Methods and
Resource s of Computational Linguistics. Relation with Psychology , Mathematics
Sociology and Artificial I ntelligence.

2. Fundamentals of Programming : Programming Languages, Interpreter, Compiler.
Database and database types.

3. Computational Morphology : Regular languages, Regular expression. Finite state
automata, Deterministic and Nondeterministic finite state automata. Morphological
parsing: Lexicon, Morphotactics, Orthographical rules.

4. Finite state transducers : Sequential and super sequential transducers, FST lexicon and
rules.

5. Spelling correction : Porter stemmer, word and sentence tokenization, minimum edit
distance, Detection and correction of spelling errors.

6. N-gram : Unsmoothed N -gram, Maximum likelihood estimation, Training and test set,
Perplexity, Smoothing, Interpolation, Backoff, Good Turing, Kneser–Ney Smoothing.

7. POS Tagging : Class of words, Rule based taggers, Transformation based taggers , HMM
taggers, Error analysis, Noisy channel model for spelling.

8. Sequence classifiers : Introduction to Hidden Markov Model, Markov chain, Problems of
Hidden Markov Model. Maximum Entropy M odel: Linear regression, Logistic
regression.

Readings:
Allen, James.1995. Natural Language Understanding . Benjamin / Cumming.
Basu A. and U.N.Singh. 2005. Simple ’05, Proceedings of Second Symposium on Indian,
Morphology, Phonology & Language Engineering . Central Institute of Indian Languages,
Mysore, India.

Page 30

Rajapurohit, B.B. 1994. Technology and Languages . Central Institute of Indian Languages,
Manasgangotri, Mysore.
Chaitanya, V. and R. Sangal and Akshar Bharti. 1995 . Natural Language Processing: A
Paninian Perspective. New Delhi : Prentice Hall of India.
David G. Hays 1967. Introduction to Computational Linguistics. American Elsevier Publishing
Company, Inc. New York
Garvin, P.L. 1963. Natural Language and the Compute r. McGraw: Hill Book Company Inc.
Grzybek, P. 2006. Contribution to the Science of Text and Language: Word Length Studies and
Related Issues. Springer.
Jurafsky, D. and J. Martin. 2008. (2nd Ed) , Speech and Language Processing . Prentice Hall.
Manning , C. and S. Heinrich. 1999. Foundation of Statistical Natural language Processing .
MIT Press.
Ram, B. 2000. Computer Fundamentals Architecture and Organisation . New age International
Publication.
Sprot, R.1992. Morphology and Computation . Cambridge: MIT Press .

Page 31

Project based course s [10 credits]

This course is aimed at orienting students to carry out supervised research in the field of
Linguistics by applying the concepts they have acquired during the MA programme. In this
course, students are expe cted to write a dissertation (minimum 5000 words , excluding
references) constituting a students’ original contribution on any one of the topics offered by
the Department.

The s tudent will be evaluated by an evaluation committee constituted by the Department. The
evaluation will be done on the basis of open presentations during the semester and the written
dissertation submitted by the student before the stipulated date. The written dissertation
carries 75 marks and 25 marks are secured from the op en presentations. The entire project -
based course carries 10 credits.

Readings:
A reading list will be provided to the students for each topic offered by the Department.

Page 32

Ability Enhancement course

Language Documentation
This Capacity Building course is aimed at helping the students acquire and hone the skills of
collecting and recording the data of a variety of languages in order to document these
languages and build a repository of those languages. In this course, the students will be
trained in the data elicitation technique s, skills of recording, annotating and analysing the
data and maintaining the metadata.

1) Scope and the role of language documentation : Need to document languages,
language endangerment and the role of language documentation in language
revitalization. Ethics of language documentation.
2) Data elicitation, recording and annotation : What counts as linguistic data? Data
elicitation techniques, re cording the linguistic data, use of digital technology , data
annotation, m aintaining the metadata. Creating corpus.
3) Writing grammars : Analysing the phonological, morphological and syntactic
structure of languages, writing grammars.
4) Documenting lexical knowledge : Analysing lexical semantics, making dictionaries.
5) Archiving the data : Use of technology in language documentation , using digital
portals and available softwares (such as ELAN, Toolbox etc) to record, annotate and
analyse the data, cr eating dictionaries , managing the metadata, building usable and
accessible repositories.

Practical component:
The students are expected to record some data of a language, preferably a lesser known
language or a language not familiar to them. They are req uired to store and annotate the same
data using the available softwares. They may also build a small corpus or make a small
dictionary or write a small grammar (grammar of a certain phenomenon) for the same
language.

Readings:
Abbi, Anvita. 2001. A Manual of Linguistic Field Work and Indian Language Structures .
Lincom Europa.
Gippert, Jost, Nikolaus Himmelmann & Ulrike Mosel. (eds). 2006. Essentials of Language
Documentation. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

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Ability Enhancement course

Grenoble, Lenore & N. Louanna Furbee. 2010. Lang uage Documentation: Practice and
Values. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Lehmann, Christian. 2004. “Dat a in Linguistics”, in Linguistic Review - 21, Pp. 175 -210.
Thieberger, Nicholas. 2012. The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Fieldwork. New York:
Oxford Universi ty Press.

Page 34

Fundamentals of Auditory & Acoustic Phonetics
This course introduces acoustic analysis useful for the study of speech perception &
synthesis. The course will involve use of various softwares as an aid to acoustic analysis.
Course Content :
1. Basics of Acoustics :
a. Characteristics & Dimensions of W aves: notion of a wave, types of waves:
longitudinal vs. transverse waves, periodic vs. aperiodic, simple vs. complex.
Dimensions of a wave: amplitude, wavelength, frequency, period , phase of a
wave.
b. Sound as a wave: sound as longitudinal waves . Differentiating speech sounds:
loudness, pitch and quality. Pure tones as a simple harmonic motion.
c. Representing Speech Sounds as G raphs: pressure vs. time, displacement vs.
time, amplitude vs. frequency (spectrum), spectrograms.
d. Wave Analysis: complex wave as a sum of simple waves (pure tones),
fundamental frequency, harmonics, white noise, non -repetitive waveforms:
damping.
2. Basic Audition : the peripheral auditory system, non -linearity of loudness perception,
power of a sound, decibel scale, frequency response of the auditory system, units to
measure perception of pitch by the human ear, auditory area of the human ear.
3. Acoustic Dimension of Speech : resonance, characteristics of damped and undamped
resonators, bandwidth of a resonator, acoustic filters, types of acoustic filters.
Resonance of the vocal tract, formants, the source -filter view of vowel production.
4. Segmental & Prosodic Cues :
a. Vowels, Nasals and Laterals, Fricatives, Stops & Affricates .
b. Acoustic effects of Coarticulation .
c. Prosody & Juncture: stress distinctions, rhythm, intonation and boundary
tones .
5. Digital Signal Processing : analogue vs. digital signals, analogue -to-digital
conversion, signal analysis methods: auto -correlation pitch tracking, RMS amplitude,
fast Fourier transforms, digital filters, linear predictive coding, spectra and
spectrograms.
Readings :
Harrington, J., & Cassidy, S. (2012). Techniques in speech acoustics (Vol. 8). Springer
Science & Business Media.
Johnson , Keith (2003 ) Acoustic and Auditory Phonetics, 2nd Edition. Blackwell Publishers.
Ladefoged, P. (1996). Elements of acoustic phonetics . University of Chicago Press.

Mannell R. (2005) Acoustic s of Speech , Macquarie University.
http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/acoustics/index.html

Raphael, L. J., Borden, G. J., & Harris, K. S. (2007). Speech science primer: Physiology,
acoustics, and perception of speech . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Page 35

Ability Enhancement Course

Analysing Structure of Modern Indian Languages
The aim of this course is to train the students to analyse various structural phenomena in
Indian languages. The students are expected to have knowledge and tools of morphosyntactic
analysis and exposure to Principles & Parameters approach.

1) A brief survey of modern Indian languages: Language families in India,
typological survey of Indian languages. India as a linguistic area.
2) Structural Phenomena: Following phenome na as they are exhibited in Indian
languages will be discussed:
i) Agreement patterns : person, number, gender categories; agreement between
the adjectives and nouns; agreement between the nouns and verbs.
ii) Argument structure: Argument structure and argument r ealization in various
kinds of verbs, unaccusative and unergative verbs, tests to determine these
classes of verbs.
iii) Non-nominative subjects : Ergative, dative and genitive subjects, tests of
subjecthood.
iv) Ergativity: Nominative vs ergative pattern, split erg ativity.
v) Passivization and other voices: Passive constructions, middle constructions.
vi) Causativization: Transitivity alternation, various strategies of causativization.
vii) Complex predicates : X + V constructions (N/A/ Adv + V; V + V), tests to
determine comple x predicates, their properties and syntactic structure.
viii) Tense -Aspect -Mood and Modality: Patterns of tense, aspect and mood
(TAM); tense/ modal auxiliaries; morphological manifestation of TAM.
ix) Negation: Strategies of negation, negative polarity items.
x) Bind ing: Binding patterns of anaphors (reflexives and reciprocals) and
pronouns.
xi) Correlative clauses and other relative clauses: Structure of correlative
clauses, participial relative clauses.
xii) Wh (Question formation) phenomenon: Wh-in situ, word -order issues
regarding the constituent and yes/no questions.

Practical Component: The students are expected to analyse any one of the phenomenon
discussed in the course from their language using current theoretical models .

Page 36

Ability Enhancement Course

Readings:
Agnihotri, R.K. 2007. Hindi: An Essential Grammar. Routledge.
Bh. Krishnamurty. 2003. Dravidian Languages . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bhaskarrao, Perri & K.V. Subbarao. 2004. Non-nominative Subjects Vols. 1 and 2.
Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishin g Company.
Butt, Miriam. 1995. The Structure of Complex Predicates in Urdu. Stanford: CSLI.
Cardona, George & Dhanesh Jain (eds). 2003. The Indo -Aryan Languages. Routledge.
Dayal, Vineeta and Anoop Mahajan. 2005. Clause -structure in South Asian Language s.
Springer.
Dhongde, R.V. 1984. Tense. Aspect and Mood in Marathi and English. Pune: Deccan
College .
Dhongde, R.V. & K. Wali. 2009. Marathi. John Benjamins.
Kumar, Rajesh. 2006. Negation and Licensing of Negative Polarity Items in Hindi Syntax.
Routledge .
Lakshmi Bai, P. & Aditi Mukherjee. 1993. Tense and Aspect in Indian Languages. Booklinks
Crop.
Masica, Colin P. 1991. The Indo -Aryan Languages. Cambridge University Press.
Masica, Colin P. 2007. Old and New Perspectives on South Asian Languages: Gramma r and
Semantics. New Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass.
Mohanan Tara. 1994. Argument Structure in Hindi. Stanford: CSLI.
Pandharipande, Rajeshwari. 1997. Marathi. Routledge.
Verma, Manindra K. 1993. Complex Predicates in South Asian Languages. New Delhi:
Manoh ar.
Wali, Kashi. 2006. Marathi. New Delhi: Indian Institute of Language Studies.
Journals:
Journal of South Asian Languages, url: www.jsal -journal .org/

Page 37

Ability Enhancement course

Stylistics and Discourse Analysis

1. Stylistics and Style : A Historical Perspective and Recent Trends
Ancient times, The Middle ages, The New age: The 20th Century Linguistic schools and
their conceptions; Current Trends.

2. Main Concepts and Definitions
The scope of stylistic study; The notion of language and literary style; Linguistic
Patterning; Deviation from the code, Figurative Language; Stylistic Analysis and Literary
Interpretation; Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices; Attempts at refutation of Style,
Style as a notational term; Style as linguistic Variation.

3. Text Linguistics and Discourse Perspective
Discourse and Literature ; Discourse, Grammar and Interaction; Discourse Semantics;
Discourse and Cognition; Discourse Pragmati cs; Discourse Semiotics ; Discourse and
Context : A socio -cognitive Approach, Critical Discourse Analysis; Evaluative Stylistics.

4. Application of Stylistic Techniques
Poetry, Prose, Novels, Plays.

Readings :
Austin, Timothy, R. 1984. Language Craft ed: A Linguistic Theory of Poetic Syntax.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Barth -Weingarten, D. , Reber, Elizabeth, and Selting Margret (edt.). 2010. Prosody in
Interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Bax, Stephen. 2011. Discourse and Genre: Analysing Language in Context. New York:
Palgrave Macmillan.
Birch, David . 1989. Language, Literature, and Critical Practice: Ways of Analysing Texts.
London & New York: Routledge.
Bradford , Richard. 1997. Stylistics . London and New York: Routledge.

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Ability Enhancement course

Burke, Michael. 2010. Literary Reading, Cognition and Emotion: An Exploration of the Oceanic
Mind . Lond on and New York: Routledge.
------------ (ed.). 2014. The Routledge Handbook of Stylistics. New York: Routledge.
Burton, D. 1982. Dialogue and Discourse : A Sociolinguistic Approach to Modern Drama
Dialogue and Naturally Occurring Conversation. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Carter, Ronald (ed.). 1982. Language and Literature. London: Allen and Unwin.
Chatman, S. (ed.) . 1967. Literary Style: A Symposium. London and New York: Oxford
University Press
Ching, M., Haley, M.,and Lungsford, R. 1980. Linguistic Perspectives on Literature. London:
Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Cook, Guy.1994. Discourse and Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Crystal , David. 1998. Language Play. London: Penguin.
Cummings, M. and Simmons, R. 1983. The Language of Literature: A Stylistic Introduction
to the Study of Literature. London : Pergamon.
Dancigier, Barbara. 2012. The Language of Stories: A Cognitive Approach. Cambridge :
Cambridge University Press.
Van Dijk, Teun A. 2008. Discourse and Context. New York : Cambridge University Press.
--------- 2011. Discourse Studies: A Multidisciplinary Introduction. London: Sage Publication s
Eagleton, Terry. 2007. How to Read a Poem. Malden : Blackwell Publishing.
Eco, Umberto. 2004. On Literature .Trans. Martin McLaughlin. London : Harcourt Inc.
Fluck, Winfred. 2002. “The Role of the Reader and the Changing Functions of Literature :
Reception Aesthetics, Literary Anthropology, Funktiongeschichte”. European Journal of
English Studies , Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 253 -271.
Fowler , Roger. 1996. Linguistic Criticism , 2nd edition. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
Genette, Gerard. 1982. Figures of Literary Discourse. Trans. Alan Sheridan. Oxford : Basil
Blackwell.
Halliday , MAK. 1978. Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language
and Meaning . London: Edward Arnold.
Haynes, J. 1989. Introducing Stylistics. London: Unwin Hyman.
Hobsbaum, Philip.1996. Metre, Rhythm and Verse Form. New York : Routledge.
Jeffries, L. 2010. Critical Stylistics . Basingstoke: Palgrave.

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Jeffries, L. and McIntyre, D. 2010. Stylistics . Cambridge: Cambridge University.
Johansen, J.D. 2002. Literary Discourse: A Semiotic -Pragmatic Approach to Literature.
Toronto, Buffalo, London : University of Toronto Press.
Leech, Geoffrey. 1969. A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry. London : Longman.
Leech , Geoffrey and Michael H. Short . 1981. Style in Fictio n: A Linguistic Introduction to
English Fictional Prose. London : Longman
Livingst on, P. 1991. Literature and Rationality. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
Lodge, David. 1966. Language of Fiction. : Essays in Criticism and Verbal Analysis of the
English Novel. London: Routledge.
Merell, Floyd . 1985. A Semiotic Theory of Texts. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Mills, Sara. 1997. Discourse. New York : Routledge.
Page, Norman. 1973. Speech in the English Novel. London: Longman.
Park, Clara Clairborne. 1991. Rejoining the Common Reader , Essays 1962 -1990. Evanston,
Illinois : North Western University Press.
Pilkington , Adrian. 1991. ‘Poetic Effects’, Literary Pragmatics , ed. Roger Sell , London:
Routledge.
Sebeok, Thomas A. 1960. Style in Language . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Semino, Elena and Culpeper, Jonathan (eds.). 2002. Cognitive Stylistics :Language and
Cognition in Text Analysis. Amsterdam and Philadelpha: John Bejamins .
Simpson, Paul. 2004. Stylistics: a Resource Book for Students , London: Routledge.
Tejera, Victorino. 1995. Literature, Criticism, and the Theory of Signs. Amsterdam: John
Benjamins Publishing Company.
Tompkins, Jane P. 1980. Reader -Respose Criticism: From Formalism to Post -structuralism.
Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
Traugott, Elizabeth and Pratt, Mary Louise. 1980. Linguistics for Students of Literature.
New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Toolan , Michael. 1998. Language in Literature: An Introduction to Stylistics. London : Hodder
Arnold.
Turner, G. W. 1973. Stylistics. Middlesex, England : Penguin.
Weber, Jean Jacques (ed.). 1996. The Stylistics Reader: From Roman Jakobson to the Present .
London: Arnold Hodder.

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Wetherill, P.M.. 1974. Literary Text: An Exam ination of Critical Methods . Oxford : Basil
Blackwell.
Widdowson , H.G. 1992. Practical Stylistics. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
Williams , Joseph. 2007. Style: Lessons in Clarity and Grace , 9th edition. New York : Pearson
Longman.
Young, Robert (ed.). 1981. Untying the Text: A Post -structuralist Reader. London and New
York : Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Yule, George and Brown, Gillian. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge : Cambridge
University Press.

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Ability Enhancement course

Advances in Computational Linguistic s
The aim of this course is to introduce to the students the applications of computational
linguistics. The students offering this course should already have acquainted themselves with the
basics of Computational Linguistics.
1. Information Extraction : Entity Recognition, Relation Detection, Temporal Expression
Analysis, Template Feeling, Finite State Method .

2. Question and Answering and Summarization, Information Retrieval.

3. Machine Translation :
a. Machine aided Human Translation, Human aided Machine Translation, and
Automatic Machine Translation.
b. Corpus based: Example based machine translation and Statist ical machine
translation, word alignment, phrase based SMT
c. Rule based Machine Translation Methods: Direct, Transfer, Interlingua. Machine
Translation System: Tomato, Systran, Anusarka and Mantra .

Readings:
Bird, S. and E. Klien.E. and Loper. 2009. Natural Language Processing with Python.
Bhattacharyya, Pushpak. 2015 Machine Translation .CRC press, New York.
O’Reilly M., Bolshakov, I.A. and A. Gelbukh. 2004. Computational Linguistics: Models,
Resources, Applications . Ciencia De La Computacion.
Chaitanya, V. and R. Sangal a nd Akshar Bharti. 1995. Natural Language Processing: A
Paninian Perspective . New Delhi : Prentice Hall of India.
Fellbaum, C.1998. WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database . MIT Press.
Grefenstette , G. ( ed.) 1998. Information Extraction . Springer
Gries, S.T. 2009. Quantitive Corpus Linguistics with R.: A Practical Introduction . New York:
Routledge.
Hausser, R.R. 2012. Foundations of C omputational Linguistics: Human –Computer
Communication in Natural Language . Springer.
Hutchins,W.J. and Somers, H.L.1992. An Introduction to Machine Translation. Academic Press.

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Jurafsky, D. and J. Martin. 2008. 2nd Edition, Speech and Language Processing. Prentice Hall.
Koehn, P. 2008. S tatistical Machine Translation . Cambridge University Press.
Indurkhya, N. and F.J. Damerau. 2010. Handbook of Natural Language Processing .
Manning, C. and S. Heinrich.1999. Foundation of Statistical Natural language Processing. MIT
Press.
Manning, C. D. and P. Raghavan. and H. Schutze. 2008. Introduction to Information Retrieval.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mitkov, R . (Ed .). 2005. The Oxford Handbook of Computational Linguistics . Oxford : OUP
Pazienza , Maria Teresa ( Ed.). 1999. Information Extraction . Pittsburg: Springer.
Xiong, D. and Zhang, M. 2015. Linguistically Motivated Statistical Motivated Machine
Translation . Springer. Singapore.

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Linguistic Traditions in India
This course is aimed at studying the issues and concepts of linguistic thought in India since
the Old Indo -Aryan period . Discussions on language and grammar from Sanskrit tradition,
Buddhist and Jain traditions, Tamil tradition will be explored in this course. Also, the
tradition of grammar -writing and its contexts in modern times will also be studied. The
interaction betwee n the Indian linguistic tradition and the modern Linguistics as well as the
influence of the various grammatical traditions on the grammar -constructing practices in the
modern Indian languages will also be addressed. This course may be offered to students of
Indian languages and Linguistics.

1) A brief overview of the linguistic traditions in India : Grammatical and
philosophical traditions and literature from the OIA period till the time of the modern
Indian languages (colonial period and further), through the MIA period; linguistic
traditions in Dravidian languages
2) Architecture of grammar in India n traditions : Linguistic categories: the notions of
phoneme, morpheme, word, grammatical categories such as word -classes, word
formation, subject -hood, case, modality and time in the grammar ; Pāṇinī’s
grammatical rules and rule -system.
3) Theories of Meaning: Nyāya and Mīmā ṁsā traditions - Bhaṭṭa and Prabhākara, The
Buddhist philosophers - Diṅnṅaga and Dhammakīrti. Bhart ṛhari’s Spho ṭa-vāda.
Meaning in Poetics - literal and metaphorical meanings.
4) Engagement of the Indian linguistic traditions with the linguistic traditions of
Europe in modern times : Influences and exchange of ideas between the Indian
traditions and the modern linguistic tradition arising in Europe.
5) Outlook in Indian linguistic traditions : The need for the constructing grammar of
languages: the notion of ‘purity’, ‘standardization’, nationalism in grammar -writing,
normativity/ prescriptivism, descriptivism.

Readings:
Cardona , George. 1976. Panini: A Survey of Research. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 2nd edn.
Cardona, George. 1997. Panini: His Works and its Traditions. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 2nd
edn.
Arjunwadkar, Krishna. 1969. “Western Influence on Marathi Grammar”, in New Quest 76
(July / August 1969). Pp. 233 -239.

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Arjunwadkar , Krishna. 1991. Marathi Vyakaranaachaa Itihaas. Mumbai: University of
Mumbai .
Bhatia , Tej K . 1987. A History of the Hindi Grammatical Tradition: Hindi -Hindustani
Grammar, Grammarians, History and Problems. Leiden: Brill.
Matilal, Bimal K. 1990. The Word and the World: India’s Contribution to the Study of
Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Meenakshi K. 1997. Tolkappiyam and Astadhyayi. Chennai: International Institute of Tamil
Studies.
Meenakshisu ndaran. 1974. Foreign Models in Tamil Grammar. Trivendram: Dravidian
Linguistics Associations.
Miller, Roy Andrew. 1976. Studies in the Grammatical Trdition in Tibet. Amsterdam: John
Benjamins.
Kiparsky, Paul. 1980. Panini as a Variationist. Pune: Center for Advanced Study, University
of Pune.
Pinde, Ole Holten. 1995. “Pali and the Pali grammarians: the meth odology of the Pali
grammarians , in Mirja Juntunen, W.L. Smith, & C. Suneson (eds),
Sauhrdyamangalam: Studies in honor of Siegfried Lienhard on his 70th birthday.
Stockholm: Association of Oriental Studies. Pp. 281 -297.

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Language and Philosophy

This course seeks to introduce the students to philosophy of language through the notions of
Meaning, Sense and Reference . The main focus of the paper will be twentieth century
developments in our philosophical understanding of these terms.
This course does not presuppose any prior training in linguistics or philosophy though an
exposure to a basic course in language and logic would be useful.

Contents of the Course
1. Reference and Meaning : Locke -Mill-Frege ’s views towards the problem of meaning
and communication with special focus on proper names and objectivity of sense.
2. Sense & Definite Descriptions : Frege -Russell controversy regard ing sense and
reference: Frege’s thesis on sense and semantic value, Russell on names &
descrip tions, Strawson and Donnellan’s objection to Russell’s fo rmulation , current
debates on definite descriptions.
3. Sense and Verificationism : the verification principle, Carnap on internal and
external questions, logical positivism and ethical language.
4. Scepticism about sense :
i. Quine on analyticity and translation – attack on analytic/synthetic distinction,
the argument of two dogmas , indeterminacy of translation;
ii. Kripke’s Wittgenstein’s sceptical paradox – the sceptical paradox & solution,
argument again st solitary language, objections to the sceptical solution.
Responses to the sceptical paradox
5. Sense and Truth : Davidson’s adequacy conditions for theories of meaning,
intensional and extensional theories of meaning, Extensional adequacy and Tarski’s
convention, Tarskian truth -theories, problem of truth and translation in Davidson’s
approach, radical interpretation and principle of charity, holism and T -theorems.
6. Meaning and Compositionality : Compositionality in language, Horwich’s view of
composition ality, Higginbotham’s perspective on truth and meaning, Pietroski’s
response to Horwich’s view.
7. Logical form and Grammatical Form : Defining Logical Form, Semantic Structure
and Logical Form, Logical Form of Action Sentences, Logical Form as a Level of
Ling uistic Representation.

Readings:
Ayer A.J. (ed.) (1959) Logical Positivism . Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press.
Davidson, D., (1984 ) Essays on Truth and Interpretation . Oxford: OUP.
Davidson, D. (1985) “Adverbs of Action”, in B. Vermazen and M. Hintikka, eds., Essays on
Davidson: Actions and Events , Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Donnellan K. (1966) Reference and definite descriptions. Philosophical Review 75, pages
281-304.

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Geach P. & Black M. (eds.) (1960) Translations from the philosophical writings of Gottlob
Frege . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gerhard Preyer, Georg Peter, ed. (2002). Logical form and language . Clarendon Press.
Higginbotham James (1993) Grammatical Form and Logical Form . Philosophical
Perspectives , Vol. 7, Language and Logic (1993), pp. 173 -196, Ridgeview Publishing
Company. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2214121
Higginbotham, J., Pianesi, F. and Varzi, A. (eds.), 2000, Speaking of Events , Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Hornsby J. and Guy L. (2006) Reading Philosophy of Language . Oxford: Blackwell.
Horwich P. (1997). The Composition of Meanings. Philosophical Review 106: 503 -32.
Horwich P. (1998). Meaning. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kripke S. (1980) Naming and Neces sity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kripke S. (1982) Wittgenstein on rules and private language. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Ludlow P. (ed.) (1997) Readings in Philosophy of Language. Bradford Books. London: MIT
Press.
Miller A. (1998) Philosophy of Language. London: Routledge.
Neale, S., 1993, Grammatical Form, Logical Form, and Incomplete Symbols . In A. Irvine &
G. Wedeking, eds., Russell and Analytic Philosophy , Toronto: University of Toronto.
Richard Mark Sainsbury (2001). Logical forms: an introduction to philosophical logic .
Wiley -Blackwell.
Pietroski Paul (2009) Logical Form Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical -form/
Pietroski, P., 2 004, Events and Semantic Architecture . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Preyer G. and Peter G. (ed.) (2002) Logical Form and Language . Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Quine W.V.O. (1953) From a logical point of view . Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Quine W.V.O. (1960) Word and Object . Cambridge Mass.: MIT Press.
Russell B. (1956) Logic and Knowledge . London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Strawson P.F. (1950) On referring, Mind 59, pages 320 -44.
Online resource for the course: Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy
http://plato.stanford.edu

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Language in the Social Sphere
This course examines the notion of language from the perspective of practice . In this course
we examine the societal conditions of language -use. This course would be useful to students
of social sciences, philosophy and literature.
1. Perspectives on Language :
a. Language as an instrument of communication: principle of immanence,
functionality, transparency, ideality, systematicity, synchronicity. Basic tenets
of Structuralism , Chomsky’s Generative Grammar.
b. Language as praxis: point of view of process; collective; historicity ; totality;
balance of power. Notions of multi -accented sign, speech -genres; theme &
meaning, refraction, interior monologue. Evaluative orientation of an utterance;
Language as historical, social, material and political phenomenon.
2. Linguistic Diversity and Cultural Unification : notion s of civil society &
hegemony: collective action and socio -cultural unity; hegemony as an educational
relationship; linguistic hegemony: prestige and radiation of innovations in standard &
non-standard varieties of language; emergence and spread of basic linguistic habits;
relationship between spontaneous /immanent & normative grammars; grammar and
technique; written normative grammars & national -cultural politics. Popular culture of
folk-lore, & reformation.
3. Language in Communicative Action : notion of public sphere; underlying
assumptions, public sphere as a space of public accessible meaning: communication
in the public sphere, public sphere as communication; the public/private distinction,
the inclusive/exclusive distinction; notion of liquid modernity; mediated publicness:
development of communication media; reinventing publicness.
4. Language and Symbolic Power : Economy of linguistic exchanges : notions of
cultural/linguistic capital, habitus and field ; production and reproduction of legitimate
language; authorized language & effectiveness of ritual discourse; expressive interest
and censorship; symbolic systems as structuring structures, structur ed structures and
instruments of domination.
5. Bodies of Meaning : mind/body dualism in received linguistic thought: the fetish of
language , reification of language ; body as human practice : a site for meaning
creation ; notion of historical bodies : open -ended systems of meaning creation;
language as an index of historicity; gesture, labour and emergence of language;
Bakhtin: embodied character of language; Walter Benjamin: mimetic properties of
language, notion of sensuous & non -sensuous similariti es, the linguistic unconscious .
6. Literary Pragmatics : Reading as a collaborative activity: role of author & reader;
distinction between author & narrator; textual mechanisms: reference, tense,
discourse; voice and point of view: clash of voices.
Readings :
Bakhtin, M. M. (2010). The dialogic imagination: Four essays (Vol. 1). University of Texas
Press.
Bauman, Z. (2013). Liquid modernity . John Wiley & Sons.
Benjamin, W. (1978). On the mimetic faculty. Reflections , 334.

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Bourdieu, P. (1977). The economics of linguistic exchanges. Information (International
Social Science Council) , 16(6), 645 -668.
Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and symbolic power . Polity Press.
Calhoun, C. J. (1992). Habermas and the public sphere . MIT press.
Chomsky, N. (1986). Knowledge of language: Its nature, origin, and use . Greenwood
Publishing Group.
Chomsky, N. (2009). Cartesian linguistics: A chapter in the history of rationalist thought .
Cambridge University Press.
De Saussure, F., Baskin, W., & Meisel, P. (2011). Course in general l inguistics . Columbia
University Press.
Ferris, D. S. (2004). The Cambridge Companion to Walter Benjamin . Cambridge University
Press.
Forgacs, D., Nowell -Smith, G., & Boelhower, W. (2012). Antonio Gramsci: Selections from
cultural writings . Lawrence & Wishart.
Habermas, J., Lennox, S., & Lennox, F. (1974). The public sphere: An encyclopedia article
(1964). New German Critique , (3), 49 -55.
Habermas, J. (1991). The structural transformation of the public sphere: An inquiry into a
category of bourgeois society . MIT press.
McNally, D. (1995). Language, history, and class struggle. Monthly Review , 47(3), 13.
McNally, D. (2001). Bodies of meaning: Studies on language, labor, and liberation . SUNY
Press.
Mey, J. L. (1999). When voices clash: A study in literary pragmatics (Vol. 115). Walter de
Gruyter.
Voloshinov, V. N. (1986). Marxism and the Philosophy of Language . Harvard University
Press.

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Language, Power and Inequality
This course seeks to introduce a critical perspective on the interrelationship between
language, power and inequality. This interrelationship would be introduced through
categories like minority languages, gender and class.
Language Ecology & Endangerment : Language vitality, economic power of languages,
notion of killer language, possibility of linguistic genocide, notion of minority languages,
problems of minorities and immigrants, strategies for language maintenance and l anguage
development.
Language and Gender : Definition(s) of gender, conceptualizing language and gender
relationship: deficit, dominance, difference theory. Approaches to language and gender:
variationist, interactional, critical pragmatics, critical discourse perspectives , Goffman’s
notion of gendered speech .
Language and class : Definition(s) of social class, relationship be tween class and caste,
controversy regarding existence of caste dialects. Approaches to language and social class:
variationist, interactional, e thnographical, Bernstein’s correlation between code and social
class, dialogic, language as hegemony, critical pragmatics , critical discourse perspective s.
Language and Power and Inequality : Role of speech in the production and reproduction of
inequality, social construction of self through language, language as hegemony, language as
tools of oppression and manipulation, language as emancipation, relationship between social
interaction and so cial structure.

Readings:

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2002. Language obsolescence: Progress of decay? The emergence
of new grammatical categories, in Language death, l anguage endangerment and
language maintenance ed. by David Bradley and Maya
Bradley. London: Routledge /Curzon.144 -155.
Besnier, Niko. 2007. Language and gender research at the intersection of the global and the
local. Gender and Language 1(1): 67 -78.
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. The economics of linguistic exchanges. Social Science
Information 16(6):645 -668.
Cameron D. (1995) Verbal Hygiene (The Politics of Language). NY: Routledge.
Connell, Bruce. 2002. Phonetic/phonological variation in language contraction. International
Journal of the Sociology of Language 157:167 -185.
Dorian, Nancy C. 1993. Discussion note: A response to Ladefoged’s other view of
endangered languages. Language 69: 575 -579.

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Dementi -Leonard, Beth and Perry Gilmore. 1999. Language revitalization and identity in
social context: A community -based Athabascan language preservation project in
western interior Alaska. Anthropology & Education Quarterly . 30(1) 37 -55.
Dorian, Nancy C. 2002. Commentary: Broadening the rhetorical and descriptive horizons
in endangered -language linguistics. Journal of Linguistic Anthr opology 12(2)
134-140.
Eckert, Penelope. 2008. Variation and the indexical field. Journal of Sociolinguistics 12: 453 -
476.
Eckert, Penelope and Sally McConnell -Ginet. 1992. Think practically and look locally:
Language and gender as community -based practice. Annual Review of
Anthropology 21: 461 -488.
Eisenlohr, Patrick. 2004. Language revitalization and new technologies: Cultures of
electronic mediation and the refiguring of communities. Annual Review of
Anthropology 21-45.
Errington , Joseph. 2003. Getting language rights: The rhetorics of language
endangerment and loss. American Anthropologist 105:4):723 -732.
Fishman, J. A. 1991. Reversing language Shift: Theory and Practice of Assistance to
Threatened Languages . Clevedon : Multilingual Matters.
Fishman, J. A. (ed.) 2001 . Can Threatened Languages Be Saved? Reversing Language Shift,
Revisited: A 21st Century Perspective . Clevedon : Multilingu al Matters.
Gramsci, Antonio 1971 . Selections from the Prison Notebooks . International Publishers.
Gramsci, A. 2000. The Antonio Gramsci Reader edited by Forgacs D. NY: New York
University Press
Grenoble, L. A. and Whaley, L. J. 1998. Endangered Languages: Language Loss and
Community Response . Cambridge University Press.
Hale, Kenneth, Colette Craig, Nora England, Laverne Jeanne, Michael Krauss, Lucille
Watahomigie and Akira Yamamoto. 1992. Endangered Languages, Language 68:1-42
Hall, Kira. 2005. Intertextu al sexuality: Parodies of class, identity, and desire in liminal
Delhi. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 15(1): 125 –144.
Hinton, Leanne, 2003. Language revitalization . Annual review of applied linguistics.
Hinton, L., & Hale, K. (Eds.). 2001. The green book of language revitalization in practice .
San Diego: Academic Press.

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Hymes D. 1973 . Speech and Language: Origin of Inequality amongst speakers, Daedalus
Vol. 102 No. 3, Summer, 1973, Language as a Human Problem. The MIT Press.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/i20024138
Hymes D. 1974 . Foundations in Sociolinguistics: An Ethnographic Approach , Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania Press.
Hymes D. 1996 . Ethnography, Linguistics, Narrative Inequality: Toward an Understanding
of Voice , London:Taylor & Francis .
Ives Peter 200 ). Gramsci’s Politics of Language:Engaging the Bakhtin Circle and the
Frankfurt School. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Ives Peter 2004 . Language and Hegemony in Gramsci . London: Pluto Press/Fernwood.
Ives Peter 2010 . Gramsci Language and Translation Lexington Books Rowman and
Littlefield Publishers.
Janet Holmes and Miriam Meyerhoff (eds.), 2003. The handbook of language and gender .
Malden: Blackwell Publishing
Ladefoged, Peter. 1992. Discussion note: Another view of endangered languages. Language
68: 809 -811.
Labov W. 1972 . Sociolinguistic Patterns . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Labov W. 1972. Language in the Inner City . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Labov W. 2001 Principles of Linguistic change . Volume I &II Oxford: Blackwell,
Labov W. 2001. Studies in Sociolinguistics by William Labov . Beijing: Beijing Language and
Culture.
Lemert Charles & Branaman A. (ed.) 1997. The Goffman Read er. Oxford: Blackwell.
Macaulay, Ronald K.S. 2005. Talk that counts: Age, gender, and social class differences in
discourse . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mey Jacob 1985. Whose Language? A study in Linguistic Pragmatics . Pragmatics and
Beyond Companion Series 3. John Benjamins B.V.
Mey Jacob 2001 . Pragmatics: An Introduction . Oxford: Blackwell.
Mills S. and Mullany L. 2011 . Language, Gender and Feminism . NY: Routledge.
Mooney A , Peccei J, Labelle S. et. all 2001. The Language, Society and Power Reader . NY:
Routledge.
Nettle, D. and Romaine, S. 2000. Vanishing Voices . Oxford University Press.
Nonaka, Angela M. 2004. The forgotten endangered languages: Lessons on the importance of
remembering from Thailand’s Ban Khor Sign Language. Language in Society 33:737 -
767.

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Reyhner, J. (ed.) 1999. Revitalizing indigenous languages . Flagstaff, AZ : Northern Arizona
University, Center for Excellence in Education.
Rindstedt, Camilla and Karin Aronsson. 2002. Growing up monolingua l in a bilingual
community: The Quichua revitalization paradox. Language in Society . 31:721 -742.
Santucci, Antonio A. 2010. Antonio Gramsci . Monthly Review Press.
Skutnabb -Kangas T 2008. Linguistic Genocide in Education – or Worldwide Diversity and
Human Rights? Delhi: Orient Blackswan .
Warner, Sam L. No’eau. 1999. Kuleana: The right, responsibility and authority of indigenous
peoples to speak and make decisions for themselves in language and cultural
revitalization. Anthropology & Education Quarterly 30(1):68-93.
UNESCO Ad Hoc Committee on Endangered Languages, Language vitality and
endangerment: By way of introduction. UNESCO document.
Van Dijk T.A. 2011 . Discourse Studies . London: Sage Publications.
Voloshinov, V. 1986 . Marxism and the Philosophy of Language . Trans. by Matejka L. &
Titunik I. Seminar Press in liason with Harvard University Press and Academic Press
Inc. 1973.
Wolfram, Walt and Natalie Schilling -Estes. 1995. Moribund dialects and the endangerment
canon: The case of the Ocracoke brogue. Language 71(4):696 -721.
Wub -e-ke-niew. 1995. We have a right to exist: A translation of aboriginal indigenous
thought. New York: Black Thistle Press.
Yang, Jie. 2010. The crisis of masculinity: Class, gender, and kindly power in post -Mao
China. American Et hnologist 37(3): 550 - 562.

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Language, Culture and Nation
This course aims at facilitating a critical examination and the role of language and culture in
building nations, especially in multilingual societies like India. Focusing on the nations in South
Asia, the course discusses the complex relationship between language, culture, nationalism and
democracy.
1) Defining Culture: Culture as communication, culture as praxis: ways of living, culture as
a primordial relation.
2) Defining Language Socially: Language as an institution - language as identity, language
as resource, language as a right.
3) Defining Nationalism: Concepts of ‘nation’, ‘nationalism’ and ‘nation -state’, defining
citizenship, types of nationalisms (cultural and economic), notion of ‘nation -building’.
4) Relationship between Language and Culture: Humboldt, Boas, Sapir and Whorf, the
Ethnographic tradition (Dell H ymes).
5) Language, Culture and Nation -building: Language and culture as aid and barrier in
participatory democracy, language and culture as expressions of people’s aspirations.
Language movements. Nationalism and language policy.
6) Language, Culture and Natio n in South Asia: Linguistic nationalism in South Asia,
linguistic reorganization of states in independent India, language movements in India and
other states in South Asia, challenges and directions of language planning and policy in
multilingual societies like India.

Readings:
Annamalai, E. 1979. Language Movements in India. Mysore: CIIL.
Brass, Paul. 2005. Language, Religion and Politics in North India. Iuniverse Inc.
Calvet, Louis -Jean. 1998. Language Wars: and Linguistic Politics. Oxford: Oxford Uni versity
Press.
Cooper, Robert L. 1996. Language Planning and Social Change. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
De Varennes, Fernand. 1996. Language, Minorities & Human Rights. The Hague: Martinus
Nijhoff Publishers.
Hymes, Dell. 1996. Ethnography, L inguistics and Narrative Inequality. UK: Taylor & Francis.

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Kymlicka, Will & Alan Patten. (eds). 2003. Language Rights and Political Theory. New York:
Oxford University Press.
Rubin, & Jernudd. 1971. Can Languages be Planned? Hawaii: University Press of H awaii.
Sapir, E. 1921. Language. New York: Harcourt Brace.
Saxena, Anju. 2006. Lesser -known Languages of South Asia: Status & Policies, Case Studies &
Applications of Information & Technology. The Hague: Mouton de Gryuter.
Singh, U. N. 1992. On Language Development and Planning: A Pluralistic Paradigm. Shimla:
Indian Institute of advanced Study.
Spolsky, Bernard. 2004. Language Policy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Spolsky, Bernard. 2009. Language Management. New York: Cambridge Uni versity Press.
Journals:
Language Problems and Language Planning
Multilingua
_____________________

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Media Semiotics

1. Media : The Semiotic Approach
Sign systems, Components of the Sign, Verbal and Non -verbal Signs, Sequence of
Linguistic Signs, Visual Signs, Denotation, Connotation and Myth, Myth and Social
Meanings, Myth and Ideology.

2. Advertisements
The Advertising Business, Ideology in Ads, Ideology of Ads, The Semiotic Critique of
Ads, Decoding Advertisements.

3. Magazines
The Magazine Business, The Reading Subject, A ddress and Identity, The Limits of the
Imaginary, Women’s Magazines, Myths of Femininity,

4. News Papers & Television
News in News Papers and TV: The News Paper Business, News value, News Discourse,
Headlines, Graphics, & Photographs i n the News, News Paper Readers.
News in the TVschedule, Mythic Meanings in TV News, Structure of TV News, Visual
Signs in TV News, Myth and Ideology in TV News.
Television Signs and Codes, Television Narrative and Ideology, Viewers’ Involvement and
posit ioning, Polysemic Television and Multiaccentuality.

5. Cinema
Cinematic Semiosis: Film signs and codes, Film narrative, Film Genre, Cinema
Spectatorship.

Readings :
Allen, R. (ed.) . 1992. Channels of Discourse, Reassembled . London : Routledge.
Alvardo, M. and Thompson, J. (Edt.) .1990. The Media Reader. London : BFI.
Andrew, D. 1984. Concepts in Film Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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Ballaster, R.M., Frazer, Beetham E., and Hebron, S. 1991. Women’s Worlds: Ideology,
Femininity, and the Women’s Magazine. London: Macmillan.
Barthes, Roland. 1957/1987 . Mythologies . New York : Hill and Wang.
--------- 1977. Image - Music - Text . London : Fontana.
Berger, Arthur Asa. 1998. Media Analysis Techniques . London , New Delh i : Sage Publications.
Bignell, Jonathan. 1997. Media Semiotics : An Introduction. Manchester : Manchester
University Press.
Branston, G. and Stafford, R. 1996. The Media Student’s Book. London: Routledge.
Buckland, Warren. 2004. The Cognitive Semiotics of Film. Cambridge: C UP
Carter, R. and Nash, W. 1990. Seeing Through Language. Oxford: Blackwell
Chandler, Daniel. 2002. Semiotics : The Basics . London : Routledge.
Cook, G. 1992. The Discourse of Advertising. London: Routledge.
Corner, J. 1995. Televis ion Form and Public Address. London: Edward Arnold.
Danesi, Marcel. 2000. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Semiotics, Media and Communications.
Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
---------- .2002. Understanding Media Semiotics. Bloomsbury, USA & Hodder Educa tion
Publishers.
--------- . 2004. Messages, Signs, and Meanngs : A Basic Textbook in Semiotics and
Communication Theory (3rd Edition). Toronto: Canadan Scholars’ Press Inc.
Deely, John. 1990. Basics of Semiotics. Bloomington & Indianapolis : Indiana University Press.
Van Dijk, T. 1988. News as Discourse. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
Dines, Gail and Humez, J.M. (eds.) 2011. Gender, Race and Class in Media : A Critical Reader
(3rd Edition). New Delhi : Sage.
Eco, Umberto. 1976. A Theory of Semiotics. Bloomington : Indiana University Press.
---------- 1994. The Limits of Interpretation . Bloomington : Indiana University Press.
Fiske, J. 1987. Television Culture. London: Routledge.
Fiske, J. 1990 (Second Edition). Introduction to C ommunication Studies. London and New York:
Routledge.
Foucault, Michel. 1994. Aesthetics : Method and Epistemology. Ed. James Faubion. London :
Penguin Books.

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Fowler, R. 1991. Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology i n the Press. London:
Routledge.
Gibbs, R.W. Jr. 1994. The Poetics of Mind : Figurative Thought , Language and Understanding .
Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
Goddard, A. 1998. The Language of Advertising. New York : Routledge.
Goldman, R. 1992. Reading Ads Socially . London: Routledge.
Guiraud, P. 1975. Semiology. Trans. George Gross. London : Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Hall, S.D., Lowe , Hobson, A., and Willis, P. 1980. Culture, Media, Language. London:
Hutchinson.
Hartley, J. 1982. Understanding News. London: Methuen.
Hervey, Sandor. 1982. Semiotic Perspectives . London : George Allen and Unwin.
Hodge, R. and Kress, G. 1988. Social Semiotics. New York : Cornell University Press.
Innis, R.E. 1985. Semiotics : An Introductory Reader . London : Hutchinson.
Jensen, Klaus Bruhn. 1995. The Social Semiotics of Mass Communication. London : Sage.
Johnson, Sally and Tommaso M. Milani (eds.). 2010. Language Ideologies and Media
Discourse : Texts, Practices, Politics . New York : Continuum Publishing Corporation.
Kress, Gunther and Theo van Leeuwen . 19 96. Reading Images : The Grammar of Visual
Design. London : Routledge.
Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago : University of
Chicago Press.
Lotman, Yuri. 1990. Universe of the Mind : A Semiotic Theory of Cult ure. Bloomington &
Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
Matheson, Donald. 2005. Media Discourses: Analysing Media Texts. Berkshire, England: Open
University Press.
Mc Loughlin, Linda. 2000. The Language of Magazines. London and New York : Routledge.
Mertz, E. and R.J. Parmentier . (eds.) .1985. Semiotic Mediation : Sociocultural and
Psychological Perspectives. London : Academic Press Inc.
Metz, C. 1974. Language and Cinema. (trans. D. Umiker Sebeok). The Hague: Mouton.
Miall, D.S. (ed.) 1982. Metaphor : Problems and Perspectives. Sussex : The Harvester Press.
Monaco, J. 1981. How to Read a Film. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Noth, W. 1995. Handbook of Semiotics . Bloomington : Indiana University Press.

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Ortony, A.(ed. ) 1980. Metaphor and Thought . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
Parret, Herman. 1983. Semiotics and Pragmatics. Amsterdam : John Benjamins.
Peirce, C.S. 1931 -58. Collected Writings . (8 Vols.). Eds. C. Hartshorne , P. Weis and Arthur W.
Burks.Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press.
Petofi, Janos S. (ed.) 1988. Text and Discourse Constitution : Empirical Aspects, Theoretical
Approaches. Berlin and New York : Walter de Gruter.
Saussure, Ferdinand de . 1916/1974. Course in General Linguistics. Trans. Wade Baskin. London
: Fontana/ Collins.
Scholes, R. 1982. Semiotics and Interpretation. New Haven : Yale University Press.
Sebeok, T.A. 1994. Signs : An Introduction to Semiotics. Toronto : University of Toronto Press.
Sebeok, T.A. , and M. Danesi. 2000. The Forms of Meaning : Modeling Systems Theory and
Semiotic Analysis . Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter.
Sebeok, T.A. 2001. Global Semiotics. Bloomington : Indiana Univer sity Press.
Stam, R., Burgoyne, R., Flitterman -Lewis, S. 1992. New Vocabularies in Film Semiotics:
Structuralism, Post -Structuralism and Beyond. London: Routledge.
Strinati, D. and Wagg, S. (Edt.). 1987. Come on Down? Popular Media, Cult ure and Post -war
Britain. London: Routledge.
Turner, G. 1993. Film as Social Practice. London: Routledge.
White, R. 1988. Advertising: What It Is and How To Do It. London: McGraw Hill.
Williamson, Judith. 1978. Decoding Advertisements : I deology and Meaning in Advertisement.
London : Marion Boyars Publishers Inc.

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Educational Linguistics
This course aims at understanding the role of language in education, both as a subject and as
a medium of education; and the role linguistics can play in developing the practices of
language teaching in school. It also aims at training the students to critically evaluate the
existing policies and practices regarding language education, especially in a multilingual set
up like India. This course may be offered by the students of Linguistics, students of education
and students of languages interested in language education.

1) Language and Education: Functions of language - expressing, cognising and
socializing. The role language in education: as a subject and as a medium. Spoken and
written language, literacy.
2) Lang uage Education Policy: The question of medium - rationale of mother -tongue
education policy in pre -independence and post -independence India. Language
education policy in multilingual settings - managing the multilingual experience of
children in schools, thr ee-language formula in India, the problems. Linguistic
minorities and language education - tribal and minority languages in schools, linguistic
rights, constitutional safeguards to linguistic minorities in India and the world,
limitations of safeguards. Language education, language development and language
endangerment. Role of English in language education in India.
3) Language in Formal Education: Language as a medium - practices of mother -tongue
education, educating in a language and educating through a language, Basil
Bernstein’s studies. Teaching language as a subject - teaching L1 and teaching L2.
Syllabus designing, testing, role of a classroom, teacher training programmes.
4) Language in Non -formal Education: Adult literacy movements in India,
experiments with language education in and outside schools.

Readings:
Allison, Desmond. 1999. Language Testing and Evaluation: An Introductory Course.
Singapore: National University Singapore.
Cooper, Robert, Elana Shahomy & Joel Walters. 2001. New Perspecti ves in Issues in
Educational Language Policy. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Be njamins.
Coulmas, Florian. (ed). 1984. Linguistic Minorities and Literacy: Language Policy Issues in
Developing Countries. The Hague: Mouton Publishers.

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Daswani, Chander (ed ). 2001. Language Education in Multilingual India. New Delhi:
UNESCO.
Davies, Alan & Catherine Elder. 2006. The Handbook of Applied Linguistics. Oxford:
Blackwell Publishing.
Denham, Kristin & Anne Lobeck. (eds). 2010. Linguistics at School: Language Aware ness in
Primary & Secondary Education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dua, Hans Raj. 2001. Science Policy, Education & Language Planning. Mysore: Yashoda
Publications.
Halliday, M.A.K. 2007. Language and Education, vol 9, Collected Works of M.A.K.
Halliday. London: Continuum International Publishing Group.
Kumaravadivelu, B. 2006. Beyond Methods: Macrostrategies for Language Teaching. Delhi:
Orient Longman.
Larsen -Freeman, D. 2001. Teaching Language: From Grammar to Gram maring. Boston,
MA: Heinle & Heinle.
NCERT. 2006. Position papers of the National Focus Group. Delhi: NCERT.
www. ncert .nic.in/rightside/links/ focus _group .html
Purcell -Gates, Victoria. (ed.). 2007. Cultural Practices of Literacy. London: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Skutnabb -Kangas, Tove. 2008. Linguistic Genocide in Education Or worldwide diversity and
human rights? Delhi: Orient Longman.
Soler, Janet, Janice Wearmouth & Gavin Reid. 2002. Contextualising Difficulties in Literacy
Development. USA and Canada: RoutledgeFalmer in association with The Open
University & The University of Edinburgh.
Spolsky, Bernard & Francis M. Hult. 2007. The Handbook of Educational Linguistics. UK:
Wiley -Blackwell.
Stubbs, Michael. 1983. Language, Schools and Classrooms: Contemporary Sociology of the
School. London, New York: Methuen.
Van den Branden, Kris, Martine Bygate & John M. Norris. 2009. Task -based Language
Teaching: A Reader. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Widdowson , H.G. 1978. Teaching as Communication . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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Syntactic Models for Computational Linguistics
The aim of this course is to introduce to the students various grammatical models used in
computational linguistics. Students from the language departments and c omputer science would
find this course useful. Knowledge of programming languages like Python may be preferred,
though it is not a perquisite to offer this course .
1. Grammar of Languages : Context free grammar, Head and head finding rules ,
Syntactic parsing, Tree bank.

2. Dependency grammar : Relationships between dependencies and head.

3. Categorical grammar : Comparison with IC, Mathematical representation of
Categorical grammar.

4. Lexical functional g rammar : Understanding Constituent structure, Functional
structure. Features and unification .

5. Head driven phrase structure grammar : A system of signs, Formal properties of
HPSG features, and the linguistic application of feature structure description.

6. Theories of Parsing : Context free Parsing, Dependency Parsing, LFG Parsing, HPSG
Parsing, Statistical Parsing, Statistical Parsing with CCG.

Readings:
Mitkov, R . (Ed .). 2005. The Oxford Handbook of Computational Linguistics . Oxford University
Press.
Nivre, J. 2006: Inductive Dependency Parsing. (Text, Speech and Language Technology .Vol.
34.). Springer.
Dalrymple, Mary.2001. Lexical Functional Grammar . Academic Press.
Pollard, C. and Sag, Ivan A. 1994 : Head -Driven Phrase Structure Grammar . Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Wenliang Chen and Zhang Min. 2015. Semi - Supervised Dependency Parsing. Springer .
Hays, D. 1964. Dependen cy theory: formalism and some observations. Language , 40: 511 -525.

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Baldridge , Jason and Geert -Jan Kruijff. 2002. Coupling CCG with Hybrid Logic Dependency
Semantics . In Proceedings of ACL 2002.
Baldridge , Jason and Geert -Jan Kruijff. 2003. Multi -Modal Combinatory Categorial Grammar .
In Proceedings of EACL .
Hockenmaier , Julia. 2003. Data and Models for Statistical Parsing with Combinatory Categorial
Grammar , PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh.
Liu, H. 2009. Dependency Grammar: from Theory to Practice . Beijing: Science Press.
Morril, Glyn.2009. Categorical Grammar : The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Analysis . Oxford
University Press.
Uszkoreit, Hans: 1986, 'Categorial Unification Grammar' , Proceedings of the 11th International
Conference on Computational Linguistics, Bonn August 1986, 187 -194.

Online resources:
http://www.nactem.ac.uk/enju/
http://heartofgold.dfki.de/PET.html
http://www.delph -in.net/erg/
http://ioperm.org/lfg -parser.html
http://www2.parc.com/isl/groups/nltt/xle/
http://nlp.stanford.edu:8080/parser/
http://demo.ark.cs.cmu.edu/parse

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Lexicography
The aim of this course is to familiarize students to the science of dictionary -making . This course
will be useful to the students of modern languages, classical languages as well as foreign
languages.

1. Introduction to Lexicography : Introduction to the field of Lexicography, the Historical
and Socio -Cultural background.

2. Theoretical Approaches : Lexicology and Lexicography, Lexicon and Grammar, Lexical
units: Form and Function, Sememes, Lexemes and Words.

3. Lexeme Types : Simple and Composite Units, Nature of Combinations – Set and Free;
Set Combination - Collective, Derivative, Compounds, Proverbs, Idioms and Phrases,
Collocations. Variation -: Dialectal, Social, Standard and Non -Standards.

4. Semantic Relation : Synonymy, Polysemy, Hyp onymy, Hypernymy, Meronymy,
Troponymy, Gradation and Others.

5. Types and Purposes of Dictionaries : Synchronic - Diachronic, Encyclopedic Non-
Encyc lopedic Dictionaries, Restricted Non-Restricted, Monolingual, Bilingual,
Multilingual Dictionaries, Thesaurus, Vocabulary, Glossary, General and Specific
Purpose Dictionary, Pedagogical and Special Purpose Dictionaries, Electronic
Dictionaries.

6. Dictionary Making : Planning, Selection and Arrangement of Dictionaries. Presentation
of entries.

7. Computational Lexicography :
a. Introduction to the web a Corpus, Corpus Linguistic: Corpus Design, size , text ,
type.
b. Corpus Analysis and Annotation, Pos tagging, Tokenization , Lemmatization ,
Parsing.
c. Corpus Query System, Concordance , Coll ocations
d. Semantic Network s: Wordnet, Framenet. Lexical acquisition , Machine readable
Dictionaries , Constructing Lexical Semantic Database from the Dictionaries ,
Combining the Lexical Database.

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Readings :
Atkins, B. T. S. and A. Zampolli. 1994. Computational Approaches to the Lexicon . Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Bo’Svensen , 2009 . A Handbook of Lexicography : The Theory and Practice of dictionary
Making. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Bergenholtz H. and P.A. Fuertes. 2011. E-lexicography: The Internet, Digital Initiatives and
Lexicography . Continuum International Publishing Group.
Fitzpatrick, E. 2007. Corpus Linguistics beyond the Word: Corpus Research from Phrase to
Discourse . New York:
Fellbaum, C.1998. WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database . MIT Press.
Fontenlle T. (e d.).2008. Practical Lexicography: A Reader . Oxford University Press.
Hartmann, R.R.K. 1983. Lexicography Principle and Practice . New York: Academic Press.
Ilson, R.F. ( Ed.). 1985 . Dictionaries , Lexicography and Language Learning. Published in
Association with the British Council by Oxford: Pergamum Press.
McEnery, T. and A. Wilson.2001. Corpus Linguistics: An Introduction . Edinburgh University
Press.
McEnery, T. and A.Wilson.2011. Corpus Linguistics: Method, Theory and Practice. Cambridge
University Press.
Rodopi. Forsyth M. 2011. The Etymologican: A Circular Stroll through the hidden connections
of the English Language . Icon Book
Singh, R.A. 1982. An Introduction to Lexicography . Mysore: CIIL.
Zgusta, L. 1972 . Manual of Lexicography . The Hague : Mouton

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Department of Linguistics
University of Mumbai

M.A. PROGRAMM E IN LINGUISTICS

CHOICE -BASED CREDIT SYSTEM
(Semester III & IV )

In the Choice -Based semester system, each course in the Semester I II and Semester IV (unless otherwise
specified in the syllabus) will be evaluated in the following manner:

A] Two Internal Assessment examinations ----------- 40 Marks

B] Semester End Examination ------------ 60 Marks


------------------------------------------ ------- ---
Total Marks ----- 100 Marks


The Internal Assessment examinations may consist of written test/open -book test/home -
assignment/ seminar presentation. The course teacher will determine the nature of the Internal Assessment
examination and will conduct the same.

The Semester III Field Methods course will be evaluated in the following manner:

A] Dissertation ---------- 75 Marks

B] Viva -voce on dissertation ---------- 25 Marks

----------------------------------------------------
Total Marks ----- 100 Marks

The Semester IV Project based course will be evaluated in the following manner:

A] Dissertation ---------- 75 Marks

B] Open Presentations ---------- 25 Marks

----------------------------------------------------
Total Marks ----- 100 Marks