MA Archaeo Syllabus Revised Numismatics Epigraphy MAK 1 Syllabus Mumbai University

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Cover Page













Sr. No. Heading Particulars
1 Title of the
Course Master of Arts (Archaeology)
2 Eligibility for Admission Graduate from any stream
3 Passing
Marks As per University Guidelines
4 Ordinances / Regulations (
if any) --
5 No. of Years / Semesters Two years – four semesters
6 Level P.G.

7 Pattern Semester

8 Status New Syllabus

9 To be implemented from
Academic Year From Academic Year 2017 -18. AC_10-5-2019
Item No. _4.18_____

UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI




Syllabus of Sem III for Approval

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Date:
01/05/2017
Signature:

Name of BOS Chairperso n / Dr Meenal Katarnikar

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REVISED SYLLABUS INCLUDING SCHEME OF COURSES, SCHEME OF
EXAMINATION, MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION FOR THE MASTER OF ARTS
(ARCHAEOLOGY) .
The fee structure will be as per the University structure.

The admission, eligibility, examination, evaluation criteria will be as per the University
rules and guidelines.

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SCHEME OF COURSES AND DETAILED SYLLABUS

Semester I

Course
Code Name of Course
A. Core Courses Term work
Teaching
and
Extension
hours Credits
Introduction to Numismatic &
Epigraph ic Studies 45? 6
Coinage & Epigraphy of the
Ancient period - India and the
World 45? 6
Coinage & Epigraphy of the
Early Medieval Period – India
and the World (Including Early
Islamic Period) 45? 6
Coinage & Epigraphy of the
Medieval Period – India an d the
World 45? 6
Coinage and Currency of the
Early Modern and Modern
period: India and the World 45? 6
Total 300? 30

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Course –I
Introduction to Numismatics & Epigraphy
This is a six -credit course. It will involve teaching -learning f or four hours a week for a period of
15 weeks. Of the total 60 teaching -learning hours (in each paper), 40 will comprise the central
teaching component while 20 hours will comprise the self -study component. The self -study
component will consist of academic tasks outside the classroom that will be assigned by the
teacher. The 40 -hour teaching component will include two tests conducted in the classroom.
These tests may be written, oral, in the form of presentations etc. Altogether these tests will be
for 25 m arks.

The self -study component of 20 hours will include basic field visits followed by report, the
writing of class -based projects and other essays. These will be evaluated for 15 marks. The self -
study component assigned in this manner will be related to or an extension of but not in lieu of
the prescribed syllabus.
This course will dwell on the basics of Numismatics & Epigraphy , methods of examining,
documenting, conserving and preserving coins. It will also examine the various conventions that
have evol ved in the last two centuries of the discipline. It will also examine definitions of various
terms that are used among numismatists & epigraphists to communicate with each other and used
in publications. Additionally, it will try to connect the two discipl ines with other allied
disciplines of Archaeology and History for maximizing the potential as a scientific discipline.
The course will cover vast ground beginning with the first antiquarian approaches, early
museology, collectors, and eventual rise of Num ismatics as an independent discipline in its own
right . It will also look extensively at the historiography of the discipline in India and the Wo rld.
Each of the units in the syllabus would require approximately 4 hours of teaching.
The course shall compr ise of the following units:
Unit 1 - Definitions , Examination and Conventions
a. Definition of Numismatics and other allied fields
b. Examining and documenting a coin ’s important parameters
c. Types of Numismatic Studies and relation with Epigraphy
d. The importance a nd application of Numismatics and Numismatic Data to
Archaeology, History and Epigraphy
e. Numismatic Forgeries – Contemporary, Modern , Replicas and Imitations
Unit 2 Introduction to Epigraphy and Paleography
a. Epigraph y and Paleography : Terminolog y, Scope and Importance in
Reconstructio n of History
b. Historiograph y of Epigraphi c Studies
c. Antiquit y of Writing in Ancien t India

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d. Material s and Technique s of Writing

Unit 3 Brahmi and Kharoshthi Scripts
a. Theorie s of Origi n of the Brahm i Script & the Kharosht hi
Script
b. Orthography of the Brahmi & the Kharoshthi Script: Syllables
and Numerals
c. Palaeographical Development of Brahmi in North India :
Ashokan/Mauryan Brahmi , Sunga , Kushana & Gupta Brahmi
d. Post-Gupta Derivatives of Brahmi: Kutila/Siddhamatrika ,
Sharada , Nagari and its Later Derivative s
e. Development of Brahmi in South India : Tamil Brahmi ,
Satavahana – Kshatrapa Brahmi , Later period derivatives of
Tamil Brahmi, Grantha, Halekannada, Badami Chalukyan &
Pallava Period
f. The Box -headed Brahmi of Central India

Unit 4- Numismatic Perspectives & Conservation
a. Historiography of Numismatics : Development of Numismatics in Europe & India
b. Current State of Numismatics & New Age methodologies of Numismatic research
c. Conservation, Preservation and Documentation of Coins : Factor s affecting a Coin’s
condition , Conservation and ‘Cleaning’ of an excavated Coin , Preserving a coin from
damage or further damage
d. Photography and Documentation of a Coin
e. Use of Coins as Data in Research in Field Archaeology , Hoard Studies, individual and
regional hoard studies , Die Studies and relative mint output studies
f. Collating, arranging and interpreting the data of coins

Unit 5 Calendrical Systems in Ancient India
a. Dates and Chronograms
b. Eras: Vikrama, Shaka, Kalchuri - Chedi and Gupta Eras



Bibliography
Agrawal, O. P. (1993), Preservation of Art Objects and Library Materials, National Book Trust,
India, New Delhi

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Allami, Abu’l Fazl (1989) The A’in -i-Akbari (in 3 Vol. Bound in 2 , Vol I translated H. S. Jarrett,
2nd Edition corrected and ann otated by Sir Jadunath Sarkar, Atlantic Publishers, New Delhi
Daya, Shauheen (2016), Advanced Coin Collecting: An Indispensable Guide for Indian
Collectors, Reesha Publications, Mumbai
Errington, Elizabeth & Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis (2014), From Persia to Pu njab – Exploring
Ancient Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, CSMVS Museum, Mumbai
Grierson, Philip (1975), Numismatics, Oxford University Press, London
Gupta, P. L. (1970) Coin Hoards from Maharashtra, Numismatic Notes and Monographs, Gen.
Editor A. K. Narain, Numismatic Society of India, 1970
Gupta, P. L. (1969) Coins, National Book Trust, New Delhi
Gupta, P. L. & Amal Kumar Jha eds. (1987), Numismatics and Archae ology – Proceedings of the
2nd International Colloqui um at IIRNS, Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies,
Anjaneri, Nashik
Jha, Amal Kumar ed. (1991) Coinage, Trade and Economy: 3rd International Colloquium,
IIRNS, Anjaneri, Nashik
Kosambi, D. D (1981) , Indian Numismatics, Indian Council for Historical Research, New Delhi
Maheshwari, K. K. & Biswajeet Rath eds (1996) Numismatic Panorama – Essays in the memory
of Late Shri S. M. Shukla, Harman Publishing House, New Delhi
Marshall, John Hubert (1951), Taxila - An Illustrated Account of Archaeological Excavations –
carried out at Taxila under t he orders of the Government of India – 1913 -1934 – Vol II.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (Chapter 38 Coins)
Mukherjee, B. N. & P. K. D. Lee (2000) , Tech nology of Indian Coinage, Indian Museum,
Calcutta
Satya Prakash & Rajendra Singh (1968) , Coina ge in Ancient India – A Numismatic,
Archaeochemical and Metallurgical Study of Ancient Indian Coins, The Research Institute of
Ancient Scientific Studies, New Delhi
Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2003) Coins and Currency – An Historical Encyclopedia, Mcfarland
Publishers, North Carolina, USA

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Allchin, F.R. and K.R. Norman 1985. Guide to the Ashokan Inscriptions , South Asian
Studies, I: 49-50.
Bhandarka r, D.R. 1935 -36. A List of the Inscriptions of Northern India in Brahmi and its
Derivative Scripts, f rom about 200 B.C. Appendix to Epigraphia Indica vols. 19 -23.
Bhandarka r, D.R. 1981. Inscriptions of the Early Gupta Kings (Bahadurchand Chhabra
and Govind Swamirao Gai eds.). Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum vol. III. New Delhi:
Archaeologica l Surve y of India.
Bühle r, George 1892. A New Variety of the Southern Maurya Alphabet , Winer Zeitschrift für
die Kunde des Morgen Landes (Vienna Oriental Journal), vol. 6: 148-156.
Bühle r, George 1898 . On the Origi n of India n Brahm a Alphabet . Strassbu rg: Karl J.
Trubne r.
Bühler, George 1959. Indian Palaeograph y. Calcutta: Indian Studies.
Dani, Ahmad Hasan 1963. Indian Palaeograph y, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Epigraphi a Indic a 1892 -1940. Vol. 1- XXV, Archaeologica l Surve y of India.
Hultzch, D. 1969 (Reprint). Corpus Inscriptionu m Indiacarum. Vol.I. Varanasi: Indological
Book House.
Gokhale, S. Purabhilekhavidya. Mumbai: Sahitya Sanskruti Mandal.
Goyal, S.R. 2005. Ancient Indian Inscriptions . Jodhpur: Kusumanjali Book World.
Khare, M.D. 1967. Discovery of a Vishnu Temple near the Heiodorus Pilla r, Besnaga r,
District Vidisha (M.P.), Lalit Kala (13): 21-27.
Lüders, H. 1912 . A List of Brahmi Inscriptions from the Earliest Times to About A.D. 400 with
the Exception of those of Asoka. Appendix to Epigraphia Indica Vol. X.
Mangalam, S.J. 1990. Kharoshti Script . Delhi: Eastern Book Linkers.
Mehendale, M.A. 1948. Historical Grammar of Inscriptional Prakrits . Poona: Deccan
Colleg e Post Graduat e and Researc h Institute.
Mehendale , M.A . 1948 . Asoka n Inscription s in India (Linguisti c Study togethe r with
Exhaustiv e Bibliography) . Bombay : Universit y of Bomba y.

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Mirashi, V.V. 1981. The History and Inscriptions of the Satavahanas and the Western
Kshatrapas. Bombay: Maharashtra State Board of Literature and Culture.
Pande y, R. 1957. Indian Palaeograph y. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidas.
Raghunath, K. 1998. Ikshvakus of Vijaya Puri: Study of the Nagarjunakonda
Inscriptions. Delhi : Easter n Book Linkers.
Ramesh, K. V. 1984. Indian Epigraph y. Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan.
Rea, Alexander 1997 (Reprint ). South Indian Buddhist Antiquities . Archaeological Survey of
India New Imperia l Serie s Vol. XV. New Delhi : Directo r General , Archaeological
Surve y of India.
Salomon, Richard 1998. Indian Epigraph y. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers
Pvt. Ltd.
Shastri, A.M. 1996 -97. Some Observations on the Origin and Early History of the Vikrama
Era, Prachya Pratibha , vol. XVIII: 1 -51.
Shastri, A.M. 1966. The Saka Era, Panchal, vol. 9: 109-132. Sirca r,
D.C. 1965. Indian Epigraph y. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidas.
Sirca r, D.C. 1986 (3rd edition ). Selec t Inscriptions . Vol. I. Delhi : Asian Humanitie s Press.
Srinivasan , P.R. and S. Sankaranarayana n 1979 . Inscription s of the Ikshvak u Period .
Hyderabad : Andhr a Prades h Government.
Woolne r, Alfred C. 1924. Asoka Text and Glossa ry (parts I and II). Lahore: The University of
the Panjab, Lahore.

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Course –II
Coinage & Epigraphy of the Ancient period
This is a six -credit course. It will involve teaching -learning for four hours a week for a period of
15 weeks. Of t he total 60 teaching -learning hours (in each paper), 40 will comprise the central
teaching component while 20 hours will comprise the self -study component. The self -study
component will consist of academic tasks outside the classroom that will be assigned by the
teacher. The 40 -hour teaching component will include two tests conducted in the classroom.
These tests may be written, oral, in the form of presentations etc. Altogether these tests will be
for 25 marks.

The self -study component of 20 hours will i nclude basic field/museum visits followed by report,
the writing of class -based projects and other essays. These will be evaluated for 15 marks. The
self-study component assigned in this manner will be related to or an extension of but not in lieu
of the p rescribed syllabus.
The course will cover the study of Ancient Money including its primitive forms including bovine
stock, utensils, base metal objects, weapons, stone tools, etc in the prehistoric and protohistoric
period. It will delve into the developme nt of metallic money in its various forms like uncoined
bullion, proto -money in form of precious metal ingots, casts, figurines, etc. and its
transformation into coined money across the world.
It will introduce the concept of Coinage traditions of the West and the East and their
implementation in the sixth century B.C.E. The Western and Eastern tradition inspired coinages
will be taught in detail from the period of 6th century B.C.E. till 3rd century B..C.E.
Later Western coinages of Greeks and Romans will be described along side Indian coinage series
like Mauryan, Indo -Greek, Indo -Scythian, Indo -Parthian, Kushan coinages. Indian local and
imperial series from 6th century B.C.E. till 6th century C.E. will be taught in the course. Chinese
Coinage and its tra jectory will also be covered in this course.
The course shall comprise of the following units :
Unit 1 - Origin of Money and Coinages
a. Money - Definition and types
b. Origin of Money and Coinage in the West - The Western Tradition
c. Origin of Money and Coinage i n the Indian Sub -continent
d. Origin of Money and Coinage in China and South -East Asia
e. Techniques of Coin Minting in Ancient India
Unit 2 Ancient Coins in the Ancient period (c. 600 B.C.E. -10 B.C.E.)
a. Pre-Mauryan Coinage issued during the First Urbanization

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b. Imperial Mauryan Coinage and Uninscribed Cast Copper Coinage of Northern
and Central India
c. Indo-Greek Coinage
d. Greek/Bactrian Greek & Kharoshthi Script as seen on Coins
e. Indo-Scythian & Indo -Parthian Coinages of North -West and Northern India
Unit 3 Beginn ing of Writing & Inscriptions in Ancient India (c. 600 B.C.E. -10 B.C.E.)
a. Classification and Distribution of the Ashokan Edicts, their language & decipherment:
The Girnar Version: Edicts I, II, VI & XII; The Sarnath and Rummindei Minor Pillar
Edicts; The Ma nsehra Kharoshthi Edict No. IV
b. Inscriptions of the Shunga -Kushana period
c. Inscriptions of the Gupta and Post Gupta Period
d. Inscriptions of Satavahana & Kshatrapa period
e. Introduction to Languages of Inscriptions: Introduction to Prakrit, Families of Prakrit,
Grammar of Inscriptional Prakrit
f. Introduction to Sanskrit: Historical Development of Sanskrit, Grammar of Sanskrit &
Inscriptional Hybrid Sanskrit
Unit 4 - Ancient Indian Coinages (c. 10 B.C.E. – 550 C.E.)
1. Post-Mauryan Coinage of Tribal/Republican States (Ganas and Janapadas),
Monarchies (Rajavamshas) and City -States (Nagaras)
2. Kushana Coinage
3. Brahmi Script on Coins
4. Western Kshatrapa Coinage
5. Gupta Coinage
Unit 5- Ancient Coinage of South India (including Roman Coinage)
1. Tamil Coinages of Sangam Age
2. Pre-Satavahana period of the Deccan
3. Satavahana Coinage
4. Post-Satavahana Coinage of the Deccan
5. Roman Coinage in India

Bibliography
Aggarwal, Madhuri (1988). Pracheen Bharatiya Sikko aur Mohuro par Brahmana Devi -Devata
aur Unke Pratik , Delhi: Ramanand Vidya Bhavan (Hindi)
Agrawala, V S (1953). ‘Ancient Coins as Known to Panini’, JNSI, vol. 15, pp. 27 -31.

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Allan, John (1936). Catalogue of coins in the British Museum, Ancient India . Reprint 1989
Patna: Eastern Book House
Altekar, A. S. (1953). ‘Origins and Early History of Coinage in Ancient India’ , JNSI, vol. 15,
pp. 1 -26.
Altekar, A . S. (1954). The Gupta Gold Coins in the Bayana Hoard . Varanasi: Numismatic
Society of India.
Altekar, A.S. (1957). The Coinage of the Gupta Empire . Varanasi: Numismatic Society of India.
Bhandarkar, D.R. 1921. Carmichael Lectures on Ancient India Numismatics . Calcutta, Calcutta
University.
Bhardwaj, H C (1979). Aspects of Ancient Indian Technology. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas.
Bhatt, S K (1998) . Nishka - The Rig Vedic Money . Indore: Academy of Indian Numismatics and
Sigillography.
Biddulph, C. H. (1966) Coins of the Pandya s – Numismatic Notes and Monographs No. 11 , The
Numismatic Society of India, Varanasi

Biddulph, C. H. (1968) Coins of the Cholas - – Numismatic Notes and Monographs No. 13 , The
Numismatic Society of India, Varanasi

Carter, Martha L. ed. (1994) A Treasury of Indian Coins, Marg Publications, Bombay

Chattopadhyay, B. D. (1977) Coins and Currency Systems in South India c. AD 225 -1300,
Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi
Chhabra, B. Ch. (1986), Catalogue of Gupta Gold Coins of the Bayana Hoard in the National
Museum, National Museum, New Delhi
Cribb, Joe (1983). ‘Investigating the Introduction of Coinage in India -A Review o f Recent
Research’, JNSI, 1983, pp. 80 -101.
Cribb, Joe (1983). Dating India's Earliest Coins , South Asian Archaeology, Naples, pp. 535 -554.

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Cribb, Joe, Barrie Cook and Ian Carradice, eds (1990). The Coin Atlas: A Comprehensive View
of the Coins of the Worl d throughout History . London: Time Warner.
Cribb, Joe (2005). The Indian Coinage Tradition: Origins, Continuity & Change. Nasik: Indian
Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies.
Cunningham, Alexander (1891), Coins of Ancient India, Reprint editio n
Dasgu pta, Kalyan Kumar (1974). A Tribal History of Ancient India: A Numismatic Approach .
Calcutta: Nababharat Publishers.
Datta, Mala. (1990). A Study of the Satavahana Coinage . Delhi: Harman Publishing House.
Dhavalikar, M.K. (1975 ). Prachin Bharatiya Nanaksha stra. Pune: Maharashtra Vidyapeeth
Granthanirmiti Mandal. (Marathi)
Eagleton, Catherine & Jonathan Williams (2007), Money - A History, The British Museum Press,
London
Elliot, Walter (2005 Reprint) Coins of South India – The International Numismata Oriental ia,
Reprint Edition Bharatiya Kala Prakashan, Delhi
Fishman, A. M. (2013), The Silver Coinage of the Western Satraps in India (50 -400 AD) –
Catalogue & Rarity Guide, USA
Gupta, M.L. ‘Chatak’. (2000) Erichh ka Pracheen Itihaas aur Sikke. Jhansi: Krishna Prakashan.
(Hindi translated in English by Shailendra Bhandare)
Gupta P.L. (1966). Bharat ke Poorva -Kalik Sikke . Varanasi: Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan.
(Hindi)
Gupta P.L. (2003). Pracheen Bharatiye Mudraye. Varanasi: Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan. (Hindi)
Gupta P.L. (1969). Coins. National Book Trust. New Delhi
Gupta, P.L. and T Hardaker (1985). Ancient Indian Silver Punchmarked coins of the Magadha -
Maurya Karshapana series . Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies , Anjaneri,
Nashik

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Handa, Devendra (20 07). Tribal Coins of Ancient India . Aryan Books International , New Delhi
Harris, W. V. ed. (2008) The Monetary Systems of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford University
Press, New York, USA
Hirano, Shinji (2007). The Ghaghara -Gandak River Region c. 600 -300 BC, A rchaic Silver
Punchmarked Coinage . Nasik: Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies.
Hoover, Oliver D. (2013) Handbook of Coins of Baktria and Ancient India – Fifth Century BC to
First Century AD, Classical Numismatic Group Inc., Lancaster, London , U.K.
Jha, A.K. (1998 ) ‘Observations on the Principles of Typology: A Study of Ancient India
Coinage’ in Ex Moneta: Essays on Numismatics in the honour of Dr. David W. Macdowall (A.K.
Jha and Sanjay Garg eds), Volume 1, pp. 33-42, Harman Publishing House, New Delhi.
Jha Amiteshwar (2003). Bharatiya Sikke: Ek Aitihasik Parichay . Nasik: Indian Institute of
Research in Numismatic Studies. Hindi.
Jha Amiteshwar & Dilip Rajgor (1994). Studies in the Coinage of the Western Kshatrapas .
Nasik: Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies.
Kosambi, D. D. (1951), ‘The Bodinayakanur Hoard’ in The Journal of the Bombay Branch of the
Royal Asiatic Society (JBBRAS) Vol. 26, Part II, 1951, pp, 214 -218
Kothari, Narendra, Dilip Rajgor, ed. (2006). Ujjayini Coins . Mumb ai: Reesha Books
International.
Krishnamurthy, R. (1997) Sangam Age Tamil Coins, Garnet Publications, Madras, Reprint 2003
Krishnamurthy, R. (2012) Dating of Sangam Age: Important Numismatic Findings, Garnet
Publications, Chennai
Krishnamurthy, R. (2004), The Pallava Coins, Garnet Publishers, Chennai
Kulkarni, Prashant (2004). Ashvamedha: The Yajna and the Coins . Mumbai: Reesha Books
International.

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Kulkarni, V. A. (2007) Naanak Kala . Kalyan: Kalyan Itihaas Mandal. (Marathi)
Mangalam, S. J. (1990) Kharoshthi Script, Eastern Book Linkers, Delhi
Mangalam, S J and Pushpa Tiwari (2001). Shankar Tiwari Collection of Early Coins from
Narmada Valley . Bhopal: Directorate of Archaeology, Archives and Museums.
Metcalf e, William E. ed. (2012) Oxford Handbook of Greek an d Roman Coins, Oxford
University Press, New York
Mitchiner, Michael (1976), Indo-Greek and Indo -Scythian Coinage – 9 Volumes, Hawkins
Publications, London
Mitchiner, Michael (1973). Origins of Indian Coinage . London: Hawkins Publications.
Mitchiner, Micha el (197 8), Oriental Coins & Their Values – The Ancient & Classical World –
600 B.C. – A.D. 650, Hawkins Publications, London
Mukherjee, B N (1992). Coins and Currency System in Gupta Bengal . Delhi.
Mukherjee, B. N. (2005), Origin of Brahmi and Kharoshti Sc ripts, Kolkata: Progressive
Publishers
Mukherjee, B. N. (1990). The Indian Gold: An Introduction to the cabinet of gold coins in the
Indian Museum . Calcutta: Indian Museum
Mukherjee, B. N.; Lee P.K.D. (1998). Technology of Indian Coinage. Calcutta: Indian Museum.
Murphy, Paul (2001). Kosala State Region: c. 600 -470 BC, Silver Punch -marked Coinage .
Nasik: Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies.
Ojha, G.H., Bharatiya Prachin Lipimala (Hindi). New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.
Pandit, Suraj (2012). Age of Traikutakas: Coins, Inscription s and Art. Delhi: Agam Kala
Prakashan

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Pieper, Wilfried (2013 ), Ancient Indian Coins Revisited, Classical Numismatic Group, London
Prakash, Satya; Singh, Rajendra (1968) Coinage in Ancient India . Delhi: The Research Ins titute
of Asian Scientific Studies
Rajgor, Dilip (1994). Numismatic Chronology of Gujarat: From 600 BC to AD 200 . Bombay:
University of Bombay, unpublished Ph D thesis.
Rajgor, Dilip (1998). History of the Traikutakas - Based on coins and inscriptions. New Delhi:
Harman Publications.
Rajgor, Dilip (2001). Punch -marked Coins of Early Historic India . California: Reesha Books
International.
Rapson. E.J. 1908. Catalogue of Coins of Andhra Dynasty, Western Kshatrapas etc . London:
British Museum.
Ray, H P (2006) Coins in India: Power & Communication, Marg Publication, Mumbai
Ray, S C (1959). Stratigraphic Evidence of Coins in Indian Excavations and Some Allied Issues.
Varanasi.
Salomon, Richard (1999), Indian Epigraphy – A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sans krit,
Prakrit and Other Indo -Aryan Languages, Oxford University Press, London
Sanjeev Kumar (2017), Treasures of the Gupta Empire, Shivlee Trust, USA
Sarma, I K (1980). Coinage of the Satavahana Empire. Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan.
Sear, David (200 0) Roman Coins and their values, Spink, London
Senior, R. C. (2001) Indo-Scythian Coins and History - 4 Volumes, Classical Numismatic Group
Inc., Lancaster, U. K.
Shastri, A.M. (Ed.) 1999. Age of Satavahanas (2 volumes), New Delhi: Aryan Prakashan.

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Sahani, Birbal (1959). The Technique of Casting Coins in Ancient India , Bharatiya Publishing
House , Varanasi, U.P.
Sarasvati, O. (1979). Ancient Mints of Haryana . Jhajjar.
Shrimali, K M (1985). History of Panchala, vols. I -II. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.
van't Haaff P A (2004). Saurashtra (c. 450 -50 BC) Surasena (c. 500 -350 BC), Silver Punch -
marked Coinage . Nasik: Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies.

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Course –III
Coinage s & Epigraphs of the Early Medieval Period – India and the World (Including
Early I slamic Period)
This course takes the student through the coinage of the Early Medieval period in North India
after the demise of the Gupta Empire after the invasion of the Huns. It looks at the array of
coinages which rose across the Indian sub -continent after the fall of the Guptas focusing on the
various paradigms of coinages adopted by the rulers of this period which ranges from Sasanian
to Gupta to Kushan and Western Kshatrapa imitations along with new innovations. The course
will also introduce Islami c coinage along with its introduction into India during the Abbasid and
Ghaznavid period.
Additionally, the course will also look at changes in the coinage of South India with a decisive
turn towards gold standard in the region as against the silver stand ard prevalent in North India.
The course will also look at Byzantine and other foreign coinages which were brought to India
via trade.
The course shall comprise of the following units :
Unit 1 - Post-Gupta Early Medieval Coinages
1. Late Gupta and Gupta -inspired coinage of Bengal
2. Huna Coinage of North India and Kashmir
3. Kushan inspired coinage of North & North -West India (Kidara Kushan Coinage)
4. Western Kshatrapa Derivative coinages of Western India
Unit 2 - Islamic Coinage & Epigraphs
1. Early Islamic Coinage & Ep igraphs in the Ummayad period
2. Islamic Coinage in the Abbasid period
3. Arabic Script in the Early Islamic period – Kufic Calligraphy
4. Rise of Local Islamic kingdom coinages across the Islamic world
5. Introduction of Islamic coinage in India – Amirs of Sindh & Gh aznavid Coinage
Unit 3 - Early Medieval Coinage from Eighth century C.E. till twelfth century C.E.
1. Indo-Sassanid Coinage of Western India
2. Lakshmi type Coinages of Central India
3. Bull-and-Horseman Coinage of Kabul -Gandhara region and their derivatives
4. Kash mir & Bengal Early Medieval Coinage

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5. Scripts on Early Medieval Coinages – Sharada Script
Unit -4 Early Medieval Coinage of South India & The Deccan
1. Pallava, Imperial Chola & Pandyan Coinage of Tamil Desha
2. Early Medieval Coinage of Karnataka and Andhra Desha
3. Early Medieval Coinage of Maharashtra & Goa
4. Byzantine and other Foreign coins found in India in the Early Medieval period
5. European coins in the Post -Byzantine period


Class methodology

This is a six -credit course. It will involve teaching -learning for f our hours a week for a period of
15 weeks. Of the total 60 teaching -learning hours (in each paper) , 40 will comprise the central
teaching component while 20 hours will comprise the self -study component. The self -study
component will consist of academic tas ks outside the classroom that will be assigned by the
teacher. The 40 hour teaching component will include two tests conducted in the classroom.
These tests may be written, oral, in the form of presentations etc. Altogether these tests will be
for 25 marks .

The self -study component of 20 hours will include basic field/museum visits followed by report,
the writing of class -based projects and other essays. These will be evaluated for 15 marks. The
self-study component assigned in this manner will be related to or an extension of but not in lieu
of the prescribed syllabus.



Bibliography

Altekar, A.S. ‘Coinage of the Deccan – Part XI’ in G. Yazdani ed., The Early History of the
Deccan – Parts VII -XI, Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Andh ra
Pradesh, Hyderabad, 2012
Broome, Michael (1985) A Handbook of Islamic Coins, Seaby Publications, London
Chattopadhyay, B. D. (1977) Coins and Currency Systems in South India c. AD 225 -1300,
Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi
Cunningham, Alexande r (1893), Coins of Medieval India, Reprint Edition
Deambi, Bhushan Kumar Kaul (2008) Sharada and Takari Alphabets – Origin and
Development, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA), New Delhi

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Deyell, John S. (1990 ). Living Without Silver: The Mon etary History of Early Medieval North
India . Oxford University Press , New Delhi
Deyell , John S. (2017) Treasure, Trade and Tradition – Post-Kidarite Coins of the Gangetic
Plains and Punjab Foothills, 590 -820 C.E., Manohar Publishers, New Delhi
Elliot, W . 1970. (Reprint) Coins of South India . Varanasi: Indological Book House.
Ganesh, K and Girijapathy (1998 ). The Coins of the Hoysalas . Bangalore.
Ganesh, K (2002). The Coins of Tamil Nadu. Bangalore.
Gupta P.L. (1966). Bharat ke Poorva -Kalik Sikke . Vishwa vidyalaya Prakashan. Varanasi
Gupta P.L. (1969). Coins. National Book Trust. New Delhi
Jha, Amal Kumar & Sanjay Garg(1991), A Catalogue of th e coins of the Katoch Rulers of
Kangra, Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies, Anjaneri, Nashik
Macdow all, David W. & Amiteshwar Jha (1995) Foreign Coins found in the Indian Sub -
continent – Proceedings of 4th International Colloquium, Indian Institute of Research in
Numismatic Studies, Anjaneri, Nashik
Maheshwari, K. K. (2010), Imitations in Continuity – Tracking the Silver Coinage of Early
Medieval India, IIRNS Publications Ltd., Mumbai
Mitchiner, Michael (1979), Oriental Coins & Their Values – Non-Islamic States and Western
Colonies, Hawkins Publications, London
Mitchiner, Michael (1998). The Coinage and History of Southern India, Part I Karnataka -
Andhra, Part II Tamilnadu -Kerala . London: Hawkins Publications.
Mukherjee, B N (1993). Coins and Currency Systems of Post -Gupta Bengal. Delhi: Munshiram
Manoharlal.

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Muni Jinavijaya, ed. (1961). Dravya Pariksha of Thakkura Pheru . Jodhpur
Narasimhamurthy, A V (1997). The Coins of Karnataka , Directorate of Archaeology &
Museums in Karnataka, Mysore
Nayar, T. Balakrishnan (2002) The Dowlaishweram Hoard of Eastern Chalukyan and Chola
Coins, Bulleting of the Madras Gove rnment Museum, New Series – General Section, Vol. IX
No. 2, The Commissner of Museums, Government Museum, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Plant, Richard (1973), Arabic Coins and how to read them, Seaby Publications, London
Prabhu, Govindaraya, S and Nithyananda Pai M. (2006). The Alupas: Coinage and History.
Udupi.
Rao, M. Rama (1963), Vishnukundin Coins in the Andhra Pradesh Government Museum, A. P.
Government Archaeological Series No. 10, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
Rao, M. Rama (1963), Eastern Chalukya Coins in the An dhra Pradesh Government Museum, A.
P. Government Archaeological Series No. 11, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
Rhodes, N G and S K Bose (2003). The Coinage of Assam, vol. I Pre -Ahom Period . Kolkata:
Library of Numismatic Studies.
Sarasan, Beena (2000). Coins of the Venad Cheras . Calicut: Poorna Publications.
Sear, David (2006) Byzantine Coins and their values, Spink, London
Thakur, A.S. (2004). Charchit Bharatiya Sikke . (Hindi) Chandrapur. Harivansh Pra kashan
Tye, Robert & Monica Tye (1995), Jitals: A Catalogue a nd Account of the Coin Denomination
of Daily Use in Medieval Afghanistan and North -West India, Robert Tye, Isle of South Uist ,
Scotland, U.K.
Wilkes, Tim (2015), Islamic Coins and their values - Volume 1: The Medieval Period , Spink,
London

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Course –IV
Coin age of the Medieval period – India and the World
The course equips the learner with knowledge of various Islamic and non -Islamic coinages of the
Indian sub -continent in the Medieval period beginning with the establishment of the Dehli
Sultanate in the lat e twelfth century and ending with the demise of Aurangzeb, the last Great
Mughal. The course also will attempt to showcase medieval Arabic Calligraphy on Sultanate and
Mughal coins. It will also look at the coinages of various regions under various local s ultanates
and regional powers of non -Islamic origin like Vijayanagara Empire, Ahoms of Assam along
with other local powers of the North -East.
The course shall comprise of the following units :
Unit 1 - Dehli Sultanate Coinage
1. Coinage of Muhammad bin Sam
2. Slave Dynasty coinage
3. Khalji Coinage
4. Tughluq Coinage
5. Sayyid & Lodhi Coinage
6. Suri Coinage
7. Arabic Script and Calligraphy of Sultanate period
Unit 2 - Regional Sultanate Coinages
1. Bengal Sultanate coinage
2. Bahamani & successor Sultanates coinage
3. Gujarat & Malwa S ultanate coinage
4. Kashmir Sultanate
5. Jaunpur & Madura Sultanate coinage
Unit 3 - Non-Islamic Coinages of the Medi eval period
1. Vijayanagara Coinage
2. Ahom, Tripura, Koch Bihar and Jaintia Coinage
3. Kangra and Gond Coinage of Garha -Mandla
4. Nayakas of Vijayanagara Coi nage

Unit 4 - Coinage of the Mughal Empire
1. Early Mughal Coinage from Babur to Akbar
2. Classical Mughal Coinage from Akbar to Aurangzeb

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3. Late Mughal Coinage – Shah Alam I till Muhammad Shah
4. Literary References and Sources for Mughal Coinage
5. Overview of Arabic Calligraphy of Mughal period and Persian poetry

Class methodology

This is a six-credit course. It will involve teaching -learning for four hours a week for a period of
15 weeks. Of the total 60 teaching -learning hours (in each paper) , 40 will comprise the central
teaching component while 20 hours will comprise the self -study component. The self -study
component will consist of academic tasks outside the classroom that will be assigned by the
teacher. The 40-hour teaching component will include two tests con ducted in the classroom.
These tests may be written, oral, in the form of presentations etc. Altogether these tests will be
for 25 marks.

The self -study component of 20 hours will include basic field/museum visits followed by report,
the writing of class -based projects and other essays. It will also probably include a series of basic
exercises in data collection and collation which will be evaluated via reports and term papers .
These will be evaluated for 15 marks. The self -study component assigned in thi s manner will be
related to or an extension of but not in lieu of the prescribed syllabus.

Bibliography
Allami, Abu’l Fazl The A’in -i-Akbari (in 3 Vol. Bound in 2 translated H. S. Jarrett, 2nd Edition
corrected and annotated by Sir Jadunath Sarkar, Atlant ic Publishers, New Delhi, Reprint 1989
Aman -ur-Rahman ( 2005), Zahir -ud-din Ba bur: A Numismatic Study, Aman -ur-Rahman, Reesha
Publications, Mumbai
Babur, Zahiruddin Muhammad Padshah Ghazi, Baburnama (Memoirs of Babur) trans. from
original Turki text by Anne tte Susannah Beveridge Vol. I and II, first published 1921, Reprint
Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi, 1990
Bernier, Francois (1891) Travels in the Mogul Empire 1656 -1668 trans. by Archibald Constable,
1891
Bose, S. K. (2013), The Commercial Coina ge of Koch Kingdom, Library of Numismatic Studies,
Kolkata
Danish Moin (1999), Coins of the Delhi Sultanate, IIRNS Publications, Mumbai
Ganesh, K. (2009) Studies in Vijayanagar Coins, K. Ganesh, Bangalore
Garg, Sanjay (1997) ed. Coins and History of Medie val India, Rahul Publications, New Delhi
Girijapathi, M. The Coinage and History of Vijayanagara Empire, Chitradurga, Karnataka, 2009

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Goron, Stan & J. P. Goenka (2001), The Coins of the Indian Sultanates – covering the area of
present -day India, Pakistan a nd Bangladesh, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi
Grierson, Philip (1975), Numismatics, Oxford University Press, London
Gupta, P. L. (1969) Coins, National Book Trust, New Delhi, fourth edition 1996 reprint 2013
Gupta, P. L. & Mohd. Abdul Wali Khan (1982), Copper Coins of Barid Shahis of Bidar and
Nizam Shahi of Ahmadnagar, Birla Archaeological & Cultural Research Institute, Hyderabad
Herrli, Hans (2006) Gold Fanams 1336 -2000, Reesha Books, Mumbai
Hodivala , S. H. (2014), Historical Studies in Mughal Mint -towns and other Essays, Sanjay Garg
compiled and ed. Manohar Publications, New Delhi
Hodivala , S. H. (1923), Historical Studies in Mughal Numismatics, reprinted by Numismatic
Society of India ‘Occasional Memoirs of NSI’, Prince of Wales’ Museum, Bomb ay, 1976
Jahangir Badshah (1909) , The Tuzuk -i-Jahangiri or, Memoirs of Jahangir, transl. Alexander
Rogers, edited by Henry Beveridge , Reprint, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, New De lhi,
1989
Jain, Manik (1998) Couplets on Mughal Coins of India, Philatelia, Calcutta
Liddle, Andrew (2005) Coinage of Akbar: The Connoisseur’s Choice, Kapoori Devi Charitable
Trust, New Delhi
Liddle, Andrew (2013) Coins of Jahangir – Creations of a Numisma tist, Manohar Publications,
New Delhi
Mitchiner, Michael (1995) Coin Circulation in Southernmost India, IIRNS, Anjaneri, Nashik
Mitra, Anup (2001), Coins of Ahom Kingdom, Mahua Mitra, Calcutta
Narasimhamurthy, A V (1997). The Coins of Karnataka, Directorat e of Archaeology &
Museums in Karnataka, Mysore
Narasimha murthy, A. V. & D. Raja Reddy eds (2012) Gold Coins in the Srivari Hundi of Lord
Sri Venkateshwara, Sri Venkateshwara Museum, Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam, Tirumala,
A.P.
Oaten, E. F. (1909) Europe an Travellers in India during the Fifteenth, Sixteenth and Seventeenth
Centuries, Reprint, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, 1991
Parikh, Pravin (1975) Akbar and his Coins, B. P. Parikh, Rajkot, 1975

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Rajgor, Dilip (2002), Collector’s Guide to M ughal Coins, Dinesh Mody Numismatic Museum,
University of Mumbai, Mumbai, Reprint 2008

Rajgor, Dilip (1991), Standard Catalogue of S ultanate Coins of India, Reesha Publications,
Mumbai, Reprint 2008

Rhodes, Nicholas & S. K. Bose (2010), The Coinage of Jaintiap ur, Library of Numismatic Studies,
Kolkata, 2010

Richards, John F. ed. (1987) The Imperial Monetary System of Mughal India, Oxford University
Press, New Delhi
Thakur, Ashok Singh (2006), Coins of Jahangir, Indian Coin Society, Nagpur




Course V

Coinage and Currency of the Early Modern and Modern period: India and the World

This course will cover the diverse coinages of India in the eighteenth century under various
centrifugal forces inside and outside the Mughal power circle. It will also highlight the various
coinages of European powers issued in India as well as imported in the late eighteenth and
nineteenth century along with the evolution of the E ast India’s currency as the Uniform coinage
of the Indian sub -continent. The course will also look at th e process of modernization of coinage
as well as Paper currency in the nineteenth century looking at the process beginning outside
India and then imported to the sub -continent.
The course will also cover the Princely states’ coinages and their gradual exti nction by the
British enforced Native Coinages Act in the late nineteenth century. It will also trace the British
India Coinage and currency till the dawn of Indian Independence and the beginning of the
coinage of the Republic of India in 1947 and beyond.

The course shall comprise of the following units:
Unit 1 – Coinage of Mughal Successor States
1. Awadh Coinage – Early and nineteenth century types
2. Late Mughal Deccan Coinage under the Nizams and Haidarabad State coinage and
currency
3. Durrani Coinage in Nor thern Indi a
4. Quasi -Mughal coinage of Rajput kingdoms and the Jats
Unit 2 – Coinage of non -Mughal powers of eighteenth century

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1. Early Maratha Coinage
2. Quasi -Mughal Coinage of the Kolhapur and Satara kingdoms
3. Quasi -Mughal coinage of the Peshwas
4. Maratha Confede rate powers’ coinage
5. Mysore coinage under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan
6. Sikh Coinage
Unit 3 – Coinage and Currency of the European powers in India (excluding the English)
1. Indo-Danish Coinage
2. Indo-Portuguese Coinage and Bank notes
3. Indo-French Coinage and Bank notes
4. Indo-Dutch coinage
5. Late Medieval and Early modern European coins imported to India
Unit 4 – Coinage of the East India Company and its modernization into Uniform Coinage
1. East India Company – Presidency Issues of Bombay, Bengal and Madras (till 1835)
2. Modernization of Coin Minting in Europe and its import to India
3. East India Company – Uniform Currency (1835 -1862)
4. British India Coinage and Banknotes (1862 -1947)
5. Coinage and Banknotes of the Princely States
6. Coinage and Currency of Republic of India

Class methodology

This is a six-credit course. It will involve teaching -learning for four hours a week for a period of
15 weeks. Of the total 60 teaching -learning hours (in each paper), 40 will comprise the central
teaching component while 20 hours will compris e the self -study component. The self -study
component will consist of academic tasks outside the classroom that will be assigned by the
teacher. The 40 hour teaching component will include two tests conducted in the classroom.
These tests may be written, or al, in the form of presentations etc. Altogether these tests will be
for 25 marks.

The self -study component of 20 hours will include basic field/museum visits followed by report,
the writing of class based projects and other essays. It will also probably include a series of basic
exercises in data collection and collation which will be evaluated via reports and term papers.
These will be evaluated for 15 marks. The self -study component assigned in this manner will be
related to or an extension of but not in lieu of the prescribed syllabus.



Bibliography

Page 28

27
27
Bhandare, Shailendra (2006) ‘A Metallic Mirror: Changing Representations of Sovereignty
during the Raj’ In: Himanshu Prabha Ray, ed. Coins in India: Power and Communication,
MARG Publications, Mumbai
Bisw as, Anirban (2007) Money and Markets from Pre -Colonial to Colonial India, Aakar Books,
New Delhi
Da Cunha, Gerson J. (1880) Contributions to the Study of Indo -Portuguese Numismatics, first
published 1880, AES, New Delhi, Reprint, 1995
Dayal, Prayag (1939) , Catalogue of the Coins of the Kings of Oudh in the Provincial Museum,
Lucknow , KR Publications, New Delhi, 1992
Desikachari, T. (1910), Indo-French Coins, Madras
Doty, Richard (1998) The Soho Mint & The Industrialization of Money, National Museum of
Amer ican History, Smithsonian Institution in association with Spink and the British Numismatic
Society, London, U. K.
Ganesh, K. (2007) Karnataka Coins, K. Ganesh, Bangalore, 2007
Garg, Sanjay (2013) The Sikka and the Raj – A History of Currency Legislations o f the East
India Company, 1772 -1835, Manohar Publishers, New Delhi
Girijapathy, M. (2014), The Coinage and History of Wodeyars of Mysore, Varsha Publications,
Bangalore
Gupta, P. L. (1969) , Coins, National Book Trust, New Delhi, Reprint Edition, 2013
Gupta , S. C. (2005), Coins of Indian States – Part A, Kapoori Devi Charitable Trust, Gurgaon
Henderson, J. (1921), The Coins of Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan, Reprint, AES Publications, New
Delhi, 2001
Herrli, Hans (2004), Coinage of the Sikhs, Munshiram Manoharla l Publishers, New Delhi
Herrli, Hans (2006), Gold Fanams 1336 -2000, Reesha Books, Mumbai
Jensen, Uno Barner (1997) Danish East India – Trade Coins & Coins of Tranquebar 1620 -1845,
Barner Jensen
Kapoor, Mohit & Dinesh Master (2018) The Nawabs and Kings of A wadh and their Coinage, M.
Kapoor, Mumbai
Kulkarni, Prashant P. (1990) Coinage of the Bhonsala Rajas of Nagpur, Indian Coin Society,
Nagpur, 1990

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Lingen Jan & Kenneth W. Wiggins (1978), Coins of the Sindhias, Hawkins Publications,
London, 1978
Lingen, Jan (2012) Marwar -Jodhpur State: History & Coinage, IIRNS Publications, Anjaneri,
2012
Maheshwari, K. K., & K. Wiggins (1989) , Maratha Mints and Coinage, Indian Institute of
Research in Indian Numismatics, Anjaneri
Pridmore, F. (1975) The Coins of the British Commonwealth of Nations to the End of the Reign
of George VI 1952: Volume I: East India Company Presidency Series c. 1642 -1835, Spink &
Son, London
Scholten, C. (1953) The Coins of the Dutch Overseas Territories: 1601 -1948, J. Schulman,
Amsterdam
Sethi , P. K., R. Holkar & S. K. Bhatt (1976) A Study of Holkar State Coinage, Academy of
Indian Numismatics & Sigillography, Indore
Shaikh, Bazil & Sandhya Srinivasan (2009), The Paper & The Promise – A Brief History of
Currency & Banknotes in India, Dept. of Curre ncy Management, Reserve Bank of India,
Mumbai
Stevens, Paul (2012) The Coins of the Bengal Presidency, Baldwin and Sons, London
Thurston, Edgar (1890) History of the Coinage of the Territories of the East India Company in
the Indian Peninsula and Catalogue of Coins of the Madras Museum , Reprin t, Reesha Books
International, Mumbai, 2003
Webb, William Wilfrid (1893) The Currencies of the Hindu States of Rajputana, Reprint by
Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, 2003