Page 1
1 la?kjkT; iz.kkyhps cnyrs Lo:i
izdj.kkph jpuk
1-0 mfn~n"Vs
1-1 izLrkouk
1-2 Hkkjrh; la?kjkT;kph oSf'k"V;s
1-3 Hkkjr & ,dkRe 'kklu in~/krh
1-4 dsanz & jkT; laca/k
1-5 dsanz & jkT; laca/k % dsanz 'kklukpk fo'ks"kkf/kdkj
1-6 ?kVd jkT;kaph Lok;Rrrk
1-7 ljkoklkBh iz'u
1-8 lanHkZ lwph
1-1 Hkkjrh; la?kjkT;
mfn~n”Vs
;k izdj.kkP;k vH;klkeqGs vkiY;kyk dsanz&jkT; laca/kkrhy fofo/k iSywaph ekfgrh gksbZy -
& 'kklulaLFkkaps Lo#i
& Hkkjrh; la?kjkT;kps Lo#i
& jkT;?kVusrhy dsanz&jkT; ;kaP;krhy vf/kdkjkaph foHkkx.kh Li’V gksbZy -
& vkf.kck.khP;k dkGkrhy dsanz ljdkjps vf/kdkj
& jkT;kaP;k Lok;Rrrspk iz'u
& dsanz & jkT; laca/kkrhy cnyrs izokg
izLrkouk
Lkk/kkj.ki.ks jktdh; O;oLFksps nksu izdkj vkgsr - ,d Eg.kts la?kjkT; vkf.k nqljk ,dkRe 'kklu O;oLFkk gks; - vesfjdk] vkWLVªsfy;k] Hkkjr dWuMk gh la?kjkT;kph rj baXyaM gs ,dkRe 'kklu in~/krhps
mnkgj.k vkgs - ,dkRe 'kklu in~/krhe/;s jkT;?kVusus loZ lRrk ,dkp e/;orhZ ljdkjdMs ¼dsanz ljdkj½ lk sifoysyh vlrs - dsanzljdkj R;kP;k bPNsuqlkj izknsf'kd lRrsps vf/kdkj deh&tkLr d#
1munotes.in
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भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
2'kdrs- ;kmyV la?kjkT; O;oLFksr nqgsjh 'kkluO;oLFkk vlrs - ,d Eg.kts dsanz ljdkj vkf.k R;kf'kok;
?kVd jkT;kaph osxGh 'kklulaLFkk vlrs - ;k nksUgh 'kklukae/;s vf/kdkj foHkkx.kh dsy syh vlrs- la?kjkT;
O;oLFksr dsanz vkf.k jkT; ljdkjkapk ntkZ leku vlrks - dks.krsgh 'kklu nqlÚ;kis{kk Js’B ulrs rj
nksu 'kklukae/;s vf/kdkj foHkkx.kh dj.kkjh jkT;?kVuk loZJs’B vlrs - jkT;kPkk HkkSxksfyd vkdkj eksBk
vlsy vkf.k fofo/krk ¼mnk - tkr] /keZ] oa'k] l aLd`rh] izns'k b -½ vlsy rj la?kjkT; O;oLFkk mi;qDr
Bjrs- ,[kknh jkT;O;oLFkk la?kjkT;kRed vkgs fdaok ukgh gs [kkyhy fud’kkao#u Bjork ;srs -
1½ dsanz o jkT; v'kh nqgsjh 'kkluO;oLFkk vl.ks -
2½ dsanz o jkT; ;kaP;kr vf/kdkjkaph lqLi’V v'kh foHkkx.kh vl.ks -
3½ dsanz o jkT; ;kaP;krhy vf/kdkj foHkkx.khph Li’V uksan vl.kkjh fyf[kr jkT;?kVuk vl.ks -
4½ dsanz o jkT; ;kaP;kr rlsp jkT; fo#n~/k jkT; ;kaP;kr la?k’kZ fuekZ.k >kY;kl rks fuokj.k dj.kkjh
rVLFk] fui{k U;k;;a=.kk vl.ks -
ojhy fud’k T;k jkT;O;oLFkse/;s fnlrkr r h jkT;O;oLFkk la?kjkT;kRed O;oLFkk vlrs - la?kjkT;kRed
O;oLFksps nksu izdkj vkgsr -
1 dsanzksRlkjh la?kjkT;
2 dsanzkd’khZ la?kjkT;
T;k la?kjkT; O;oLFksr dsanzkdMwu jkT;fufeZrhph izfØ;k ?kMrs rh dsanzksRlkjh la?kjkT; O;oLFkk gks; -
f'kok; T;k O;oLFksr vusd jkT;s ,d= ;sÅu e/;orhZ dsanz lRrsph fufeZrh djrkr R;k O;oLFksyk dsanzkd’khZ la?kjkT; O;oLFkk Eg.krk ;sbZy - Hkkjrkr QkG.khtU; ifjfLFkrheqGs dsanzksRlkjh in~/krhps la?kjkT;
fuekZ.k >kys vkgs -
1-1 Hkkjrh; la?kjkT; O;oLFkk
Lokra=~;ksRrj dkGkr Hkkjrkus la?kjkT;h; i)rhpk Lohdkj dsyk vkgs - Hkkjrh; la?kjkT; jpusps lokZr
BGdi.ks utjsr Hkj.kkjs oSf'k"V; Eg.kts dsanz 'kklukps izkcY; gks; - Hkkjrh; la?kjkT;kph jpuk 1935
P;k dk;|koj vk/kkjhr vkgs - ek= Lokra=~;ksRrj dkGkrhy ,dkRersyk rMk ns.kk&;k ?kVukaeqGs Hkkjrh ;
la?kjkT; oSf'k"V;iw.kZ Bjys vkgs - Hkkjrh; la?kjkT;kph oSf'k"V;s iqHkkjrh; la?kjkT;kph oSf’k”V;s
jkT;kapk la?k %
Hkkjrkph 'kklui)rh la?kjkT;kRed vlyh rjh ^^Hkkjr gs la?kjkT; vkgs^^ vlk 'kCniz;ksx jkT;?kVusr
vkjpusr jkT;kauk QqVwu fu?k.;kpk vf/kdkj vlrks - Hkkjrkr v'kk izdkjpk vf/kdkj jkT;kauk ukgh -
FkksMD;kr Eg.kts Hkkjrkps la?kjkT; dsanzksRlkjh i)rhps vlwu jk”Vªkaph ,drk o lkeF;Z ;kau k egRo
ns.kkjs vkgs -
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अध्यया्य 3 संघरयाज्य प्रियालीचे बदलते सिरुप
3lRrsps dsanzhdj.k %
Hkkjrkps 'kklu la?kjkT;kRed vlys rjh ?kVd jkT;kaph Lok;Rrrk e;kZfnr vkgs - ?kVd jkT;kaP;k
vf/kdkjkaP;k rqyusr dsanzh; ljdkjyk vf/kd izek.kkr vf/kdkj vkgsr - jkT;kph jpuk dsanzhdj.kkph
ulyh rjh izo`Rrh dsanzhdj.kkph v kgs- vkf.kck.khr rj la?kjkT;kps :ikarj ,dkRe jkT;kar gksrs -
vf/kdkj foHkkx.kh %
Hkkjrkr dsanz ljdkj vkf.k ?kVdjkT; ljdkj ;kaP;kr vf/kdkjkaph foHkkx.kh dj.;kr vkyh vkgs -
?kVusr R;kapk varHkkZo dj.;kr vkyk vkgs - R;kuqlkj dkgh fo"k; dsanzkdMs (dsanzlwph)] dkgh fo"k;
jkT;kadMs (jkT;lwph) o dkgh fo"k; nksgksadMs (e/;orhZ lwph ) lksifo.;kr vkys vkgsr - ;k vf/kdkj
foHkkx.khr dsanz ljdkjyk >qdrs eki feGkys vkgs -
fy[khr o rkBj jkT;?kVuk %
Hkkjrkr dsanz o ?kVdjkT; ljdkj ;kaP;kr vf/kdkj foHkkx.kh dj.;kr vkyh vlwu jkT; ?kVusus izR;sd
ljdkjps vf/kdkj o {ks= Bjowu fnys vkgs - dks.kR;kgh ljdkjyk vkiys vf/kdkj ,drQhZ okijrk ;sow
u;sr fdaok nql&;kaP;k vf/kdkjkaoj vfrdze.k djrk ;sow u;s Eg.kwu fy[khr o rkBj jkT;?kVuk fuekZ.k
dj.;kr vkyh vkgs -
Lora= U;k;eaMG %
dsanz ljdkj vkf.k ?kVd jkT; ljdkj fdaok nksu ?kVd jkT; ljdkjkae/;s vf/kdkj fo"k;d okn fuekZ.k
>kyk rj U;k;fuokM;klkBh Lora= U;k;eaMGkph rjrwn ?kVusus dsyh vkgs - vkRrki;Zar c&;kp osGk
U;k;ky;kus gh Hkwfedk ;'kLohjhR;k ikj ikMyh vkgs -
,dp jkT;?kVuk %
vesfjdsr la?kjkT;kph jk T;?kVuk o jkT; ljdkjkaph jkT;?kVuk osxosxG~;k vkgsr - ;kmyV Hkkjrkr
laiw.kZ ns'kkph o ?kVd jkT;kaP;k osxosxG~;k jkT;?kVuk ukghr - laiw.kZ ns'kklkBh foLrkjkus fyfgysyh
,dp jkT;?kVuk vlwu dsanz o jkT; ljdkjps Lo:i vf/kdkj o dk;Zs Li"V dsyh vkgsr -
nqgsjh ukxfjdRo ukgh %
vesfjdsP;k la?kjkT;kr izR;sd ukxfjdkyk nqgsjh ukxfjdRo ns.;kr vkys vkgs - izR;sd O;Drh ifgY;kank
?kVd jkT;kph ukxfjd vlrs - Hkkjrkps ukxfjdRo ,dsjh Lo:ikps vkgs - izR;sd O;Drh laiw.kZ ns'kkph
ukxfjd vlrs - Hkkjrkr ?kVdjkT;kaP;k ukxfjRokph fujkGh dYiuk ukgh -
vkf.kck.khr ,dkRe jkT; %
Hkkjrh; la?kjkT;kph dYiuk yofpd Lo:ikph vkgs - 'kkarrsP;k dkGkr Hkkjr gs la?kjkT; vlrs - rj
vkf.kck.khP;k dkGkar ek= rs ,dkRe Lo:ikps vlrs - ijdh; vkdze.k >kY;kl fdaok ijdh; vkdze.kkph
'kD;rk fuekZ.k >kY;kl jk”Vª irh vkf.k ck.kh tkghj d: 'kdrkr - rlsp ?kVd jkT;krhy ?kVukRed
;a=.kk dksyeMY;kl jk”Vª irh jktoVhph vkf.k vkfFkZd vkf.kck.khph rjrwn ?kVusr varHkZwr vkgs -
vkf.kck.khP;k ifjfLFkrhr dsanz ljdkjps vf/kdkj eksB;k izek.kkr okljdkjyk ekU; djkO; k ykxrkr - munotes.in
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भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
4izcG dsanz ljdkj %
dsanz ljdkjyk jkT;kalkBh jk[kwu BsoysY;k (jkT;lwph) fo"k;kar gLr{ksi djrk ;srks - R;k fo"k;klaca/kh
dk;nk djrk ;srks - ?kVd jkT;kpk dk;Zdkjh vf/kdkjh vlysyk jkT;iky gk dsanz ljdkjpk nwr vlrks -
R;kP;kekQZr jkT; ljdkjps fu;a=.k djrk ;s.ks 'kD; vlrs -
?kVd jkT;kauk leku izfrfu/khRo ukgh %
vesfjdsrhy ?kVdjkT;kauk lhusVoj (ojh"B lHkkx`g ) leku izfrfu/khRo ns.;kr vkys vkgs - izR;sd
?kVdjkT;kps nksu izfrfu/kh lhusVoj fuoMwu ikBoys tkrkr - lhusV izek.ksp jkT;lHkk gs Hkkjrh;
lalnsps ojh"B lHkkx`g vkgs - ;k lHkkx`gkar dks.kR;k ?kVd jkT;kps fdrh izfrfu/kh fuoMwu ikBokosr gs
jkT;?kVusus Bjowu fnysys vkgs - jkT;lHksoj ?kVd jkT;kauk leku izfrfu/khRo ns.;kr vkysys ukgh -
mnk- egkjk”Vª kps 19 lHkkln rj xqtjkrps lHkkln jkT;lHksr ikBfoys tkrkr -
lalnsps fo'ks"k vf/kdkj %
HkkjrkP;k lalnsyk uohu ?kVdjkT;kaph fufeZrh dj.;kpk] vfLrRokr vlysys ?kVdjkT; u"V dj.;kpk]
?kVdjkT;kps {ks= deh&vf/kd dj.;kpk vf/kdkj vkgs - Eg.ktsp ?kVdjkT;kaps vfLrRo lalnsP;k fu.kZ;koj voyacwu vkgs - vFkkZr v'kk izdkjpk cny djrku k ek= ?kVuknq:Lrh dj.ks vko';d vlrs - HkkjrkP;k la?kjkT;kph ojhy oSf'k"V;s vH;klY;koj ,d xks"V y{kkr ;srs rh Eg.kts Hkkjrh; la?kjkT;
vesfjdsP;k la?kjkT;kgwu fujkGs vkgs - R;keqGs HkkjrkP;k la?kjkT;kyk la?kjkT; Eg.k.ks fdrir ;ksX; vkgs
vlk iz'u mifLFkr dsyk tkrks- FkksMD;kr Hkkjrh; la?kjkT; gs dsanzksRlkjh vkgs vls Eg.kkos ykxrs -
^Hkkjrkr ,dkRe 'kklulaLFkk vkgs^^ %
txkrhy dks.kR;kgh la?kjkT;kRed ns'kkr fodsanzhdj.kkph izo`Rrh vklRrkfoHkkx.kh vko';dgh vlrs - ijarq Hkkjrh; la?kjkT ;ke/;s jpusdMs ikfgY;kl vls fnlrs dh Hkkjrkr
dsanzlRrk izcG vkgs - dsoG vkf.kck.khP;k ifjfLFkrhrp ,dkRe 'kklu vlrs o brj osGh ek= la?kjkT;kRed 'kklu vlrs gs Eg.k.ks iw.kkZa'kkus cjkscj ukgh - Hkkjrkr dsanz ljdkjdMs lRrsps dsanzhdj.k
>kys vkgs ;k dsanzhdj.kky k vusd ?kVukRed mik;;kstuk rlsp Lokra=~;ksRrj dkGkrhy vusd jktdh;
izfdz;k dkj.khHkwr BjY;k vkgsr - R;kapk iqHkkjrh; ?kVusus dsysyh vf/kdkjkaph foHkkx.kh dsanz 'kklukyk >qdrs eki ns.kkjh vkgs - dsanzlwphr 97
fo"k;] jkT;lwphr 66 r j leorhZlwphr 48 fo"k;kapk lekos'k vkgs - dsanzlwphoj dsanz ljdkjps iw.kZ
fu;a=.k vkgs - f'kok; jkT;lHksP;k laerhus dsanz ljdkj jkT;lwphrhy fo"k;kar gLr{ksi d: 'kdrs - rlsp
leorhZlwphrhy fo"k;kalanHkkZr dsanz o jkT; ljdkj ;kaP;kr erHksn fuekZ.k >kY;kl dsanzkp kp dk;nk
izek.k ekuyk tkrks - ;k rjrqnhus dsanzkps iw.kZ izkcY; fnlwu ;srs -
nksu ;k vf/kd jkT;kauh tj vlk Bjko dsyk dh] ,dk fof'k"V vf/kdkjklaca/kh lalnsus dk;nk djkok -
rj v'kk osGh laln R;k fo"k;klaca/kh dk;ns d: 'kdrs - brjgh jkT; R;k dk;|kpk vafxdkj d:
'kdrkr- ek= v'kk dk;|kr nq:Lrh dj.ks lalnsP;kp v[kR;kjhr vlrs -
vkf.kck.khP;k dkGkr dks.kR;kgh vf/kdkj fo"k;klaca/kh dk;nk dj.;kph lRrk lalnsyk izkIr gksrs -
vkf.kck.kh mBoY;kuarj lgk efgus gs dk;ns vfLrRokr jkgrkr - munotes.in
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अध्यया्य 3 संघरयाज्य प्रियालीचे बदलते सिरुप
5
dsanzlwph] jkT;lwph o leorhZlwph ;k frU gh lwphae/;s ts fo"k; varHkwZr dsysys ulrhy rs loZ moZjhr
vf/kdkj fdaok 'ks"kkf/kdkj ?kVusus dsanz 'kklukyk fnys vkgsr -
vkarjjk”Vªh; djkjkaph vaeyctko.kh dj.;kP;k n`"Vhus vko';d okVY;kl jkT;lwphrhy dks.kR;kgh fo"k;kaoj lalnsyk dk;nk djrk ;srks -
jkT; ljdk jus jkT;lwphrhy fo"k;klaca/kh dsysys dkgh dk;ns jk”VªirhaP;k fopkjkFkZ jk[kwu Bso.;kpk
vf/kdkj ?kVusus jkT;kP;k jkT;ikykal fnyk vkgs - jk”Vªirh v'kk dk;|kauk udkjkf/kdkj (Veto)
oki#u rs jn~n Bjow 'kdrkr - fdaok f'kQkj'khfu'kh QsjfopkjklkBh ikBowu nsow 'kdrkr -
jkT;kus vkiyh dk;Zdkjh lRrk lalnh; dk;|kaps ikyu gksbZy v'kk i)rhus okijkoh - v'kk n`"Vhus dsanz
ljdkj jkT; ljdkjkauk funsZ'k nsow 'kdrs -
dsanz'kklukP;k d{ksr ;s.kk&;k dks.kR;kgh ckchps iz'kklu dj.;kph tckcnkjh jkT;'kklukoj lksifo.;kpk
vf/kdkj lafo/kkuk us la?k'kklukyk fnyk vkgs -
ijdh; vkdze.k fdaok caMkGh ;kiklwu jkT;kps laj{k.k dj.;kph tckcnkjh dsanzljdkjph vlrs -
jkT;kph ?kVukRed ;a=.kk dkslGY;kP;k dkj.kko:u fof'k"V jkT;kar jk”Vª irh jktoV yko.;kpk
vf/kdkj ?kVusus dsanz ljdkjyk fnyk vkgs -
vkfFkZd vf/kd kjkaP;k okV.khrgh dsanz 'kklukpsp ikjMs tM vkgs - jkT;kph foRrlk/kus e;kZfnr vlY;keqGs
R;kapk vkfFkZd enrhlkBh dsanz'kklukoj voyacwu jkg.;kf'kok; xR;arj ukgh -
vkfFkZd vkf.kck.kh iqdk:u jkT;kph vkfFkZd Lok;Rrrk iw.kZi.ks u"V dj.ks] dsanz'kklukyk 'kD; vlrs -
ns'kkrhy dk;nk o lqO;oLFksph vafre tckcnkjh dsanz ljdkjph vkgs - R;keqGs jkT;kP;k vf/kdkj {ks=kar
vko';d rks gLr{ksi dj.;kps izpaM vf/kdkj dsanz'kklukyk ykHkys vkgsr -
v'kkizdkjs ?kVusus dsanz 'kklukyk dekyhps opZLo fnys vlwu jkT;kauk dsanzkfo:) dks.krsp l aj{k.k
fnysys ukgh - dk;nsfo"k;d vkf.k iz'kkldh; v'kk nksUgh ckcrhr dsanzljdkj ojp< vkgs - jkT;kauk vk[kwu
fnysY;k vf/kdkj{ks=kyk dk=h yko.;kP;k vusd 'kD;rk ?kVusrp varHkwZr vkgsr - Lokra=~;ksRrj dkGkrhy
okVpky ikgrk R;k loZ 'kD;rk (vkfFkZd vkf.kck.kh oxGwu ) izR;{kkr mrjY;k vlwu jkT;kaph Lok;Rrrk
mRrjksRrj deh >kyh vkgs -
mi;qDr ckchacjkscj izR;{k O;ogkjkar dsanz 'kklu ojp< Bj.;kl vk.k[khgh dkgh xks"Vh iwjd BjY;k
vkgsr- R;k iq1- ?kVuk vaeykr vkY;kuarj vusd o"ksZ dsanz o jkT; ;k nksUgh ikrGhoj ,dp jktdh; i{k (dkWaxzsl i{k ) lRrk:< gksrk - dsanz ikrGhP;k rqyusr jkT;ikrGhojhy usr`Ro tltls dedqor
gksr xsys- rlrlk dsanz ikrGhojpk ojp2- lkekftd o vkfFkZd fu;kstu gk fo"k ; tjh dsanzlwphr vlyk rjh 1950 lkyh dsanz'kklukus
fu;kstu vk;ksxkph fu;qDrh dsY;kiklwu vk;ksxkps vf/kdkj o dk;sZ ok
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भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
6egRo okdj.;kr vkyh - vkf.k fu;kstu {ks=krhy lYyk o iqufoZyksdu ;kfo"k;hps loksZPp vf/kdkj fryk
ns.;kr vkys - ;k ifj"knsr iz/kkuea=h] loZ jkT;kaps eq[;ea=h] fu;kstu vk;ksxkps lnL; vkf.k
dWfcusV dsanzh; ea=h ;kapk lkekos'k vlrks - izR;sd jkT;kr jkT; fu;kstu eaMG LFkkiu d:u
R;kekQZr fu;kstu vk;ksx jkT;kaP;k fu;kstu vk;ksxkaoj fu;a=.k Bsorks - fodkl ;kstukaP;k ;k
midzekarwu lRrsps veki dsanzhdj.k o dsanz ljdkjps opZLo fuekZ.k >kys vkgs -
3- dsanz o jkT; ;kaP;krhy vkfFkZd laca/kkckcr iap Eg.kwu foRr vk;ksx dk;Zjr vkgs - ek= foRr
vk;ksxkP;k f'kQkj'khlq)k vusd osGk jkT;kaojrh vU;k; dj.kk&;kp vlrkr - vfydMsp panzkckcw
uk;MwaP;k usr`Rok[kkyh rsjk jkT;kaph foRr vk;ksxkP;k f'kQkj'kha lanHkkZr tkghji.ks caMkpk ifo=k
?ksryk vkgs-
4- lkekU;r% la?kjkT; jpuk rkBj Lo#ikph vlrs - ijarq Hkkjrkr ek= ?kVukdkjkauh ifjfLFkrhuqlkj
jpuk cny.;kph rjrwn d:u Bsoyh vkgs - R;kuqlkj vkf.kck.khP;k dkGkr bFks ,dkRe 'kklui)rh vfLrRokr ;srs - rlsp jkT;kaph dk;Z{ks= cny.;kpk ukos cny.;kpk vf/kdkj ds anz
'kklukyk vkgs - ?kVusrhy ;k rjrwnhapk fopkj dsY;kl vls fnlrs dh] jkT; ljdkjs Eg.kts Hkkjrh; jkT;O;oLFksP;k miO;oLFkkp (Sub -system) vkgsr- ?kVusus vk[kwu fnysY;k e;kZnkae/;s jkT;kauk vkiyk dkjHkkj djkok ykxrks -
5- Hkkjrkr iz'kkldh; jpusr dsanzh; yksdls ok vk;ksx o jkT; yksdlsok vk;ksx v'kk nksu ikrG;k
vkgsrp f'kok; ns'kkph O;oLFkk lqjGhr pkykoh ;k gsrwus ?kVukdkjkauh ,dk vf[ky Hkkjrh;
lsosphgh rjrwn dsyh vkgs - (I.A.S.) (I.P.S.) lkj[;k vf/kdk&;kaph Hkjrh vf[ky Hkkjrh;
ikrGho#u dsyh tkrs - gs vf/kdkjh dsanz 'kklukP;kp fu;a=.kk[kkyh vlrkr - dsanzkP;k laerhf'kok;
;k vf/kdk&;kaoj dkjokbZ djrk ;sr ukgh -
6- la?kjkT;kP;k lanHkkZr jkT;ikykph ?kVusus Bjowu fnysyh Hkwfedk vusd osGk vk{ksikgZ okVrs -
jkT;iky gk ?kVd jkT;kpk ?kVukRed izeq[k vl.ks visf{kr vkgs - i.k izR;{kkr ek= rks dsanz
'kklukpk gLrd vlY;kpk vuqHko jkT;kauk ;srks - fo'ks"kr% T;k jkT;kar fojks/kh i{k lRrk:<
vlrkr- rsFks jkT;ikykaph Hkwfedk la'k;kLin vlrs - dsanzkrhy lRrk/kk&;kaP;k bPNsuqlkj rks jkT;
ljdkj MGeGhr d: 'kdrks ok R;kaph vMo.kwd d: 'kdrks -
ojhy loZ foospukao:u vls y{kkr ;srs dh] Hkkjrkps la?kjkT; la?kjkT;kP;k ewG rRokaiklwu fopfyr
>kys vkgs - Hkkjrh; la?kjkT;kr dsanzlRrk vfr'k; cyoku cuyh vkgs - ds- ih- eq[kthZ ;kauk Hkkjrh;
la?kjkT;kps o.kZu djrkuk **Hkkjrkr ,dkRe 'kklulaLFkk vkgs** vls EgVys vk gs- ds- lh- fOgvj ;kaP;k
ers Hkkjr gs la?kjkT; ulwu vkHkklkRed la?kjkT; vkgs -
1-2 ?kVd jkT;kaph Lok;Rrrk
Hkkjrkus 1950 lkyh la?kjkT;kRed 'kklu i)rhpk Lohdkj dsyk vlyk rjh Hkkjrkr dsanzlRrk izcG
vlY;kus dsanz jkT; laca/k lyks[;kps] lgdk;kZps jkfgysys ukghr- R;kaP;kr r.kko ok la?k"kZ fuekZ.k >kysys
fnlrkr- dsanz ljdkjus osGksosGh jkT; ljdkjP;k vf/kdkjkaoj vkdze.k dsysys fnlrs - i{kfgr] LokFkZ munotes.in
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अध्यया्य 3 संघरयाज्य प्रियालीचे बदलते सिरुप
7;keqGs dsanz ljdkjus jkT; ljdkjkaph Lok;Rrrk /kksD;kr vk.kyh - 1967 uarjP;k fuoM.kqdhuarj ?kVd jkT;kaph Lok;Rrrk t iyh tkoh - rlsp R;kaP;k vf/kdkjkar ok< Ogkoh ;klkBh dkgh lfeR;k useY;k
xsY;k- R;kapk vkjkteUukj lferh % 1969 lkyh dsanz jkT; laca/kkrhy r.kko] la?k"kZ deh dj.;kP;k gsrwus rkfeGukMw 'kklukus jkteUukj lferh fu;qDr dsyh gksrh - ;k lferhus 1971 lkyh vkiyk vgoky lknj d:u [kkyhy f'kQkj'kh
dsY;k-
1- iariz/kkukaP;k v/;{krs[kkyh eq[;ea=h fdaok R;kaP;k izfrfu/khapk lkekos'k vlysys vkarjjkT;h; eaMG use.;kr ;kos -
2- ?kVd jkT;kaoj ifj.kke dj.kkjs dks.krsgh fo/ks;d vkarjjkT; eaMGkP;k lY Y;kf'kok; lalnsr
ekaMys tkow u;s -
3- jkT;ea=h eaMGk'kh ppkZ] fopkj fouhe; d:up jkT;ikykph use.kwd dj.;kr ;koh - jkT;iky
inkoj use.kwd dj.;kr vkysY;k O;Drhph nql&;k dks.kR;kgh inkoj iqUgk use.kwd d: u;s -
rlsp fuo`Rrhuarj jkT;ikykaph brj dks.kR;kgh inkoj fu ;qDrh d: u;s -
4- ?kVd jkT;kaP;k dkjHkkjkckcr jk”Vª irhaph jkT;ikykauk dk;e Lo:ikP;k lwpuk ns.;kph rjrwn
vlkoh-
5- dsanz 'kklukus vkf.kck.kh fo"k;d vf/kdkj dkjn~n djkos -
6- jkT;ikykaph ethZ vlsi;Zar ea«;kus dkjHkkj djkok gh ?kVusrhy dye 164 e/khy rjrwn jn~n
dj.;kr ;koh -
7- jkT;kaP;k laerhf'kok; dsanz ljdkjh lSU; ok jk[kho iksyhl jkT;kar ikBow u;sr -
8- jkT;lHksoj ?kVd jkT;kauk leku izfrfu/khRo ns.;kr ;kos -
9- dsanzlwph o leorhZlwphrhy dkgh fo"k;k apk lkekos'k jkT;lwphr djkok -
10- foRr vk;ksx gh dk;e ;a=.kk dj.;kr ;koh vkf.k ?kVd jkT;kauh dsanzkoj Qkjls voyacwu u
jkgrk dk;Z djrk ;sbZy v'kk i)rhus mRiUukP;k ckch lqiwnZ djkO;kr -
11- ?kVd jkT;kaP;k d{ksr ;s.kk&;k loZ fo"k;kalkBh ?kVd jkT;kaph mPp U ;k;ky;s ghp vafre fu.kZ;
ns.kkjh U;k;ky;s vlkohr - ?kVuspk vFkZ yko.;kckcrps [kVys ek= loksZPp U;k;ky;kdMs lksifo.;kr ;kosr - v'kkizdkjs fofo/k lwpuk jkteUukj lferhus dsY;k vlY;k rjh R;k loZp ;ksX; o mi;qDr vkgsr vls Eg.krk ;sr ukgh - dkj.k jkT;kaph Lok;Rrrk ] lRrk d'kh okf'kQkj'khaizek.ks vlysyk fnlrks -
1977 lkyh i - caxky ljdkjus useysY;k iz'kkldh; lq/kkj.kk lferhus lq)k ojhy izdkjP;kp f'kQkj'kh
dsY;k- f'kok; dsanzklkBh o jkT;kalkBh Lora= yksdlsok vk;ksx vlkosr - vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok fuekZ.k munotes.in
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भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
8dj.;kpk jkT;lHkspk gDd jkT;kaP;k Lok;Rrrsyk ck/kk vk.krks - Eg.kwu rks vf/kdkj jn~n djkok - v'kh
osxGh f'kQkjl ;k lferhus dsyh gksrh - jkteUuokj lferhus dsysY;k f'kQkj'khaoj izfl) dk;nsiaMhr
ukuh iky[khokyk ;kauh VhdkRed Hkk"; djrkuk ;k f' kQkj'khackcr 'kadk mifLFkr dsyh gksrh -
;kf'kok; 23 vkWxLV 1977 e/; ve`rlj ;sFkhy vdkyh nykP;k cSBdhr tks lqizfl) vkuaniwjlkgsc
izLrko Lohdkj.;kr vkyk R;ke/;s lq)k dsanz 'kklukps vf/kdkj e;kZnhr vlkosr vls lqpfo.;kr vkys
gksrs- dsanzkdMs ij jk”Vª ] laj{k.k] nG.koG.k] pyuO;oLFkk ,o?kVd jkT;kaP;k Lok;Rrrs ckcr l[kksy fopkj o ijh{k.k dj.;kr vkys vkgs - dkgh pkaxY;k f'kQkj'khacjkscjp jkT;kaoj vU;k; dj.kk&;k f'kQkj'khlq)k lqpfo.;kr vkY;k vkgsr - jkT;kaph vkfFkZd fLFkrh lq/kkj.;kcjkscjp ljdkjh;k vk;ksxkus dsanz ljdkj izcG gks.;kP;k n`"Vhus vusd f'kQkj'kh dsY;k vkgsr- okLrfod dsanz o jkT; laca/kklkj[;k egRokP;k iz'ukoj ,dk O;Drhpk vk;ksx use.ks fdrir ;ksX; gksrs vlk vk{ksi ;k izdj.kh ?ksryk tkrks - rlsp vkiY;kyk xSjlks;hP;k okV.;k&;k f'kQkj'kh
lalnsrhy cgqerkP;k tksjkoj QsVkG.;kpk iz;Ru dsanz 'kklukus dsyk vkgs rjhl q)k ljdkjh;k vk;ksxkP;k
f'kQkj'kh vfr'k; ekSfyd vkgsr gs ukdkjrk ;sr ukgh -
vfydMP;k dkGkr dsanzkr lafeJ vk?kM;kaph ljdkjs lRrk:< gksr vkgsr - rj nql&;k cktwyk Hkkjrh;
jktdkj.kkr izknsf'kd i{kkaps opZLo okrqyusus dsanz ljdkj dedqor cuys vkgs - ifj.kkeh ?kVd jkT;kaP;k Lok;Rrrspk eqn~nk iqUgk ,sj.khoj
;sr vkgs- vfydMP;k dkGkr panzkckcw uk;MwaP;k usr`Rok[kkyh lqekjs 13 jkT;kaP;k eq[;ea=~;kph foRr
vk;ksxkP;k vU;k;h f'kQkj'kha lanHkkZr caM iqdkj.;kpk b'kkjk fnyk gksrk - gh xks"V dsanz jkT; laca/kkP;k
lanHkkZr nqyZ{kwu pky.kkj ukgh - FkksMD;kr la?kjkT; iz.kkyhP;k [kÚ;k[kqÚ;k okVpkyhdMs ;sFkwu iqgks.kkj gs fuf'pr -
1-3 dsanz o jkT; cnyrs laca/k
dsanz o jkT; ;kaP;krhy vf/kdkj foHkkx.kho#u la?kjkT;kps Lo:i Bjr vlrs - Hkkjrh; la?kjkT;krgh
?kVusP;k vdjkO;k Hkkxkr oS/kkfud] 12 O;k Hkkxkr vkfFkZd laca/kkph rjrwn dsyh vkgs - gh vf/kdkjkaph
foHkkx.kh djrkuk ?kVukdkjkauh lS)kafrd pkSdVh Mks ;kleksj u Bsork vkiY;k ns'kkarhy ifjfLFkrh]
vMp.kh o leL;kaps Hkku Bsowu Lora= i)rh voyacyh vkgs - Hkkjrkr dsanz lwph] jkT;lwph o leorhZ
lwph v'kk rhu Hkkxkar dsanz o jkT; ;kaP;krhy laca/kkoj vf/kdkj foHkkx.kh dj.;kr vkyh vkgs -
Hkkjrkrhy dsanz&jkT; laca/k iqoS/kkfud laca/k %
la?klwph Hkkjrh; lalnsyk l ca/k ns'kklkBh T;k fo"k;klaca/kh dk;ns djrk ;srkr R;kapk varHkkZo ;kr dsyk
vkgs- rs lgk xVkr foHkkxrk ;srkr -
1- vkarjjk"Vªh; dk;|kP;k n`"Vhus lca/k la?kjkT; gsp ,d ,dd vlY;kus vkarjjk"Vªh; laca/kk'kh
fuxMhr vlysys loZ vf/kdkj fo"k; ?kVukdkjkauh lalnsP;k ¼la?klwphr½ v[kR;kjhr Bsoys vkgsr -
mnk- ijjk"Vª /kksj.k] rg o djkj] ukxjhdRo] vk;kr&fu;kZr] la;qDr jk"Vªka'kh laca/khr ckch b - munotes.in
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अध्यया्य 3 संघरयाज्य प्रियालीचे बदलते सिरुप
92- laj{k.k fo"k;d vf/kdkjgh la?k'kklukP;kp d{ksr eksMrkr - dkj.k laiw.kZ jk"VªkP;k n`"Vhus R;kaps
egRo vlrs - mnk- laj{k.k] y"dj] gR;kjs] canqdk] nk:xksGs] y"djh lkfgR;kps dkj[kkus] v.kq'kDrh] [kfuts] xqIrpj [kkrs b -
3- frlÚ;k xVkar vkarjjkT; nG.koG.kk'kh laca/khr ckchapk lkekos'k djrk ;sbZy - mnk- jsYos]
jk"Vªh; egkekxZ] tyekxZ] fdukÚ;kojhy okgrwd] canjs] O;kikjh] ukSdku;ukaps izf 'k{k.k] gokbZ
okgrwd] foekurG] iksLV o rkj [kkrs] VsfyQksu o fcurkjh ;a=.kk] nwjfp=ok.kh] vkdk'kok.kh
o brj lans'kogu izdkj b -
4- laiw.kZ la?kjkT;kP;k fgrlaca/kkoj T;kpk ifj.kke gksrks v'kk vkfFkZd ckchalaca/kh dk;ns dj.;kpk vf/kdkj la?kkyk vkgs - mnk- vkarjjkT; O;kikj fofue;] Hkkjrh; fj>oZ cWad] pyu] foek] jk"Vªh; dtsZ] ijns'kh dtsZ] psDl] dkWih jkbZV] VªsMekdZ] otus o ekis] rsy fofgjh] isVªksy b -
5- ikpO;k xVkar Lo:ir%p la?klwphr lekfo"V >kysY;k vf/kdkj fo"k;kapk varHkkZo djrk ;sbZy -
mnk- dsanzh; yksdlsok vk;ksx] la?klsok] jk"Vªirh o jkT;ikykps HkRrs o loyrh] fg'ksc rikl.kh]
mPp o loksZPp U;k;ky;] fuokZpu eaMG b -
6- lgkok izdkj moZjhr ok 'ks"kkf/kdkjkapk djrk ;sbZy - jkT;lwph ok leorhZ lwphr T;kapk Li"V
mYys[k dsysyk ukgh vls loZ fo"k; -
jkT;lwph %
jkT;lwphrhy cgqla[; fo"k; izknsf'kd Lo:ikps o egRokps vkgsr - la?klwph o leorhZ lwph ;k nksUgh
iznh?kZ o lekos'kd vlY;kus jkT;lwphoj vkiksvkip e;kZnk iMyh - ;k lwphUo;s jkT;kyk & lkoZtfud
lqO;oLFkk] iksyhl] dfu"B U;k;ky;s] rq:ax] LFkkfud LojkT; laLFkk] lkoZtfud vkjksX;] LoPNrk] fo|kihB] eknd is;s] /kj.ks] ik.khiqjoBk b - ckcrhr dkjHkkj ikgrk ;srks -
leorhZ lwph %
la?k o jkT;s ;k nksgkaslkBh lkekbZd vlysY;k ;k vf/kdkj lwphr ,e - Ogh- ik;yh ;kauh **la/khizdk'k
{ks=** EgVys vkgs - dkj.k mHk;ikrGhojhy fu/kheaM Gs R;klaca/kh dk;ns d: 'kdrkr -
;k lwphps rhu xVkr oxhZdj.k djrk ;srs -
1- ifgY;k xVkr dk;nk o lqO;oLFks'kh fuxMhr ckch lekfo"V djrk ;srhy - mnk- QkStnkjh dk;nk
o dk;Zi)rh] izfrca/kd LFkkuc)rk] yokn o fnok.kh dkekph i)rh] U;k;ky;kaph csvnch b -
2- nqlÚ;k xVkr O;Drhxr gDdkafo"k;hP;k ckch varHkwZr djrk ;srhy - mnk- fookg] ?kVLQksV] vHkZds o vKku eqys] e`R;wi=s] ekyeRrsps gLRkkarj.k] [kri=s o nLr,sot ;kaph uksan] fnokG[kksjh] fo'oLr fu/kh b -
3- frlÚ;k xVkr lkekftd o vkfFkZd {ks=karhy ckchapk varHkkZo djrk ;s bZy- mnk- fu;kstu] O;kikjh
o vkS|ksfxd eDrsnkjh] dkexkj la?kVuk] etwj leL;k] lkekftd lqjf{krrk] foek jkstxkj b -
leorhZ lwphrhy fo"k;kaoj dk;ns dj.;kpk vf/kdkj mHk; ljdkjkauk vlyk rjh tsOgk R;k dk;|kr
folaxrh fuekZ.k gksbZy rsOgk la?kkpkp dk;nk izek.k ekuy k tkrks- rsFks jkT;kauk Qkjlk oko ukgh - munotes.in
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भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
10;kf'kok; lafo/kkukus jkT;lwphrhy vU; fo"k;kackcrhr iq1- jk"Vªh; fgrklkBh jkT;lHksP;k fu.kZ;kus jkT;lwphrhy dks.kR;kgh fo"k;kaoj dsanzkyk dk;nk djrk
;srks- ¼eqnr 1 o"kZ½
2- vkf.kck.khph mn~?kks"k.kk tkjh vlrkuk jkT;lwphrhy dks.kR;kgh ckchalaca/kh fo/khfo/kku dj.;kph
'kDrh lalnsyk 350 O;k dyekus fnyh vkgs -
3- ojhyiSdh dks.kR;kgh dkj.kkLro lalnsus jkT;lwphrhy dsysY;k dk;|kaph jkT;kauh R;klaca/kh dsysys dk;ns fola xr vlrhy rj lalnsps dk;ns vf/kd izHkkoh Bjrhy - vuqPNsn 251 -
4- nksu ok vf/kd ?kVdjkT;kaP;k laerhus jkT;lwphrhy dks.kR;kgh fo"k;koj la?k R;k jkT;kalkBh
dk;ns d: 'kdrks -
5- vkarjjk"Vªh; djkjkaph vaeyctko.kh dj.;klkBh xjt HkklY;kl laln jktlwphrhy dks.kR;k gh
fo"k;koj dk;nk d: 'kdrs - vuq- 253-
6- jkT;lwphrhy vf/kdkj ckchalac/kh jkT;fo/kheaMGkus ikjhr dsysyh dkgh fo/ks;ds jk"Vªirh vkiyk
vafre udkjkf/kdkj oki:u jn~n Bjow 'kdrks -
la?kjkT;krhy loZ rjrqnhapk la?k o jkT;s ;kaP;krhy oS/kkfud laca/kkaoj [kwip ifj. kke >kyk vkgs -
Hkkjrh; lafo/kkukus th oS/kkfud vf/kdkjkaph okV.kh la?k o jkT;s ;kaP;kr dsyh vkgs rh ckjdkbZus
riklY;kl bFks vR;ar lkeF;Z'kkyh la?klRrk fuekZ.k dsysyh Li"Vi.ks vkvf/kdkj fryk fnysys vkgsrp f'kok; izN= Lo#ikrgh vkiyh b PNk jkT;kaoj ykn.;kP;k la/kh fryk
lafo/kkudkjkauh nsowu BsoY;k vkgsr - jkT;lwphrhy vusd ckch v'kk vkgsr dh T;krwu 'kklukojP;k QDr tckcnkÚ;kp okiz'kkldh; laca/k % ?kVusP;k vdjkO;k Hkkxkrhy nqlÚ;k izdj.kkar dsanz o jkT; ;kaP;krhy iz'kkldh; laca/k fo'kn dsys vkgsr-
Hkkjrh; lafo/kkukus iz'kkldh; lRrsP;k okV.khckcr ikp fu;ekapk voyac dsysyk vk1- la?k 'kklukph iz'kkldh; lRrk R;kP;k fo/khfo"k;d lRrs'kh led{k vlsy -
2- ?kVd jkT;kaph fo/khfo"k;d lRrk ;kaP;k fo/khfo"k;d lRrs'kh led{k vlsy - leorhZ lwphrhy
dks.kR;kgh fo"k;koj laln dk;nk d: 'kdrs i.k R;kaP;k vaeyctko.khpk vf/kdkj ek= ?kVd
jkT;kadMsp vlrk s-
3- la?k'kklukyk vkiyh lRrk jkT;ljdkjyk iznRr djrk ;srs -
4- la?k'kklu lqfuf'pri.ks la?kh; dk;ns vaeykr ;kosr ;kn`"Vhus ?kVd jkT;kauk iz'kkldh; lanHkkZr
ekxZn'kZu d: 'kdrs - munotes.in
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अध्यया्य 3 संघरयाज्य प्रियालीचे बदलते सिरुप
115- la?k'kklu loZLoh vkiY;k v[kR;kjhr vlysY;k ckcha'kh laca/khr vlysys dk;ns vaeykr
vk.k.;klkBh jkT;'kklukyk vkns'k nsow 'kdrs - lalnsphgh ekU;rk la?k'kklukyk ?;koh ykxr ukgh - gs ikpgh fu;e dsanzkps izkcY; fuekZ.k djrkr - ;kf'kok; la?k o jkT;karhy iz'kkldh; laca/k fu/kkZjhr
dj.kkÚ;k iq1- 256 O;k dyekuqlkj lalnsus ok jkT;kus dsysY;k dk;|kaph vaeyctko.kh lqdj Ogkoh Eg.kwu
la?k'kklu jkT;kauk ekxZn'kZu d: 'kdrs -
2- 257 O;k dyekauqlkj izR;sd jkT;kph 'kklu'kDrh v'kk izdkjs okijyh tkbZy dh R;k;ksxs la?klRrsP;k 'kklu'kDrhP;k okijky k izR;ok; ok ck/kk ;s.kkj ukgh - ;kn`"Vhus vko';d rs funsZ'k
la?klRrk jkT;kauk nsow 'kdsy - mnk- jsYosekxkZaph ns[kHkky -
3- 256 O;k vuqPNsnkuqlkj la?kkP;k d{ksr ;s.kkÚ;k dks.kR;kgh ckchalaca/khph dk;sZ la?k'kklu jkT;'kklukoj o R;kaP;k vf/kdkÚ;kaoj lksiow ' kdrs- la?kh; dk;nk jkcfo.;klkBh vko';d rks
izkf/kdkj o 'kDrh jkT;'kklukyk ok laca/khr vf/kdkjh ok izkf/kdj.k ;kauk iznku djrk ;srkr -
R;klkBh ykx.kkjk tknk [kpZgh fnyk tkrks -
4- vuqPNsn 262 uqlkj lalnsyk dk;|k}kjs dks.kR;kgh vkarjjkT;h; unhP;k ik.;kpk oki j] okVk
fdaok R;kojhy fu;a=.k ;kckcrP;k dks.kR;kgh raV;kP;k ok rØkjhP;k fuokM;kph rjrwn djrk
;sbZy- v'kk raV;kckcr loksZPp vFkok vU; U;k;kyp vf/kdkjhrk oki: 'kd.kkj ukgh - v'kh
O;oLFkkgh lalnsl dk;|k}kjs djrk ;sbZy -
5- 267 O;k dyekuqlkj jkT;kjkT;kar m˜oys Y;k raV;kckcr lYyk ns.ks] f'kQkj'kh dj.ks b -
dkekalkBh jk"Vªirh vkarjjkT; ifj"kn usew 'kdrks - frph jpuk] Lo:i] dkes rks vkns'kk}kjs
Bjow 'kdrks -
6- vuqPNsn 312 uqlkj jkT;lHkk vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsuk jk"VªfgrkFkZ vko';d ok lek;ksftr Bjow
'kdrs- ;k lsokar dsanz h; yksdlsok vk;ksxkekQZr Hkjrh d#u R;kaph use.kwd jkT; 'kklu;a=.ksr
dsyh tkrs - R;kps osru o oxZ la?k'kklu fuf'pr dj.ks - ek= gh ns.;kps dk;Z jkT; djrs -
R;kaP;kfo:) f'kLrHkaxkph dkjokbZP;k lYY;kus la?kljdkjps x`gea=ky;p d: 'kdrs -
7- 355 O;k dyekuqlkj ijpØ o v'kkarrk ;kiklwu izR;sd jkT;kps laj{k.k dj.ks o izR;sd jkT;kps 'kklu lafo/kkukuqlkj pkyoys tkbZy ;kph [kk=h d:u ?ks.ks la?k 'kklukps drZO; vlsy - 8- 356 O;k vuqPNsnkuqlkj jk"Vªirh jkT;kaoj **lafo/kkfud ;a=.kk dkslGyh vkgs** v'kk fufeRrkus vkf.kck.kh yknw 'kdrks - la?k'kklukus ikBoysY;k lwpuk o ekxZn'kZu jkT;'kklukus ikGysp ikfgts - R;kr dqpjkbZ dj.kkÚ;k fo:) f'k{kspk vf/kdkj jk"Vªirhal vkgs -
;k lafo/kkukrhy ;k loZ mica/kkapk Li"V vFkZ vlk dh] iz'kkldh; ckcrhr la?kkpk vf/kdkj jkT;kaP ;k
rqyusr izpaM eksBk vkgs -
munotes.in
Page 12
भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
12vkfFkZd laca/k % la?k o jkT; ;k nksgksauk Lora= o Lok;Rr vFkZlk/kus miyC/k ulrhy rj la?kjkT;krhy brj vf/kdkj foHkkx.khyk dkghp vFkZ jkg.kkj ukgh - Eg.kwu la?kjkT;kP;k n`"Vhus ;k nksu ikr ;kaojhy vkfFkZd laca/k
y{kkr ?ks.ks vko' ;d vlrs - lafo/kkukr 12 O;k Hkkxkr ;k laca/khps foospu vkgs -
1- dkgh dj yko.ks o olwy dj.ks jkT; 'kklukP;k d{ksr vlrs - mnk- tehu eglwy] jkT;kr
cuysyh eknd is;s] LFkkfud ekykojhy dj] o`Rri= oxGrk vU; tkfgjkrhaojhy dj] okgu
dj] O;olk; dj] MksbZiêh] pSuhP;k oLrwaojhy dj b -
2- dkgh dj la?k'kklu ykors o olwy djrs - mnk- 'ksrtfeuh oxGrk vU; laiRrhP;k mRrjkf/kdkjkckcrph 'kqYds] jsYos] leqnz ok gokbZ ekxsZ usY;k tk.kkÚ;k ekykaojhy ok mrk:aojhy
lksQk dj] jsYosizoklHkkMh o okgrwd ;kojhy dj -
3- dkgh dj la?k'kklu y kors o olwy djrs - ek= R;kaps la?k o jkT;kr forj.k dsys tkrs - mnk-
'ksrh mRi™kkgwu vU; mRi™kkojhy dj -
4- dkgh 'kqYds la?k'kklu ykors i.k R;kaph olwyh o fouh;kstu jkT;'kklu djrs - mnk- vkS"k/ks o
izlk/ku lk/kukaojhy vcdkjh 'kqYd -
5- dkgh dj yko.ks] olwy dj.ks o fouh;kstu dj.ks la?kkP;kp vf/kdkjkar vlrs - mnk- jsYos] Viky
o rkj] nwj/ouh] ijdh; pyu] uk.kh] vk;dj] ykWVjh] fj>oZ cWad b -
6- la?kjkT; {ks= o la?kh; ijhykHk ;kar Vkdko;kP;k jdek oxGwu ckdhps vk;djkps mRi™k la?k
o jkT; ;kaP;kr] osxosx ;k jkT;kar o kV.;kpk jk"Vªirhl vf/kdkj vlwu foRr vk;ksxkP;k
lYY;kus rks gk vf/kdkj okijhr vlrks -
7- vkfFkZd laca/kkckcr la?k'kklukdMwu jkT;kl feG.kkjk vkfFkZd enrhpk o vuqnkukapk funsZ'k djkok ykxsy - dkj.k v'kk lkák[ksjht jkT;s dkjHkkj d:p 'kdr ukghr -
8- lafpr fu/k hP;k rkj.kkoj lalnsP;k dk;|kus ?kkywu fnysY;k e;kZnsr iSls m/kkj ?ks.;kph 'kDrh
la?k'kklukl vkgs jkT;'kklukus ns'kkarxZrp iSls m/kkj ?ksow 'kdrkr - vk/khP;k dtkZph ijrQsM
gks.;kiwohZ la?k'kklukP;k ijokuxhokpwu uoh dtsZ jkT;kauk dtZ fnys tkow 'kdrs -
9- jkT;kus vkiys fg'kksc dks.kR;k izdkjs Bsokosr gs fu;a=.k o egkys[kkiky Bjowu nsrks -
10- djkaP;k mRi™kkph la?k o jkT;s ;kaP;kr okV.kh] vuqnkukekxhy rRos o jk"Vªirhus fopkjysY;k
vU; ckch b - laca/kh lYyk ns.;klkBh foRrvk;ksx vlrks -
vkfFkZd laca/kkrgh >qdrs eki dsanzkykp vkgs - jkT;kaph vk;lk/kus dekyhph e;kZnhr vlY;kus R;kauk
dsanzkoj voyacwu jgkos ykxrs - foRr vk;ksxkeqGs rj Hkkjrkph la?kjkT; jpukp /kksD;kr ;sow 'kdrs -
la?kljdkj fojks/kh i{kh; jkT;kauk lkiRuHkkokph okx.kwd nsowu vkfFkZd vkf.kck.kh ?kks"khr d: 'kdrks-
dssnz&jkT; laca/kkckcr dssnz 'kklukpk fo'ks"kkf/kdkj
T;k fo"k;kapk Li"V mYys[k dsanzlwph] jkT;lwph o leorhZlwphr dj.;kr vkysyk ukgh v'kk fo"k;kauk
'ks"kkf/kdkj Eg.krkr - Hkkjrkr gk 'ks"kkf/kdkj dsanz 'kklukus fnyk vkgs - ?kVuk dR;kZauh vR;ar lko/k kursus munotes.in
Page 13
अध्यया्य 3 संघरयाज्य प्रियालीचे बदलते सिरुप
13o fopkjiwoZd fo"k;kaph lwph dsyh vlyh rjh Hkfo";dkGkar cnyR;k ifjfLFkrhr dks.kdks.krs uos iz'u
fuekZ.k gksrkr R;klaca/khpk vf/kdkj dsanz ljdkjyk vkgs - r'kk izdkjph rjrwn ?kVusP;k 248 O;k
dyekr dj.;kr vkyh vkgs -
jkT;lwphrhy fo"k;klanHkkZr dk;ns dj.;kpk lalnspk vf/kdkj %
jkT;lwphrhy fo"k;klanHkkZr dk;ns dj.;kpk vf/kdkj tjh jkT;fo/kheaMGkyk vlyk rjh dkgh fo'ks"k
ifjfLFkrhr Hkkjrh; lalnsyk jkT;lwphrhy fo"k;klanHkkZr dk;ns djrk ;srkr - ?kVusP;k 249 O;k dyekuqlkj jkT;lHksP;k fo'ks"k ijokuxhus jk”Vªh; fgrkP;k lanHkkZr egRokP;k fo"k;koj laln dk;nk
d: 'kdrs - vkf.kck.khP;k dkGkrgh lalnsyk jkT;lwphrhy fo"k;klanHkkZr dk;nk djrk ;srks - ek= rks
vkf.kck.khuarj lgk efgU;kai;Zarp ykxw jkgrks - ?kVusP;k 232 O;k dyekuqlkj ?kVd jkT;kaph fouarh
dsY;kl laln laca/khr jkT;ka lkBh dk;ns d: 'kdrs - rlsp 253 O;k dyekuqlkj ij jk”Vªka'kh djkj]
rg djrkuk laln jkT;lwphrhy fo"k;kar gLr{ksi d: 'kdrs - jkT;krhy jk”Vªirh jktoVhP;k dkGkr
laln jkT;klkBh dk;nk d: 'kdrs -
?kVd jkT;kaP;k mRiUukP;k ckch %
?kVd jkT;kauk tehu eglwy] 'ksrh mRiUukoj hy dj] 'ksrtfeuhP;k ekyeRrsojhy okjlk dj] tfeuh o bekjrhojhy dj] fotsojhy dj] [kk.kdkeklaca/khps dj] pSuhP;k oLrwaojhy dj] jLrs o varxZr tyokgrqdhojhy dj] dje.kwd dj] tqxkjkojhy dj] i'kwojhy dj b - ckchaiklwu mRiUu feGrs -
rlsp dsanz 'kklukps dj jkT; ljdkj x ksGk djrs o uarj R;krhy okVk dsanzkdMwu ?ksr vlrs -
foRr vk;ksxkph jpuk o dk;sZ
Hkkjrh; jkT;?kVusP;k 280 O;k dyekuqlkj foRr vk;ksxkph rjrwn dj.;kr vkyh vkgs - ?kVuspk
vaey lq: >kY;kuarj nksu o"kkZaP;k dkGkr vkf.k R;kuarj nj ikp o"kkZauh fdaok jk”Vªirhal vko';d
okVsy rsOgk jk”Vªirh foRr vk;ksxkph use.kwd d: 'kdrkr - foRr vk;ksxkP;k v/;{kkph o pkj lnL;kaph
fu;qDrh jk”VªirhadMwu dsyh tkrs - ?kVusrhy rRokuqlkj dsanz o jkT; ;kaP;krhy mRiUukph okV.kh Bjo.ks] HkkjrkP;k lafpr fu/khrwu ?kVd jkT;kauk |ko;kP;k vuqnkukph rRos Bjfo.ks] jk”Vªkph vkfFkZd
fLFkrh lq/kkj.;klkBh jk”Vªirhauk lYyk ns.ks b - dk;sZ foRr vk;ksxkyk djkoh ykxrkr -
1-4 ljkoklkBh iz'u
1- Hkkjrh; la?kjkT;kph izeq[k oSf'k’V;s Li ”V djk-
2- **Hkkjrh; la?kjkT; dsanz iz/kku la?kjkT; vkgs^^ & ppkZ djk -
3- Hkkjrh; la?kjkT;krhy dsanz & jkT; laca/k Li ”V djk-
4- Hkkjrh; la?kjkT;kph ?kVukRed rjrwn o Lo#i ;kaph ppkZ djk -
5- ?kVd jkT;kaph Lok;Rrrk & fVi.k fygk -
munotes.in
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भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
141-5 lanHkZ lwph
1½ HkksGs Hkk -y-] Hkkjrkps 'kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k] fiaiGkiqjs ifCy'klZ] ukxiwj
2½ ikVhy ch - ch-] Hkkjrh; x.kjkT;kps 'kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k] QMds izdk'ku] dksYgkiwj
3½ tk/ko rqdkjke vkf.k f'kjkiwjdj egs'k] Hkkjrh; jktdh; O;oLFkspk vkÑrhca/k [kaM 1] ;qfud vWdWneh] iq.ks] 2011
4½ uoyxaqndj 'ka - uk-] Hkkjrh; x.kjkT;kps 'kklu] fujkyh izdk'ku] iq.ks
5½ ojkMdj j - ?k-] Hkkjrh; 'kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k] fujkyh izdk’ku] iq.ks] 2016
munotes.in
Page 15
2 i{kh; jktdkj.k vkf.k fuoM.kqdk
izdj.kkph jpuk &
2-1- jk”Vªh; i{k
2-2- izknsf’kd i{k
2-3- 1989 uarjP;k fuoM.kqdhrhy jk”Vªh; vkf.k izknsf’kd i{kkaP;k dkefxjhps fo’ys”k.k
2-4 ljkoklkBh iz’u
2-5 lanHkZlwph
2-1 jktdh; i{k
çLrkouk
vktP;k dkGkrhy yksd'kkgh jkT;O;oLFksr jktdh; i{k gs vfHkUu vax cuys vkgs - jktdh; i{k
tursP;k bPNk vkdka{kk o ekx.;k lqla?kfVr dj.;kps dk;Z djrkr - jktdh; i{k fof'k"V fopkj
ç.kkyh fdaok dk;Z Øe ?ksÅu yksdkaiqi{kkyk ikfBack nsrkr - jktdh; i{kkaP;k fofo/k mi Øekr dks.kR;k uk dks.kR;k ek/;ekrwu yksd f Ø;k'khy
gksrkr- Eg.kwu yksdkaP;k jktdh; lgHkkxkoj çHkko Vkd.kkjk lokZr eksBk egÙokpk ?kVd jktdh; i{k
vlrks- jktdh; i{kkeqGs yksdkauk jktdh; f'k{k.k feGrs -
yksd'kkghr fuoM.kwd çf Ø;syk [kwi egÙo vlrs - fuoM.kqdhr mesnokj mHks d:u tursph ers vkiY;k
i{kkP;k mesnokjkyk vf/kdkf/kd feGo.;klkBh jktdh; i{k çpkj ;a=.kk mHkkjrkr - tursps çfrfu/kh
Eg.kwu vkiys mesnokj fuoMwu vk.kwu 'kklulÙkk çkIr dj.;kpk ç;Ru djrkr - lalnh; 'kklu O;oLFksr rj lÙkk/kkjh i{kkP;k çek.ksp fojks/kh i{kkykgh egÙokps LFkku vlrs - fojks/kh i{k lÙkk:<
i{kkP;k jkT; dkjHkkjkoj fu;a=.k Bso.;kps dk;Z djrks - jktdh; i{kkapk lun'khj ekxkZoj fo'okl
vlrks- lÙkk çkIr dj.;klkBh fuoM.kqdhr lgHkkx lÙkk çkIr dsY;kuarj jkT; jkT;dkjHkkj lkaHkkG.;kps dk;Z rlsp fojks/kh i{k Eg.kwu lÙkk:< i{kkyk fojks/k dj.;kps dk;Z fdaok lÙkk:< i{kkyk fu;af=r dj.;kps dk;Z rlsp vkiY;k i{kkP;k /;s; /kksj.kkP;k çpkj&çlkjkps dk;Z bR;knh loZ dk; Z jktdh;
i{k lafo/kkfud ekxkZus dj.;kpk ç;Ru djhr vlrkr -
jktdh; i{k% O;k[;k o vFkZ
jkT;'kkL=kP;k vH;kldkauh jktdh; i{kkpk vFkZ osxosxG~;k çdkjs Li"V dsyk vkgs - lksGkO;k 'krdki;aZr
^jktdh; i{k* gk 'kCn okijyk tkr uOgrk cksyhax czksd ;kauh vBjkO;k 'krdkr jk tdh; i{k laca/kh
dsysys fy[kk.k gs jktdh; i{k laca/khps fy[kk.k gks;- R;kuarj vk/kqfud dkGkr jktdh; i{kkpk vH;kl
gk egÙokpk vH;kl fo"k; cuyk - g;qe] ,MeaM cdZ ] j‚cVZ fedsYl ] ekWfjl nqotZj o oqeu ;kauh
;klaca/kh vH;kliwoZ fy[kk.k dsys -
15munotes.in
Page 16
भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
16jktdh; i{kklaca/kh dk gh fopkjoarkaP;k O;k[;k iq1½ ,MeaM cdZ ;kaP;k ers ] ^^lokaZuk ekU; v'kk fof'k"V rÙokuqlkj la?kfVr fjR;k ç;Ru d:u
jk"Vªkaps fgrlaca/k fgrlao/kZu dj.;kP;k gsrwus ,d= vkysY;k O;ähaph la?kVuk Eg.kts jktdh;
i{k gks;-**
2½ xsVsy ;kaP;k ers ] ^^vf/kd O;kid o loZlekos'kd Lo:ikr yksder r;kj d:u 'kkldh; ikrGhoj
rs çR;{kkr vk.k.;kps dk;Z dj.kkjk xV Eg.kts jktdh; i{k gks; -**
3½ lkjrksjh ;kaP;k ers ] ^^jktdh; i{k Eg.kts tks fuoM.kqdhr mHkk jkgrks o lkoZtfud inklkBh
fuoM.kqdhP;k ek/;ekrwu mesnokj fuoMwu vk.k.;kl leFkZ vlrks vlk xV gks;-**
ojhy O;k[;ku o:u vkiY;kyk vls Eg.krk ;sbZy dh jktdh; i{k Eg.kts vlk xV tks dh lkoZtfud
fgrkP;k iwrhZlkBh lÙkk çkIr dj.;kpk ç;Ru djr vlrks - ;k xVkr ,d= ;s.kkjs yksd fofo/k fgrlaca/kkps
vlw 'kdrkr - ek= lkoZtfud {ks=kP;k ckcrhr R;kapk leku –"Vhdksu vlrks - vls leku –"Vh vlysys
yksd ,d= ;srkr vkf.k vkiyh leku /;s;/kksj.ks veykr vk.k.;kP;k –"Vhus lÙkk rkC;kr ?ks.;klkBh
fdaok R;koj fu;a=.k Bso.;klkBh vkiY;kis{kk fHkUu ers /kkj.k dj.kk Ú;k xVka'kh Li/kkZ djrkr - jktdh;
i{kkpk eq[; mís' k lafo/kkfud ekxkZus lÙkk çkIr d:u vkiyh /;s;&/kksj.ks 'kklukph /;s;&/kksj.ks Eg.kwu
veykr vk.k.;kpk ç;Ru djrkr -
Hkkjrh; i{k i)rhph oSf'k"Vîs
Hkkjrkr fczfV'k jktoVhr T;kçek.ks lalnh; 'kklu i)rh o la?kjkT; jkT; O;oLFkspk fodkl gksr xsyk
R;kçek.ks i{k i)rhy k lq)k fuf'pr vkdkj ;sr xsyk - Hkkjrh; i{k i)rhps Lo:i ik'pkÙ; o lkE;oknh i{k i )rh gksÅu osxGs vkgs - dkj.k Hkkjrh; i{k i )rhyk ;sFkhy lektkP;k çns'k ] Hkk"kk]
/keZ] tkrh bR;knh fofHkUUkrsph ik'oZHkweh vkgs - fczfV'k lkezkT;kP;k tks[kMkrwu eqä gks.;klkBh jk"Vªh ; dk¡xzslus jk"Vªh; Lokra«; pGoGhr fnysys ;ksxnku ;keqGs folkO;k 'krdkP;k v[ksji;aZr jk"Vªh; ikrGhojhy jktdkj.kkr dk¡xzsl i{k vkiyk çHkko fVdowu Bsow 'kdyk - folkO;k 'krdkP;k 'ksoVh dk¡xzsl
i{kkyk Hkkjrh; turk i{kkdMwu eksBs vkOgku mHks dsys xsys - Eg.kwup d kGkP;k vks?kkr Hkkjrh;
i{ki)rhps Lo:i lkrR;kus cnyr vlysys fnlrs - d/kh dk¡xzslps ,deq[kh opZLo vlysyh ,d&çcG&i{k&i )rh rj d/kh çknsf'kd i{kkapk çHkko vlysyh i{ki )rh rj d/khgh fOni{ki )rh dMs
okVpky djr vlysyh i{ki )rh vls lafeJ Lo:i Hkkjrh; i{k i )rhps jkfgys vkgs-
[kkyhy oSf'k"Vîkao:u Hkkjrh; i{k i )rhps Lo:i fo'kn djrk ;sbZy -
1½ cgqi{ki)rh % Hkkjrkr cgqi{ki )rh fuekZ.k >kyh vlwu fuoM.kwd vk;ksxkP;k uksanhuqlkj Hkkjrkr
lkr jk"Vªh; i{k vkgsr ] 58 çknsf'kd i{k vkgsr ] vkf.k 1786 uksan.kh —r i{k vkgsr - 1996 uarj
dsaæh; eaf=eaMG gh vk?kkMh Lo:ikph gksrh - 1998 e/;s iarç/kku vVyfcgkjh oktis;h ;kaP;k
jk"Vªh; yksd'kkgh vk?kkMhr ¼ NDA½ ,dw.k 24 jktdh; i{k lgHkkxh gksrs - 2014 P;k yksdlHkk
fuoM.kqdhr HkktikP;k LocGkoj ljdkj LFkkiu d: 'kdsy ,o<îk tkxk ¼2 82½ fuoMwu vkY;k -
ek= rjhgh ljdkj NDA ps cuys- lIVsacj 2015 Ek/;s NDA e/;s 35 ?kVd i{k lgHkkxh
gksrs- ;kr rsjk çknsf'kd i{k gksrs - nqlÚ;k cktwyk dk¡xzsl i{kkP;k usr`Rok[kkyh la;qä iqjksxkeh munotes.in
Page 17
अध्यया्य 3 पक्ी्य रयाजकयारि आवि वनिडिूकया
17vk?kkMh ;qih ,2004 P;k lkoZf=d fuoM.kqdhr LFkkiu >kyh - la;qä iqjksxkeh vk?kkMhr 14 jktdh;
i{k lgHkkxh gksrs - ;ko:u Hkkjrkr cgqi{ki )rh vfLrRokr vkysyh vlysyh fnlrs - ek= ;kr Hkktik
vkf.k dk¡xzsl gsp jk"Vªh; ikrGhoj nksu cyk<îk i{k mjysys vlY;keqGs Hkkjrkr fOni{ki )rh
i{ki)rh dMs okVpky djhr vlysyh fnlrs -
2½ i{kkarxZr vfLFkjrk % Hkkjrkr i{kkarxZr vfLFkjrk vlY;keqGs dks.krkp i{k i{kkarxZr caM[kksjh iklwu lqVw 'kdyk ukgh - T;k i{kkph lÙkk dsaæ fdaok jkT;kae/;s ;srs ] R;k i{kkr eksBîkk çek.kkr
nql&;k i{kkrhy caM[kksj mesnokjkaph Hkjrh gksrkuk fnlrs - ,dk i{kkus nql Ú;k i{kk'kh fdaok xVk'kh
vk?kkMh dj.ks ] iqlkrR;kus gksr vlrkuk fnlrs -
3½ çHkko'kkyh fojks/kh i{kkapk vHkko % Hkkjrkr cgqi{ki )rh vlY;keqGs ,dgh i{k çcG fojks/kh
i{kkph Hkwfedk ctkorkuk fnlr ukgh - jk"Vªh; ikrGhoj HkktikP;k usr`Rok[kkyh NDA rj
dk¡xzslP;k usr`Rok[kkyhy UPA v'kk vk?kkMîkk LFkkiu >kY;k ] ijarq ;k vk?kkMhrhy ?kVd i{kkaps
fofo/k eqí~;kackcr ,der gksr ulY;keqGs ;k vk?kkMhrhy ?kVd i{k ijLijfojks/kh Hkwfedk ?ksrkuk
fnlrkr fofo/k jktdh; i{k ds oG fuoM.kqdhiqjrs vk?kkMîkake/;s ,d= ;srkr - R;kaps fopkj rlsp
fgrlaca/k ijLijfojks/kh vlY;keqGs ] jk"Vªh; egRokP;k ,[kk|k ç'ukckcr rs lÙkk/kkjh i{kkP;k
fojks/kkr etcqrhus la?kfVr gksrkuk fnlr ukghr - R;keqGs lÙkk:< i{kkoj opd Bso.kkjk çHkkoh
fojks/kh i{kkpk vHkko vlysyk fnlwu ;srks -
4½ oSpkfjd fnokG[kksjh % ojoj ikgrk Hkkjrh; jktdh; i{kkaps oxhZdj.k Mkos&mtoss ]
iqjksxkeh&çfrxkeh vls djrk ;sr vlys rjh rRo fdaok oSpkfjdrsP;k vk/kkjkoj ;kr Qkjlk Qjd
djrk ;sr ukgh - R;keqGs loZp i{kkaps oSpkfjd rksaMkoGs lkj[ksp fnlrkr- ;k oSpkfjd fjrsi.kkeqGsp
Ogh- ih- flax ljdkjyk ,dk cktwus Hkktik rj nql Ú;k cktwus Mkos& dE;qfuLV i{k ckgs:u ikfBack
nsÅ 'kdrkr - dk¡xzslyk i;kZ;h vk?kkMh mHkh d:u lÙkk feGo.;kr tjh Hkktik o brj i{k ;'kLoh
>kysys fnlr vlys vkf.k jk"Vªh; ikrGhoj Hkkti kP;k usr`Rok[kkyhy NDA vkf.k dk¡xzslP;k
usr`Rok[kkyhy UPA v'kk nksu vk?kkMîkk >kysY;k fnlr vlY;k rjh ] ;k jktdh; i{kkaps oSpkfjd
/kqzohdj.k >kys vls eqGhp Eg.krk ;s.kkj ukgh - Hkktik'kh oSpkfjd –"Vîkk rhoz erHksn vlysys
i{k gh ,d= vkysys fnlrkr - mnk- RPI (A ) jkefoykl ikloku ;kapk yksd tu'käh i{k -
R;keqGsp lki&eqaxql ukrs vlysys BJP-BSP ;kaps mÙkj çns'kkr rj dk'ehje/;s BJP-PDP gs
,d= ;sÅu ljdkj LFkkiu d: 'kdrkr -
5½ mfí"V vkf.k —rh ;ke/;s nqVIihi.kk % Hkkjrkrhy loZp jktdh; i{k fuoM.kwd çpkjknjE;ku eksBeksBh v k'oklus ?kks"k.kk nsrkr - ijarq fnysyh vk'oklus lÙkk çkIr >kY;kuarj ikGk;ph vlrkr
;kpk folj loZp i{kkauk gksrks - xfjch gVko ] vPNs fnu ] dkGk iSlk ijr vk.k.kkj v'kh eksBeksBh
vk'oklus nsrkr - ?kks"k.kkaP;k çpkjkus tursyk vk —"V d:u tkLrhr tkLr ers feGork ;srkr -
vls loZp jktdh; i{kkauk okVrs - R;keqGs ?kks"k.kk vkf.k —rh ;kr lkaxM ?kky.;kpk ç;Ru ;sFks
gksrkuk fnlr ukgh -
6½ çknsf'kd i{kkapk çHkko % Hkkjrh; i{k i)rhps fo'ks"k oSf'k"Vî s Eg.kts çknsf'kd i{k lq )k jk"Vªh;
jktdkj.kkoj çHkko ikMrkr - 1989 P;k fuoM.kqdhuar j dks.kR;kgh ,dk jk"Vªh; i{kkyk munotes.in
Page 18
भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
18cgqerki;aZr iksgksp.ks dBh.k xsys - R;keqGs R;kauk tuk/kkj ok<.;klkBh çknsf'kd i{kkaps lgdk;Z ?;kos
ykxrs- egkjk"Vªkr Hkktiyk f'kolsuk rj dk¡xzslyk ] jk"Vªoknh dk¡xzslps lgdk;Z ?;kos ykxrs -
iatkce/;s vdkyh nykP;k lgdk;kZus Hkktikus vkiyk tuk/kkj okykywçlkn ;kno ;kaPkk jktn rj Hkktik ] furh'k dqekj ;kaP;k tsMh;w vkf.k jkefoykl ikloku
;kaP;k yksd tu'käh i{k ;kaps lgdk;Z ?ksrkuk fnlrs - nf{k.ksdMhy jkT;kr rj jk"Vªh; i{kk auk
rsFkhy çknsf'kd i{kkaps lgdk;Z ?ksrY;kf'kok; ik; k- jkso.ks dBh.k vkgs - R;keqGsp Hkkjrh; jktdkj.kkr
çknsf'kd i{kkaps opZLo dk;e vlysys fnlrs -
7½ lafeJ lkekftd ik;k % Hkkjrkrhy cgqrka'k jktdh; i{kkaps lnL;Ro cgqftulh vlwu tkrh ] /keZ]
Hkk"kk o brj ckch ; koj vk/kkjysys vusd lewg çR;sd i{kkr ,doVysys vkik;k cgqftulh ¼ Hetrogenous ½ vlY;keqGs bFkyk dks.krkp i{k varxZr –"V;k ,dkRe ukgh - vkf.k
cfgxZr –"Vîk brj i{kka'kh LFkk;h Lo:ikph dj.;kl ykx.kkjh lfg”.kqrk gh dks.kR;kp i{kkik'kh
ukgh- R;keqGs la çnk;oknh&fu/kehZ ] tkrhoknh&iqjksxkeh ] vk/kqfud&ijaijkoknh v'kk ijLijfojks/kh
fopkjkaps yksd dk;ZdrsZ ,dkp i{kkP;k Nrk[kkyh okojrkuk fnlrkr -
8½ O;fäiwtk % Hkkjrkr jktdh; i{k T;k O;ähdMwu LFkkiu dsyk tkrks ] R;k O;äh Hkksorhp fQjr
vlrks- R;keqGs O;ähiwtk Hkk jrh; jktdkj.kkpk LFkk;hHkko cuysyk vkgs - loZp jktdh; i{kkauk
usr`RokP;k okjlnkjkpk ç'u lrkor vlrks - jktdh; i{k rsodh] i{kkpk gk [kkac dkslGyk rj R;k i{kkph okrkgkr gksrs - vusdnk i{kkP;k çeq[k usR;kps fu/ku
>kys rj dkykS?kkr i{klq )k u"V gksrks - R;keqGs çR;sd jktdh; i{kkr ?kjk.ks'kkgh çHkko vlysyk
tk.korks-
9½ ladqfpr fu"Bk % Hkkjr gs /keZfujis{k jkT; vlys rjh Hkkjrkrhy jktdh; i{kkaoj /keZ ] tkr]
Hkk"kk bR;knh v'kk ladqfpr ?kVdkapk çHkko eksBîkk çek.kkr vkgs - ,evk;,e] eqfLye yhx ] vdkyh
ny] fganw egklHkk ;klkj[ks tekroknh rlsp tkrh ] Hkk"kk&çns'kkps vfLersps jktdkj.k dj.kkjs
vusd i{k ;sFks vkçkaroknh i{kkaps lgdk;Z ?ksrkuk fnlrkr - /keZ] tkrh] Hkk"kk v'kk ladqfpr fu"Bk ojp ;sFkhy i{kkph
mHkkj.kh gksr vlY;kus fodklkP;k eqí~;koj is{kk ;sFks fuoM.kqdhr tkrh&/kekZps eqís xktrkr -
10½ vi{kkaph eksBh la[;k % Hkkjrkr cgqi{ki )rh vfLrRokr vlwugh fuoM.kqdkae/;s vi{k mesnokjkaph
la[;k eksBîkk çek.kkr vkEg.kwu rs la/khlk/kwi.kk ps jktdkj.k [ksGr vlrkr - ljdkj LFkkiu dj.;klkBh tsOgk i{kkaph
xjt Hkklrs ] rsOgk rs vi{k lHkkln ,[kkns ea=h in feGowu vkf.k vU; çdkjs vkiyh fdaer olwy
djrkr- i{kkarxZr caM[kksjh fdaok i{kf'kLrhpk vHkko ;kyk dkj.k vi{kkaph vl.kkjh eksBh la[;k vkgs-
jk"Vªh; i{k
çkLrkfod
Hkkjrkr jktdh; i{kkps oxhZdj.k jk"Vªh; i{k vkf.k çknsf'kd i{k vlsgh dsys tkrs - ,[kk|k i{kkyk
jk"Vªh; i{k fdaok vf[ky Hkkjrh; ntkZ fuoM.kwd vk;ksx nsr vlrks - jktdh; i{kkus fuoM.kqdhr munotes.in
Page 19
अध्यया्य 3 पक्ी्य रयाजकयारि आवि वनिडिूकया
19feGfoysY;k erkaps çek.k fuoM.kwd y{ks= vkf.k R;k i{kkps mesnokj fuoMwu ;s.;kps çek.k ;k vk/kkjs ,[kknk i{k jk"Vªh; dh çknsf'kd gs
Bjoys tkrs - R;keqGs ;k fud”kkP;k vk/kkjkoj vkt jk"Vªh; Eg.kwu ekU;rk vlysyk i{k ;k fuoM.kqdhuarj çknsf'kd i{k B: 'kdrks - rlsp vkt çknsf'kd Eg.kwu ekU;rk feGoysyk i{k m|k jk"Vªh; i{k Eg.kwu ekU;rk çkIr gksÅ 'kdrks -
jk"Vªh; i{k Eg.kwu ekU;rk feGo.;klkBh fud"k
The Electionsymbols (Reservetion and Allotment order ) 1968 e/khy fu;ekuqlkj [kkyhy fud”k iw.kZ dj.kk&;k i{kkyk jk”Vªh; i{kkpk ntkZ fnyk tkrks -
1½ fo/kkulHkk fdaok yksdlHkk fuoM.kqdhr T;k i{kkyk pkj fdaok tkLr jkT;kae/;s oS/k erkaiSdh dehr
deh 6VDds ers feGkyh ikfgtsr vkf.k yksdlHkk fuoM.kq dhr dehr deh 4 tkxk feGkY;k
ikfgtsr- fdaok
2½ yksdlHkk fuoM.kqdhr ;k i{kkyk ,dw.k tkxkaiSdh dehr deh 2 VDds tkxk feGkY;k ikfgtsr
vkf.k ;k tkxk dehr deh 3 jkT;kae/kwu fuoMwu vkY;k ikfgtsr fdaok
3½ R;k i{kkyk dehr deh 4 jkT;kae/;s çknsf'kd i{kkpk ntkZ fe Gkyk ikfgts - ¼if'pe caxky ] f=iqjk]
ef.kiwj vkf.k v#.kkpy çns'k ;k jkT;kae/;s çknsf'kd i{kkpk ntkZ feGkY;keqGs r`.kewy dk¡xzslyk
uqdrkp 7 O;k jk"Vªh; i{kkpk ntkZ feGkyk vkgs -½
l/;k lkr jktdh; i{kkauk jk"Vªh; i{kkpk ntkZ feGkyk vkgs rs lkr jktdh; i{k iq1½ vf[ky Hkkjrh; r`.kewy dk¡xzsl
2½ cgqtu lekt ikVhZ
3½ Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ
4½ dE;qfuLV ikVhZ v‚Q bafM;k
5½ dE;qfuLV ikVhZ v‚Q baMh;k ¼ekDlZoknh½
6½ Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; d‚axzsl
7½ jk"Vªoknh dk¡xzsl ikVhZ
jk"Vªh; i{k Eg.kwu ekU;rk feG.;klkBh fuoM.kwd vk;ksxkus ts fud"k Bjfoys vkgsr ] R;ko:u jk"Vªh;
i{kkaph oSf'k"V;s fdaok y{k.ks iq1½ jk"Vªh; i{k gs vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lo:ikps vlrkr ;k i{kkaP;k dk;kZpk çlkj gk dsoG ,dk
jkT;kiqjrk e;kZfnr ulrks ] rj R;k i{kkps tkGs Hkkjrh; ikrGh oj fo.kys xsysys vlrs -
2½ R;kaP;k dk;Z Øekr vkf.k tkghjukE;kr vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lo:ikP;k ç'ukapk varHkkZo dsysyk vlrks -
loZ tkrh] /keZ] iaFk] Hkk"kk] çns'k ;kaP;k fgrlaca/kkauk lkekowu ?ks.kkjk R;kaP;k dk;Z Øe vlY;keqGs
vusd oxZ&lewg ,dkp i{kkP;k Nrk[kkyh ,doVysys vlrkr - munotes.in
Page 20
भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
203½ R;kauk feG.kkjk ikfBack ns'kHkjkrhy vusd çns'kkarwu feGr vlrks - R;keqGs fof'k"V çns'k ok
tkrh&/kekZP;k ç'ukis{kk O;kid ç'ukoj ;k i{kkapk Hkj vlrks -
4½ laiw.kZ ns'kkP;k o loZ Hkkjrh;kaP;k –f"Vdksukrwu jk"Vªh; o vkarjjk"Vªh; ifjfLFkrhps rlsp lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktdh; ç'ukaps foospu gs i{k vkiY;k vf/kos'kukrwu rlsp çfl )h ek/;ekrwu
djr vlrkr -
5½ jk"Vªh; i{k LFkkfud ikrGhojhy jktdkj.kkr lq )k lgHkkxh gksr vlrkr - rlsp i{kkps mesnokj
Lor%pk i{k çpkj djrkuk LFkkfud ikrGhojhy çknsf'kd ] tkrh& /kehZ; ç' u mifLFkr djrkr -
rjh rRor% R;kaph ckaf/kydh R;kaP;k i{kkus egÙokP;k ç'ukoj ?ksrysY;k Hkwfeds'kh vlrs - R;keqGsp
jk"Vªh; Eg.kwu vksG[kys tk.kkjs usrs R;kaP;k ernkjla?kkr tkrh&tekrh ] çns'k] Hkk"kk vls ladqfpr
ç'ukoj jktdkj.k djrkr - ijarq jk"Vªh; ikrGhoj ek= f ofo/krsrwu ,dkRerk fuekZ.k dj.;klkBh
ekxZn'kZu rs ns'kkyk djr vlrkr - loZp jktdh; i{kkae/;s gh folaxrh vkiY;kyk vkHkkjrkrhy dkgh çeq[k jk"Vªh; i{k%&
¼1½ Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dk¡xzsl (Indinan National Congress )-
,sfrgkfld ik’oZHkweh%&
Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dk¡xzsl ¼dk¡xzsl i{k½ gk i{k l/;k vfLrRokr vlysY;k i{kkae/;s lokZr tquk i{k ekuyk
tkrks- ;k i{kkph LFkkiuk fczfV'k jktoVhP;k dkGkr 1885lkyh >kyh - lq#okrhP;k dkGkr dk¡xzsl i{k
gk vfHktu ] mPpHkzw] 'ksB&lkodkj&tehunkj oxkZpk rlsp ik'pkR; f'k{k.k ?ksrysY;k mPp f'kf{kr
Hkkjrh;kapk i{k gksrk - eokG&tgky dky[kaMkuarj 1920 l kyh egkRek xka/khaps usr`Ro ;k i{kkyk feGkY;kuarj ;k i{kkyk Lokra«; pGoGhps Lo:i çkIr >kys - ns'kkP;k Lokra«; pGoGhr jk"Vªh;
dk¡xzslph fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk jkfgyh vlY;keqGs ] ^ns'kkyk Lokra«; feGowu ns.kkjk i{k* v'kh ;k i{kkph
tuekulkr çfrek fuekZ.k >kyh - R;keqGs Lokra«;ksÙkj dkGkrgh HkkjrkP;k jktdkj.kkr dk¡xzsl i{kkpk
çHkko dk;e jkfgyk - Lokra«;ksÙkj dkGkr toGtoG rhu n'kds dsaæ rlsp jkT;kr dk¡xzslph ,dgkrh
lÙkk gksrh - ek= iqtcjnLr gknjk clyk - toGtoG fuE;k ?kVd jkT;kae/;s ;k i{kkph ljdkjs LFkkiu gksÅ 'kdyh ukghr- vkf.k dsaækrgh nzeq d o lkE;oknh i{kk'kh gkrfeGo.kh d:u dkBkojps cgqer R;kyk feGkys -
i.k iqvf/kd l{ke >kyk -
1975 lkyh lÙksP;k egÙokdka{ksiksVh bafnjk xka/kh ;kauh ns'kkr vk.khck.kh tkghj dsyh - vk.khck.khP;k
dkGkr bafnjk xka/kh ljdkjus nMi'kkgh o gqdwe'kkgh i )rhus loZlkekU;kauk osBhl /k:u fojks/kdkaph
eqLdVnkch dj.;kpk ç;Ru dsyk - vk.khck.kh gVoY;kuarj >kysY;k 1977 P;k fuoM.kqdhr dk¡xzsl
i{kkpk ijkHko >kyk - Lor% bafnjk xka/kh lq )k fuoM.kwd gjY;k vkf.k dsaækr ifgY;kank dk¡xzslsrj i{kkps ]
turk i{kkps ljdkj LFkkiu >kys - iwokZJehps d‚ axzslps usrs eksjkjth nslkbZ gs ifgys dk¡xzslsrj i{kkps
iarç/kku cuys -
1977 lkyh vi;'kh BjysY;k d‚axzsl i{kkr 1979 e/;s QwV iMwu nsojkt vlZ ] ;'koarjko pOgk.k ]
Lo.kZflax] dj.k flax ;kauh dk¡xzsl ¼;q½ i{k LFkkiu dsyk - rj bafnjk xka/khaP;k usr`Rok[kkyh dk¡xz sl i{k munotes.in
Page 21
अध्यया्य 3 पक्ी्य रयाजकयारि आवि वनिडिूकया
21¼vk;½ LFkkiu >kyk - ijarq dk¡xzsl i{kkP;k QkVkQqVhpk Qk;nk uO;kus r;kj >kysY;k turk i{kkyk >kyk ukgh - myV turk i{kkrhy vkikilkrhy erHksnkeqGs vkf.k pkS/kjh pj.k flax ;kauh iqdkjysY;k
caMkeqGs turk i{kkyk iw.kZ ikp o"kZ lÙkk lkaHkkGrk vkyh ukgh - 1980 lkyh e/;orhZ fuoM.kqdk >kY;k
vkf.k ;k fuoM.kqdhr bafnjk xka/khaP;k dk¡xzsl i{kkus lÙksr iqujkxeu dsys - dk¡xzsl i{k iqUgk cy'kkyh
cuyk- v‚DVkscj 1984 e/;s bafnjk xka/khthaph gR;k >kY;kuarj okjlkgDdkus dk¡xzsl i{kkph lw=s R;kaps fpjatho jktho xka/kh ;kaP;kd Ms vkyh- 1985 lkyh dk¡xzslus vkiyh 'krkCnh lktjh dsyh ;k osGh dk¡xzslP;k okVpkyhoj Hkk"; djrkuk vH;kldkauh vlk fuokZGk fnyk dh ] ^^xka/kh] usg:aph dk¡xzsl vkf.k
bafnjk] lat;] jktho xka/khaph dk¡xzsl ;kr tehu&vLekukps varj vkgs - iwohZ dk¡xzsl dks.kR;kgh usR; k&
dk;ZZdR;kZ is{kk eks Bh gksrh- uoh dk¡xzsl usR;kaph cVhd >kyh - vkSipkfjd jpuk iwohZ lkj[khp vlyh
rjh] çR;{k dk;Zokgh ek= vkewykxz cnyyh vkgs -**
1989 lkyP;k lkoZf=d fuoM.kqdhr iqUgk ,dnk dk¡xzslyk tksjnkj /kDdk clyk - nqlÚ;kapk xSjdk¡xzslh
ljdkj Ogh - ih- flax ;kaP;k usr`Rok[kkyh LFkkiu >kys - ek= Ogh- ih- flax ljdkj Qkj dkG lÙkk
lkaHkkGw 'kdys ukgh - 1991 lkyh çpkjknjE;ku jktho xka/kh ;kaP;k vkdfLed fu/kukeqGs Hkkofud ykVsrwu iqUgk dk¡xzslus ih - Ogh- ujflagjko ;kaP;k usr`Rok[kkyh lÙkk LFkkiu dsyh - 2004 rs 20 14 ;k
dkGkr dk¡xzsl i{kkP;k usr`Rok[kkyh ;wih ,vk?kkMh dsaækr lÙksr gksrh - lksfu;k xka/kh ;qih ,P;k v/;{k gksR;k
rj iarç/kku eueksgu flax gksrs - 2014 ph yksdlHkk fuoM.kwd dk¡xzsl i{kklkBh lokZr okbZV fudky
ns.kkjh fuoM.kwd Bjyh - dkj.k ifgY;kankp 543 tkxkaiSd h dk¡xzslps dsoG 44 [kklnkj fuoMwu ;sÅ
'kdys-
1½ dk¡xzsli{k la?kVuk %&
dk¡xzsl i{kkP;k la?kVusr%&
1½ vf[ky Hkkjrh; dk¡xzsl lferh 2½ofdaZx dfeVh ¼dk;Zdkjh lferh½3½çns'k dk¡xzsl lferh 4½ ftYgk dk¡xzsl lferh 5½ 'kgj dk¡xzsl lferh 6½ xzke lferh fdaok okMZ lferh ;kapk lekos’k
gksrks-
v'kk çdkjs dk¡xzsl i{kkph la?kVukRed jpuk ,[kk|k euks&;klkj[kh vkgs - ;kr vf[ky Hkkjrh;
dk¡xzsl lferh gh dk¡xzsl i{k la?kVusph f'k[kj lferh gks; - ;k lferhr çns'k dk¡xzsl lferhps
çfrfu/kh vlrkr - gh lferh loZ çknsf'kd lfeR;kaoj f u;a=.k Bsors - i{kkph /;s;/kksj.ks Bjo.;kpk
vf/kdkj ;k lferhyk vkgs - o"kkZrwu ,dnk ;k lferhph cSBd Hkjrs
dk¡xzsl ofdaZx dfeVh ¼dk;Zdkfj.kh lferh½ i{kdk;kZpss fu;a=.k dj.kkjh loksZPp lferh vkgs - ;k
lferhe/;s dk¡xzslP;k v/;{k ] lfpo] dks"kk/;{k o 18 lnL; vlrk r- yksdlHkk o fo/kkulHkk
fuoM.kqdhlkBh i{kkps vf/k —r mesnokj Bjfo.ks ] lalnh; i{kkph cSBd cksykfo.ks v'kh egÙoiw.kZ
dk;Zgh lferh djrs - çR;sd ?kVd jkT;klkBh fdeku ,d fdaok R;kis{kk vf/kd çns'k dk¡xzsl lferh
vlrkr- ;k lferhps ?kVdjkT;krhy i{k la?kVusoj fu;a=. k vlrs- ftYgk Lrjkoj ftYgk dk¡xzsl
lferh] rj uxj ikrGhoj uxjlferh vkf.k vxnh xzke ¼[ksMs½ ikrGhoj xzkelferh vkf.k o‚MZ munotes.in
Page 22
भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
22ikrGhoj dk¡xzsl lferh dk;Zjr vlrs - v'kk çdkjs vxnh f'k[kjkiklwu rs rGki;aZr dk¡xzslps i{k
la?kVu etcwri.ks cka/kys xsysy s fnlrs-
2½ dk¡xzsl i{kkph /;s; /kksj.ks o fopkjlj.kh
Lokra«; pGoGhps usr`Ro djr vlrkuk dk¡xzsl i{kkus loZ tkrh ] /keZ] Hkk"kk] çkar ;kaP;k yksdkauk
vkiY;kr lgHkkxh d:u ?ks.;kpk ç;Ru dsyk gksrk - R;keqGs Mkos&mtos iqjksxkeh&çfrxkeh v'kk
loZ fopkjkaps yksd dk¡xzsl i{kk r lekfo"V >kysys gksrs - Lokra«;ksÙkj dkGkrgh rhu n'kdss dk¡xzslps
gs Lo:I cnyy sukgh- Eg.kwup dk¡xzsl i{kkr frdMs tehunkj ,dhdMs tehunkj ] lkodkj]
m|ksxirhapk oxZ rj nqljhdMs xjhc ] 'ksrdjh] etwj] nfyr vkfnoklh ekxkloxZ v'kk fofHkUu
oxkZps yksddk¡xzsl i{kkr ,doVysys fnlrkr - R;keqGsp fopkj lj.khP;k –"Vhus dk¡xzsl i{kkyk Mkok
fdaok mtok fopkjlj.khpk i{k Eg.krk ;sr ukgh - oSpkfjd –"Vhus dk¡xzsl i{k gk e/;ekxhZ ]
/keZfujis{koknh ] [kktxh lkoZtfud ;kr rkjrE; Bsowu fdafpr lektoknh /;s;/kksj.ks Lohdkj.kkjk
i{k Eg.kwu vks G[kyk tkrks - ijarq 1991 uarj vkiyh lektok nhgh Hkwfedk nwj Bsowu ;k i{kku s
Hkkjrkr tkxfrdhdj.kkP;k çf Ø;syk lq#okr d:u vkfFkZd ckcrhr vkiY;k /;s;/kksj.kkr eksBk
cny dsysyk fnlrks -
Lkekftd] lkaL—frd o /kkfeZd ckcrhr loZ tkrh /kekZps lg vfLrRo ti.kkjk ] Hkkjrkrhy loZ
{ks=krhy fofo/krk dk;e Bsowu R;krwu jk"Vªh; ,dkRerk fuekZ.k dj.;koj fo'okl Bso.kkjk ] loZ
tkrh&/keZ iaFkkaP;k yksdkauk vkikiyh laL —rh] :o lfg".kqrk ;koj Hkj ns.kkjk gk i{k vkgs - R;keqGsp lkekft d ckcrhr vfriqvfr#FkksMD;kr lkekftd] lkaL—frd] vkfFkZd] jktdh; ckcrhr dk¡xzsl i{k e/;ee kxhZ fopkjç.kkyhpk
Lohdkj dj.;kps /kksj.k gk i{k Lohdkjrkuk fnlrks -
dk¡xzsl i{kkpk dk;ZØe
çR;sd i{k lkoZf=d fuoM.kqdhr vkiyk tkghjukek çfl ) djr vlrks - R;ko:u jktdh; i{kkps dk;ZØe Li"V gksrkr - rlsp i{kkrQsZ pGoGh ] vkanksyus pkyfoY;k tkrkr - jk"Vªh;&vkarjjk"Vªh;
?kMkeksMhr fof'k"V Hkwfedk ?ksryh tkrs - ;ko:u i{kkps dk;Z Øe Li"V gksrkr -
dk¡xzsl i{kkpk dk;Z Øe iq1½ lektoknh lektjpuk LFkkiu dj.ks%&
1955 P;k vkoMh vf/kos'kukiklwu ^lektoknh lektjpuk* g s vkiys mfí"V vlY;kps tkghj
dsys vkgs vkf.k rsOgk iklwu vkti;aZr çR;sd fuoM.kqdhP;k osGh i{kkus dke/kwu ;k mfí"VkaP;k iwrhZlkBh vko';d ikoyss mpy.;kph vfHkopus gk i{k nsr vkyk vkgs - 1971
P;k fuoM.kqdhP;k osGh dk¡xzsl i{kkus çLrqr dsysY;k tkghjukE;kr dkgh dk;Z Øekapk BGd varHkkZo
dj.;kr vkysyk gksrk -
laiÙkhP;k dsaæhdj.kk fo# ) çfrca/kd mik; ;kstuk ] lkoZtfud {ks=kph ok< dj.ks ] vk;kr&fu;kZr
O;kikjkps jk"Vªh;hdj.k dj.ks ] eqykaP;k lqj{ksph geh ?ks.ks ] xjhch o fuj{kjrk ;kaps fuewZyu dj.ks ] munotes.in
Page 23
अध्यया्य 3 पक्ी्य रयाजकयारि आवि वनिडिूकया
23jkstxkjkph uoh {ks=s iqjfo.ks ] 'ksrhlkBh ik.khiqjoBk dj.ks ] 'kgjh ekyeÙksoj deky e;kZnk vk.k.ks ]
ekth laLFkkfudkaps ru[ks jí dj.ks ] mRiUu o la/kh ;kcíyph fo"kerk nwj dj.ks v'kkçdkjP;k
?kks"k.kk i=krhy ;k eqí~;ko:u ;k i{kkpk lektoknh vtsaMk tkghj gksrk - ;kp fuoM.kqdhP;k osGh
dk¡xzsl i{kku ^ xfjch gVko*v'kh ?kks"k.kk fnyh gksrh - ;k ?kks"k.kkaph vaeyctko.kh fdrir >kyh gk
ç'u osxGk ] i. uarjP;k dkGkrgh dk¡xzsl i{kkus^ohl dyeh dk;Z Øe* fdaok^d‚axzsl dk gkr vke
vkneh ds lkFk*v'kk yksdfç; ?kks"k.kk nsÅu vkiY;k i{kkP;k eq[; dk;Z Øe lektoknh lektjpuk
LFkkiu dj.ks gk vkgs gs nk[kfo.;kpk ç;Ru dsyk -
2½ xfjch o csdkjh fuewZyu dj.ks
vkiY;k lektoknh /;s;oknkyk vuql:u dk¡xzsl i{kkus çR;sd fuoM.kqdhP;k tkghjukE;kr xjhch
o csdkjh fuewZyukoj Hkj fnysyk fnlrks - ns'kkrhy lk/kulkeqxzhpk vf/kdkf/kd okij d:u vkS|ksfxdhdj.k d:u jkstxkj oktfeuh Hkwfeghu 'ksrd Ú;kauk okV.ks v'kh 'ksrtehu /kkj.ksrhy fo"kerk nwj dj.;klkBh dk¡xzsl i{kkus /kksj.ks vk[kyh - eksBeksBîkk m|ksx/ka|kaps jk"Vªh;hdj.k ] c¡dkaps jk"Vªh;hdj.k ] uQs[kksjh
dkGkcktkj lkBsckthyk vkGk ] laiÙkhps fodsaæhdj.k d:u frps leku okVi dj.ks v'kk dk;ZØekrwu dk¡xzsl i{k xfjch nwj dj.;koj Hkj nsrks -
3½ —"kh fodkl
xzkeh.k Hkkxkpk fodkl o —"kh fodklk'kh lacaf/kr vkgs gs y{kkr ?ksÅu dk¡xzsl i{kkus lq#okrhiklwup
ç;Ru dsysys fnlrkr - iafMr tokgjyky usg:aP;k dkGkr dk¡xzsl i{kkus xzkeh.k HkkxkP;k fodklklkBh jk"Vªh; foLrkj dk;Z Øe vkf.k lkewfgd fodkl dk;Z Øe r;kj dsys - ns'kkP;k O;kid
fodklkpk fu;kstu c ) i)rhus fopkj dj.;klkBh fu;kstu vk;ksxkph LFkkiuk dsyh vkf.k ifgY;k
iapokf"kZd ;kstusr lokZr vf/kd —f"k fodklkoj y{k dsafær dsys - tehu /kkj.ksrhy fo"kerk nwj
dj.;kcjkscjp ikVca/kkjs ] ik.kyksV {ks= fodkl ] tyflapu okch&fc;k.ks ] dhVduk'kds fdQk;r'khj fderhr miyC/k d:u ns.ks v'kk dk;Z Øekauk çk/kkU; ns.;kr
;srs-
4½ 'kS{kf.kd fodkl
çkFkfed ek/;fed rlsp mPpf'k{k.kkcjkscjp mPp O;kolkf;d o rkaf=d f'k{k.kkoj Hkj ns.ks ] loZ
yksdkauk f'k{k.kkph la/kh miyC/k d#u ns.ks ] fuj{kjrk nwj dj.ks bR;knh v'kk 'kS{kf.kd fodklkP;k
dk;ZØekoj dk¡xzsl i{k Hkj nsrks- jktho xka/khaP;k dkGkiklwu dk¡xzsl i{kkus ;kaf=dhdj.kkoj vf/kd
Hkj fnyk- R;keqGs rsOgkiklwu dk¡xzsl i{kkus vkiY;k dk;Z Øekr O;kolkf;d o rkaf=d f'k{k.kkP;k
fodklkyk vf/kd egÙo fnys -
5½ ijjk"Vª /kksj.ks
lq#okrhiklwup dk¡xzsl i{kkus vkiY;k ijjk"Vª laca/k fo"k;d /kksj.kkr vkarjjk"Vªh; 'kkarrk o ijLijlgdk;Z ;k rÙokoj Hkj fnyk - 'kstkjhy jk"Vªk lkscr eS=hiw.kZ laca/k Bso.ks ] tkxrhd 'kkarrspk
iqjLdkj d:u jk"Vªkjk"Vªkrhy la?k"kZ deh dj.;kpk ç;Ru dj.ks ] o.kZ}s"k] 'kL=Li/kkZ ] lkezkT;okn munotes.in
Page 24
भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
24;kiklwu vfyIr jkgus ] d'ehj ç'u rlsp phu lhekjs"kkokn 'kkarrsP;k&okVk?kkVhP;k ekxkZus lksMfo.ks] bR;knh ijjk"Vª laca/k fo"k;d /kksj.ks dk¡xzslus Lohdkjyh -
6½ /keZfujis{k rÙokpk Lohdkj
Hkkjrkrhy cgq/kkfeZdrk o cgqlkaL —frdrsph tio.kwd d:u Hkkjrkrhy çR;sd O;ähyk vkiY;k
/kekZps vkpj.k] çpkj o çlkj djrk ;sbZy ;klkBh ç;Ru dj.ks ] /kekZP;k varxZr O;ogkjkr
gLr{ksi u djrk çR;sdkyk vkiY;k /keZ o laL —rh çek.ks txrk ;sbZy v'kh /kksj.ks Lohdk:u
dk¡xzsl i{k /keZfujis{k rÙokpk iqjLdkj djrks -
7½ lkekftd U;k; o lyks[kk dk;e Bso.ks
lektkrhy oafpr o ekxkl ?kVdkauk loZ {ks=kr fodklkph leku la/kh miyC/k Ogkoh ;klkBh jkT;?kVusr uewn dsysY;k vkj{k.k /kksj.kkph vaeyctko.kh dj.ks ] lektkrhy nqcZy ?kVdkaP;k
dY;k.kklkBh ç;Ru dj.ks ] nfyr] vkfnoklh] efgyk ;kaP;k l{kehdj.kklkBh lektdY;k.kkP;k ;kstuk veykr vk.k.ks ] lektkrhy tkrhtkrha e/khy r.kko /keZ ] Hkk"kk] iaFk ;krhy varjleqnk;
la?k"kZ] r.kkonwj d:u lkekftd lyks[kk fuekZ.k dj.ks v'kh /kksj.ks dk¡xzslus Lohdkjyh -
ojhy /kksj.ks o dk;Z Øekapk mYys[k çR;sd lkoZf=d fuoM.kqdhP;k tkghjukE;kr dk¡xzsl i{kku s
okjaokj dsysyk fnlwu ;srks - vFkkZr dk¡xzsl i{kkP;k usr`Rokr tltlk cny >kyk dkykuq:i ;k
dk;ZØekrhy çk/kkU; Øe cnyysyk fnlrks - iafMr tokgjyky usg: vkf.k Jherh bafnjk xka/kh ;kaP;k
dkGkrhy dk¡xzsl i{kkoj lektoknh rÙokapk çHkko eksBîkk çek.kkoj gksrk - jktho xka/khaP;k
dkGkiklwu dk¡xzsl i{kkP;k dk;Z Øekr /kansokbZd O;oLFkkidh; –f"Vdks.k vkf.k [kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk ;k
/kksj.kkauk egÙo vkys - ih- Ogh- ujflagjko ;kaP;k dkGkr tkxfrdhdj.kkps /kksj.k Lohdk:u lektoknh /kksj.kkauk QkVk ns.;kr vkyk - lksfu;k xka/khaP;k usr`Rok [kkyh vlysyk vktpk dk¡xzsl i{k
uos vkfFkZd /kksj.k vaeykr vk.k.;koj Hkj nsrks - dk¡xzslP;k vkfFkZd /kksj.k o dk;Z Øekr cny
>kysyk fnlr vlyk rjh /keZfujis{k rÙokpk Lohdkj ] nqcZy ?kVdkauk eq[; çokgkr vk.k.ks ]
lkekftd lyks[kk o lkaL —frd cgqfo/krkti.ks ;k /kksj. kkapk lkrR;kus ikBiqjkok djr vlysyk
fnlrks-
¼2½ Hkkjrh; turk i{k (Bhartiya Janta Party ) –
,sfrgkfld ik‘oZHkweh%&
Hkkjrh; turk i{k gk Hkkjrkrhy ,d egÙokpk jk"Vªh; i{k vkgs - ,sfrgkfld –"Vîkk Hkkti gk i{k
Hkkjrh; tula?kkph uoh vko`Ùkh vkgs - 1951 lkyh M‚DVj ';kekçlkn eq[kthZ ;kaP;k usr`Rok[kkyh Hkkjrh; tula?kkph LFkkiuk >kyh - tula?k gs jk"Vªh; Lo;alsod la?kkps jktdh; vax ekuys tkr gksrs -
1952lkyP;k ifgY;k yksdlHkk fuoM.kqdhr tula?kkyk dsoG rhu tkxkaoj fot; feGkyk gksrk -
1975 lkyh iarç/kku bafnjk xka/kh ;kauh ykxw dsysY;k ns'kO;kih vk.khck.khyk tula?kkus dMok fojks/k
dsyk- ljdkjus tula?kkP;k vusd lnL;kauk rq#axkr Mkacys - 1977 lkyh vk.khck.kh mBY;kuarj tula?kkus Hkkjrh; yksdny ] dk¡xzsl ¼vks½ ] lks'kkfyLV ikVhZ bR;knh i{kkalkscr ,d= ;sÅu turk i{kkph
LFkkiuk dsyh - 1977 P;kyksdlHkk fuoM.kqdhr turki{kkyk çpaM cgqer feGkys - o eksjkjth nslkbZ munotes.in
Page 25
अध्यया्य 3 पक्ी्य रयाजकयारि आवि वनिडिूकया
25iarç/kku o vVyfcgkjh oktis;h ijjk"Vªea=h cuys - ijarq varxZr erHksnkaeqGs turk ikVhZ ljdkj 1980 lkyh dkslGys o turkikVhZps fo?kVu >kys - turk ikVhZP;k fo?kVukuarj 1980 lkyh Hkkjrh;
turk ikVhZph LFkkiuk >kyh - vVyfcgkjh oktis;h i{kkps ifgys v/;{k gksrs - Hkktikpk psgjk eksgjk
tula?kklkj[kkp gksrk -
1989 e/;s >kysY;k uoO;k yksdlHkk fuoM.kqdhr ;k i{kkyk 88 tkxk çkIr >kY;k - 1991 e/khy
ngkO;k yksdlHkk fuoM.kqdhr ;k i{kkyk 116 tkxk çkIr >kY;k - 1999 e/;s HkktikP;k usr`Rok[kkyh
24 i{kkaph jk"Vªh; yksd'kkgh vk?kkMh LFkkiu >kyh - ;k fuoM.kqdhr HkktikP;k usr`Rok[kkyh yksdlHksr
cgqer çkIr gksÅu dsaækr vk?kkMh (NDA ) ljdkj LFkkiu >kys - v'kkçdkjs 1991 iklwu Hkkjrh; jktdkj.kkr ,d egÙoiw.kZ vls LFkku Hkktiyk çkIr >kys - 2014 P;k fuoM.kqdhr ujsaæ eksnh ;kaP;k
usr`Rok[kkyh Hkktikus 543 yksdlHksP;k tkxkaoj 282 mesnokj fuoMwu vkys - 2014 lkyh ujsaæ eksnh
gs nqljs Hkktikps iarç/kku cuys - l/;k Hkkjrh; jktdkj.kkr Hkktik gk lokZr eksBk jk"Vªh; jktdh;
i{k vkgs-
2½ Hkkjrh; turk i{kkph la?kVuk%&
Hkkjrh; turk i{kkP;k la?kVusr 1½ ekxZn'kZd eaMG 2½ jk"Vªh; dk;Zdkfj.kh fdaok ikyZesaVjh cksMZ 3½
uW'kuy dkSfUly 4½ lsaVªy bysD'ku dfe'ku 5½ fMflfIyujh dfeVh 6½ uW'kuy lsYl v'kk fofo/k laLFkkaph jpuk dsysyhvkgs -
;kiSdh ekx Zn'kZd eaMGkr T;s"Bkaps ijarq ,fD>D;wfVOg vf/kdkj ul.kk Ú;k fo'ks"k lYykxkj eaMGkph mHkkj.kh dsyh vkgs - jk"Vªh; dk;Zdkfj.kh fdaok uW'kuy dkSfUly ;k lferhyk dks.kR;kgh ç'ukoj vafre
fu.kZ; ?ks.;kpk vf/kdkj vkgs - HkktiP;k jk"Vªh; v/;{k ;k xVkpk infl ) v/;{k vlrks - uW'kuy
dkSfUly ;k i{kkrhy fofo/k T;s"B o egÙokP;k inkojhy O;ähpk xV vkgs - ;kr l|k v/;{kklkscr
ekth v/;{k ] loZjkT;kps v/;{k ] i{kkps loZ [kklnkj o i{kkps loZ vkenkj rlsp loZ ekspk@foHkkxkaps
v/;{k ;kapk lekos'k gksrks - i{kkarxZr r ØkjhP;k fuokj.kklkBh vkf.k i{kkP;k lnL;kaoj dkjokbZ dj.;klkBh fMflfIyujh dfeVh vkgs - ;kpcjkscj fofo/k ç'ukaoj y{k ns.;klkBh jk"Vªh; Lrjkoj 50
foHkkx cuoys vkgsr - R;kauk uW'kuy lsYl vls EgVystkrs - ;kr ik.kh ç'u - vaR;ksn;] etwjegkla?k ]
çk—frd fpfdRl v'kk vusd fo"k;kaps fo Hkkx vkgsr -
;kp cjkscj ftYgkLrjkoj ftYgk lferh vlrs - ftYákrhy eksBeksBîkk 'kgjkae/;s uxjlferh vlrs -
;kf'kok; eksBh 'kgjs o xzkeh.k {ks=kr eaMy lferh i{k dk;kZps fu;a=.k djrs - eaMG lferh gk Hkkjrh;
turk i{k la?kVusrhy ik;kHkwr ?kVd gks; -
3½ Hkkjrh; turk i{kkph /;s; /kksj.ks o fopkjlj.kh%&
Hkkti gk mtO;k fopkjlj.khpk i{k Eg.kwu vksG[kyk tkrks - fganqRookn vkf.k lkaL —frd jk"Vªokn gk
;k i{kkP;k fopkjlj.khpk ewG xkHkk vkgs - ;k rRokauk vuql:up Hkktius HkkjrkP;k lkaL —frd okj'kkps
tru dj.ks gs çeq[k /;s; ekuys vkgs - R;klkBh xkso /kcanhpk dk;nk dj.ks fganh o laL —r Hkk"ksP;k
v/;;u o fodklkyk xrh çkIr d:u ns.ks ] v;ks/;srhy jketUeHkwehoj jkeeafnj cka/k.ks ] vYila[;kad vk;ksxkps ekuoh gDd vk;ksxkr :ikarj d:u loZ Hkkjrh;kalkBh leku ukxjh dk;nk r;kj dj.ks munotes.in
Page 26
भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
26rlsp tEew&dk'ehjyk [ kkl ntkZ ns.kkjs ?kVusrhy 370 dye jí dj.ks ] ijdh; ?kql[kksjkaapk 'kks/k ?ksÅu
R;kaph R;kaP;k ewG ns'kkr jokuxh dj.ks bR;knh v'kh /;s;&/kksj.ks vkgsr-
4½ Hkkjrh; turk i{kkpk dk;ZØe%&
Hkkti gk mtO;k fopkjlj.khpk o fganqRooknkpk iqjLdkj dj.kkjk i{k vlY;keqGs vkiY;k ;k /;s;
oknkyk vuql:up Hkktikus çR;sd lkoZf=d fuoM.kqdhP;k tkghjukE;kr vkiY;k i{kkpk dk;Z Øe Li"V
dsysyk vkgs - lkj:ikus Hkktikpk dk;Z Øe iq1½ tEew d'ehj ckcrps lafo/kkukrhy 370 os dye jí dj.ks
2½ v;ks/;sP;k oknxzLr ckcjh ef'k nhP;k tkxsoj jkeeafnj cka/k.ks ] R;klkBh Lora= dk;nk dj.ks -
3½ ns'kkrhy loZ ukxfjdkalkBh leku ukxjh dk;nk ykxw dj.ks
4½ vYila[;kad vk;ksx jí d:u ekuoh gDd vk;ksxkr lfEefyr dj.ks -
5½ Hkwd] Hk; o Hkz"Vkpkjkiklwu tursyk eqä dj.ks - dkG;k iS'kkaoj fu;a=.k Bso. ks-
6½ efgykalkBh yksdlHkk o fo/kkulHkk e/;s 33 VDds jk[kho tkxk Bso.ks -
7½ /kkfeZd vf/kdkjk laca/kh lafo/kkukrhy dye 30 e/;s lq/kkj.kk dj.ks -
8½ xksgR;k rlsp xksoa'k gR;kcanh dj.ks -
9½ dsaæjkT; laca/kkP;k iquckaZ/k.khlkBh jkT;kauk vf/kd Lok;Ùkk ns.ks - NksVh jkT; fuekZ.k dj.;klkBh
jkT; iqujZpuk vk;ksx LFkkiu dj.ks
10½ Hkkjrkph laj{k.k O;oLFkk lq/kkj.;klkBh {ksi.kkL=s o v.kqckWEc r;kj dj.ks bR;knh-
lkekftd {ks=kr HkktikP;k tkghjukE;kr loZ lekt ?kVdkalkBh U;k;kps vk'oklu vkgs - lafo/kkukr
fnysys vuqlwfpr tkrh&tekrh o ekxkl oxhZ;kalkBh 'kS{kf.kd o uksdjhP;k {ks=krhy vkj{k.k dk;e
jgkos v'kh ;k i{kkph Hkwfedk vkgs - R;keqGss SC, ST, OBC e/;s vkiyk ik;k foLrkfjr dj.;kr gk
i{k dekyhpk ;'kLoh >kyk vkgs -
i{kkph vkfFkZd fopkjlj.kh lafnX/k vkgs - loZp lekt?kVdkauk l arq"V dj.;kpk i{kkpk ç;Ru fnlrks -
çR;{k vk?kkMh ljdkjP;k vkfFkZd /kksj.kkrwu tjh [kktxhdj.k ] mnkjhdj.k o tkxfrdhdj.k ;kp rÙokpk izR;; ;sr vlyk ] rjh ^Lons'kh* fdaok ^esd bu bafM;k* ph Hkk"kkgh gk i{k djr vlrks -
HkktiP;k jktdh; dk;Z Øekph fHkLr fganqRokP;k fo pkj lj.khoj vkf.k lkaL —frd jk"Vªoknkoj vkgs - i.k
nql&;k cktwyk , uMh,rhy 24 is{kk vf/kd lg;ksxh i{kkauk lkscr ?ksÅu la;qä ljdkj pkyforkuk
Hkktiyk vkiY;k fganqRooknh dk;Z Øekyk eqjM ?kkykoh ykxrs - R;keqGsp 2014 e/;s Hkktips yksdlHksrhy
cgqer vlwugh jke eafnj ] leku ukxjh dk;nk ] 370 os dye ] vYila[;kad vk;ksx jí dj.ks vls
dk;ZØe çR;{kkr veykr vk.krk vkys ukghr -
lkjka'kr% Hkktius vkiyh fganqRooknh dk;Z Øe if=dk ekxs Bsowu lkaL —frd jk"Vªokn ] ra=KkukRed çxrh ]
Lons'kh vfLerk ;k vkMekxkZus fganqRooknh vtsaMk jkco.;kp k ç;Ru djrkuk fnlrs - ijarq vkfFkZd
rRofopkjkaP;k ckcrhr ijLij folaxr HkwfedseqGs mnk - esd bu bafM;k ] LVkVZ vi bafM;k gs /kksj.k munotes.in
Page 27
अध्यया्य 3 पक्ी्य रयाजकयारि आवि वनिडिूकया
27,dhdMs jkco.;kps jkcok;ps nqljhdMs ijdh; xqaro.kqdhps çek.k gh okHkwfedk rMtksMhph o lafnX/k jkfg yh vkgs vls fnlrs -
3½ cgqtu lekt i{k (Bahujansamaj Party )
,sfrgkfld ik'oZHkweh%&
vkacsMdjoknkyk çek.k ekuwu jktdkj.k dj.kkjk cgqtu lekt i{k gk Hkkjrkrhy ,deso jk"Vªh; i{k
vkgs- cgqtu lekt i{kkph LFkkiuk eq[;r% rhu VII;kr >kyh -
M‚DVj ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ;kaP;k ladYiusrwu LFkkiu >kysY;k Hkkjrh; fjifCydu i{kkyk QkVkQqVhus
xzklys gksrs ek - dak'khjke uksdjhfufeÙkkus 1960 P;k n'kdkr iq.ks 'kgjkr vkys - ;kp dkGkr M‚DVj
vkacsMdjkaP;k fopkj/kkjsoj vk/kkfjr vlysY;k fjikbZph okrkgr i{k leFkZdkae/;s çkeq[;kus uksdjnk j
oxkZyk [kqir gksrh - ek- dak'khjke fjikbZyk ,dla?k dj.;kpk ç;Ru dsyk ] ijarq fjikbZ xV usrs vkikiY;k
ekaMysY;k osxosxG~;k pqyh eksMk;yk r;kj uOgrs - 'ksoVh ek - dkf’kjkekauh uksdjhpk jkthukek nsÅu
vkacsMdjoknh pGoGhpk çpkj dk;kZyk okgwu ?ks.;kph çfrKk dsyh - ;klkBh R;kauh ckelsQ ¼cWdo‚MZ
vaM ekW;ukfjVh dE;qfuVh ,EIy‚bZt QsMjs'ku½ ph LFkkiuk dsyh - gk cliP;k mR Økarhrhy gk ifgyk
VIik ekuyk tkrks -
ckelsQpk çkjaHk egkjk"Vªkr >kyk - ,l-lh-] ,l-Vh-] vkschlh ;k vkjf{kr oxkZrhy uksdjnkjkauk la?kfVr
d:u dak'khjke ;kauh uksdjnkjkauk iSlk ] osG] cq)h nsÅu lektkps _.k (Pay Back tosociety )
QsMkos vls vkokgu dsy - ckelsQ gh la?kVuk ,dhdMs uksdjnkj oxkZps ç'u lksMor gksrh ] rj nqljhdMs
R;kaP;ke/;s vkacsMdjoknh pGoGh'kh fu"Bk #tfo.;kps dk;Z djr gksrh - lektkrhy lqf'kf{kr o uksdjnkj oxkaZe/;s vkacsMdjoknh fopkjkapk çpkj dj.;klkBh R;kauh iw.kZosG dsMj csl dk;ZdrsZ r;kj
dsys- gs dk;ZdrsZ çcks/kukP;k vaxkus vkacsMdjoknkpk çpkj dj.;kps dk;Z djhr gksrs ijarq ckelsQus dks.krkgh vkanksyukpk dk;Z Øe gkrh ?ksryk ukgh -
ek- dk'khjke ;kauh lq: d sysY;k pGoGhrhy nqljk VIik Eg.kts Mh - ,l- Qksj ¼nfyr 'kksf"kr lekt
la?k"kZ lferh½ fufeZrh gks; - Mh- ,l- Qksj la?kVusrhy dk;ZdrsZ uksdjnkj uOgrs - Mh- ,l- Qksj us
jktdh; vkanksyus ] pGoGh] fuoM.kqdkae/;s lgHkkxh gks.ks lq: dsys - ;k jktdh; ç;ksxkP;k vuqHkokrqu
dak'khjke ;kauh fnYyh ;sFks 14 ,fçy 1984 jksth clikph LFkkiuk dsyh clikP;k LFkkiusuarj dkgh
o"kkZr nfyr oxkZdMwu eksBk ikfBack ;k i{kkyk feGkyk - 13 O;k yksdlHksr ¼1999& 2004½ ;k i{kkyk
14 tkxk ] 14 O;k yksdlHksr 17 ] 15 O;k yksdlHksr 21 tkxk ;k i{kkus feGowu mÙkjksÙkj çxrh
dsyh- 2007 lkyh >kysY;k mÙkj çns'k fo/kkulHkk fuoM.kqdhr Li"V cgqer çkIr dsys - i{kkP;k v/;{kk
ek;korh ák pkSF;kank eq[;ea=h cuY;k -mÙkjçns'k ] gfj;k.kk] jktLFkku] iatkc] e/;çns'k ;k fganh Hkkf"kd
iV~Vîkk cjkscjp vka/kzçns'k ] rsyax.kk] dukZVd] rkfeGukMw ;k nf{k.k Hkkjrkrhy jkT;krgh clik pk
çHkko vkgs -
2½ cgqtu lekt i{kkph la?kVuk%&
clikph LFkkiuk >kY;kuarj vYidkGkrp iatkc ] mÙkjçns'k ] e/; çns'k ] tEew d'ehj ;k jkT;kae/;s
ekU;rkçkIr çknsf'kd i{kkpk ntkZ ;k i{kkyk çkIr >kyk - 1996 iklwu cliky k jk"Vªh; i{k vlk ntkZ munotes.in
Page 28
भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
28çkIr >kyk - dak'khjke ;kaP;k [kachj ] nwj–"Vh o R;kxiq.kZ O;fäRo o la?kVu dkS'kY;keqGs rlsp i{kkP;k
v/;{kk ek;korh ;kaP;k ,d [kachj usr`RokeqGs fjikbZ lkj[ks QkVkQqVhps xzg.k ;k i{kkyk ykxys ukgh -
clikph la?kVukRed jpuk brj i{kkalkj[k hp vkgs- i{kkph la?kVuk jk"Vªh; ] çns'k] foHkkx] ftYgk]
rkyqdk xzke v'kk Lrjkoj dsys xsys vkgs - clik rQsZ nj rhu o"kkaZuh i{k lnL;kaph uksan.kh dj.;kpk
dk;ZØe gkrh ?ksryk tkrks - ;kr loZ dk;ZdR;kZauk lgHkkxh gks.;kph eqHkk vlrs - fdeku 100 lnL;kaph
uksan.kh dj.kkjk dk;ZdrkZ ftYgkLrjkojhy lferhpk lnL; gks.;kl ik= Bjrks - ftYgk lferhps lnL;
i{kkP;k ftYgk/;{k ;kaph fuoM djrkr - ftYákrhy v/;{kkaP;k cSBdhr çns'kkpk v/;{k fuoMyk tkrks -
çns'k dk;Zdkj.kh inkf/kdkjh gks.;klkBh 1000 lnL;kaph uksan.kh dj.ks ] gh ik=rk fo"k ;d vV vkgs -
v'kkçdkjs jk"Vªh; Lrjkoj clikps dk;Z v/;{k o dk;Zdkfj.khP;k usr`Rok[kkyh laiUu gksrs - clikP;k
la?kVusr jk"Vªh; dk;Zdkfj.khP;k v/;{kkyk egÙo vlwu i{k la?kVusps usr`Ro vkf.k vf/kdkj jk"Vªh;
v/;{kkadMs dsafær >kysys vlrkr -
3½ clikps /;s; /kksj.ks vkf.k fopkjlj.kh%&
vkacsMdj oknkyk çek.k ekuwu jktdkj.k dj.kkjk cLkik gk i{k vlY;keqGs ] egkRek Qqys ] 'kkgw egkjkt ]
ukjk;.k xq# ] jkekLokeh isfj;kj bR;knh cgqtu lekt lq/kkjd o fopkjoarkaps fopkj ghp ;k i{kkph fopkjlj.kh vkgs - vkf.k ;k cgqtu uk;dkauh ts /;s; mjk'kh ckGxys ] rs /;s; ¼'kks"k.k jfgr lerkewyd
lekt½ lk/; dj.ks gs clikps mfí"V vlY;kps clik rQsZ çpkfjr dsys tkrs -
lkekftd o vkfFkZd –"Vîkk ;sFkhy cgqtu lekt gtkjks o"ksZ xqykefxjhr fipyk xsyk gksrk - M‚DVj
ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj o brj lektlq/kkjdkaP;k ç;Ruk eqGs LokraR;ksZÙkj dkGkr ;k lektkyk eq[; çokgkr
lkehy gks.;kph la/kh miyC/k >kyh - euqokn o czkã.k 'kkgh gs ;sFkhy lkekftd o vkfFkZd 'kks"k.kkps
ewG vkgs- R;keqGs euqokn&czkã.k'kkghyk u"V d:u lerkewyd lektjpuk fuekZ.k dj.ks gs clikps
eq[; /;s; vkgs -
jkT;lÙkk gh loZ leL;kaP;k fuokj.kkph xq#fdYyh vkgs - 'kkld tj euqoknh O;oLFksyk çek.k eku.kkjk
vlsy] rj rks Lor%gwu 'kksf"krkaP;k lkekftd& vkfFkZd xqykefxjhP;k csMîkk rksM.;klkBh r;kj gks.kkj
ukgh- R;keqGs lektkrhy lkekftd&vkfFkZd fo"kerk tkrhO;oLFkk u"V dj.;klkB h 'kksf"kr oxkZyk 'kkld
cu.;klkBh iq'kksf”krkauh ] cgqtukauh 'kkld gks.;kph r;kjh dsyh ikfgts - la[;sP;k –"Vhus ;sFkhy lkekftd&vkfFkZd –"Vîkk ekxklysyk s SC,ST,OBC o vYila[; gk cgqtu lekt 85
VDds vkgs - Eg.ktsp cgqtukaph la[;k vf/kd vkgs - ;k loZ cgqtu tkrh&oxkZyk ,dla?k d:u R;kaP;k
la[;sP;k cGkoj yksd'kkgh ekxkZus cgqtu oxkZyk lÙkk/kh'k cuo.ks ] gs clikps mfí"V vkgs - 'kkld
cu.;kpk fo'okl cgqtu oxkZe/;s fuekZ.k Ogkok ;klkBh vkRelUek u o LokfHkekukph Hkkouk pGoGhP;k
ek/;ekrwu fuekZ.k dj.ks vkf.k cgqtukauk ns'kkps 'kkld cufous gs i{kkps /;s; vkgs -
clikph fopkjlj.kh M‚DVj ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ;kaP;k ekuorkoknh ckS ) fopkj n'kZukoj vk/kkfjr
vkgs- cgqtu oxkZyk&'kksf"kr oxkZyk eq[; çokgkr vk. k.;kcjkscjp Hkkjrh; lafo/kkukP;k mís'k if=dsr
vkf.k ,dw.k lafo/kkukr tks /;s;okn ekaMysyk vkgs fdaok lafo/kkuke/;s th rÙos vaxhdkjyh vkgsr ] ;k
rÙokph çR;{kkr vaeyctko.kh dj.ks gs clikps /;s; vkgs - lerk] Lokra«;] ca/kqRo vkf.k U;k; rlsp
jktdh; U;kcjkscjp lk ekftd o vkfFkZd U;k; çLFkkfir dj.ks ] ;sFkhy jktdh; yksd'kkghyk lkekftd munotes.in
Page 29
अध्यया्य 3 पक्ी्य रयाजकयारि आवि वनिडिूकया
29o vkfFkZd yksd'kkghr ijkofrZr dj.ks gs M‚DVj ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkaps /;s; clikus çek.k Eg.kysys
vkgs-
vkfFkZd /;s; /kksj.kkP;k ckcrhr clikph Hkwfedk e/;eekxhZ vkgs - ns'kkP;k lk/ku laiÙk hps leku okVi
Ogkos v'kh Hkwfedk clik ?ksrs - ek= MkO;akçek.ks clik eqä vFkZO;oLFksyk fojks/k djhr ukgh - R;kpçek.ks eqä vFkZO;oLFksps leFkZu djhr vlrkuk cktkjisBh; Li/ksZe/;s ;sFkhy oafpr&'kksf"kr lewgkaps thou m/oLr gks.kkj ukgh ;kphgh dkGth ?ksrs - Eg.ktsp eqä vFkZO;oLFksyk fojks/k vFkok MkO;k fopkjlj.khps
leFkZu v'kh Vksdkph Hkwfedk gk i{k ?ksr ukgh - tkxfrdhdj.kkP;k çokgkr ;sFkhy ekxkloxhZ; tkrh
lewgkauk vkiY;k m )kjkP;k la/kh miyC/k gksrhy ;k –"Vhus tkxfrdhdj.kkps /kksj.k jkco.;kps clikps
mfí"V vkgs - ekxkloxhZ;kaps f'k{k.k o uksd Ú;kae/khy vkj{k.kkyk lqjf{kr Bso.ks rlsp vkj{k.k /kksj.kkPkk
lkoZtfud {ks=kcjkscjp [kktxh {ks=kr foLrkj dj.ks ] lkekU;r% lkekftd –"Vîkk ekxklysyk cgqtu
oxZ vkfFkZd –"Vîk lq)k ekxklysykp vkgs - R;keqGs ;sFkhy vYiHkw/kkjd 'ksrdjh ] 'ksretwj] vla?kfVr
Jfed] NksVs O;kikjh ] dkjkxhj ;kapk vkfFkZd Lrj mapko.;klkBh 'kklu ikrGhoj vf/kd lks;h&loyrh
miyC/k d:u ns.;koj ;k i{kkpk Hkj vkgs -
cgqtu lekt i{kkpk dk;ZØe
^jktdh; lÙkk* gs ,d lekt ifjorZukps lk/ku Eg.kwu okij.ks o ;sFkhy cgqtu lektkyk fodklkP;k
eq[; çokgkr vk.kwu R;kyk 'kkludrhZ tekr cuo.ks gs clikps eq[; /;s; vkgs - ;k /;s;kyk vuql:u
clik vkiY;k fopkjlj.khpk çpkj vkacsMdjh lkfgR; ] cgqtu usR;kaps pfj= ] clik usR;kaps thoun'kZu
bR;knh ek/;ekrwu i{kkps çf'kf{kr dk;ZdrsZ djhr vlrkr - oLrqr% brj i{kkçek.ks clik fuoM.kqdhlkBh
tkghjukek r;kj d:u R;kuqlkj i{kkP;k çpkj dj.;koj fo'okl Bsor ukgh - lafo/kkukr vlysys
ewyHkwr gDd o ewY; ;kaph vaeyctko.kh dj.ks gkp i{kkpk eq[; dk;Z Øe vlrks- jktdh; ?kMkeksMhae/;s
clikpk dk;Z Øe [kkyhy rRokauk /k:u vlrks -
1½ Hkkjrkr tkrh vk/kkjkoj gksr vlysyk HksnHkko o 'kks"k.k rlsp vkfFkZd {ks=kr Jhear&xjhc ;kaP;kr
vlysyh eksBh njh ;keqGs ;sFkhy nfyr vkfnoklh o vU; ekxkl oxkZyk rlsp vYila[;kad oxkZyk
vU;k; o 'kks"k.kkps f'kdkj Ogkos ykxrs - v'kk vU;k;dkjd o fo"kerkewyd lek tO;oLFksr
lafo/kkukus ?kksf"kr dsysyh lerk ] Lokra«;] ca/kqRo o U;k; gs ewY; o ukxfjdkaps gDd çR;{kkr
veykr ;sr ukghr] Eg.kwu [k&;k vFkkZus lafo/kkukrhy ewY;kaph #tokr djk;ph vlsy rj ;sFkhy
fo"kersoj vk/kkfjr lkekftd o vkfFkZd O;oLFkk cny.ks vko';d vkgs - R;klkBh jktdh; lÙkk
gLrxr dj.ks o 'kksf"kr lektkyk 'kkldkP;k Hkwfedsr vk.k.ks gk clikpk eq[; dk;Z Øe vkgs-
2½ loZ çdkjP;k leL;sps ewG vKku gs vkgs - 'ksdMks o"kZ ;sFkhy cgqtu lektkyk f'k{k.kkiklwu oafpr
Bsowu vKkukP;k [kkbZr jkfgyk o fodklkP;k la/khiklwu oafpr jkfgyk - ;k oxkZyk fodklkP;k eq[; çokgkr lkehy d:u
?ks.;klkBh f'k{k.kkps lkoZf=dhdj.k dj.ks ] vkj{k.k o loyrh nsÅu loZ çdkjps f'k{k.k miyC/k
d:u ns.k s] f'k{k.kkP;k ek/;ekrwu ekxkloxhZ; lektkps lcy hdj.k dj.ks -
3½ lafo/kkukr fnysys ukxfjdkaP;k gDdkps j{k.k dj.ks - ;k gDdkaP;k loZ ukxfjdkauk çR;{k miHkksx
?ksrk ;kok ;klkBh vuqdwy lekt ifjfLFkrh fuekZ.k dj.ks - munotes.in
Page 30
भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
304½ vuqlwfpr tkrh tekrh vU; ekxkl oxZ o vYila[;kad oxZ gk Hkkjrkrhy lokZr 'kksf"kr o fodklkiklwu oafpr vlysY;k oxZ vkgs - ns'kkrhy lk/ku&laiÙkhps ;ksX; okVi u >kY;keqGs dekyhps
vkfFkZd vlqjf{kr thou tx.;kl R;kyk ck/; dsys xsys vkgs - ;k oxkZyk vkfFkZd –"Vhus l{ke
cuo.;klkBh lk/ku&laiÙkhps okVi dj.ks ] U;k;iw.kZ okVi dj.ks ] lafo/kkukus funsZ'k dsysY;k
lektoknh /;s;/kksj.kkaph vaeyctko.kh dj.ks -
5½ lafo/kkukus fnysys lkekftd o 'kS{kf.kd ekxklysi.kkP;k vk/kkjkoj vkj{k.k uhrhph dkVsdksj vaeyctko.kh dj.ks - vkj{k.k /kksj.k vf/kd O;kid d:u vkfFkZd –"Vîkk ekxkl vlysY;k mPp
fdaok lo.kZ tkrhauk vkj{k.kkP;k ek/;ekrwu fodklkph la/kh miyC/k d:u ns.;klkBh dk;ns'khj
vMFkGs nwj dj.ks - vkj{k.k furh ,d mfpr çfrfuf/kRo ns.;kps lk/ku Eg.kwu okij dj.ks -
6½ Hkkjrkrhy lkaL —frd fofo/krk ] /keZfujis{k rRokps ikyu dj.ks - rlsp Hkkjrkrhy loZ lekt
?kVdkauk ,dla?k d:u ca/kqRok ph Hkkouk fodflr d:u ns'kkyk l'kä dj.ks - ^tkrh rksMks& lekt
tksMks* ;k vfHk;kuk}kjs loZ lekt ?kVdkauk ,d= dj.ks - lkekftd lyks[kk fopkjkaph lfg".kqrk
o`f)axr dj.ks -
lkjka'kr% Hkkjrkph lektjpuk gh lekursoj vk/kkfjr vkgs - tksi;aZr gh O;oLFkk dk;e jkghy rksi; aZr
;sFkhy 'kks"k.k o vU;k; dk;e jkghy - gh vU;k;iwoZd O;oLFkk cnywu lerk ] Lokra«; o U;k; ;k ekuoh
ewY;kaoj vk/kkfjr uohu lektjpuk fuekZ.k dj.ks ] vls O;kid mfí"V cgqtu lekt i{kkps vkgs -
clikph LFkkiuk d:u dk'khjke ;kauh ^^czkã.k ] cfu;k] Bkdwj pksj ckdh lc g S Mh ,l Qksj** v'kh
?kks"k.kk fnyh - fuoM.kqdkaP;k jktdkj.kkr rÙos ] rÙofu"Bk fdaok tkghjukE;krhy dk;Z Øe ;kis{kk O;ogkjoknkoj vkf.k rMtksMhoj ;k i{kkpk Hkj vkgs - R;keqGs i{kkus lq#okr tjh euqok|kaoj ç[kj
gYyk d:u dsyh vlyh rjh ] fganqRo fopkjkps çfrfuf/kRo dj.kkÚ;k Hkktik i{kkcjkscj mÙkj çns'kkr
la;qä ljdkj LFkkiu dj.;kr ;k i{kkyk fnDdr okVr ukgh - 1995] 1997 vkf.k 2002 lkyh
ek;korh ;kaP;k usr`Rok[kkyh Hkkti&clik la;qä ljdkjs mÙkjçns'kkr lÙksoj vkyh - 1996 P;k fuoM.kqdhiwohZ clikus dk¡xzsl i{kk'kh fuoM.kwd le> ksrk dsyk gksrk - eqyk;eflax ;kaP;k lektoknh
i{kk'kh d/khdkGh fuoM.kwd eS=h dj.kk Ú;k clik ljdkjus 2003 lkyh eqyk;eflax ;kaP;koj 'ksdMks
[kVys Hkjys - 2007 P;k mÙkjçns'k fo/kkulHkk fuoM.kqdhr LocGkoj lÙkk LFkkiu dsyh - ;kosGh
clikus vkiyh j.kuhrh o Hkwfedk cny yh- ^fryd] rjktw vkSj ryokj budks ekjks twrs pkj* v'kh
?kks"k.kk ns.kkjh clik ^gkFkh ugh x.ks'k gS czãk ] fo".kw] egs'k gS* v'kh lektkrhy loZ oxkZyk lkscr
?ks.;kph Hkwfedk ?ksÅ ykxyh - ^cgqtu fgrk; ] cgqtu lq[kk;* ;k ,soth ^loZtu fgrk; ] loZtu lq[kk;*
vls czhnokD; ?ksÅu loZ tkrh&/kekZpk ikfBack feGo.;kpk ç;Ru d: ykxysyh fnlrs -
lkE;oknh i{k (Communist party )
,sfrgkfld ik'oZHkweh
Hkkjrkr lkE;oknh xVkph lq#okr 1921 iklwu >kyh vlyh rjh ] 1925 vkyh dkuiwj ;sFks >kysY;k
ifgY;k lkE;oknh laesyukr ¼lsaVªy dfeVhph½ LFkkiuk gksÅu gk jk"VªO;kid ^Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV i{k*
¼Hkkdi½ vfLrRokr vkyk - Hkkjrkr Lokra«;kph pGoG ,su Hkjkr vlrkuk dk¡xzsl i{kkP;k usr`Rokr
pkyysY;k ;k jk"Vªh; pGoGhyk ikfBack |k;pk dh ] Lora=i.ks ;sFkhy Jfedkaps tuvkanksyu mHks djk;ps
;kfo"k;h Hkkjrkrhy ;k dE;qfuLV i{kkae/;s erHksn gksrs - ijarq Lokra«;iwoZ dkGkr lkE;oknh i{k Lor%yk munotes.in
Page 31
अध्यया्य 3 पक्ी्य रयाजकयारि आवि वनिडिूकया
31usr`Rok[kkyh LFkkiu >kysY;k dE;qfuLV baVjuW'kuypk Hkkx ekur gksrk - vkarjjk"Vªh; ikrGhojhy
dE;qfuLV baVjuW'kuy Hkkjrkrhy lkE;oknh i{kkP;k /;s; /kksj.k o dk;Z Øekauk fn'kk nsr gksrh -
Lokra«;ksÙkj dkGkr dkgh vkS|ksfxd dsaækae/;s Hkkjrh; lkE;ok|kauh fgald vkanksyus dsyh - 1946&51
;k dkGkr rRdkyhu gSnjkckn jkT;krhy rsyax.kk çkarkr tehunkjkafo# ) 'ksrdÚ;kaps fgald vkanksyus
;k i{kkus mHkkjyh - ijarq gk mBko Qlyk - eyckj] rsYyhpsV~Vh ] MeMe ;k Hkkxkrgh lkE;ok|kauh fgald
naxyh dsY;k - 26 ekpZ 1948 jksth if'pe caxky ljdkjus Hkkidyk voS/k ?kksf"kr dsys - eækl]
=ko.kdksj ] dksphu ;k ljdkjkauh lq )k lkE;oknh la?kVukaoj canh ?kkryh - 1949 e/;s dsaæ 'kklukus
^Hkkjrkrhy lkE;oknh fgalkpkj* uked 'osrif=dk çf l) dsyh- v'kk ifjfLFkrhr ns'kkr ifgyh lkoZf=d
fuoM.kwd ?kksf"kr >kyh - ifgY;k lkoZf=d fuoM.kqdhr Hkkdikus lgHkkx ?ksryk vkf.k vkiY;k lkE;oknh /;s;/kksj.kkapk tksjnkj çpkj dsyk - ;k fuoM.kqdhr Hkkdi o R;kaps fe= i{k yksdlHksr lokZf/kd çcG fojks/kh i{k Bjyk - 5-
4 VDds ers o 27 tkxk ;k i{kkyk feGkY;k - ;k ;'kkuarj vusd dE;qfuLV usR;kaph rq#axkrwu lqVdk
dj.;kr vkyh - vkf.k ;k i{kkojhy canh mBo.;kr vkyh - nql&;k lkoZf=d fuoM.kqdhr if'pe caxky
o dsjG ;k jkT;kr i{kkus vk Øed çpkj d:u yksdlHksr 29 tkxk iVdkoY;k ;k i{kkyk ernku
dj.kkÚ;kaph la[;k nqiVhus okkyk -
if'pe caxky o vka/kz çns'k jkT;kr rks lokZr eksBk i{k gksrk - dsjG jkT;kr n.kn.khr fot; feGowu
brj ikp i{kkP;k enrhus ;k i{kkus Lor%ps ljdkj LFkkiu dsys - dsjGe/khy lkE;oknh i{kkps ljdkj
gs yksd'kkgh i )rhus fuoM.kqdhP;k ek/;ekrwu lÙkk LFkkiu dj.kkjs txkrhy ifgys lkE;oknh ljdkj
ekuys tkr s-
i{kkarxZr QwV
lq#okrhiklwu Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV i{kkr nksu fHkUu fopkjkaps xV gksrs - ,d lksfo,r jf'k;kP;k vuqu;
dj.kkjk xV gksrk - rj ,d lksfo,r jf'k;kps va/k vuqdj.k u djrk ] ekvksus phue/;s tula?k"kZkP;k
laca/kh 'kklu çLFkkfir dsys R;kyk vkn'kZ eku.kkjk gksrk - ifgY;k xVkps usr`Ro Hkkdikps rRdkyhu
egklfpo ih - lh- tks'kh gs djr gksrs rj nql&;k xVkps ch - Vh- j.kfnos gs djhr gksrs - ifgY;k xVkpk
jk"Vªh; o vkarjjk"Vªh; ?kMkeksMh dMs c?k.;kpk –f"Vdksu useLr fdaok eokG gksrk - iafMr usg:aP;k
usr`Rokr LFkkiu >kysys dk¡xzsl ljdkj gs lkezkT;oknh 'kähP;k fojks/kkr dke dj.kkjs vkgs - R;keqGs
baxztkadMwu >kysys lÙkk gLrkarj.k okLrfod vkgs - Eg.kwu Hkkdikus dk¡xzslpk laca/khps iwohZP;k /kksj.kkaps
iquewZY;kadu dsys ikfgts - vls ifgY;k xVkps Eg.k.ks gksrs - ;k erkyk vt; ?kks"k o Jh - v- Mkaxs ;kapk
ikfBack gksrk - nql&;k xVkus phue/;s ekvksP;k usr`Rokr >kysyh l'kL= tu Økarh Hkkjrkr >kyh ikfgts -
R;kauh Hkkjrh; jkT;kP;k fo# ) ;q) iqdkjkos v'kh Hkwfedk ?ksryh - nql&;k xVkr uacwfæikn ] T;ksrh clw
o ih- lqanjIIkk gs gksrs - nqljk xV tgky o vk Øed l'kL= Økarhps leFkZu dj.kkjk gksrk -
1962 lkyh phuus Hkkjrkoj vk Øe.k dsys- ;kosGh jf'k;koknh xV o phuoknh xV ;k nksu xVk rhy
erHksn Vksdkyk xsys - phups Hkkjrkojhy vk Øe.kkP;k ;k jk"Vªh; ladVkP;k çlaxh Hkkjrkrhy loZ jktdh; i{kkauh ljdkjyk ,deq[kh ikfBack fnyk - Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV i{kkP;k tks'kh&Mkaxs xVkus lq )k
usg: ljdkjyk ikfBack fnyk - HkkdikP;k ;k Hkwfedspk fu"ks/k Eg.kwu clw ] ih lqanjIik ] çHkqrhauh i{k
dk;Zdkfj.khps jkthukes fnys - phupk fu"ks/k dj.;kP;k rs fo# ) gksrs- phufo"k;d HkwfedseqGs Hkkdikph munotes.in
Page 32
भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
32çfrek MkxkGyh - lkE;ok|kaph fu"Bk ns'kkph tqGysY;k ulwu vk Øe.k dj.kk&;k ijdh;ka'kh tqGY;k
vkgsr v'kh tuHkkouk fuekZ.k >kyh - d‚ezsM Mkaxs ;kauh phufojks/kh Hkk"k.ks d:u gk dyad /kqÅu
dk<.;kpk ç;Ru dsyk - i.k R;keqGs nqljk xV vf/kd fpMyk o nq[kkoyk xsyk - 1964 HkkdiP;k jk"Vªh; vf/kos'kukr tks'kh&Mkaxs xVkus QqVhj dkjok;k o i{kfojks/kh Hkwfedk ;k vkjksiko:u uacwfæikn o ,- ds- xksikyu oxSjs 32 caM[kksjkauk i{kkrwu fuyafcr dsys - fuyafcr dsysY;k
;k Hkkdi caM[kksjkauh tqyS 1964 jksth vka/kzçns'kkrhy rsukyh xkoh osxGs vf/kos'ku cksykoys - lalnsrhy
vdjk lnL;kauh ,- ds- xksikyu ;kaP;k usr`Rok[kkyh Hkkdi is{kk osxGk i{k ^ekDlZoknh dE;qfuLV i{k*
LFkkiu dsyk - HkkdiP;k ,dr`rh;ka'k lnL;kauh ekdi e/;s ços'k dsyk - v'kkçdkjs lkE;oknh i{kkps nksu
i{k >kys- Hkkdi e/;s jf'k;koknh xV gksrk rks Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV i{k Eg.kwu dk;e jkfgyk - ;kyk
mtok dE;qfuLV i{k lacks/kys tkÅ ykxys - ;k i{kkps usr`Ro Jhikn ve`r M kaxs] jks>k ns'kikaMs ] ih- lh-
tks'kh] dqekj eaxye ;k usR;kadMs gksrs - rj 1964 >kyh phuoknh xVkus ekdZ~loknh dE;qfuLV i{k
vlk uok i{k LFkkiu dsyk - ;k MkO;k lkE;oknh xVkps usr`Ro uacqæhikn ] T;ksrh clw ] xksikyu] ih
lqanjIik] ih- nklxqIrk] gjfdlu lqjftr bR;kn h usR;kadMs gksrs -
1970&77 ;k dkGkr Hkkdius dk¡xzsl lkscr ;qrh dsyh - ;k ;qrheqGs bafnjk xka/khaP;k dk¡xzslus ykoysY;k
vk.khck.khps lq )k leFkZu Hkkdi us dsys - ;keqGs HkkdiPkk tuk/kkj deh >kyk - vkf.k ekdi ,sa'khP;k
n'kdki;aZr ,d etcwr i{k cuyk - 1977 uarj Hk kdikus ekdik o vU; NksVîkk i{kkalkscr okeiaFkh
ekspkZ LFkkiu dsyk - 1996 P;k yksdlHkk fuoM.kqdhr dks.kR;kgh i{kkyk cgqer feGkys ukgh - Hkkdius
ljdkje/;s lgHkkxh gks.;kpk ,sfrgkfld fu.kZ; ?ksryk - ekdiP;k T;ksrh clw ;kauk iarç/kku gks.;kpk
çLrko la;qä ekspkZ dMwu ekaM.;kr vkyk - ijarq gk çLrko ekdius ukdkjyk - Hkkdi is{kk vki.k osxGs
vkgksr gs ;k fu.kZ;krwu ekdius nk[kfoys - ijarq uarjP;k dkGkr ^gh vkeph lokZr eksBh ,sfrgkfld Hkwy
gksrh* gs ekdikus ekU; dsys -
2004 lkyh ;wih ,ljdkjyk okeiaFkh ekspkZus ikfBack fnyk - ;k dkGkr okeiaFkh ekspkZus ljdkjus tuksUeq[kh dk;Z Øe jkcokok ;klkBh ncko dk;e Bsoyk - 2008 lkyh okeiaFkh ekspkZus vesfjdk lkscr
ijek.kq djkjkP;k eqí~;koj ;wih ,ljdkjpk ikfBack dkfuoM.kwd ekspkZlkBh okbZV xsyh - okeiaFkh ekspkZlkBh okbZV xsyh ;kps dkj.k if'pe caxkye/;s R;kaph
>kysyh dksaMh - fo'ks"k Eg.kts dE;qfuLV fopkj/kkjk eku.kk Ú;k i{kkus flaxwj vkf.k uafnxzke ;sFks jkT;
ljdkj }kjk tcjnLrhus Hkweh vf/kxzg.k dsys vkf.k ;kpk fojks/k dj.kk Ú;kaoj xksG~;k >kMY;k - ;keqGs
okeiaFkh ekspkZph çfrek eyhu >kyh - ;kpk ifj.kke fuoM.kwd fudkykoj >kyk - 2009 P;k fuoM.kqdhr
Hkkdikyk dsoG 4 tkxk feGkY;k - vkf.k 2014 P;k fuoM.kqdhr dsoG ,d tkxk feGkyh - HkkdiP;k
?kVR;k tuk/kkjkph;kph vusd dkj.ks vkgsr - R;kiSdh eq[; dkj.k Eg.kts ;k i{kku s HkkaMoy'kkgh
jkT;krhy yksd'kkgh O;oLFkk iw.kZi.ks Lohdkjyh - R;keqGs brj MkO;k fopkjlj.khP;k i{kkis{kk ;k i{kkps
Lo:i osxGs jkfgys ukgh - vkrk gk i{k jk"Vªh; pkSdVhr dk;Z djhr vkgs - vkf.k HkkaMoy'kkgh jkT;
u"V dj.;kph Hkwfedk ;k i{kkph jkfgyh ukgh -
tkghjukE;krhy fo'ks"k rjrqnh
Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV i{k o ekDlZoknh dE;qfuLV i{k ;k nksUgh i{kkauh feGwu iqdsysyk vkgs - munotes.in
Page 33
अध्यया्य 3 पक्ी्य रयाजकयारि आवि वनिडिूकया
33v½ Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV i{k %& 1- 42O;k fo'kks/kuk e/;s lq/kkj.kk d:u O;fäLokra«; fojks/kh dyes
jí dj.ks- 2- fdaerh fLFkj Bso.ks R;klkBh thouko';d oLrwaP;k ?kkÅd O;kikjkoj fu;a=.k Bso.ks -
3- fL=;kauk leku ntkZ ns.kk Ú;k dk;|kph vaeyctko.kh dj.ks - 4- vFkZO;oLFksrhy lq/kkj.kk d:u
jkstxkj o` )h dj.ks- dkexkj] 'ksretwj ;kauk fdeku osru feGowu ns.ks - 5- fo|kFkhZ o f'k{kd
;kauk dke dj.;kpk gDd ns.ks - 6- ekxklysY;k tkrh tekrhauk eqfLyekauk R;kaP;k gDdkafo"k;h
laj{k.k ns.ks - 7- lkezkT;'kkghyk fojks/k dj.ks - 8- lksfo;sr jf'k;kcjkscj eS=hps laca/k okc½ ekDlZoknh dE;qfuLV i{k %& 1- ijdh; HkkaMoykps jk"Vªh;hdj.k dj.ks - 2- lk[kj] twV] flesaV
vkf.k eäsnkjhps m|ksx lewg ;kaps jk"Vªh; dj.ks - 3- dkexkj pGoGhP;k yksd'kkgh gDdkaps
iqu#Tthou dj.ks - 4- 'ksrdÚ;kaph dtsZ ekQ d:u R;kauk ykx.kk Ú;k lk/kulkeqxzhpk iqjoBk dj.ks -
5-14 o"kkZ[kkyhy eqykaps f'k{k.k lähps o eksQr dj.ks - 6- thouko';d oLrwaP;k fd erh [kkyh
vk.kys o ?kkÅd O;kikj ljdkjus rkC;kr ?ks.ks - 8- jkstxkjkpk gDd ewyHkwr gDd dj.ks - Hkkdi vkf.k ekdik ;k nksUgh lkE;oknh i{kkauh vU; MkO;k fopkjkP;k NksVîkk i{kkauk lkscr ?ksÅu okeiaFkh ekspkZ r;kj d:u lkE;oknh fopkjkapk çHkko Hk kjrh; jktdkj.kkoj dk;e Bsoyk vkgs - if'pe
caxky] dsjG] f=iqjk ;k jkT;kr ;k i{kkus lÙkk LFkkiu dsyh - fo'ks"k Eg.kts if'pe caxkye/;s lrr
iapohl o"ksZ lÙkk:< i{k Eg.kwu dk;Zjr jkg.;kpk fo Øe ;k i{kkus dsyk vkgs - QWflLV 'käh o /keZfu"B
jktdkj.kkpk f'kjdko Hkkjrh; jktdkj.kkr gksÅ u;s Eg.kwu ygku&eksBîkk fojks/kh i{kkauk ,d=
vk.k.;kr gk i{k iqLohdk:u fdaok cgqjk"Vªh; daiU;kauk cksykowu ,d çdkjs ?kksf"kr fopkjlj.kh'kh folaxr Hkwfedk ;k i{kkus ?ksrysyh fnl r- s ;k varfoZjks/kkoj Vhdkdkjkauh ;k i{kkyk /kkjsoj /kjys vkgs - ek= vls vlys
rjh NksVs 'ksrdjh ] 'ksretwj] dkexkj] vla?kfVr dkexkj ] fL=;k] nfyr&vkfnoklh v'kk nqcZy ?kVdkaP;k
cktwus vkokt mBo.kkjk i{k Eg.kwu jk"Vªh; jktdkj.kkr egÙokps LFkku vtwugh fVdwu vkgs-
2-2 çknsf'kd i{k oSf'k"Vîs (Regional Parties -Characteristics)
izLrkouk
Hkkjrh; jktdkj.kkr çknsf'kd i{kkauk egÙokps LFkku çkIr >kys vkgs - tksi;aZr jk"Vªh; jktdkj.kkr
dk¡xzslps ,drQhZ opZLo gksrs rksi;aZr jkT; rlsp jk"Vªh; ikrGhojhy jktdkj.kkr çknsf'k d i{kkauk
Qkjls LFkku uOgrs - ek= 1967 uarj çknsf'kd jktdkj.kkps rlsp 1989 uarj jk"Vªh; jktdkj.kkps
Lo:i cnyys - 1989 uarj dks.kR;kgh eksBîkk jk"Vªh; i{kkyk LocGkoj lÙkk LFkkiu dj.ks dBh.k gksr xsys- R;keqGs jk"Vªh; i{kkauh vkiY;k lefopkjh çknsf'kd rlsp LFkk fud ikrGhojhy ekU;rkçkIr
NksVîkk i{kka'kh ;qrh d:u jk"Vªh; ikrGhoj vk?kkM;k fuekZ.k dsY;k - çknsf'kd rlsp NksVs LFkkfud
i{k vk?kkMhps ?kVd i{k cuY;kuarj R;kaP;k NksVîkk vfLrRokyk lq )k fdaer vkyh - R;keqGs jkT;krhy
jktdkj.kkcjkscjp jk"Vªh; jktdkj.kkps lehdj.k fc?kMo.;kph {kerk çknsf'kd i{kkr fuekZ.k nsf[ky
>kyh-
Hkkjr gk [kaMçk; ns'k vkg s- /keZ] tkrh] Hkk"kk] oa'k] çns'k ;k ckcrhr fofo/krk vkgs - R;keqGs jk"Vªh;
Hkwfedsrwu dk;Z dj.kk Ú;k jk"Vªh; i{kkauk LFkkfud ikrGhojhy jktdkj.kk'kh rMtksM djkoh ykxrs -
rlsp jk"Vªh; ç'u lksMo.ks gk jk"Vªh; i{kkpk çk/kkU; Øe vlY;keqGs ] LFkkfud ikrGhojhy ç'u munotes.in
Page 34
भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
34lksMo.;kr gs i{k vleFkZ vlrkr - ;kmyV çknsf'kd i{kkaph ukG LFkkfud ç'ukaph tqGysyh vlY;keqGs
rs LFkkfud ç'u çHkkohi.ks lksMow 'kdrkr - R;keqGsp çknsf'kd fdaok LFkkfud rlsp jk"V ªh; ikrGhoj
fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk fuHkkowu Hkkjrh; jktdkj.kkr çknsf'kd i{kkauh vkiyk çHkko fuekZ.k dsyk vkgs -
çknsf'kd i{k ntkZ çkIr dj.;kP;k vVh
fuoM.kwd vk;ksx iqçknsf'kd i{k vlk ntk Z çnku djrs -
xV Øekad ,d%& 1½ fo/kkulHkslkBh P;k lkoZf=d fuoM.kqdhr R;k jktdh; i{kkaps fo/kkulHksrhy ,dw.k
lnL;la[;sP;k fdeku 3 VDds lnL; fdaok 2½ fdeku rhu lnL; ;k nksu iSdh th la[;k tkLr vlsy
rsoxV Øekad nksu%& 1½ fo/kkulHkslkBh >kysY;k ekxhy lkoZf=d fuoM.kqdhr ?kVd jkT;krhy ,dw.k oS/krk
iSdh fdeku 6 VDds ers R;k jktdh; i{kkyk feGkysyh vlkoh - ;kf'kok; 2½ R;k jktdh; i{kkps
fdeku nksu lnL; fo/kkulHkk lnL; Eg.kwu fuoMwu vkysys vlkos -
çknsf'kd i{k vlk ntkZ çkIr >kys Y;k jktdh; i{kklkBh ,d fuoM.kwd fpUg jk[kwu Bsoys tkrs - lkoZf=d
fuoM.kqdhP;k dkGkr R;k i{kkP;k usR;kauk nwjn'kZuoj vkiyk çpkj dj.;kph la/kh feGrs - fuoM.kwd
vk;ksxkP;k 2018 P;k uksanhuqlkj Hkkjrkr 58 çknsf'kd i{k vkf.k 1786 uksan.kh —r i{k vkgsr - i{kkps
foHkktu] i{kkarj] lkoZf=d fuoM.kqdhrhy vi;'k ;klkj[;k dkj.kkaeqGs ekU;rkçkIr i{;kP;k la[;sr
cny gksr vlrks - fuoM.kwd vk;ksxkph çknsf'kd i{k v'kh ekU;rk ul.kkjsgh i{k vkgsr - R;keqGs çknsf'kd
i{kkaps 1- ekU;rkçkIr çknsf'kd i{k 2 - fcxj ekU;rkçkIr çknsf'kd i{k vls nksu çdkj vkgsr - jktdh;
i{k Eg.kwu dk;Z dj.;klkBh fu;ekuqlkj dsaæh; fuoM.kwd vk;ksxkP;k dk;kZy;kr uksan.kh djkoh ykxrs -
vls uksan.kh >kysys ijarq çknsf'kd i{k Eg.kwu fud"k iw.kZ d: u 'kdysys i{k uksan.kh —r i{k vlrkr -
v'kk i{kkauk fcxj ekU;rkçkIr çknsf'kd i{k Eg.krkr -
çknsf'kd i{kkph oSf'k"Vîs
fof'k"V çns'kkP;k e;kZnsr dk;Z dj.kk&;k i{kkauk çknsf'kd i{k EgVys tkrs - Hkkjrkrhy Hkkf"kd ] /kkfeZd
çknsf'kd] laL—rhd fofo/krk y{kkr ?ksrk ;sFkhy jkT;O;oLFksr çknsf'kd i{k vfLrRokr vl.ks LokHkkfod
vkgs- Hkkjrh; i{k i)rhps Lo:i y{kkr ?ks.;klkBh çknsf'kd i{kkph oSf'k"Vîks letwu ?ks.ks vko';d
vkgs- çknsf'kd i{kkph oSf'k"Vîks iq1½ çknsf'kd vfLersyk egÙo
çknsf'kd i{kkps jktdkj.k gs eq[;Ros çknsf'kd vfLersoj pkyrs - ?kVd jkT;kaph fufeZrh eq[;Ros
Hkkf"kd o lkaL —frd vk/kkjkoj >kysyh vlY;keqGs R;k R;k Hkkf"kd&lkaL —frd vfLerkapk vk/kkj
?ksÅu çknsf'kd i{k vU; jkT;krhy Hkkf"kd o lkaL —frd lewgkfo"k;h vuqnkj Hkwfedk ?ksrkr -
lhekç'u] ik.khokVi ç'u fdaok vU; fodklkps ç'u çns'kkP;k vfLers'kh tksMysys vlrkr - gs
ç'u rØlaxr dk;ns'khj ekxkZus lksMfo.;kis{kk vfLersP;k fdaok Hkkofud ekxkZus lksMfo.;kpk ç;Ru çknsf'kd i{k djrkr - R;keqGs gs ç'u vf/kd xqarkxqarhps curkr -
munotes.in
Page 35
अध्यया्य 3 पक्ी्य रयाजकयारि आवि वनिडिूकया
352½ ladqfpr –"Vh
ns'kkP;k ç'ukdMs c?k.;kph çknsf'kd i{kkph –"Vh vR;ar ladqfpr vlrs - vkiY;k çns'kkps fgr
tksikl.ks gsp çknsf'kd i{kkP;k –"Vhus egÙokps vlrs - vkiY;k çns'kkpk fgrkph ckc vkgs ] Eg.kwu
R;k çns'kkrhy turk lq )k ;k i{kkauk ikfBack nsrkr - mnk- çR;sd jkT;kyk vkiY;k jkT;kr /kj.ks
cka/kwu tkLrhr tkLr ik.kh lkBo.;kph vkdka{kk vlrs - vkf.k vU; jkT;kalk Bh ik.kh miyC/k gksbZy
dh ukgh ;kph fpark dj.;kph R;kauk xjt okVr ukgh - LFkkfud&ijçkarh; vlk okn lq )k çknsf'kd
vfLerspk ifjikd vkgs -
3½ jk"Vª fgrkyk nq¸;e LFkku
çknsf'kd i{k vkiY;k çns'kkph vfLerk tksiklrkr ;keqGs QqVhjrsyk [krik.kh ?kkrys tkbZy ;kps
Hkku Bsor ukghr - ;keqGs Hkkjrh; jk"Vªoknkyk vf/kd ladqfpr Lo:i vkysys fnlrs - çknsf'kd
fgrlaca/kkapk fopkj djrkuk osGçlaxh dsaæ ljdkjP;k ;ksX; fu.kZ;kauk fojks/k dj.;kph Hkwfedk
çknsf'kd i{k ?ksrkr - Jhyadsrhy fyV~Vs yk leFkZu dj.;kph rkfeGukMw ;sFkhy çknsf'kd i{kkaph Hkwfedk fdaok vdkyh nykP;k dkgh xVkauh [kfyLrkuoknh ng'kroknh pGoGhps dsysys leFkZu fdaok tEew dk'ehj e/khy ng'kroknh dkjok;kr lgHkkxh gksr vlysY;k r#.kkaps rsFkhy çknsf'kd
i{kkadMwu gksr vlysyh mnkÙkhdj.k ;k dkgh mnkgj.kko:u çknsf'kd i{k jk"Vªfgrk fo#) Hkwfedk
?ks.;klgh ekxsiq4½ la/khlk/kw jktdkj.k
çknsf'kd i{kkph Hkwfedk laf/klk/kwi.kkph vlrs - lÙkk feGfo.;kph 'kD;rk feGfo.;kph okVrkp
vkiY;k i{kkP;k ?kksf"kr rRoKkuk fo# ) Hkwfedk vlysY;k i{kkl leFkZu dj.;kl gs i{k r;kj
vlrkr- tursyk lkafxrys tkrs çns'kkP;k fgrklkBh ] ek= v'kk Hkwfedsekxs vlrs lÙksph ykylk -
rRos] ewY;] oSpkfjd ckaf/kydh gs loZ lÙksP;k HkkxhnkjhlkBh xqaMkGwu Bso.;kl çknsf'kd i{k r;kj
vlrkr- R;klkBh osGçlaxh l jdkjyk vfLFkj djk;yk o ns'kkyk uO;kus fuoM.kqdhl rksaM |k;yk
Hkkx ikM.;kr gs i{k r;kj vlrkr - xsY;k dkgh o"kkZr dsaæ 'kklukP;k Lrjkojhy jktdkj.kkyk ts
vfLFkjrsus xzklys vkgs ;kyk çknsf'kd i{kkps la/khlk/kw /kksj.k dkj.khHkwr vkgs -
5½ LFkkfud usr`Rokpk mn;
çknsf'kd i{kkP;k vfLrRokeqGs Hkkjrh; jktdkj.kkr loZ dkgh okbZVp ?kMrs vls ek= Eg.krk ;s.kkj ukgh - çknsf'kd i{kkph lokZr mi;qä cktw Eg.kts ] ;k i{kkaeqGs LFkkfud usr`Rokyk iq;s.;kph feGkysyh la/kh gh gks; - dsaæ 'kklukr dk¡xzslps ,drQhZ opZLo vlY;kP;k dk Gkr çknsf'kd
Lrjkoj eq[;ea=h dks.k vlsy ,oBjfor gksrs - i{k f'kLrhP;k ukok[kkyh dsaæh; usr`Rokps gs fu.kZ; LFkkfudkauk Lohdkj.;kf'kok; i;kZ;
ulk;pk- jk"Vªh; vfLerk ] jk"Vªh; –f"Vdksu tjh egÙokpk vly k rjh LFkkfud ] Hkkf"kd o lkaL —
frd vfLerk ;kdMs nqyZ{k dj.ks gs pqdhps gksrs - ;kosGh çknsf'kd vfLersP;k vk/kkjkoj LFkkfud
usR;kauh dsaæh; usr`Rokfo# ) caMkpk vkokt mBfoyk - ;kyk LFkkfud tursus ikfBack fnyk - ;kpkp
ifj.kke 1967 lkyP;k jkT; fo/kkulHkkaP;k fuoM.k qdhr v/;kZis{kk vf/kd ?kVd jkT;kr dk¡xzslsrj
ljdkj fo'ks"kr% çknsf'kd i{kkps ljdkjs LFkkiu >kyh - ;keqGs fofo/k jkT;kr LFkkfud usr`Rokpk munotes.in
Page 36
भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
36mn; >kyk - çknsf'kd i{kkP;k ek/;ekrwu eksBîkk çek.kkr LFkkfud ikrGhoj dke dj.kkjs usrs
mn;kl vkys - çknsf'kd i{kkaP;k usR; kauh iqctkoyh-
6½ O;fädsafær Lo:i
cgqrka'kh çknsf'kd i{k gs O;fädsaæh Lo:ikps vkgsr - ,d fdaok tkLrhr tkLr nksu çeq[k usrs vkf.k
ckdh lxGs i{k dk;ZdrsZ vls ;k i{kkaps Lo:i vlrs - O;fäiwtk gs Hkkjrh; jktdkj.kkps O;oPNsfnr
y{k.k vkgs - vxnh jk"Vªh; jktdkj.kkiklwu LFkkfud jktdkj.kkr ;k y{k.kkpk çHkko vkiY;kyk
tk.korks- çknsf'kd i{kkar ;k y{k.kkpk çHkko eksBîkk çek.kkr tk.korks - çknsf'kd i{k O;äh Hkksorhp
dsafær >kysys vlrkr - i{kkps egÙokps fu.kZ; ?ks.;kph tckcnkjh ,dk O;ähdMs vlrs - ;k fu.kZ;kpk
fojks/k dj.ks Eg.kts i{kkrwu gdkyiêh gks.;klkj[ks vlrs - R;keqGs i{kkrhy lokaZuk R;kapk fu.kZ;
f'kjks/kkFkZ ekukok ykxrks - yksd'kkgh ekxkZus lÙkk çkIr djk;ph ek= i{kkarxZr yksd'kkghyk iw.kZ fojks/k djk;pk v'kh çR;sd çknsf'kd i{kkph i )r vlrs-
7½ jk"Vªh; i{kkaps uers /kksj.k
1989 uarjP;k dkGkr jk"Vªh; ikrGhojhy i{kkaph 'käh {kh.k >kyh - LocGkoj lÙkk çLFkkfir
dj.ks jk"Vªh; i{kkauk dBh.k >kys - ;keqGs çknsf'kd i{kkauk lkscr ?ksÅu jk"Vªh; i{kkauh vk?kkMîkk
fuekZ.k dsY;k - mnk- dk¡xzslP;k usr`Rokr ;wih ,rj HkktikP;k usr`Rokr ,uMh,- çknsf'kd i{kkauk
vkiY;k vk?kkMhr fVdowu Bso.;klkBh jk"Vªh; i{kkauk rkjsojph eksBh dljr djkoh ykxrs - lÙksyk
vfLFkj dj.;kph {kerk çknsf'kd i{kkadMs vlY;keqGs gs i{k lÙkk/kkjh i{kkyk CyWdesy djrkr -
jk"Vªh; i{kkph voLFkk brdh vo?kM >kysyh vlrs ] dh rsgh çknsf'kd i{kkP;k vVh mnk - ea=hins]
egkeaMGkps v/;{kin ] vkiY;k çns'kkyk fo'ks"k vkfFkZd iWdst ] çns'kkps fgr ti.kkjs /kksj.k bR;knh
ekU; d:u ] FkksMs uers /kksj.k ?ksÅu rMtksM djk;yk r;kj gksrkr -
lkjka'kr% çknsf'kd i{kkP;k ojhy oSf'k"Vîiw.kZ xq.k/kekZeqGs Hkkjrh; i{k i )rhps Lo:i osxosxG~;k
çdkjps >kys vkgs - çknsf'kd i{kkauh Hkkjrh; jktdh; O;oLFksiqrjh çknsf'kd i{kkaps gs okLro Lohdkj.ks Hkkx vkgs - dkj.k 'ksoVh Hkkjrh; O; oLFksP;k oSf'k"Vîkiw.kZ
jktdkj.kkpkp rks ifjikd vkgs - çknsf'kd vfLerk ti.ks ] LFkkfud ç'ukauk egÙo ns.ks ;kr dkgh xSj
ukgh- ek= rls djrkuk jk"Vªh; fgrkdMs nqyZ{k gks.kkj ukgh ;kps Hkku çknsf'kd i{kkauh tiys ikfgts -
R;klkBh yksder jk"Vªh; Hkkoukauk çfrlkn ns rhy ;k –"Vhus çcks/ku gks.ks vko';d vkgs - vusd çns'kkr
ladqfpr –"Vh ckGx.kk&;k i{kkauk fuoM.kqdh}kjs yksdkauh /kMk f'kdok;yk lq#okr dsysyh vkgs -
çeq[k çknsf'kd i{k
1½ rsyxw nsle i{k (TDP )- vka/kz çns'k
vka/kzçns'k lq#okrhiklwu dk¡xzslpk etcwr xM ekuyk tkr gksrk - ijarq bafnjk xka/khaP;k dkGkiklwu vka/kz
çns'ke/;s dk¡xzslP;k dsaæh; usr`Rofo# ) jks"k okvkiyh rsyqxq vfLerk tiyh tkr ukgh - ;kcíy rsFkhy tursP;k eukr vlarks"k fuekZ.k >kyk gksrk -
1978 rs 1982 ;k dk Gkr bafnjk xka/kh ljdkjus vka/kzçns'kps pkj osGk eq[;ea=h cnyys gksrs - vkiY;k
rsyxw vfLersoj vk?kkr dsyk tkr vkgs - vls fp= ;k loZ ?kVukrwu jaxfo.;kr vkys - o`Ùki=krwu ;kpk munotes.in
Page 37
अध्यया्य 3 पक्ी्य रयाजकयारि आवि वनिडिूकया
37tksjnkj çpkj dj.;kr vkyk - ;k çpkjkr rRdkyhu flusvfHkusrs ,u- Vh- jkekjko ;kauh vk?kkM h
?ksryh- ,u- Vh- jkekjko ;kauh vkiY;k lkBkO;k oki{kkph LFkkiuk dsyh - lgk dksVh rsyxw Hkkf"kd yksdkaP;k vkRelUeku vkf.k vknj ;klkBh gk i{k dkbFkwu iqrsyqxq nsle ph 1982 lkyh LFkkiuk >kY;kuarj o"kkZP;k 'ksoVh jkT; fo/kkulHksP;k fuoM.kqdk >kY;k -
jk"Vªh; o`Ùki=kps loZ vankt Qksy B:u ák i{kkyk nksur`rh;ka'k cgqer çkI r >kys- vkf.k i{kLFkkiusP;k
uÅ efgU;kP;k vkr tkusokjh 1983 'kkyh ,u- Vh- jkekjko gs vka/kz çns'kps eq[;ea=h >kys -
vka/kzçns'kkrhy rsyxw nsle i{kkps ljdkj gs ifgys xSjdk¡xzslh ljdkj gksrs - R;kpcjkscj yksdlHksr 1984
rs 1989 njE;ku eq[; fojks/kh i{k Eg.kwu ns'kkrhy ifgyk çknsf'kd i{k ^rsyqxq nsle* gk i{k Bjyk -
1995 lkyh ,u- Vh- jkejko ;kaps fu/ku >kY;kiklwu paækckcw uk;Mw i{kkph /kqjk lkaHkkGr vkgsr -
l/;k vka/kzçns'k o rsyax.kk jkT;krhy ,d çeq[k çknsf'kd i{k Eg.kwu rsyqxq nsle vkiys LFkku fVdowu
vkgs- vka/kzçns'ke/;s l/;k ¼2018½ lÙkk/kkjh i{k vkgs - 2014 P;k yksdlHkk fuoM.kqdhr ;k i{kkus 16
tkxk ftadY;k - jkT;lHksr ;k i{kkps 6 lHkkln vkgsr -
i{kkph fopkj/kkjk vkf.k dk;ZØe%&
1½ rsyqxq vfLerk ti.k s vkf.k vka/kz Hkkf"kdkapk vfHkeku ckGx.ks -
2½ dk¡xzsl opZLokyk 'kg ns.;klkBh ;k i{kkph fufeZrh >kyh gksrh R;keqGs lq#okrhiklwu gk i{k dk¡xzslpk dêj fojks/kh ekuyk tkrks - ákp Hkwfedsyk /k:u rsyxw nsle i{k HkktiP;k usr`Rok[kkyhy
NDA vk?kkMhr ¼ 1999 rs 200 5 o 2014 rs 2018½ lkehy >kyk gksrk - ek= dk¡xzsl fojks/kkph
Hkwfedk vkrk iwohZlkj[kh dêjrsph jkfgyh ukgh - dkj.k dk¡xzslP;k usr`Rok[kkyh LFkkiu >kysY;k
UPA vk?kkMhr lq )k ¼1996 rs 1998½ gk i{k ?kVd i{k gksrk -
3½ rsyxw nsle i{k gk 'ksrdjh ] ekxkloxhZ; tkrh rlsp e/;eoxhZ;kapk ] NksVîkk O;kolkf;dkapk i{k
ekuyk tkrks - rlsp xfjckaps dY;k.k dj.;klkBh 'kklukP;k ikrGhoj fofo/k ;kstuk jkco.;koj
i{kkpk Hkj vlrks - ,u- Vh- jkekjko ;kauh lÙksoj vkY;kcjkscj rkanwG çfr fdyks nksu #i;s
Hkkokus fod.;kpk vkns'k fnyk gksrk - rls vk'oklu R;kauh fuoM.kqdhiwohZ fnys gksrs - ek= 1990
iklwu ;k i{kkus eqä vFkZO;oLFkk o vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.kkyk ikfBack fnyk vkgs -
4½ jkT;ikykadMwu lalnh; 'kklui )rhP;k fu;ekaps ikyu Ogkos ;klkBh lafo/kku fo'kks/ku dj.ks -
5½ ns'kkps la?kjkT; Lo:i vf/kd –< dj.ks- R;klkBh dsaæ ljdkjph pkaxys laca/k Bsous -
6½ jkT;kauk dsaækdMwu ;ksX; o iqjs'kh enr gks.;klkBh ç;Ru dj.ks - dsaæ&jkT; vkfFkZd laca/kkr lq/kkj.kk
?kMowu vk.k.ks -
1995 lkyh ,u- Vh- jkekjko ;kaP;k fu/kukuarj paækckcw uk;Mw ;kauh rsyqxw nsle i{kkph /kq jk leFkZi.ks
lkaHkkGyh vkgs - brj çknsf'kd i{kkçek.ks rsyxw nsle i{kkps usr`Ro ,d dsaæ vkgs - i{kkph loZ lw=s
paækckcw uk;Mw ;kaP;kdMs ,doVysyh vkgsr -
munotes.in
Page 38
भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
382½ æfoM eqUus= dG?ke ¼nzeqd&DMK ½&rkfeGukMw
æfoM equs= dG?ke ¼nzeqd&DMK ½ gk rkfeGukMw jkT;krhy ,d tquk o egÙokpk çknsf'kd i{k vkgs -
nzfoM oa’k o laL —rhph Lora= vksG[k gk ;k i{kkpk egÙokpk vk/kkjLraHk vkgs - rkfeGukMw jkT;kr
l/;k ts çHkkoh i{k vkgsr R;k loZ i{kkauh ^æfoM* gs ukefu/kku okijysys fnlrs - R;keqGs rfeG Hkk"kk
vkf.k æfoM laL —rh gk ;k çns'kkP;k jktdkj. kkpk egÙokpk ?kVd vkgs vls fnlrs -
,sfrgkfld ik‘oZHkweh%&
fczfV'k Hkkjrkrhy eækl çkarkr lk/kkj.k ifgY;k egk;q )kP;k dkGkr bZ - Ogh- jkekLokeh uk; j ;kaP;k
usr`Rok[kkyh LokfHkeku pGoG (self respect movement ) lq# >kyh gksrh - ;k pGoGhyk ^æfoM
pGoG* Eg.kwu vksG[kys tkr gksrs - ;k dkGkr Lokra«; pGoGhps usr`Ro dj.kkjk d‚axzsl i{k gk mPptkrh; o czkã.kh fganw /keZ ;kapk çHkko vlysyk i{k vkgs ] v'kh uk;dj ;kaph /kkj.kk gksrh - æfoM
pGoG ,d çdkjs æfoM yksdkaP;k LokfHkekukph pGoG gksrh - Hkkjrh; jktdkj.kkoj mÙkj Hkkjrh ;
fo'ks"kr% czkã.kh laL —rh] /keZ] Hkk"kk ;kaP;k opZLokyk rhoz fojks/k gk ;k pGoGhP;k ek/;ekrwu uk;dj
;kauh dsyk - nf{k.k Hkkjrke/;s nzfoM yksdkapk Lora= o lkoZHkkSe vlk osxGk ns'k fuekZ.k dj.;kph ekx.kh
R;kauh dsyh gksrh - ;k ns'kkps uko ^æfoMukMw* vls vl.kk j gksrs- æfoMh yksdkaps fgr o vfLerk ti.kkjk
i{k vlkok ;klkBh ^LokfHkeku pGoG* 1938 vkyh tLVhl ikVhZr foyhu dj.;kr vkyh - iq>kyh tLVhl ikVhZ vkf.k LokfHkekuh pGoG ;kaps ,d=hdj.k d:u R;kpk ^æfoM dG?ke* gh fcu
jktdh; la?kVuk LFkkiu dj.;kr vkyh - bZ- Ogh- jkekLokeh uk;dj gs ;k la?kVusps losZlokZ gksrs - yksd
R;kauk isfj;kj ¼egku ek.kwl½ Eg.kwu vksG[kr vlr - isfj;kj gs ç[kj lq/kkj.kkoknh o cq )hoknh fopkjkps
lektlq/kkjd gksr - czkã.kh fganw /keZxzaFkkaph o R;krwu ekaMY;k xsysY;k fganw nsoh ] nsork o /keZ çrhdk aph
R;kauh dBksj fpfdRlk dsyh - çkphu æfoM laL —rhps mnkÙkhdj.k dj.;klkBh o czkã.kh fganw /kekZrhy
va/k :dsys- R;kaP;k ;k Hkwfedsyk ikfBack ns.;klkBh vla[; vuq;k;h R;kaP;k ikBhekxs r;kj >kys - Hkkjrkyk
Lokra«; feGkY;kuarj isfj;kj ;kauh vf/kd vk Øedi.ks vkiY;k la?kVusP;k /;s;/kksj.kkapk çpkj dj.;kps
dk;Z gkrh ?ksrys - Hkkjr Lora= >kY;kuarj æfoM dG?ke us Lora= ^æfoMukMw* ph ekx.kh dsyh -
æfoM dG?ke gh fcxj jktdh; la?kVuk gksrh- Hkkjrkyk Lokra«; feGkY;kuarj vkiY;k la?kVusr jktdkj.kkr mrjkos vls er isfj;kj ;kaps lgdkjh v..kknqjkbZ o brjkaps Eg.k.ks gksrs - ijarq isfj;kj
;kauh udkj fnyk - 1949 lk yh v..kknqjkbZ æfoM dG?ke la?kVusrwu ckgsj iMwu vkiY;k lgdk Ú;kaP;k
lkscr æfoM eqUus = dG?ke ¼ DMK ½ i{kkph LFkkiuk dsyh - vYiko/khrp gk i{k rkfeGukMwe/;s yksdfç; >kyk - 1957 P;k fuoM.kqdhr ;k i{kkus çFkep lgHkkx ?ksryk - lalnh; jktdkj.kkP;k ek/;ekrwu vkiY;k QqVhjrkoknh ekx.khph vfHkO;äh djrk ;sbZy gk R;kapk gsrw gksrk - ek= rfeG
tursus R;kaP;k ;k Hkwfedsyk Qkjlk ikfBack fnyk ukgh -
1967 i;aZr eækl jkT;koj ¼uarj R;kps uko rkfeGukMw >ky s½s dk¡xzsl i{kkps opZLo gksrs - 1967
?kVd jkT;kaP;k fuoM.kqdhr dk¡xzsl i{kkyk tksjnkj /kDdk clyk - v/;kZkis{kk vf/kd ?kVd jkT;kr
xSjdk¡xzslh ljdkj LFkkiu >kyh - ;kr rkfeGukMwrhy æeqdps ljdkj gksrs - æeqdus LocGkoj lÙkk
LFkkiu dsyh - rRdkyhu eækl fo/kkulHksP;k 233 tkxkaiSdh 138 tkxk æeqdyk feGkY;k - lh- ,u-
v..kknqjkbZ gs ifgys xSjdk¡xzsl vFkkZr nzeqd ljdkjps ifgys eq[;ea=h cuys 1969 lkyh v..kknqjkbZ munotes.in
Page 39
अध्यया्य 3 पक्ी्य रयाजकयारि आवि वनिडिूकया
39;kaps fu/ku >kys - R;kaP;k fu/kukuarj i{kkps usr`Ro ,e- d#.kkfu/kh ;kaP;kdMs vk ys- 1969 rs 2011
;k dkGkr ,e- d#.kkfu/kh ikp osGk eq[;ea=h cuys - v‚xLV 2018 e/;s ,e- d#.kkfu/kh ;kaps fu/ku
>kys- R;kaP;k fu/kuki;aZr æeqdps ,d[kkach usr`Ro vkf.k i{kkps losZlokZ ,e- d#.kkfu/kh gksrs - R;kaP;k
fu/kukuarj æeqd i{kkyk QqVhjrsps xzg.k ykxys vkgs - ek= l/;k æeqd i{k rkfeGukMwe/khy egÙokpk
çknsf'kd i{k Eg.kwu vkiys LFkku fVdowu vkgs -
æeqdps fopkj/kkjk o dk;ZØe
1½ rkfeG Hkkf"kdkaph lq/kkj.kk o çxrh ?kMowu vk.k.ks -
2½ fganh Hkk"ksP;k çdkjkyk fojks/k dj.ks -
3½ lektoknh lektO;oLFkk LFkkiu dj.ks -
4½ lkekftd 'kks"k.k ] vU;k;] tkrh; 'kks"k.k ;kiklwu lektkph eqärk dj.ks -
5½ jkT;kph lÙkk vkf.k vf/kdkj cGdV dj.ks -
rfeG Hkkf"kd o æfoM oa'kh ;kapk Lora= ns'kkph ekx.kh dj.;kP;k gsrwus nzeq[k ph LFkkiuk >kysyh
gksrh- fuoM.kqdhP;k jktdkj.kkr ;kp gsrwus ;k çknsf'kd i{kkauh Hkkx ?ksryk - ijarq dkGkP;k vks?kkr
v'kh QqVhjrkoknh –"Vh ;k i{kkph vkrk jkfgysyh ukgh - Hkkjrh; la?kjkT;kpk ?kVd Eg.kwu rkfeGukMwyk
vf/kdkf/kd Lok;Ùkrk feGkoh ] dsaækps opZLo vlw u;s v'kh Hkwfedk ;k i{kkus ?ksryh vkgs - jkT; rlsp
dsaækae/;s æeqd pk çHkko vtwugh dk;e vkgs -
3½ vf[ky Hkkjrh; v..kk æfoM eqUus= dG?ke ¼v..kk æeqd½
All India Anna Dravid Munnetrakalgham -(AIADMK )
v..kknqjkbZ ;kaP;k usr`Rok[kkyh æeqd i{kkdMs vusd rfeG dy koar] vfHkusrs] lkfgfR;d vk —"V >kys-
lkBP;k n'kdkr rfeG flusl`"Vhr vf/kjkT; xkto.kkjk flusvfHkusrk ,e- th- jkepaæu T;kauk ,ethvkj Eg.kwu vksG[kys tkrs - R;kauh 1953 e/;s nzeq d i{kkr ços'k dsyk - yodjp ,ethvkj nzeqd
pk psgjk cuys - ,ethvkj vkiY;k fp=iVkrwu nze qd fopkj/kkjk o çrhdkapk eksBîkk [kqchus okij
djhr- ;keqGs ,ethvkj ps pkgrs æeqdps ikBhjk[ks >kys - vkf.k i{kkpk tuk/kkj çpaM oktkÅu d#.kkfu/kh vkf.k ,e- th- jkepaæu ;kaP;kr erHksn fuekZ.k >kys - 1972 lkyh jkepaæu ;kaph
d#.kkfu/kh ;kauh æeqd i{kkrwu gdkyiêh dsyh -
æeqd i{kkrwu ckgsj iMY;kuarj yxsp jkepaæu ;kauh uO;k i{kkph LFkkiuk dsyh - ;k i{kkps uko
^vf[ky Hkkjrh; v..kk æfoM eqUus= dG?ke* All India Anna Dravid Munnetrakalgham -
(AIADMK ) vls Bsoys - Admk i{k Eg.kwu gk jkepaæ ;kapk i{k yodjp uko k:ikl vkyk - 1973
pk fo/kkulHksr 11 vkenkj fuoMwu vk.kwu gk i{k rkfeGukMwe/;s frl Ú;k Øekadkpk] vkf.k 1976 P;k
fuoM.kqdhr 16 vkenkj fuoMwu vk.kwu nql Ú;k Øekadkpk i{k cuyk - 1976 lkyh æeqd i{kkps ljdkj
Hkz"VkpkjkP;k vkjksiko:u dsaæ ljdkjus cj[kkLr dsys - 1977 P;k fuoM.kqdhr Admk us 132 tkxk
ftadwu vkiys ljdkj LFkkiu dsys - jkepaæu gs rkfeGukMwps lkros eq[;ea=h cuys - MGR pk
AIADMK i{k 1977 ] 1980 vkf.k 1984 vlk lkrR;kus lÙksr dk;e jkfgyk - munotes.in
Page 40
भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
40,e- th- jkepaæu ;kaps 1987 lkyh fu/ku >kys - MGR ;kaP;k fu/kukuarj AIADMK i{k nksu
xVkr foHkkxyk - MGR P;k iRuh tkudh jkepaæu ;kaP;k usr`Rok[kkyh ,d xV] nqljk ts t;yfyrk
;kaP;k usr`Rok[kkyh vkj - ,e- ohjIiu ;kauh 98 vkenkjkP;k xVklg ,ethvkj P;k iRuh tkudh
;kauk ikfBack fnyk - tkudh jkepaæu ;kauh rkfeGukMwP;k ifgY;k efgyk eq[;ea=h Eg.kwu 'kiFk ?ksryh -
i.k R;kaps ljdkj 24 fnol pkyys - 1998 lkyh dsaækus tkudh ljdkj cj[kkLr d:u jk"Vªirh
jktoV ykoyh - R;kuarj >kysY;k fuoM.kqdhr ckjk o"kkaZP;k çrh{ksuarj nzeq[k iqUgk lÙksr vkyk -
AIADMK i{k nksu xVkr foHkkxys ;keqGs [kwi nqcGk cuyk - t;yfyrk ;k flus vfHkus=h gksR;k -
R;kauh ,e- th- jkepaæu ;kaP;klkscr vusd fp=iVkr dke dsys gksrs - R;kapk AIADMK i{kkoj eksBk
çHkko gksrk - ek= fuoM.kqdhr t;yfyrk xVkyk 27 vkf.k tkudh xVkyk vo?;k nksu tkxk feGkY;k
gksR;k-
v..kkæeqdP;k ?kljR;k vkys[kkeqGs i{kkrhy nk sUgh xV ts - t;yfyrk ;kaP;k usr`Rok[kkyh ,d= vkys-
vkf.k 1991 e/;s dk¡xzsl lkscr ;qrh d:u vkiY;k i{kkps ljdkj LFkkiu dsys - t;yfyrk eq[;ea=h
cuY;k- 1996 P;k fuoM.kqdhr dk¡xzsl lkscr ;qrh dk;e jkfgyh - ek= ;k fuoM.kqdhr i{kkpk nk#.k
ijkHko >kyk - i{kkyk 234 tkxkaiSdh dsoG pkj tkxk feGkY;k - ckjxwj ernkjla?kkr Lor% t;yfyrk
ijkHkwr >kY;k -
1998 lkfy t;yfyrkapk i{k HkktikP;k NDA e/ks lkehy >kyk - ok;dksapk MDMK i{k lq)k NDA
Pkk ?kVd i{k gksrk - 1998 P;k yksdlHkk fuoM.kqdhr AIADMK yk pkaxys ;'k vkys - gk i{k
vVyfcgkjh oktis;h ;kaP;k ljdkje/;s lgHkkxh >kyk - i.k ,d o"kkZP;k vkr ;k i{kkus vkiyk oktis;h
ljdkjpk ikfBack dkgs i{k lq )k gksrs- AIADMK yk 132 o ;qrhyk 197 tkxk feGkY;k - i.k t;yfyrkaps uko Hkz"Vkpkjke/;s vMdY;keqGs R;kauk eq[;ea=h gksrk vkys ukgh - iuhj flYoe eq[;ea=h cuys - i.k iqloksZPp U;k;ky;kus t;yfyrk ;kaP;k cktwus fudky fnyk vkf.k iqUgk 2002 e/;s t;yfyr k eq[;ea=h
cuY;k- iqkys - R;kaP;k tkxh
ikUUkslayoe eq[;ea=h cuys - ijarq Ogh- ds- 'kf'kdyk ;kaP;k fojks/kkeqGs R;kauh eq[;ea=hinkpk jkthukek
fnyk-
ts- t;yfyrk ;kaP;k fu/kukuarj R;kaph tquh eS=h.k Ogh - ds- 'kf'kdyk ;kauh vki.k t;yfyrk ;kaph
okjl vlY;kph ?kks"k.kk dsyh - R;kauk Hkz"Vkpkj çdj.kh pkj o"kkZph f'k{kk >kyh - rq#axkr jokuk gks.;kiwohZ
R;kauh ,MkiMh ds- ikyuhLokeh ;kaph fo/kkulHkk i{k usrk Eg.kwu fuoM dsyh - vkf.k Vh- Vh- Ogh-
fnudju ;kaph MsI;qVh tujy ls ØsVjh Eg.kwu fu;qäh dsyh - 123 vkenkjkaP;k ikfBaC;koj AIADMK
ps ,MkiMh ds- ikyuhLokeh eq[;ea=h cuys - 23 ekpZ 1997 jksth Hkkjrh; fuoM.kwd vk;ksxkus vks -
ikUusjlsoye o 'kf'kdyk ;kaP;k xVkauk nksu fuoM.kwd fpUg fny - s R;keqGs l/;k AIADMK ps nksu
xV iMys vkgsr - ,d vks- ikUusjlsoye ;kaP;k usr`Rok[kkyhy AIADMK (Puratchi Thalaivi ) vkf.k
,MkiMh ds- ikyuhLokeh xVkyk AIADMK(Amma ) vls nksu xV vkgsr - munotes.in
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अध्यया्य 3 पक्ी्य रयाजकयारि आवि वनिडिूकया
41,dw.k v..kk æeqd i{k gk rkfeGukMw jkT;krhy egÙokpk o çHkko'kkyh çknsf'kd i{k vkgs - /;s;&/kksj.ks o fopkjlj.khP;k ckcrhr gk i{k æeqd lkj[kkp fnlr vlyk rjh Hkkf"kd o okaf'kd ckcrhr FkksMh mnkj o yofpd Hkwfedk gk i{k Lohdkjrks - xksjxfjckalkBh ;k i{kkus vusd dY;k.kdkjh ;kstuk jkcfoY;k vkgsr - R;keqGs tulkekU;kapk ikfBack ;k i{kkyk feGkysyk vkgs - t;yfyrk ;kaP;k fu/kukuarj
usr`Rokph iksdGh gk i{k dlk Hk:u dk4½ vdkyh ny& iatkc
iatkc jkT;krhy f'kjkse.kh vdkyh ny gk Hkkjrkrhy lokZr tquk çknsf'kd i{k vkgs - f'k[kkaps jktdh; çfrfuf/kRo dj.;klkBh f'kjkse.kh xq#}kjk çca/kd lferhP;k }kjs 14 fMlsacj 1920 jksth ljnkj ljeq[k flag JqCcy ;kaP;k v/;{krs[kkyh vdkyh ny ;k i{kkph LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh - iqrkjkflag ;kaP;k usr`Rok[kkyh ;k i{kkpk foLrkj >kyk -
fczfV'kkauh fuekZ.k dsysY;k laçnk;oknkP;k dqVhy jktdkj.kkus ;k i{kkph chts jksoyh xsyh - iatkc
çkarkr ljnkj mToyflag ethfB;k ;kaP;k usr`Rokr iatkc lqHkk vkanksyu lq: >kys gksrs - f'k[kkalkBh
osxG~;k iatkc çkarkph ekx.kh R;kosGh dj.;kr vkyh - 'kh[k /keZ gk eqfLye ] fganw /kekZçek.ks Lora= /keZ
vkgs- R;keqGs f'k[kkauk eqfLyeka çek.ks Lora= ernkj la?k ns.;kr ;kos v'khgh ekx.kh dj.;kr vkyh -
R;klkBh vdkyh nykdMwu ifgY;k egk;q )kr f'k[kkaP; k lSU; HkjrhlkBh ç;Ru dj.;kr vkys - ;kps QG
Eg.kwu baxztkauh 1919 P;k Hkkjr ljdkj dk;|ke/;s f'k[kkauk Lora= ernkj la?k ekU; dj.;kr vkys -
vdkyh ny ;k i{kkph LFkkiuk dj.;kekxpk eq[; mís'k 'kh[k yksdkaps osxGsi.k tru dj.;klkBh vkf.k
f’k[k leqnk;klkBh osxG~;k j kT;kph fufeZrh dj.ks ;klkBh >kyh gksrh - eqfLye yhxus ikfdLrkuP;k
fufeZrhph ekx.kh dsY;kuarj ekLrj rkjkflaxP;k vdkyh nykus Lora= f’k[kLFkkuP;k fufeZrhph ekx.kh
dsyh- fczfV'k dkGkr iatkc çkarkr f’k[k ] eqfLye] fganw gs /kekZoyach ijLijkacíy lfg".kqrk ckGxwu ,dksI;kus jkgr gksrs - eqfLyekaph Lora= ikfdLrkuph ekx.kh ] R;kr f'k[kkadMwu Lora= 'kh[kLFkkukph
ekx.kh ;keqGs iatkc e/khy lkaL —frd lgthoukph ijaijk [kafMr >kyh - ;keqGs iatkc 50&60 o"ksZ
fgalkpkjkus /kqelr jkfgyk -
Hkkjr&ikd QkG.kh uarj iatkc e/;s dk¡xzsl vkf .k vdkyh ny gs nksu i{k vkeus&lkeus vkys -
QkG.kheqGs ikfdLrkukrhy f'k[k leqnk; iatkce/;s LFkykarfjr >kyk - R;keqGs vdkyh nykps tuk/kkj
okçrh{ksuarj 1966 e/;s fganh Hkkf"kdkaps gfj;k.kk o iatkch Hkkf"kdkalkBh iatkc v'kk nksu ?kVd jkT;kph
fufeZrh dj.;kr vkyh - R;keqGs iatkc jkT;kr vdkyh nykpk tuk/kkj okeqGs R;kpk jktdh; ykHk vdkyh nykyk ?ksrk vkyk ukgh - ekLVj rkjkflax vkf.k QRrsflax ;kaP;kr
lRrslkBh jLlh[ksp lq# >kyh - ekLVj rkjkflax ;kaP;k fu/kukuarj QÙksflax vdkyh nykps çeq[k cuys -
1969 lkyh e/;orhZ fuoM.kqdkauarj vdkyh ny o tula?k ;kaps la;qä ljdkj LFkkiu >kys - twu
1971 lkyh dsaækus jk"Vªirh jktoV ykxw d:u la;qä ljdkj cj[kkLr dsys - 1972 lky h >kysY;k
fuoM.kqdhr dk¡xzsl i{k lÙksoj vkyk - 1972 rs 1977 ;k dkGkr >Syflax ljdkjus vdkyh nykPkk
çHkko deh dj.;kpk ç;Ru dsyk - 1977 e/;s vk.khck.kh gVY;kuarj vdkyh ny iqUgk lÙksr vkyk -
ijarq i{kkarxZr dygkeqGs i{kkr QwV iMwu 1980 lkyh vdkyh ny iqUgk lRrsckg sj Qsdyk xsyk - munotes.in
Page 42
भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
42[kfyLrkuoknh ng'kroknh pGoGheqGs iatkc ,sa'khP;k n'kdkr /kqelr gksrk - folkO;k 'krdkP;k v[ksj
iatkc e/khy ifjfLFkrh fuoGk;yk ykxyh - vdkyh nykus vkiyk tquk lg;ksxh Hkkti lkscr ;qrh dsyh -
2012 lkyh HkktiP;k lg;ksxkus vdkyh nykus ljdkj LFkkiu d sys- i{kkps iwoZ v/;{k çdk'kflax
ckny gs eq[;ea=h cuys - 2014 P;k yksdlHkk fuoM.kqdhr i{kkyk pkj tkxk feGkY;k - l/;k vdkyh
ny HkktikP;k usr`Rok[kkyhy NDA ?kVd i{k vkgs - iatkce/khy çHkkoh çknsf'kd i{k Eg.kwu vdkyh
nykps LFkku dk;e vkgs -
5½ f'kolsuk& egkjk"Vª
la;qä egkjk"Vª vkanksyukr la;qä egkjk"Vª lferhus ejkBh vfLerk ] ejkBîkapk bfrgkl vkf.k f'kokth
egkjktkaph çfrek ;kapk tutkx`rhlkBh eksBîkk [kqchus okij dsyk - 1 es 1960 jksth la;qä egkjk"Vª
jkT;kph fufeZrh >kY;kuarj la;qä egkjk"Vª lferhpk dk;ZHkkx laiyk - i.k lferhus mHks dsysY;k ejkBh
vfLerk o f'kokth egkjktkaP;k çfrespk okij ckGklkgsc Bkdjs ;kauh v‚xLV 1960 e/;s ^ekfeZd* ;k
lkIrkfgdkph lq#okr d:u vpwdi.ks dsyk - 1961 e/;s tux.kusrwu iqeqacbZrhy ejkBh ek.klkaPkk VDdk deh >kyk vkgs gs fnlr gksrs - ;kmyV nf{kukR;kapk o mÙkj Hkkjrh;kapk
VDdk okokvkokt mBfoyk - R;kyk ejkBh ek.klkpk eksBk çfrlkn feGkyk - ejkBh ek.klkP;k cGkoj ejkBh ek.klkP;k fgrj{k.kklkBh ckGklkgsc Bkdjs ;kauh 19 twu 1966 jksth ^f'kolsuk* ;k la?kVusph LFkkiuk
dsyh- lq#okrhyk f'kolsuspk jks[k nf{k.kkR;kaP;k fo# ) jkfgyk- ^gVko yqaxh ] ctko iqaxh* v'kh ?kks"k.kk
nsÅu nf{k.kkR;kaP;k g‚VsYl o ekyeÙkkauk y{; dj.;kr vkys - uarj gk jks[k mÙkj Hkkjrh;kaP;k fo# )
vksd: ykxyh -
lq#okrhP;k dkGkr ^ejkBh ek.klkaps fgrlaj{k.k* ,olektdkj.k o 20 VDds jktdkj.k djsy* v'kh Bkdjsauh ?kks"k.kk fnyh gksrh - csdkjhus gSjk.k >kysY;k
vkf.k ijçkarh;kaP;k nknkfxjhus =Lr >kysY;k ejkBh r#.kkauk f'kolsusus vk —"V dsys- R;kuarj f'kolsusus
vkiys y{k dkexkj pGoGhdMs oGfoys - eqacbZr ejkBh dkexkjoxZ lkaE;oknh çHkkok[kkyhy dkexkj
pGoGhr eksBîkk la[;sus gksrk - R;keqGs LokHkkfodp f'kolsusus laokn fojks/kh ifo=k ?ksÅu 1968 >kyh
Hkkjrh; dkexkj lsuk LFkkiu dsyh - 1968 rs 1974 ;k dkGkr eqacbZrhy dkexkj pGoG QksM.;kps
dk;Z f'kolsusus ikj iMys -
f'kolsusus LFkkiusuarj o"kZHkjkrp fuoM.kqdhP;k jktdkj.kkr Hkkx ?ksryk - ijarq gk lgHkkx eqacbZ&Bk.ks
;k 'kgjkiqjrk e;kZfnr gksrk - 1980 P;k n'kdkr vkiyh ^çknsf'kd i{k* gh çfrek Vkdwu nsÅu fganqRooknh i{kkph Hkwfedk f'kolsu sus Lohdkjyh - eqfLye o nfyr ;k nksu lektkP;k fojks/kkr f'kolsuk
mHkh jkfgyh - ejkBokMk fo|kihBkP;k ukekarjkyk fojks/k dj.kkjk f'kolsuk gk ,deso i{k gksrk - ;kp
dkGkr jketUeHkweh ç'u mifLFkr >kyk - ckcjh efTtn ikMwu jke eafnj cka/k.;kps tkghj leFkZu
f'kolsusus dsys- v'kkçdkjs eqLyhe o uockS/n ;kaP;kfojks/kkr ?ksrysY;k HkwfedseqGs ejkBokMîkrhy ejkBk
o vU; ekxkloxhZ; lekt rlsp ckS )srj nfyr lektkpk ikfBack f'kolsusyk feGkyk vkf.k fganqRooknh
HkwfedseqGs e/;eoxhZ; fganw f'kolsusdMs vkdf"kZr >kys - munotes.in
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अध्यया्य 3 पक्ी्य रयाजकयारि आवि वनिडिूकया
431989 f'kolsusus Hk kti'kh ;qrh dsyh - Hkktikus mifLFkr dsysY;k jketUeHkwehP;k ç'ukyk rlsp fganqRooknh jktdkj.kkyk f'kolsusus ikfBack fnyk - R;kuarj ckGklkgsc Bkdjs ^ejkBh eukpk ekufcanw*
o R;kuarj ^fganq gn;lezkV* >kys - ^xoZ ls dgks ge fganw gS* vlk ukjk R;kauh fnyk - ns'kkr loZ =
tekroknh jktdkj.kkpk Toj pkyk -
1990 P;k fuoM.kqdhr fo/kkulHksr f'kolsusyk 52 tkxk vkf.k Hkktikyk 42 tkxk feGkY;k - ijarq
lÙkk feGw 'kdyh ukgh - ek= iq63 tkxk feGkY;k - caM[kksj dk¡xzsl vkenkj o i{kkaP;k enrhus lsuk&Hkktips ;qrhps ljdkj lÙksoj vkys- f'kolsusps euksgj tks'kh eq[;ea=h cuys - ek= iqukgh-
1989 iklwu vlysyh lsuk&Hkkti ;qrh 2014 P;k yksdlHkk fuoM.kqdhi;aZr dk;e gksrh - HkktiP;k
,uMh,e/;s f'kolsuk gk egÙokpk ?kVd i{k gksrk - yksdlHkslkBh Hkktiyk f'kolsusus tkLr tkxk
lksMk;P;k o fo/kkulHkslkBh f'kolsusus tkLr tkxk yR;keqGs eq[;ea=h in o lÙkk ulY;kl fojks/kh i{kusrsin f'kolsusdMs dk;e jkfgys - ijarq gh ifjfLFkrh
2014 P;k fuoM.kqdhuarj cnnyh - 2014 P;k yksdlHkk fuoM.kqdhuarj eksnhaP;k usr`Rokr Hkktipk tuk/kkj Hkkjrkr rlsp egkjk"Vªkrgh okudkj fnyk - R;keqGs 2014 P;k fo/kkulHkk fuoM.kqdhr 25 o"kkZiklwuph lsuk&Hkktik ;qrh rqVyh -
vkf.k nksUgh i{kkauh Lora=i.ks fuoM.kwd yfuoMwu vkY;k - Hkktiyk 122 vkf.k f'kolsusyk 63 tkxk feGkY;k - ijarq 288 la[;sP;k fo/kkulHksr
Hkktik LocGkoj lÙkk LFkkiu d: 'kdr uOgrh - R;keqGs ljdkj cuo.;klkBh nksUgh i{k iqUgk ,d=
vkys- ek= ;kosGh eq[;ea=h Hkktips nsosaæ QM.kohl cuys - ljdkj cufo.;klkBh nksUgh i{k ,d=
vkysys fnlr vlys rjh ;kuarj >kysY;k LFkkfud LojkT; laLFkkaP;k fuoM.kqdhr rlsp iksVfuoM.kqdhr
gs nksUgh i{k ijLij fojks/kkr y18 uksOgsacj 2012 e/;s f'kolsuk çeq[k vkf.k i{kkps losZlokZ ckGklkgsc Bkdjs ;kaps fu/ku >kys -
R;kaP;k fu/kukiwohZ R;kaps iq= m )o Bkdjs gs f'kolsukçeq[k cuysys gksrs - m)o Bkdjs ;kaP;k usr`Rokr
f'kolsuk okVpky djhr vkgs -
uW'kuy d‚UqjUl (National conference ) uW'kuy d‚UQjUl tEew vkf.k dk'ehj jkT;krhy lokZr tquk vkf.k lokZf/kd dkG lÙkk miHkksxysyk çknsf'kd i{k vkgs - 1932 lkyh dk'ehjps egkjktk gfjflax ;kaP;kfo# ) okla?kfVr #i ns.;kP;k –"Vhus ^v‚y tEew d'ehj eqfLye d‚UQjUl* ph LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh - R;kP;k
usR;kae/;s 'ks[k vCnqYyk vkf.k vWM xqyke vCckl ;kapk lekos'k gksrk - R;kuarj lgk o"kkaZuh 1939 vkyh
'ks[k vCnqYykauh ;k i{kkps uko cnywu ^tEew vkf.k dk'ehj uW'kuy d‚UQjUl* vls Bsoys - Hkkjrh;
jktdkj.kkr ;k i{kkyk ^uW'kuy d‚UQjUl* ;k ukokus vksG[kys tkrs - 'ks[k vCnqYyk ;kapk /keZfujis{k
rÙokoj fo'okl gksrk - vkiyk i{k loZlekos'kd vlkok v 'kh R;kaph Hkwfedk gksrh -
tEew vkf.k d'ehj HkkjrkdMs vlkos dh ikfdLrku dMs vlk eksBk vVhrVhpk ç'u R;kdkGkr mifLFkr
>kyk vlrkuk 'ks[k vCnqYykaP;k uW'kuy d‚UQjUlus Hkkjrkph cktw ?ksryh - d'ehj Hkkjrkr lkehy munotes.in
Page 44
भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
44gks.;kl ;k i{kkus ikfBack fnyk - ijarq i{kkrhy xqyke vCckl xVkyk vCnqyk ;kaphgh Hkwfedk #pyh ukgh -
;k xVkus i{kkrwu ckgsj iMwu vkiyk ikfBack dk'ehj us ikfdLrkukr lkehy Ogkos v'kh Hkwfedk ?ksryh -
;klkBh R;kauh vkiyh tquh la?kVuk ^eqfLye d‚UQjUl* gk i{k LFkkiu dsyk vkf.k vk>kn d'ehj
pGoG lq: dsyh -
Hkkjr Lora= >kY;kuarj dk'ehj e/;s 1951 lkyh fo/kkulHkk fuoM.kwd >kyh - uW'kuy d‚UQjUlus
loZ 75 tkxk ftadY;k 'ks[k vCnqYyk iarç/kku ¼eq[;ea=h½ cuys - 1959 e/;s uW'kuy d‚UQjUl ps
nksu xV iMys 'ks[k vCnqYyk ;kapk xV HkkjrkP;k cktwus rj R;kaps lgdkjh fe>kZ vQty csx Lora=
dk'ehj xVkps - 'ks[kkaoj xVckth o Hkz"Vkpkjkpk vkjksi ikVhZP;k usR;kauh ykoyk - rls i= jktk
dj.kflax ;kauk ns.;kr vkys - dj.kflaxkauh 'ks[k uk cMrQZ d:u LFkkuc ) dsys vkf.k R;kaps nqljs
lgdkjh c{kh xqyke egaen ;kauk iarç/kku dj.;kr vkys -
1965 e/;s d'ehje/;s jktdkj.kkyk dykV.kh ns.kkjh ,d ukVîe; ?kVuk ?kMwu vkyh - uW'kuy
d‚UQjUl i{k dk¡xzsl i{kkr foyhu dj.;kr vkyk ] gk i{k d‚axzslph ,d 'kk[kk Eg.kwu dk;Z d:
ykxyk- tkusokjh 1958 e/;s 'ks[k vCnqYykauk vpkud lksM.;kr vkys - vkf.k iqUgk ,fizy 1958 e/;s
R;kauk vVd dj.;kr vkyh - ;k osGh R;kaP;koj Hkkjrkps rqdMs dj.;klkBh ikfdLrku cjkscj dVdkjLFkku dj.;kpk vkjksi dj.;kr vkyk gksrk - gs vkjksi fcucqMkps gksrs - R;kauk d/khgh ikfdLrkukr
tk;ps uOgrs - vCnqYyk /kkfeZdrk o /kkfeZd lfg".kqrsps ewfrZear çrhd gks rs-
1975 lkyh 'ks[k vCnqYykauk jktdkj.kkr lf Ø; gks.;kph ijokuxh Hkkjr ljdkjus fnyh - 'ks[k ;kauh
iqUgk vkiyk tquk i{k uW'kuy d‚UQjUl lf Ø; dsyk- 1977 P;k fuoM.kqdhr ;k i{kkyk cgqer
feGkys- 'ks[k eq[;ea=h >kys - 8 lIVsacj 1982 jksth 'ks[k vCnqYyk ;kaP;k fu/kukuarj uW'kuy d‚UQjUlps usr`Ro R;kapk eqyxk Qk:d vCnqYyk ;kaP;kdMs xsys - 1983] 1987] 1991 ;k çR;sd
fo/kkulHkk fuoM.kqdhr uW'kuy d‚UQjUlus cgqerkus vkiys ljdkj LFkkiu dsys - ijarq çR;sd osGh
ljdkj vkiyk dk;ZdkG iw.kZ d: 'kdys ukgh - dk'ehje/khy v'kkarrk ] fgalkpkj] ng'kroknh dkjok;k
;keqGs ;sFks jk"Vªirh jktoV yko.;kr vkyh - 2002 e/;s Qk#d vCnqYykauh uW'kuy d‚UQjUl ps usr`Ro vkiyk eqyxk vksej vCnqYyk ;kaP;kdMs lksifoys - 2008 P;k fuoM.kqdhr dk¡xzslP;k lg;ksxkus
vksej vCnqYykauh uW'kuy d‚UQjUlps ljdkj cuoys - 2014 P; k yksdlHkk fuoM.kqdhi;aZr dk¡xzsl
lkscrph R;kaph ;qrh fVdyh - 2014 P;k fo/kkulHkk fuoM.kqdhr gh ;qrh rqVyh - ;k fuoM.kqdhr dk'ehj
e/khy nqljk çknsf'kd i{k PDP çHkko'kkyh Bjyk - PDP us 28 tkxk ftadwu HkktiP;k enrhus ljdkj
LFkkiu dsys - 2018 lkyh Hkktius PDP ljdkjpk ikfBack dkykxw >kyh -
FkksMD;kr PDP P;k foLrkjkuarj uW'kuy d‚UQjUlpk çHkko deh >kysyk fnlr vlyk rjh bfrgklkP;k
fofo/k oGukoj vusd ladVkapk lkeuk d:u vktgh tEew vkf.k d'ehj P;k jktdkj.kkr gk i{k
etcqrhus fVdw u vkgs-
munotes.in
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अध्यया्य 3 पक्ी्य रयाजकयारि आवि वनिडिूकया
452-3 1989 uarjP;k fuoM.kqdhrhy jk"Vªh; vkf.k çknsf'kd i{kkaP;k dkefxjhps fo'ys"k.k
(Analysis of electoral Performance of National and Regional Partiess ince
1989)
HkkjrkP;k fuoM.kqdhP;k bfrgklkr 1989 gs o"kZ Hkkjrkrhy i{ki )rh o jktdkj.kkyk osxG~;k fn'ksus
?ksÅu tk.kkjs o"kZ ekuys tkrs - dkj.k 1989 iklwu dsaækae/;s vk?kkMîkakps ljdkj lkrR;kus lÙksoj vkysys fnlrs - rlsp vusd ?kVd jkT;kae/;slq )k ,dkis{kk vf/kd i{k fuoM.kqdhiwohZ fdaok fuoM.kqdhuarj
vk?kkMh] ;qrh cka/kwu lÙksoj vkysyh fnlrkr - 1989 uarj 2014 e/;s Hkktik cgqer feGo.;kr ;'kLoh
Bjysyh fnlr vlyh rjh ] ljdkj ek= vk?kkMhpsp cuysys vkgs - R;keqGs 1989 iklwu vkrki;aZr
¼2018½ ns'kkr vk?kkMîkakps jktdkj.k fLFkjkoysys fnlrs - R;keqGsp 1989 uarjP;k fuoM.kqdhrhy jk"Vªh; vkf.k çknsf'kd i{kkaP;k dkefxjhps fo'ys"k.k dj.ks gs ] Hkkjrkrhy i{ki )rh ps cnyrs Lo:i
vkf.k jktdkj.kkps cnyrs jax vH;kl.;klkBh vkSfpR;iw.kZ Bjrs -
1½ 1989 ph fuoM.kwd
v½ ik'oZHkweh%& 1984 Jherh bafnjk xka/kh ;kaph gR;k >kY;kuarj jktho xka/kh iarç/kku >kys - jktho
xka/khP;k ljdkjyk çpaM er kf/kD; vlrkuklq )k dk¡xzslyk varxZr erHksnkus xzklys - jktho xka/kh
;kaP;k eaf=eaMGkr foÙkea=h vlysY;k fo'oukFk çrkiflax ;kauh cksQkslZ çdj.kkr vkiY;kp i{kkyk
vMp.khr Bj.kkjh oäO; dsys - R;keqGs Ogh - ih- flax ;kaph çfr"Bk o yksdfç;rk ç/kkuea«;kis{kk
mapkoyh- Ogh- ih- flax ;kauh eaf=eaMG o dk¡xzsl i{kkpk jkthukek fnyk vkf.k Hkz"Vkpkjkfo# )
y<.;klkBh tuekspkZph LFkkiuk dsyh - R;kaP;k ;k Hkwfedsyk fojks/kh i{kkauh ikfBack fnyk - vkf.k
;krwu 11 v‚DVkscj 1989 jksth ^turk ny* ;k uO;k i{kkpk tUe >kyk - ;k uO;k i{kkr
tueksPkkZ] turk i{k ] yksdny ;k i{kkaps foltZu dj.;kr vkys - uO;kus LFkkiu >kysY;k turk
nykus 1989P;k fuoM.kqdhr Hkkx ?ksryk vkf.k jktdkj.kkph lehdj.ks ;keqGs cnyyh -
c½ f=’kadq yksdlHkk%& 1989 P;k fuoM.kqdhr yksdlHksr ifgY;kank f='kadw lehdj.k ?kMwu vkys -
1984 P;k fuoM.kqdhr dk¡xzsl i{kkus yksdlHkse/;s 542 tkxkaiSdh 415 tkxk ftadwu vHkwriwoZ
;'k laiknu dsys gksrs ] rksp i{k 1989 dsoG 193 tkxk feGowu lÙkkHkz"V >kyk - ijarq ;k
fuoM.kqdhr uO;kus LFkkiu >kysY;k turk ny ;kyk 141 ] rj fganqRokP;k ykVsoj Lokj >kysyk
Hkkti ;kyk 88 tkxk ] ekdiyk 32 ] Hkkdiyk 12 tkxk feGkY;k - dks.kR;kgh i{kkyk ljdkj
cuo.;klkBh ykx.kk Ú;k cgqerki;aZr iksgksprk vkysys ukgh -
d½ Ogh- ih- flax ljdkj%& ,d o"kkZiwohZ LFkkiu >kysY;k turk nykus 1989 P;k fuoM.kqdhr pednkj dkefxjh d:u ] dk¡xzsl i{kkyk lÙksiklwu nwj Bsoys - 141 tkxk ftadwu dk¡xzsl uarj
nqlÚ;k Øekadkpk i{k Bjyk - ek= turk nykP;k usr`Rok[kkyh jk"Vªh; ekspkZyk ¼vk?kkMh½ cgqer
çkIr djrk vkys ukgh - Hkktik o Mkos ;kaP;k ikfBaC;kus 2 fMlsacj 1989 jksth Ogh - ih- flax
;kaP;k jk"Vªh; ekspkZps ljdkj lÙksoj vkys -
M½ eaMy vk;ksxkph vaeyctko.kh%& eaMy vk;ksxkph vaeyctko.kh ;k ,dk fu.kZ;kus Ogh - ih- flax
ljdkjps uko HkkjrkP;k bfrgklkr BGd v{kjkr dksjys xsys - 1978 lkyh turk ljdkjus ch -
ih- eaMy ;kaP;k v/;{krs[kkyh ekxkloxhZ; vk;ksxkph LFkkiuk dsyh gksrh- eaMy vk;ksxkus vkschlh munotes.in
Page 46
भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
46tkrhaps fud"k ] R;kaph ;knh vkf.k f'k{k.k o uksd Ú;karhy vkj{k.kkps çek.k ;klaca/kh f'kQkjlh dsY;k - turk i{kkps ljdkj eqnrhiwohZp cj[kkLr >kY;keqGs R;kauk eaMy vk;ksxkP;k f'kQkj'khaph vaeyctko.kh djrk vkyh ukgh - Ogh- ih- flax ljdkjus eaMy vk;ksxkP;k f'kQkj'khapk vaeyctko.khyk çk/kkU; fnys - 13 v‚xLV 1990 jksth Ogh - ih- flax ljdkjus eaMy vk;ksxkP;k
vaeyctko.khph vf/klwpuk dkb½ Hkktikps jketUeHkweh vkanksyu vkf.k jFk;k=sps jktdkj.k%& 1989 P;k fuoM.kqdhr Hkktik bfrgklkrhy uO;k oG.kkoj vkyk - oknxzLr ckcjh e'khnP;k tkxsoj jke eafnj mHkkj.;klkBh
lq: >kysY;k fganqRook|kaP;k jketUeHkweh vkanksyukps Hkktikus usr`Ro dsys - ;k vkanksyukus r.kkoiw.kZ
o tekroknh jktdkj.kkyk fn'kk feGkyh - 1989P;k fudkyko:u gs y{kkr ;srs dh ] ;k vkanksyukpk
Qk;nk Hkktiyk >kyk - 1989 P;k fuoM.kqdhr Hkktik ns'kkrhy frl Ú;k Øekadkpk eksBk i{k Bjyk -
1984 lkyh R;kyk feGkysY;k erkaph VDdsokjh 7 -4 ,ook1989P;k tekroknh naxyh vkf.k Hkktius ftadysY;k tkxk ;kaP;kr laca/k vxnh Li"V gksrks -
lIVsacj 1990 e/;s vMok.khauh xqtjkrsrhy lkseukFk eafnjkiklwu jFk;k=k lq: dsyh vkf.k ngk gtkj fdyksehVj if'pe o mÙkj Hkkjrkr çokl d:u rh v;ks/;syk ;k;ph gksrh - v‚DVkscj v[ksj
vMokuhaP;k jFk;k=syk fcgkje/khy turk ny i{kkps ykywçlkn ;kno ljdkjus jFk;k=k vMowu
vMok.khauk vVd dsyh - ^eaMy&deaMy* oknkus laiw.kZ Hkkjrkrhy jktdkj.k fganqRokps okrkoj.k fuekZ.k dj.;kpk ç;Ru la?kifjokjkus dsyk - ;sFkwu iq^jkeeafnj* gk eqík dsaæLFkkuh jkfgyk -
bZ½ paæ'ks[kj ljdkj%& Hkktikpk eaMy vk;ksxkP;k f'kQkj'khP;k vaeyctko.khyk fojks/k gksrk - R;kr
turk nykps jFk;k=sP;k fo# ) Hkwfedk ?ksrY;kus Ogh - ih- flax ljdkjyk ckgs:u fnysyk ikfBack
Hkktikus dklq)k QwV iMyh - paæ'ks[kj 64 [kklnkjkauk lkscr ?ksÅu turk nykrwu ckgsj iMys - paæ'ks[kj o
nsohyky ;kauh vkiyk uok ^lektoknh turk i{k* LFkkiu dsyk - dk¡xzslpk ckgs:u ikfBack feGowu
1990 e/;s rs Hkk jrkps vkBos ç/kkuea=h cuys - R;kaP;k ljdkjoj jktho xka/kh ;kaph gsjfxjh djr
vlY;kpk vkjksi >kY;kuarj 6 ekpZ 1991 jksth R;kauh ç/kkuea=h inkpk jkthukek fnyk -
uoO;k yksdlHkse/;s nksu iarç/kku >kys - ek= lÙkk/kkjh i{kkyk ikp o"kkZpk dk;ZdkG iw.kZ djrk
vkyk ukg h-
2½ 1991 ph fuoM.kwd
ik’oZHkweh%&
fganqRokP;k ykVsoj Lokj gksÅu fuoM.kqdhr ;'kLoh gksrk ;srs ] ;kph tk.kho Hkktiyk 1989 P;k
fuoM.kqdhr >kyh gksrh - R;keqGs 1991 P;k fuoM.kqdhr Hkktikus fganqRo gkp vkiyk çpkjkpk eq[; eqík cufoyk - fuoM.kqdhr loZ= tekroknh çpkjkyk mr vkyk vlrkuk nql Ú;k VII;krhy ernkukP;k
dkGkr jktho xka/kh rkfeGukMw ;sFks çpkj lHkk ?ksr vlrkuk ] R;kaph gR;k >kyh - fuoM.kwdk ,d efguk munotes.in
Page 47
अध्यया्य 3 पक्ी्य रयाजकयारि आवि वनिडिूकया
47iqkY;kuarj eksBîkk çek.kkr lgkuqHkwrhph ykV d‚axzsl dMs oGyh- R;keqGs nql Ú;k VII;krhy ernkukr dk¡xzslyk Qk;nk >kyk - dk¡xzsl i{k lokZr eksBk i{k Bjyk - v½ dk¡xzsl i{kkph dkefxjh %&jktho xka/khaP;k gR;suarj fuekZ.k >kysY;k lgkuqHkwrhP;k ykVseqGs fuoM.kwd >kysY;k 534 tkxkaiSdh 244 tkxkaoj fot; feGor dk¡xzsl i{k lokZr eksBk i{k Bjyk- ek= cgqerkpk 273 pk vkdMk xkBrk vkyk ukgh - MkO;k i{kkP;k enrhus ih - Ogh-
ujflagjko ;kaP;k usr`Rok[kkyh ljdkj LFkkiu dsys -
c½ Hkktikph dkefxjh%& 1989 P;k fuoM.kqdhr 84 tkxk ftad.kk Ú;k Hkktiyk ;k fuoM.kqdhr 120
tkxk feGkY;k - yky—".k vMok.kh fojks/kh i{kus rs >kys- ek= ckcjh e'khn çdj.k o gokyk
çdj.kkr R;kaP;koj vkjksi vlY;keqGs R;kauh fojks/kh i{kusrsinkpk jkthukek fnyk - vkf.k R;kaP;k
tkxh vVy fcgkjh oktis;h fojks/kh i{kusrs >kys - jk"Vªh; jktdkj.kkr Hkktipk gk rksi;aZrpk lokZr
eksBk fot; gksrk - Hkktips erkp s çek.k 1989 P;k fuoM.kqdhr 11 -4 gksrs rs 1991 e/;s rs 20 -
4 VDds >kys -
d½ turk nykph dkefxjh%& 1989 P;k fuoM.kqdhr vkd"kZ.kkps dsaæfcanw vlysY;k Ogh - ih- flax
;kaP;k turk nykP;k R;kaP;k vk/khP;k ykSfddkl lkts'kh dkefxjh djrk vkyh ukgh - ;k
fuoM.kqdhr turk nykyk 59 tkxk feGkY;k - v‚xLV 1992 e/;s vftrflag ;kaP;k usr`Rok[kkyh
20 [kklnkjkauh turk i{k lksMyk - 21 twu 1994 jksth yksdlHksP;k 14 [kklnkjkauh i{kk ckgsj
iMwu t‚tZ QukaZfMl o furh'kdqekj ;kaP;k usr`Rok[kkyh lerk i{k LFkkiu dsyk - turk i{kkrhy
;k QkVkQqVh eqGs 10 O;k yksdlHksr turk nykph 'käh [kwi {kh.k >kyh -
ujflag jko ;kaP;k usr`Rok[kkyh dk¡xzsl ljdkjus 1991 lkyh Hkkjrkps uos vkfFkZd /kksj.k tkghj
d:u] vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.kkyk lq#okr dsyh - usg: dkGkiklwu lq: vlysY;k lektoknh /kksj.kkyk QkVk
nsÅu vFkZea=h eueksgu flag ;kaP;k lgdk;kZus nwjxkeh ifj.kke ikM.kk Ú;k tkxfrdhdj.kkps /kksj.k jkcfo.;kpk fu.kZ; jko ljdkjus ?ksryk -
1991 P;k fuoM.kqdhr çeq[k jktdh; i{k vkf.k R;kauk feGkysY;k tkxk o VDdsokjh - jktdh; i{k tkxk VDdsokjh 1- dk¡xzsl 2- Hkkti
3- turk ny
4- ekdlZoknh dE;qfuLV i{k
5- Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV i{k
6- rsyxw nsle
7- v..kk fM,eds 244 120
59
35
14
13
11 35-66 20-4
11-77
16-14
2-48
2-96
1-61
3½ 1996 ph fuoM.kwd%&
Ikk’oZHkweh%&
ujflagjko ;kaP;k ljdkjoj > kysY;k Hkz"VkpkjkP;k vkjksikeqGs dk¡xzsl i{k 1996 P;k fuoM.kqdhr
nqlÚ;k LFkkukoj Qsdyk xsyk - 1996 fuoM.kqdhiwohZ Hkktikus vkiY;k iwokZikj j.kfurhuqlkj jkeeafnj munotes.in
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भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
48eqn~;kP;k vk/kkjkoj vkiY;k fganqRooknh fopkjkpk çpkj pkyw Bsoyk - 6 fMlsacj 1992 jksth 2 yk[k
dkjlsod v;ks/;syk teys ] vkf.k R;kauh ckcjh e'khn tehunksLr dsyh - mÙkj çns'k HkktiP;k dY;k.kflag
ljdkjus jkthukek fnyk - vMok.khauh yksdlHksP;k fojks/kh i{kusrsinkpk jkthukek fnyk -
vkBoMîkHkjkP;k vkr e/; çns'k fgekpy çns'k ] jktLFkku jkT;krhy Hkktiph ljdkjs dsaæ kus cj[kkLr
dsyh- dk¡xzsl ljdkjph gh —R; HkktiP;k iF;koj iMyh - ckcjhP;k irukrwu mlGysyh fganqRokph
ykV] Hkktips jktdh; HkforO; mToy dj.;kl mi;qä Bjyh -
v½ Hkktikps 13 fnolkps ljdkj %& jktho xka/khaP;k fu/kukuarj vkysyh lgkuqHkwrhph ykV vksljY;kuarj jke ea fnj vkf.k fganqRokph ykV fuekZ.k dj.;kr Hkktik ;'kLoh Bjyk - tekroknh
jktdkj.k ;k fuoM.kqdhr çHkkoh Bjys - Hkkti lokZr eksBk i{k Eg.kwu mn;kl vkyk - R;kyk 161
tkxk feGkY;k - rRdkyhu jk"Vªirh 'kadj n;kG 'kekZ ;kauh oktis;h ;kauk ljdkj LFkkiu dj.;kps
fuea=.k fny s- Hkktius vkiys ifgys dsaækrhy ljdkj cufoys - ijarq cgqer fl ) dj.;klkBh
vko';d la[;kcG Hkktiyk tqGork vkys ukgh - lHkkx`gkr cgqer fl ) djrk ;s.kkj ulY;kus
oktis;hauh jkthukek fnyk - oktis;haps ljdkj rsjk fnol fVdys ] Eg.kwu rsjk fnolkph ljdkj
Eg.kwu oktis;h ;kaP;k ljdkjpk mYys[k dsyk tkrks -
c½ dk¡xzslph dkefxjh%& dk¡xzsl i{kkph lokaZr [kjkc dkefxjh ;k fuoM.kqdhr uksanoyh xsyh - dk¡xzslyk
dsoG 140 tkxk feGkY;k - ek= erkaph VDdsokjh Hkkti 20 - 29 VDds is{kk dk¡xzslph 28 - 80
VDds tkLr gksrh - fuoM.kqdhP;k ckjk efgu s vk/kh jko ljdkjoj Hkz"Vkpkjkps xaHkhj vkjksi >kys -
fuoM.kqdhP;k dkgh efgus vk/kh gokyk çdj.kkr jktdh; usR;kauh ykp Loh dkjY;kps m?kM >kys -
;kr jko ljdkje/khy rhu dWfcusV ea=h vkf.k jktho xka/kh ;kaps uko iqljdkjph fo'oklkgZrk d½ ;quk;VsM QazV%& ¼la;qä vk?kkMh½%&
1996 P;k fuoM.kqdhr turk ny ] lektoknh i{k vkf.k rsyxw nsle i{kkus feGwu jk"Vªh; vk?kkMh
fuekZ.k dsyh gksrh - ;k jk"Vªh; vk?kkMhr Mkoh vk?kkMh ] rfeGefuyk dk¡xzsl ] çeq[k vklke x.k
ifj"kn bR;knh i{k lkehy d:u la;qä vk?kkMh LFkkiu dj.;kr vkyh - Hkktips rsjk fnolkph
ljdkj dkslGY;kuarj ;k la;qä vk?kkMhyk ljdkj LFkkiu dj.;kph la/kh feGkyh - turk nykps
dukZVdps eq[;ea=h ,p- Mh- nsosxksMk ;kauk ç/kkuea=h in ns.;kr vkys - dk¡xzslus ckgs:u ikfBack
fnyk- nsosxkSMk ;kaP;k usr`Rok[kkyh la;qä vk?kkMhps ljdkj vBjk efgus fVdys - ,fçy 1997 e/;s
dk¡xzslus ikfBack dkvk;- ds- xqtjky gs 21 ,fçy 1997 jksth iarç/kku >kyss - njE;kuP;k dkGkr turk nykr
vk.k[kh ,d QwV iMyh - lrjk [kklnkjkauk lkscr ?ksÅu ykywçlkn ;kno ;kauk 3 tqyS 1997 jksth
turk nykrwu ckgsj iMwu jk"Vªh; turk nykph LFkkiuk dsyh - R;keqGs xqtjky ljdkj vYierkr
vkys- xqtjky ljdkj 11 efgus pkyys - R;kuarj 1998 lkyh yksdlHksP;k f uoM.kqdk ?ks.;kr
vkY;k-
munotes.in
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अध्यया्य 3 पक्ी्य रयाजकयारि आवि वनिडिूकया
491996P;k yksdlHksr jktdh; i{k ] R;kauk feGkysY;k tkxk o VDdsokjh %& jktdh; i{k tkxk VDdsokjh 1- Hkkjrh; jk”Vªªh; dk¡xzsl 2- Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ
3- turk ny
4- rfeGefuyk dkWaxzsl
5- Mh- ,e- ds-
6- Lkektoknh ikVhZ
7- rsyxw nsle
8- cgqtu lekt ikVhZ
9- f’kjkseuh vdkyh ny 140 161
46
20
17
17
16
11
08 28-80 20-29
08-08
02-19
02-17
03-28
02-97
04-02
0-76
4½ 1998 ph fuoM.kwd%&
la;qä vk?kkMh LFkkiu dsysY;k ljdkjpk ikfBack dk?ks.;kr vkY;k - ;kgh fuoM.kqdhr ns'kkrhy tursus iqUgk ,dnk lafeJ dy fnyk - dks.kR;kgh i{kkyk
cgqer feGkys ukgh - Hkktiyk lokZf/kd 181 tkxk feGkY;k- erkaph VDdsokjh 25 -59 gksrh- dk¡xzslyk
141 tkxk feGkY;k erkaph VDdsokjh 25 -82 ,oP;k v[ksjhl vUuk Mh ,eds us oktis;h ljdkjpk ikfBack dkcgqerklkBh ,d tkxk deh iMyh - ,dk erkus oktis;h ljdkj dkslGys - iqUgk 1999 e/;s yksdlHksP;k
fuoM.kqdk ?ks.;kr vkY;k -
5½ 1999 ph fuoM.kwd%&
Ikk’oZHkweh%&
oktis;h ljdkjpk yksdlHksrhy fo'okln'kZd Bjko vo?;k ,dk erkus ijkHko >kY;kuarj ns'kkr rsjkO;k
yksdlHkslkBh 1999 lkyh fuoM.kqdk >kY;k - HkktikP;k usr`Rok[kkyhy ,uMh,us ;k fuoM.kqdhr pkaxyh
dkefxjh dsyh - vkf.k 1996 ] 1998 ;k nksu fuoM.kqdhuarj ns'kkr fLFkj ljdkj vkys -
v½ lksfu;k xka/kh ;kapk jktdkj.kkr ços'k%& ;k fuoM.kqdhP;k dkGkr dk¡xzsl i{kkph lw=s lksfu;k xka/kh
;kaP;kdMs vkyh - jktho xka/kh ;kaP;k gR;suarj iqUgk ,dnk i{kkph lw=s xka/kh ?kjkU;kdMs vkyh ]
ijarq ;k fuoM.kqdhr dk¡xzslyk iqUgk ,dnk vi;'k vkys - dk¡xzslyk 114 tkxkaoj fot; feGork
vkyk- dk¡xzslus ;k fuoM.kqdhr çknsf'kd i{kkaP;k feGwu ;qih ,¼la;qä iqjksxkeh vk?kkMh½ LFkkiu
dsyh- ;k vk?kkMhr v..kk Mh ,eds] jk"Vªh; turk ny ] ;quk;VsM ÝaV bR;knh i{k lgHkkxh gksrs -
;k fuoM.kqdhrp lksfu;k xka/kh ;kaP;k ijns'kh ukxfjdRokP;k eqí~;ko:u 'kjn iokj ;kauh fojks/k
dsyk- dk¡xzsle/khy ih - ,- laxek] 'kjn iokj vkf.k rkfjd vUoj i{kkrwu ckgsj iMwu ^jk"Vªoknh
dk¡xzsl i{kkph* LFkkiuk dsyh - ;kpk eksBk QVdk dk¡xzsl i{kkyk clyk - munotes.in
Page 50
भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
50c½ Hkktiph dkefxjh %& 1991 ] 1996] 1998 vkf.k 1999 ;k lyx pkj yksdlHkk fuoM.kqdhr
yksdlHksrhy Hkktips la[;kcG oktkxkaoj fot; feGor rks yksdlHksrhy lokZr eksBk i{k cuyk - HkktiP;k usr`Rok[kkyhy NDA
vk?kkMhus cgqerkpk vkdMk ikj dj.;kr ;'k feGoys - la;qä turk ny ] f'kolsuk] Mh ,e ds]
r`.kewy dk¡xzsl ] fcztw turk ny gs NDA vk?kkMhrhy çeq[k i{k gksrs - NDA vk?kkMhP;k oktis;h
ljdkjus ikp o"kkaZpk dk;ZdkG iw.kZ dsyk -
d½ dk¡xzslph dkefxjh%& 1999 P;k fuoM.kqdhr iqUgk ,dnk dk¡xzsl i{kkyk vi;'k vky - s i{kkyk
dsoG 114 tkxkaoj fot; feGork vkyk - dk¡xzslP;k usr`Rok[kkyhy ;wih ,vk?kkMh LFkkiu dj.;kr
vkyh- vUuk Mh,eds] jk"Vªh; turk ny gs i{k dk¡xzsl vk?kkMhr gksrs - paækckcw uk;Mw P;k rsyqxq
nsle i{kkyk 29 rj Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV i{kkyk¼ekDlZoknh½ 33 ] lektoknh i{kkyk 26 rj cgqtu
lekt i{kkyk 14 tkxk feGkY;k -
5½ 2004 ph lkoZf=d fuoM.kwd%&
2004 ph fuoM.kwd /kDdknk;d fudky ns.kkjh Bjyh - Qhy xqM QWDVj ] bafM;k 'kk;fuax ;k ?kks"k.kka}kjs
çpkjkph gok fuekZ.k dj.kk Ú;k Hkkjrh; turk i{kkyk 2004 P;k fuoM.kqdhr nk#.k ijkHko >kyk -
rCcy vkB o"kkaZuh iqUgk ,dnk dk¡xzslP;k gkrh lÙkk vkyh -
v½ Hkktikph dk efxjh%& 2004 P;k yksdlHkk fuoM.kqdhrhy ijkHko gk HkktilkBh ,d /kDdk gksrk -
dkj.k fuoM.kwdiwoZ losZ{k.k pkp.;kae/;s Hkkti iqUgk lÙksr ;sbZy vls Hkkdhr orZoys tkr gksrs -
ek= 2002 ph xqtjkr naxy ] ’ko isV;kapk ?kksVkGk ] ok[kktxhdj.k vkf.k egkxkbZ ;k eqí~;kaeqGs vFkZO;oLFkspk fodkl njke/;s lkrR; vlwugh tuer HkktikP;k fojks/kkr xsys - Hkktiyk dsoG 138 tkxk ftadrk vkY;k -
c½ dk¡xzslP;k usr`Rok[kkyhy vk?kkMh ljdkj%& ?kVd i{kkaph eksV cka/kwu HkktikP;k usr`Rok[kkyhy NDA vk?kkMhus 1999 e/;s iw.kZ cgqer çkIr d:u ikp o"kkZpk iw.kZ dk;ZdkG ljdkj pkyfo.kkjs
ifgys fcxj dk¡xzslh ljdkj gksrs - vlkp ç;Ru dk¡xzslus lq )k dsyk- dk¡xzslus lefopkj ?kVd
i{kkaph ;wih ,vk?kkMh LFkkiu dsyh - ;k fuoM.kqdhr lksfu;k xka/kh fons'kh vl.;kP;k eq|kyk tursus
lkQ ukdkjys - lksfu;k xka/khP;k usr`Rokr dk¡xzslus 1999P;k fuoM.kqdhis{kk pkaxyh dkefxjh dsyh -
dk¡xzslyk 145 tkxk feGkY;k - lektoknh i{k 36 tkxk ] clik 19 tkxk ;k i{kkapk ckgs:u
ikfBack ?ksÅu dk¡xzslus ;wih ,vk?kkMhps ljdkj LFkkiu dsys - lksfu;k xka/kh ;kauh ia rç/kku in
Lohdkjkos v'kh fouarh dk¡xzslP;k usR;kauh dsyh - ek= lksfu;k xka/kh ;kauh iarç/kku in Lohdkj.;kl
udkj nsÅu vFkZrK eueksgu flax ;kaph iarç/kkuinh fuoM dsyh - NDA vk?kkMhus T;kçek.ks
;'kLohi.ks iw.kZ ikp o"kZ lkaHkkGys ] R;kpçek.ks ifgY;kankp dk¡xzsl us lq)k vk?kkMhps ljdkj pkyowu
vk?kkMh ljdkjpk ç;ksx ;'kLoh dsyk -
6½ 2009 ph fuoM.kwd%&
2004 P;k rqyusr 2009 P;k fuoM.kqdhr dk¡xzslP;k usr`Rok[kkyhy la;qä iqjksxkeh vk?kkMhus ?ko?kohr
;'k laiknu d:u lyx nql Ú;k fuoM.kqdhr lÙkk çkIr dsyh - munotes.in
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अध्यया्य 3 पक्ी्य रयाजकयारि आवि वनिडिूकया
51v½ dk¡xzslph dke fxjh%& 2009 P;k yksdlHkk fuoM.kqdkaiwohZ dkgh efgus vk/kh laiqvk ljdkj lkBh çfrdwy ifjfLFkrh gksrh - vesfjdslg laiw.kZ txkr eanhph ykV vkyh gksrh - eqacbZoj ng'kroknh gYyk
;k ?kVuk tuer dk¡xzsl fojks/kh tk.;kl iqjs'kk gksR;k - ek= eueksgu flax ;kauh ifjfLFkrh gq'kkjhus
gkrkGwu ernkjkaP;k eukr vkiY;k ljdkjfo"k;h fo'okl dk;e Bso.;kr ;'k feGfoys - ;k
fuoM.kqdhr dk¡xzslyk 206 tkxk feGkY;k - T;k ekxhy fuoM.kqdhP;k rqyusr ,DLçsl 61 vf/kd
gksR;k- gqerklkBh vko' ;d vl.kk Ú;k 272 tkxkalkBh laiqvkyk ngk tkxk deh iMY;k - ckgs:u
vU; i{kkapk ikfBack feGowu eueksguflax ;kauh iqUgk fLFkj ljdkj pkyfoys - r`.kewy d‚axzsl rlsp
Mh,eds i{kkus laiqvkph lkFk v/kZ~;kojp lksMyh - ek= lektoknh i{k ] clikpk ckgs:u ikfBack
vlY;kus dsaæ ljdkj fLFkj jkfgys -
c½ Hkktikph dkefxjh%& yky—".k vMok.kh ;k fuoM.kqdhr Hkktips iarç/kkuinkps mesnokj gksrs -
Hkktius dkGk iSlk o Hkz"Vkpkj gk fuoM.kqdhP;k çpkjkpk çeq[k eqík cufoyk - ijarq ernkjkaoj
çHkko iMyk ukgh - ekxhy fuoM.kqdhP;k rqyusr Hkktikyk 22 tkxk deh vkY;k - HkktiP;k 116
tkxk rj jkyksvkyk 159 tkxk feGkY;k-
7½ 2014ph fuoM.kwd%&
2014 ph fuoM.kwd vusd –"Vhus oSf'k"Vîkiw.kZ Bjyh - dk¡xzsl uarj çFkep Hkktiyk yksdlHksr Li"V
cgqer feGkys vkf.k dk¡xzslP;k –"Vhus vfr'k; okbZV çn'kZu ?kMo.kkjh fuoM.kwd Bjyh - xqtjkr
jkT;kps rRdkyhu eq[;ea=h ujsaæ eksnh ;kauk H kktikus iarç/kku inkps mesnokj Eg.kwu ?kksf"kr dsys -
Hkktips T;s"B usrs yky —".k vMok.kh ;kauh R;kyk fojks/k dsyk vkf.k vkiyk jkthukek ikVhZdMs fnyk -
ikVhZus R;kapk jkthukek ukeatwj dsyk - ujsaæ eksnh ;kaP;k usr`Rok[kkyh ,uMh,us dk¡xzsl ljdkj P;k
dkGkr >kysY ;k Hkz"Vkpkj gk fuoM.kqdhpk çeq[k eqík dsyk - fons'kkrhy dkGk iSlk Hkkjrkr ijr vk.k.ks
gk vk.k[kh ,d çpkjkpk eq[; eqík gksrk - vkiY;k Hkk"k.kkP;k o usr`RokP;k vuks[;k 'kSyhus ujsaæ eksnh
;kauh ernkjkauk vkdf"kZr dsys - ernkukP;k 31 VDds ers feGowu Hkktius 282 tkxk ftadY;k vkf.k
Hkkti o ,uMh,P;k ?kVd i{k feGwu gh tkxkaph la[;k 336 ,o,sfrgkfld dkefxjh dsyh - 282 tkxk ftadwu d‚axzsl uarj çFkep Hkktius yksdlHksr Li"V cgqer feGfoys-
dk¡xzslP;k ;k fuoM.kqdhr nk#.k ijkHko >kyk - dk¡xzslyk dsoG 44 tkxk feGkY;k - fuoM.kqdhP;k
vkrki;aZrP;k bfrgklkr ifgY;kank ,o<îkk deh tkxk feGkY;k - dk¡xzslP;k usr`Rok[kkyhy laiqvkrhy ?kVd i{k lq )k Qkj dkgh d: 'kdys ukghr - laiqvkyk 60 tkxk feGkY;k - ;kr jk"Vªoknh dk¡xzslyk
lgk rj jk"Vªh; turk nykyk pkj tkxk fe GkY;k-
FkksMD;kr 2014 P;k fuoM.kqdhr eksnh ykVseqGs loZ fojks/kh i{kkapk /kqOok mMkyk -
lkjka'k & 1989 iklwu P;k yksdlHkk fuoM.kqdhrhy jk"Vªh; rlsp çknsf'kd i{kkaP;k dkefxjhps fo'ys"k.k dsY;kuarj gs y{kkr ;srs dh ] ;k fuoM.kqdhP;k dkGkr Hkkjrh; jktdkj.kkr vusd fLFkR;arjs ?kMwu
vkyh- 1989 uarj fuoM.kqdhr dks.krkgh ,d i{k Li"V cgqer feGo.;kr ;'kLoh Bjyk - ;kyk viokn
2014 P;k fuoM.kqdhpk djrk ;sbZy - Hkktius 1989 P;k fuoM.kqdhuarj çR;sd fuoM.kqdhr vkiyh munotes.in
Page 52
भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
52dkefxjh mapkor usyh - viokn 2009 ph fuoM.kwd - Hkktius lefopk jh i{kka'kh fuoM.kwd vk?kkMh
d:u pkj osGk vkiys ljdkj LFkkiu dsys - 1999 rs 2004 ;k dkGkr 24 i{kkaph ;qrh d:u vk?kkMhps ljdkj LFkkiu dsys vkf.k egÙokps Eg.kts Hkkjrh; bfrgklkrhy gs ifgys vk?kkMhps ljdkj gksrs ts iw.kZ ikp o"ksZ pkyys - R;keqGsp iarç/kku vVy fcgkjh oktis;h ;kaps usr`Ro dk;e Lej.kkr
jkg.kkjs Bjys - iqi;aZr lrr ngk o"ksZ vk?kkMh ljdkj pkyowu vk?kkMh ljdkj ;'kLoh pkyfo.;kpk Øe dk;e Bsoyk -
2014 P;k fuoM.kqdhr Hkkti vkf.k dk¡x zsl ;k nksUgh jk"Vªh; i{kkauh vk?kkMh d:up fuoM.kqdk
ykysys fnlys - l/;k Hkktius iwohZP;k dk¡xzsl lkj[kh vkiyh idM Hkkjrh;
jktdkj.kkoj fuekZ.k dsy h vkgs- gh idM dk¡xzsl o brj fojks/kh i{k lSy dj.;kr fdrir ;'kLoh
gksrkr gs ikg.ks vkSRlqD;kps o jatd Bj.kkj vkgs -
6-4 ljkoklkBh iz’u
1- jktdh; iz’u Eg.kts dk; \ jktdh; i{ki)rhph oSf’k”V;s lkaxk -
2- jk”Vªh; i{k Eg.kts dk; \ jk”Vªh; i{kkph mnkgj.ks Li”V djk -
3- izknsf’kd i{k Eg.kts dk; \ izknsf’kd i{kkaph oSf’k”V;s fo’kn djk -
4- izknsf’kd i{k Eg.kts dk;] fofo/k izknsf’kd i{kkaph ekfgrh |k -
Vhi fygk
v jk”Vªh; i{k
c izknsf’kd i{k
d izknsf’kd i{kkaph oSf’k”V;s
6-5 lanHkZ lwph
1- bukenkj uk -j- & jktdh; lekt’kkL=] dkSfUVusa Vy izdk’ku iw.ks&1984 i` Ø -192
2- fdRRkk& i`”V Ø -193
3- fdRrk& i`”V Ø -193
4- fdRrk& i`”V Ø -193
5- Link;www.inmarathi.com/How -Parties -are–given state or - national - level - Status.
6- https//en.m.wikipedia.org/wl.mocratic Alliance members.
7- Link ; https//en.wikipedia.org/w l.Progressive Alliance
8- HkkGs Hkk-y-( Hkkjrh; x.kjkT;kps ‘kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k( fiaiGkQjs izdk’ku] ukxiwj &2010 i` -483
9- Link;www.inmarathi.com/How -Parties -are–given state or - national - level – Status.
10- HkkGs Hkk-y-( Hkkjrh; x.kjkT;kps ‘kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k( fiaiGkQjs izdk’ku] ukxiwj &2010 i` -489
11- ns’keq[k vydk( Hkkjrkps ‘kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k] Jh -lkbZukFk izdk’ku ukxiwj&2009 i` -261
12- HkkGs Hkk-y-( Hkkjrh; x.kjkT;kps ‘kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k( fiaiGkQjs izdk’ku] ukxiwj &2010 i` -498
13- HkkGs Hkk-y-]Hkkjrh; ‘kklu vkf.k jkt dkj.k] fiaiGkiwjs izdk’ku]ukxiwj &2005 i` -183
14- fdRrk&i`-184
15- HkkGs Hkk-y-( Hkkjrh; x.kjkT;kps ‘kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k( fiaiGkQjs izdk’ku] ukxiwj &2010 i` -503 munotes.in
Page 53
अध्यया्य 3 पक्ी्य रयाजकयारि आवि वनिडिूकया
5316- fdRrk&i`-504
17- ns’keq[k vydk( Hkkjrkps ‘kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k] Jh -lkbZukFk izdk’ku ukxiwj&2009 i` -263
18- Link ; https//mr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki o Hkkjrh; turk i{k&fofdihMh;k -
19- fdRrk
20- yksVs jk-t-( Hkkjrh; ‘kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k( fiaiGkiwjs izdk’ku ukxiwj&2005 i` -185&186
21- Link ; https//mr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki o Hkkjrh; turk i{k&fofdihMh;k -
22- fdRrk
23- yksVs jk-t-( Hkkjrh; ‘kkl u vkf.k jktdkj.k( fiaiGkiwjs izdk’ku ukxiwj&2005 i` 186
24- fdRrk i` 186&187
25- ns’keq[k vydk( Hkkjrh; ‘kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k( Jh -lkbZukFk izdk’ku ukxiwj&2009 i` -268
26- HkksGs Hkk-y-( Hkkjrh; x.kjkT;kps ‘kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k( fiaiGkiwjs izdk’ku]ukxiwj &2010 i` -521
27- yksVs jk-t-( Hkkjrh; ‘kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k( fiaiGkiwjs izdk’ku ukxiwj&2005 i` 189
28- yksVs jk-t-( Hkkjrh; ‘kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k( fiaiGkiwjs izdk’ku ukxiwj&2005 i` 189
29- Link; https// hi.m.wikipedia.org. cgqtu lekt ikVhZ&fofdihMh;k -
30- yksVs jk-t-( Hkkjrh; ‘kklu vkf. k jktdkj.k( fiaiGkiwjs izdk’ku ukxiwj&2005 i` 190
31- yksVs jk-t-( Hkkjrh; ‘kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k( fiaiGkiwjs izdk’ku ukxiwj&2005 i` 190
32- fdRrk i` 191
33- fdRrk i` 191
34- HkkGs Hkk-y-( Hkkjrh; x.kjkT;kps ‘kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k( fiaiGkiwjs izdk’ku]ukxiwj &2010 i` -548
35- HkkGs Hkk-y-( Hkkjrh; x.kjkT;kps ‘kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k( fiaiGkiwjs izdk’ku]ukxiwj &2010 i` -532
36- yksVs jk-t-( Hkkjrh; ‘kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k( fiaiGkiwjs izdk’ku ukxiwj&2005 i` 193
37- HkkGs Hkk-y-( Hkkjrh; x.kjkT;kps ‘kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k( fiaiGkiwjs izdk’ku]ukxiwj &2010 i` -533
38- fdRrk &i` -533
39- fdRrk &i` -533
40- Link - Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV ikVhZ&fofdihMh;k -
41- HkkGs Hkk-y-( Hkkjrh; x.kjkT;kps ‘kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k( fiaiGkiwjs izdk’ku]ukxiwj &2010 i` -535
42- fdRRkk&i`-541
43- Link.www. Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV ikVhZ&fofdihMh;k -
44- fdRRkk&i`-541
45- ns’keq[k vydk( Hkkjrh; ‘kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k( Jh -lkbZukFk izdk’ku ukxiwj&2009 i` -269
46- fdRrk& i` -269
47- yksVs jk-t-( Hkkjrh; ‘kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k( fiaiGkiwjs izdk’ku ukxiwj&2005 i` 182
48- xqgk jkepanz] ’kkjnk lkBs ¼vuq½] xka/khuarjpk Hkkjr( eWftfLVd ifCyflax gkml] Bk.ks] 2012 ¼nqljh vko`Rrh½&i` -
642
49- fdRrk& i`-642
50- fdRrk& i`-643
51- Link ; https://en.m.wikipedia.org -wikipedia
52- Link ; https://en.m.wikipedia.org -wikipedia
53- xqgk jkepanz] ’kkjnk lkBs ¼vuq½] xka/khuarjpk Hkkjr( eWftfLVd ifCyflax gkml] Bk.ks] 2012 ¼nqljh vko`Rrh½& i`-
643
54- ns’keq[k vydk( Hkkjrh; ‘kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k( Jh -lkbZukFk izdk’ku ukxiwj&2009 i` -272
55- xqgk jkepanz] ’kkjnk lkBs ¼vuq½] xka/khuarjpk Hkkjr( eWftfLVd ifCyflax gkml] Bk.ks] 2012 ¼nqljh vko`Rrh½&i` -333
56- Hasan Zoya (Edi); parties and politics in India; Oxf ord University Press, New Delhi -2006 Page -402
57- Link; https://en.m.wikipedia.org - Dravid mumnetra kalgham Wikipedia
58- fdRrk& munotes.in
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भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
5459- ns’keq[k vydk( Hkkjrh; ‘kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k( Jh -lkbZukFk izdk’ku ukxiwj&2009 i` -271
60- Link ; https://en.m.wikipedia.org. DMK party -wikipedia
61- Link ; https://en.m.wikipedia.org.AIDMK party -wikipedia
62- fdRrk&
63- fdRrk&
64- fdRrk&
65- fdRrk&
66- Link ; https://en.m.wikipedia - f’kjksef.k vdkyh ny& wikipedia
67- fdRrk&
68- yksVs jk-t-( Hkkjrh; ‘kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k( fiaiGkiwjs izdk’ku ukxiwj&2005 i` - 200
69- fdRrk& i`- 200
70- fdRrk& i`- 200
71- Link ; https://en.m.wikipedia.org. f’kjksef.k vdkyh ny& Wikipedia.
72- MkW-dqyd.khZ Jh -i-]MkW-lkBs ‘kqHkk]MkW-dMw ekfguh ¼laik½Hkkjrh; jktdkj.kh n’kk vkf.k fn’kk]fot; izdk’ku] ukxiwj
&2005&i` -49
73- fdRrk& i`-49&50
74- fdRrk& i`-52
75- HkkGs Hkk-y-( Hkkjrh; x.kjkT;kps ‘kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k( fiaiGkiwjs izdk’ku]ukxiwj &2010 i` -553
76- fdRrk& i`-553
77- MkW-dqyd.khZ J h-i-]MkW-lkBs ‘kqHkk]MkW -dMw ekfguh ¼laik½ Hkkjrh; jktdkj.kh n’kk vkf.k fn’kk]fot; izdk’ku] ukxiwj
&2005&i` -55 rs 56
78- fdRrk& i`-57 rs 58
79- Link ; https://mr.m.wikipedia.org/ egkjk”Vª fo/kkulHkk fuoM.kwd&2014& wikipedia
80- xqgk jkepanz] ’kkjnk lkBs ¼vuq½] xk a/khuarjpk Hkkjr( eWftfLVd ifCyflax gkml] Bk.ks] 2012 ¼nqljh vko`Rrh½&i` -73
81- Link ; https://en.m.wikipedia.org/Jammu and kashmir National conference -/wikipedia
82- xqgk jkepanz] ’kkjnk lkBs ¼vuq½] xka/khuarjpk Hk kjr( eWftfLVd ifCyflax gkml] Bk.ks] 2012 ¼nqljh vko`Rrh½&i` -
298 rs 299
83- Link ; https://en.m.wikipedia.org/Jammu and kashmir National conference -/wikipedia
84- xqgk jkepanz] ’kkjnk lkBs ¼vuq½] xka/khuarjpk Hkkjr( eWftfLVd ifCyflax gkml] Bk.ks] 2012 ¼nqljh vko`Rrh½&i` -
409 rs 410
85- Link ; https://en.m.wikipedia.org/Jammu and kashmir National conference -/wikipedia
86- HkksGs Hkk-y-]Hkkjrh; x.kjkT;kps ‘kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k] fia iGkiwjs izdk’ku]ukxiwj &2010 i` -530
87- fdRrk& i`-530
88- ns’keq[k vydk( Hkkjrh; ‘kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k( Jh -lkbZukFk izdk’ku ukxiwj&2009 i` -260
89- fdRrk-
90- HkkGs Hkk-y-( Hkkjrh; x.kjkT;kps ‘kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k( fiaiGkiwjs izdk’ku]ukxiwj &2010 i` -520
91- fdRrk& i`-520
92- fdRrk& i`-530
93- Link;election.Prahar.in -History of Loksabha
94- fdRrk-
95- fdRrk-
96- HkkGs Hkk-y-( Hkkjrh; x.kjkT;kps ‘kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k( fiaiGkiwjs izdk’ku]ukxiwj &2010 i` -530 rs 531
97- Link;election.Prahar.in -History of Loksabha
98- HkkGs Hkk-y-( Hkkjrh; x.kjkT;kps ‘kklu vkf.k jktdkj.k( fiaiGkiwjs izdk’ku]ukxiwj &2010 i` -521
99- Link ;election.Prahar.in»History of Loksabha
100- fdRrk- munotes.in
Page 55
अध्यया्य 3 पक्ी्य रयाजकयारि आवि वनिडिूकया
55101- fdRrk-
102- fdRrk-
103- fdRrk-
104- fdRrk-
105- fdRrk-
106- fdRrk-
107- Link;election.Prahar.in -History of Loksabha -1999
108- fdRrk-
109- fdRrk& election.Prahar.in Loksabha -2004
110- fdRrk& Loksabha -2009
111- fdRrk-
112- Link -:www.wikiewdia.org.Indian general election -2014
113- fdRrk-
munotes.in
Page 56
3 Lkkekftd xfr’khyrk iSyw
izdj.kkph jpuk &
3-1- tkr ¼vkj{k.kkP;k lanHkkZr½
3-2- /keZ ¼tekroknkP;k lanHkkZr½
3-3- fyaxHkko ¼jktdh; lgHkkxkP;k lanHkkZr½
3-4 ljkoklkBh iz’u
3-5 lanHkZlwph
3-1 tkr ¼vkj{k.kkP;k lanHkkZr½
mf̔V;s %&
(1) jk[kho tkxkapk vFkZ o ,sfrgkfld ik’oZHkweh letkowu ?ks.ks -
(2) jk[kho tkxklaca/kh ‘kkldh; ikrGhoj >kysY;k ?kMkeksMhapk ] jk[kho tkxklac/khP;k vk;ksxkapk
vH;kl dj.ks -
(3) ejkBk vkj{k.k o vkfFkZd vk/kkjkojhy vkj{k.kkph ekfgrh feGoh.ks -
(4) jk[kho tkxkauk fojks/k o R;kP;k ifj.kkekapk vH;kl dj.ks -
izLrkouk%
o.kZO;oLFkk vkf.k tkrhlaLFkk gk fganq lektjpuspk egRokpk vkf.k vk/kkjHkwr ?kVd vkgs - vkt o.kZO;oLFkk
Li”Vi.ks vkfLrRokr ulyh rjh tkrhlaLFksps vkLrhRo vktgh BGdi.ks tk.ko rs- xq.kdekZoj vk/kkjhr vlysyh o.kZO;oLFkk tsOgk tUekoj vk/kkjhr ekuyh tkm ykxyh rsOgk ;kp o.kZO;oLFksrwu gtkjks tkrhapk mn; >kyk - tkrhO;oLFkkgh tUe o vlekurk ;k vk/kkjkoj mHkh vkgs - lk/kkj.ki.ks o.kZO;oLFksr
lekfo”V gks.kk Ú;k tkrhauk lo.kZ tkrh rj o.kZO;oLFksP;k ckgsj vlysY;k tkrhauk vo.kZ tkrh vls Eg.krkr- vo.kZ tkrh e/;s vkfnoklh tekrh o vLi`’; tkrhapk lekos’k gksrks - tkrhaP;k mrjaMhr lokZr
[kkyP;k ikrGhoj vLi`’; tkrh vlr - vLi`’; tkrhauk ^vLi`’;* ekuY;keqGs fodklkP;k loZp {ks=kr
R;kauk fodklkph la/kh ukd kjyh] R;kauk lkekftd ] /kkfeZd b- {ks=kr leku ntkZ ukdkjyk brdsp uOgs
rj R;kuk xqykekgwugh ghu ntkZph okx.kqd ns.;kr ;sr gksrh - R;keqGs R;kaph lkekthd ] ’kS{k.khd] /kkfeZd
o vkfFkZd {ks=kr v/kksxrh >kyh - ghp voLFkk vkfnoklh tekrhaph vkgs - izLFkkfir lektkiklw u nwj taxyh izns’kkr o nqxZe Hkkxkr o uSlxhZd thou txr vlysY;k ;k tekrhgh fodklkP;k loZp {ks=kiklwu oafpr jkfgY;k - fczfV’k dkGkr vLi`’; tkrh o vkfnoklh tekrhaph x.kuk d#u R;kauk fodklkP;k eq[; izokgkr vk.k.;klkBh R;kaph lqph (;knh) r;kj dj.;kr vkyh - R;ko#up vuqlwph tkrh o vuqlwphr tekrh vls EgVys tkow ykxys - ;k iwohZ ;k tkrhauk fMizsLM Dykl vls EgVys tkr vls - rj
56munotes.in
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अध्यया्य 3 सयामयावजक गवतिीलतया
57MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj R;kauk cfg”d`r tkrh vls Eg.kr vlr - ;k loZp {ks=kr ekxklysY;k tkrhauk
fodklkP;k eq[; izokgkr vk.k.;klkBh ] R;kaP;k lkekftd ntkZr lq/kkj.kk gks.;klkBh jk[kho tkxkaph rjrwn dj.;kr vkyh -
^jk[kho tkxk*& vFkZ%&
Lkk/kkj.ki.ks jk[kho tkxkapk vFkZ vlk Li”V djrk ;sbZy dh ] ^ekuoh thoukP;k fodklkP;k izR;sd
{ks=kr fof’k”V tuleqnk;kyk fof’k”V izek.kkr fo’ks”k la/kh o izfrfuf/kRo ns.;k lkBh fof’k”V izek.kkr
tkxk R;k tuleqnk;kyk jk[kwu Bso.kss gks;* - vFkkZr vlk leqnk; fuf’pr dj.;klkBh tkr ] /keZ] oa’k
R;kp cjkscj lkekftd ] ’kS{k.khd o vkfFkZd ekxklysi.kk bR;knh vk/kkj vlw ‘kdrks - mnk- fczfn’k
lkezkT;kP;k dkGkr vWXyksbafM;u oa’kkP;k yksdkauk o eqfLye /kfeZ;kauk jktdh; izfrfuf/kRoklkBh jktdh; {ks=kr dkgh ernkj la?k jkf[ko Bsoys tkr vlr - MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ;kauhgh xksyest
ifj”knsr vLi`’; tkrhalkBh jk[kho ernkj la?kkph ekx.kh dsyh gksrh -
Lokra=mRrj dkGkr Hkkjrh; jkT;?kVusrgh jk[khr tkxkaph rjrwn dsyh vkgs - ijarw tkr ] /keZ] oa’k gs
jk[kho tkxkaps vk/kkj ukdkjys o dsoG lkekftd o ‘kS{kf.kd ekxklysi.k gkp vk/kkj ekU; dj.;kr
vkyk-
jk[kho tkxkaph ,sfrgkfld ik’oZHkweh%&
vk/kqfud dkGkrhy jk[kho tkxkapk mxe fczfV’k dkGkr >kysyk vlyk rjh ;k ladYiusp k mxe
ijaijkxr fganw lektjpusrp fnlwu ;srks - o.kZO;oLFkk vkf.k tkrhLkaLFkk ;k jk[kho tkxkaps izfreku (Model) vkgs- czkEg.k] {kf=;] oS’; vkf.k ‘kqnz g;k pkj o.kkZauk fof’k”V {ks= ‘kaHkj Vd~ds jk[kho Bsoysys gksrs - mnk- fon;ktZu o fon;knku dj.ks gs {ks= czkEga.kklkBh ‘kaHkj Vd~ds jk[kho gksrs - laj{k.kk’kh
lac/khr loZ dk;sZ dj.;kl gs {ks= {kf=;kalkBh jk[kho gksrs - mRiknu o O;kikj gs {ks= oS’;kalkBh jk[kho
gksrs- vkf.k ojhy rhugh o.kkZaph lsok dj.ks o R;k lanHkkZr loZ izdkjph ‘kkfjjhd o xfyPN dkes ‘kwnz o.kkZusp djkohr v’kh lDrh gksrh - Eg.ktsp gs {ks= R;kaP;klkBh jk[khr Bsoys gksrs - ;k pkjgh o.kkZrhy
dks.kR;kgh oxkZyk nql Ú;k oxkZps dke dj.;kpk fdaok ijLijkaP;k dk;kZr gLr{ksi dj.;kpk vf/kdkj uOgrk- ;k pkj o.kkZaf’kok; o.kZckg; vlkgh ,d tkrhleqg gksrk rks Eg.k ts vLi`’; ekuysY;k tkrhapk
lewg gks; - egkRek iqys ;kauh R;k tkrhlewgkyk vfr’kqnz vls ukedj.k dsys gksrs - ts o.kZZO;oLFksps rsp
tkrhlaLFksps - tkrhLkaLFksrhy izR;sd tkrhyk tkfrfUk”V O;olk; fnyk vkgs - mnk- pkeM;kiklwu oLrw r;kj
dj.;kps dke pkaHkkjp dj.kkj ] pkeMs deko.;kps dke dke lqrkjp dj.kkj ] rj ekrhph HkkaMh eMdh b - r;kj dj.;kps dke dqaHkkjp dj.kkj - dks.kR;kgh
tkrhyk vkiyk O;olk; lksMwu brjkapk O;olk; dj.;kl canh gksrh - brdsp uOgs rj ;k fu;ekps
mYya?ku dj.kk Ú;k O;Drhyk rhP;k tkriapk;rhdMwu naMkRed f’k{kk dsyh tkr vls - FkksMD;kr jk[kho
tkxkapk mxe gk o.kZlaLFkk o tkrhLkaLFksrp vkgs -
o.kZ o tkrhLkaLFksus izR;sd tkrhyk fof’k”V O;olk; fnyk vlyk rjh ] ’kqnz o.kkZrhy tkrh o vLi`’;
tkrh ;kauk ek= R;kaph dk;sZ vR;ar deh ekscnY;koj ] fdaok fouk ekscnyk dsoG lsokHkkoh o`Rrhus
djkoh ykxr vlr - xfyPN O;olk; dj.kk Ú;k tkrhauk rj vLi`’;p ekuU;kr vkys - ;k nksuh leqgkrhy
tkrh loZp {ks=kr ekxklysY;k jkfgY;k - rlsp R;kauk fganw lektjpusr lokZr dfu”B ikrGhoj Bsowu
R;kauk leku ntkZ ukdkj .;kr vkyk - munotes.in
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भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
58fczfV’k jktoVhrgh ‘kkldh; lsok o fodklkP;k loZ {ks=kr dsoG czkEg.k ] {kf=; vkf.k oS’; ;k rhu
o.kkZauk fo’ks’kr% czkEg.k o.kkZyk (tkr) vf/kd la/kh feGkyh - ;k dkGkr loZp {ks=kr czkEg.kkaps opZLo
gksrs- rj ‘kwnz o vLi`’; tkrhauk loZp {ks=kkr fodklkph la/kh ukdkjyh gksrh - ;k ifjfLFkrh fo#) izFke
egkRek T;ksfrck Qqys ;kauh vkokt mBfoyk - ‘kwnz&vfr’kwnzkauk U;k; feGowu ns.;klkBh R;kauh lR;’kks/kd
pGoG lq# dsyh - iqkys - ;kr eq[; iqlaLFkkups jkts N=irh ‘kkgw egkjkt ;kapk gksrk - R;kaukp vk/kqfud dkGkrhy jk[kho tkxkaps tud vls
EgVys tkrs - R;kauh 26 tqyS 1902 jksth uksdjhfo”k;d xW>sV izfln/k d#u czkEg.k ] izHkw] ’ks.koh b-
iqtkxk tkfgj dsY;k -
N=irh ‘kkgw egkjktkuarj MkW - ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ;kauh 1930e/ks ifgY;k xksyest ifj”knsr vLi`’;
tkrhalkBh jktdh; {ks=kr izfrfuf/kRoklkBh jk[kho ernkj la?kkph ekx.kh dsyh - ijarq vLi`’ ; tkrhauk
dks.kR;kgh izdkjps osxGs gDd ns.;kl e - xka/khthuh fojks/k dsY;kus MkW - ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauh nql Ú;k
xksyest ifj”knsr iqjo.kh ekx.khi= lknj d#u vLi`’;kalkBh Lora= ernkj la?kkph ekx.kh dsyh - tkrh;
fuokM;kr rh ekx.kh ekU; dj.;kr vkyh - R;kyk xka/kht hauh fojks/k dsyk - o Lora= ernkj la?kkpk
fu.kZ; jn~n dj.;klkBh R;kauh vkej.k miks”k.k dsys - ‘ksoVh iq.ks djkj gksmu vLi`’; tkrhauk jktdhp {ks=kr Lora= ernkj la?kk,soth jk[kho tkxk ekU; dj.;kr vkY;k Lokra= feGkY;koj Hkkjrh; jkT;?kVusr R;k lanHkkZr rjrwn dj. ;kr vkyh - vuqlqfpr tkrh tekrhauk jktdh; {ks=kr jk[kho
tkxkacjkscjp ‘kkldh; lsokae/;s jk[kho tkxkaph rjrwn jkT;?kVusr dj.;kr vkyh - brj ekxkl oxkZlac/kh dkgh fu.kZ; u >kY;kus iqLFkkiu dj.;klac/kh 340 dyekr rjrwn dj.;kr vkyh -
brj ekxkl oxkZlkBh vkj{k.k%&
vfr ekxkl oxZ Eg.kwu vuqlwfpr tkrh vkf.k ;kaph ;knh fuf'pr >kY;kus Lora= HkkjrkP;k jkT;?kVusr
;k tkrh lewgklkBh tkxkaph rjrwn dj.;kr vkyh ijarq brj ekxkl oxZ fuf’pr >kysyk uOgrk Eg.kwu
vlk ekxkl oxZ fu f’pr d#u R;kauk jkf[ko tkxk ns.;klkBh vk;ksx use.;kph rjrwn dye 340 us
dsyh vkg - s
dkdklkgsc dkysydj vk;ksx%&1953 jkT; ?kVusP;k 343 O;k dyekyk vuql:u brj ekxkl oxZ gs fuf'pr dj.;klkBh 1953 e/;s ifgyk vU; ekxkl oxZ vk;ksx xka/khoknh usrs dkdklkgsc dkysydj ; kaP;k v/;{krs[kkyh use.;kr vkyk
;k vk;ksxkus nksu o"kZ dke dsys 68 gtkj fdyksehVj çokl dsyk ç'ukoyh yk vkysY;k 985 mÙkjkapk ]
3414 fuosnukapk vH;kl d:u vkf.k 5636 O;ähaP;k eqyk[krh ?ksÅu 1955 e/;s vkiyk vgoky
lknj dsyk R;kuqlkj R;kuqlkj 2399 tkrh ekxkloxZ E g.kwu rj 837 tkrh vfrekxkl tkrh Eg.kwu
f’kQkjl dj.;kr vkY;k - R;kaP;k izxrhlkBh dkgh egRokP;k f’kQkj’kh dsY;k - mnk- teh.k /kkj.ksr
O;kid lq/kkj.kk ] xzkehu vFkZjpusr cny ] Hkwnku] i’kqiSnkl] tukojkapk foek ] xzkeksn;ksx] xzkeh.k
?kjcka/kuh dqVhjmn;ksx ] vkjksx;] ikf.kiqjoBk ] uksdjh Hkjrhr jk[kho tkxk ] f’k{k.k bR;knh - egRokps
Eg.kts loZ fL=;kauk ekxkloxhZ; letkos v’khgh f’kQkjl dsyh gksrh - munotes.in
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अध्यया्य 3 सयामयावजक गवतिीलतया
59gk vgoky lknj dsyk rjh ;k vgokykckcr vk;ksxkP;k lnL;kae/;s ,der uOgrs 11 lHkklnkaiSdh phu
lHkklnkauh tkr gk ekxklysi.kkpk fu d"k vlw u;s vls lqpfoys o tkrhoj vk/kkfjr vkj{k.k Bsok;yk
fojks/k dsyk gksrk fo'ks"k Eg.kts ;k vk;ksxkps v/;{kp vkiY;k f'kQkj'kh ;kaP;k fojks/kkr gksrs - R;kauh
vk;ksx lknj djrkuk 30ikukaps i= fyfgys R;kauh fyfgysys ^vgokykoj v[ksjpk gkr fQjor vlrkuk
eh uO;kus fopkj d: ykxys o eyk vls vkeaMy vk;ksx%& 1978
1975&76 e/;s bafnjk xka/kh ;kauh ns'kkoj yknysY;k vk.khck.khP;k ik’oZHkwehoj dkWaxzslpk ijkHko gksÅu
1977 e/;s turk i{kkps ljdkj lÙksoj vkys - turk i{kkus vkiY;k fuoM.kwd tkghjukE;kr ^dkdklkgsc dkysydj vk;ksxkP;k vaeyctko.khps* vk' oklu fnys gksr - s ijarq lÙksoj vkY;kuarj ;k
vk;ksxkP;k vaeyctkouho#u turk i{kkrp erHksn >kys - ‘ksoVh vk;ksxkP;k vaeyctko.khis{kk nqljk
ekxkloxZ vk;ksx LFkkiu dj.;kpk fu.kZ; ?ksryk o fMlsacj 1978 e/;s Jh - fcans’ojh izlkn eaMy
;kaP;k v/;{krs [kkyh vk;ksx LFkkiu dj.;kr vkyk gkp eaMy vk;ksx gks; -
brj ekxkl oxkZlkBh vkj{k.k vfr ekxkl oxZ Eg.kwu vuqlwfpr tkrh vkf.k ;kaph ;knh fuf'pr >kY;kus Lora= HkkjrkP;k jkT; ?kVusps ;k tkrh lewgklkBh tkxkaph rjrwn dj.;kr vkyh ijarq brj ekxkl oxZ >kysyk uOgrk R;kauk
tkxk ns.;klkBh vkgs -
eaMy vk;ksx%& 1978
1975&76 e/;s bafnjk xka/kh ;kauh ns'kkoj ykxysY;k vk.khck.khP;k ik’oZHkwehoj dkWaxzslpk ijkHk o gksÅu 1977 e/;s turk i{kkps ljdkj lÙksoj vkys turk i{kkus vkiY;k fuoM.kwd tkghjukE;kr ^dkdklkgsc dkysydj* vk;ksxkP;k vaeyctko.khph vk'oklu fnys gksrs ijarq lÙksoj vkY;kuarj vk;ksxkP;k vaeyctkouh o#u turk i{kkrp erHksn >kys ‘ksoVh dkysydj vk;ksxkP;k vaeyctko.khph
is{kk nqljk ekxkloxZ vk;ksx LFkkiu dj.;kpk fu.kZ; ?ksryk o fMlsacj 1978 e/;s Jh - fcans’ojh izlkn
eaMy ;kaP;k v/;{krs [kkyh vk;ksx LFkkiu dj.;kr vkyk- gkp eaMy vk;ksx gks; - ;k vk;ksxkuss vkiyk
vgoky 12 fMlsacj 1980 e/;s jk”Vªirhauk lknj dsyk ijarq ;kosGh e/;ko/kh fuoMuqdk >kY;k o
turk i{kkpk ijkHko gksmu bafnjk xka/kh ;kaps ljdkj vkys - 1990 Ik;Zar dkWaxzsl ljdkus ;k vk;ksxkaP;k
f’kQkj’khapk fopkj dsyk ukgh - 1992 e/;s Ogh - ih- flax ljdkjus R;kph vaeyctko .kh dsyh-
;k vk;ksxkus 405 ftYákrhy vdjk dlksV;kaP;k vk/kkjkus losZ{k.k d:u feGoysY;k vQkV ekfgrhP;k
vk/kkjs ;k vk;ksxkus iqvU; ekxkloxhZ; 52 VDds vlys rjh R;kaP;klkBh 52 VDds tkxk jk[kho ;s.kkj u kghr- dkj.k
iwohZiklwu vuqlqfpr tkrh&tekrhauk R;kaP;k yksdla[;sP;k çek.kkr 22 - 5 VDds tkxk jk[kho vkgsr - vkf.k loksZPp U;k;ky;hu fuokMîkkuqlkj ,dqu jk[kho tkxk 50 VDD;kgwu deh vlY;k ikfgtsr Eg.kwu 52 VDds yksdla[;k vlyh rjh brj ekxkloxhZ;kauk Qä 27 VDds jk [kho tkxk vlkO;kr -
v- xq.koÙksP;k dlksVhoj [kqY;k Li/ksZr fuoMwu ;s.kk Ú;kapk varHkkZo jk[kho tkxkae/;s ulkok - munotes.in
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भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
60c- jk[kho tkxkaps gs çek.k cd- jk[kho dksVîkrhy T;k tkxk HkjY;k tk.kkj ukghr R;k rhu o"kkZi;aZr r’kkp BsokO;kr o uarj
[kqY;k djkO;kr -
M- vuqlwfpr tkrh&tekrhalkBh T;kçek.ks uksdjhr Hkjrh djrkuk o;kse;kZnsph vV f'kfFky dsyh tkrs r'kh brj ekxkl oxZ ;kalkBhgh dj.;kr ;koh -
b- vuqlwfpr tkrh&tekrhauk vlysyh jksLVj i)r brj ekxkl oxkZyk gh ykxw vlkoh -
2- dsaæ vkf.k jkT; ljdkj ;kaP;k v[kR;kjhrhy loZ lkoZtfud {ks=krhy m|ksx/ka|krhy uksdjh o
jk"Vªh;h—r c¡dkrhy uksd Ú;krgh brj ekxkl oxkaZlkBh jk[kho tkxk ojhy çek.kkr Bso.;kr
;kO;kr-
3- T;k [kktxh m|ksx/ka|kauk dsaæ fdaok jkT; ljdkjph dks.kR;k uk dks.kR;k Lo:ikr e nr feGrs
v'kk m|ksx/ka|kr ;k jk[kho Bso.;kr ;kO;kr -
4- loZ fo|kihBs o layXu egkfo|ky;krgh ;k jk[kho tkxk Bso.;kr ;kO;kr -
5- ;k f'kQkjlhaP;k ifj.kkedkjd vaeyctko.khlkBh l/;kP;k dk;|kr o fu;ekr vko';d rs cny
dj.;kr ;kosr -
vFkkZr dsoG jk[kho tkxk ns.ks gk ;k vk;ksxkpk mís'k ulwu vU; ekxkloxhZ;kaP;k eukrhy U;wuxaM nwj
dj.ks] ç'kkluke/;s R;kauk lgHkkxh d:u ç'kklukr vf/kdkf/kd çkfrfuf/kd cufo.ks vkf.k ekxkloxhZ; eksBîkk inkoj vkY;kus lekteukoj tks tcjnLr ifj.kke gksbZy R;kpk lkekftd vfHklj.kklkBh Qk;nk d:u ?ks.ks vls ;k vk;ksxkaps gsrw gksr - s
ejkBk vkj{k.k
egkjk"Vªkr ejkBk yksdla[;sus cgqla[; vlysyh jktdh; {ks=kr lokZf/kd lÙkspk okVk çkIr dj.kkj h o
lgdkjh laLFkk lk[kj dkj[kkus o cgqla[; 'ksrtehu ;koj ekydh o çHkqRo vlysyh çeq[k tkr vkgs
vkgs ijarq gs fp= dkghls jatd Lo:ikps vkgs cgqla[; ejkBk lekt gk f odklkP;k çokgkiklwu nwj
vkgs fi<îkufi<îk 'ksrtfeuhps rqdMhdj.k gksr vlY;kus ;k lektkrhy cgqla[; y ksd xjhc o
nkfj|Zjs"ks[kkyh vkgsr ;kposGh iwohZ vLi`'; ekuysY;k tkrh vkj{k.kkP;k ek/;ekrwu vkfFkZd o 'kS{kf.kd
–"Vîk l{ke cur vlY;kps fnlr gksrs ;keqGsp ,dk cktwyk vuqlwfpr tkrh&tekrhapk vkj{k.kkyk
fojks/k djrkuk ejkBk lektkykgh vkj{k.k feGkos gh ekx.kh tk sj /k: ykxyh R;klkBh yk[kksaps ekspsZ dk<.;kr vkys ;k loZ ifjfLFkrhP;k ;k ik'kZ~oHkwehoj ejkBk lektkP;k vkj{k.kkyk lÙkk/kkjh ejkBh vkenkj [kklnkjkapkgh ikfBack R;keqGs ejkBk lektkyk vkj{k.k ns.;klkBh dk¡xzslP;k ljdkjP;k dkGkr
eglwyea=h ukjk;.k jk.ks ;kaP;k v/;{krs[kkyh lferh use.;kr vkyh
ukjk;.k jk.ks lferh rRdkyhu vk?kkMh ljdkjus eglwyea=h ukjk;.k jk.ks ;kaP;k v/;{krs[kkyh ejkBk lektkyk vkj{k.k ns.;klkBh o R;k lanHkkZr R;kaP;k ifjfLFkrhpk vH;kl dj.;klkBh ,d lferh useyh - ;k lferhus
jkT;Hkj nkSjk d:u 26 QsC# okjh 2014 jksth vkiyk vgoky jkT; ljdkjyk fnyk - R;k vgokykP;k
vk/kkjs jkT; eaf=eaMGkus 25 twu 1914 jksth uksdjh o f'k{k.k {ks=kr ejkBk lektkyk 16Vd~ds o munotes.in
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अध्यया्य 3 सयामयावजक गवतिीलतया
61eqfLye lektkyk ikp VDds vkj{k.k ns.;kpk fu.kZ; ?ksryk ijarq ;k fu.kZ;kP;k fojks/kkr vkf.k leFkZukFkZ
vusd ;kfpdk mPp U;k;ky;kr nk[ky >kY;k R;kuarj eqacbZ mPp U;k;ky;kus 14 uksOgsacj 2014
jksth vkj{k.kkyk LFkfxrh fnyh -
jkT; ekxkloxZ vk;ksx
jk.ks lferhus fnysY;k f'kQkj'khaP;k vk/kkjkoj vk?kkMh ljdkjus ejkBk lektkyk fnyssY;k vkj{k.kkyk
mPp U;k;ky;kus LFkfxrh f nyh- R;kuarj Hkktik o f'kolsuk ;qrhP;k ljdkjus mPp U;k;ky;kr vkj{k.k
feG.;klkBh nksu o"ksZ vH;kl d:u 5 fMlsacj 2016 jksth vMhp gtkj ikukaps 'kiFki= mPp U;k;ky;kr nk[ky dsyh ;kp osGh jkT; ekxkloxZ vk;ksxkps iqu?kZVu dsys - o ejkBk vkj{k.k çdj.k
ppsZuarj brj ekxkl vk;ksxkdMs nk[ky >kys -
jkT; ekxkloxZ vk;ksxkus ejkBk vkj{k.kklkBh rhu egÙokP;k f'kQkj'kh dsY;k -
1- ejkBk lekt gk lkekftd vkf.k 'kS{kf.kd ekxkl çoxZ ?kksf"kr dj.;kr ;kok - dkj.k R;kaps
'kkldh; fue'kkldh; lsosr iqjsls çfrfuf/kRo ukgh -
2- ejkBk lkekftd vkf .k 'kS{kf.kd ekxkl izoxZ ?kksf"kr dsY;keqGs gk lekt jkT;?kVusP;k dye
15 ¼4½vkf.k 16¼4½ e/khy rjrqnhuqlkj vkj{k.kkps Qk;ns ?ks.;klkBh ik= Bj.kkj vkgs -
3- ejkBk lekt lkekftd vkf.k 'kS{kf.kd çoxkZr ?kksf"kr dsY;keqGs vkf.k R;k vuq"kaxkus m)oysY;k
vlk/kkj.k vkf. k vioknkREkd ifjfLFkrheqGs Hkkjrh; jkT;?kVusP;k v/khu jkgwu jkT; 'kklu ;k
ç'uh vko';d rks fu.kZ; ?ksÅ 'kdsy -
;k f'kQkj'khaP;k vk/kkjs ;qrh ljdkjus ejkBk vkj{k.kkps fo/ks;d fof/keaMGkP;k nksUgh lHkkx`gkr eatwj
d:u ?ksrys R;kP;k vaeyctko.khlkBh vkns'k dkns.;kr vkys vkgs o U;k;ky;kus ekxkloxZ vk;ksxkus fnysyk vgoky U;k;ky;kiqvkgs- v'kkçdkjs ejkBk vkj{k.kkpk eqík vkt rjh çyafcr vkgs -
vkfFkZd vk/kkjkoj vkj{k.k %&
lkekftd 'kS{kf.kd ekxk lysi.kk gk jk[kho tkxkapk ?kVukRed vk/kkj vlyk rjh vkfFkZd –"Vhus ekxkl
vlysY;kukgh gh vkj{k.k feGkos vlk ljdkjoj lkrR;kus ncko ;sr vkgs - R;keqGsp 25 lIVsacj
1991 jksth ih Ogh ujflagjko ljdkjus vkfFkZd vk/kkjkoj ngk VDds vkj{k.k fnys gksrs - ijarq loksZPp
U;k;ky;kP;k uÅ U;k;k/kh'kkaP;k ?kVukihBkus rs ?kVukfojks/kh Bjowu jí dsys - ijarq rjhgh tkusokjh
2019 e/;s eksnh ljdkjus 124 O;k ?kVuknq#Lrh lg vkfFkZd vk/kkjkoj ngk VDds vkj{k.k ns.;kps
fo/ks;d yksdlHksr o jkT;lHksr gh foØeh cgqerkus eatwj d:u ?ksrys - yksdlHksr fo/ks;dkP;k cktwus 323 rj fojks/kkr dsoG rhu ers iMyh rj jkT;lHksr fo/ks;dkP;k cktwus 165 ers rj fojks/kkr dsoG lkr ers iMyh - fo/ks;d eatwj >kY;kuarj rs jkT;kauh vkikiY;k {ks=kr ykxw djkos vls lkax.;kr
vkys vkgs - ijarq gh ?kVuk nq#Lrh ?kVusP;k ik;kHkw r rÙokaP;k fojks/kh vkgs o vkj{k.k 50 VDdsis{kk
vf/kd ns.ks gs ?kVukcká vkgs ;k vk/kkjkoj vkj{k.kkyk U;k;ky;kr vkOgku fnys vkgs -
vkj{k.kklaca/kh fofo/k lo.kZ o çfrf"Br tkrhadMwu ekx.kh gksr vlrkukp czkã.k lektkusgh vkj{k.kkph
ekx.kh vkgs dsyh vkgs - munotes.in
Page 62
भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
62jk[kho tkxk laca/kh ?kVukRed rjrqnh%&
vuqlwfpr tkrh o vuqlwfpr tekrh ;kaP;k jk[kho tkxk lacaf/kr Hkkjrh; jkT;?kVusr iqvkgsr- ;k rjrqnhuqlkj iq1- jktdh; {ks=kr jk[kho tkxk ¼jk[kho ernkjla?k½
2- mPp f'k{k.kkr ¼ços'kklkBh½ jk[kho tkxk -
3- 'kkldh; lsosr ¼uksdjh½ jk[kho tkxk -
jkT;?kVusrhy dye 330 ] 332 o 334 ¼d½ ;kuqlkj jktdh; {ks=kr vuqlwfpr tkrh&tekrhauk
çfrfuf/kRoklkBh jk[kho tkxkaph rjrwn rjrwn dsyh vkgs - dye15 ¼4½ ] 16 ¼5½;ke/;s 'kkldh;
lsosrhy jk[kho tkxklac/kh rjrwn dsyh vkgs - 38] 39] 39 d] 43] 46 ;k dyekae/;s vuqlwfpr
tekrh ;kaP;k lkekftd ] 'kS{kf.kd o vkfFkZd ntkZ okrjrqnh vkgsr- dye 340 uqlkj ekxkl oxZ Bjo.;klkBh vk;ksx use.;kph rjrwn dsyh vkgs - ;kf'kok;
,[kk|k tkrhyk ] tkrhP;k Hkkxkyk vuqlwfpr tkrh ] tekrh e/;s lekfo"V dj.;klaca/kh dye 341 o
342e/;s rjrwn dj.;kr vk yh vkgs-
jk[kho tkxkapk vk/kkj &tkr& lkekftd] 'kS{kf.kd ekxklysi.k%&
lk/kkj.ki.ks tkrhaP;k vk/kkjkoj tkxk fnY;k tkrkr vls EgVys tkrs - ijarq Hkkjrh; jkT;?kVusr jk[kho
tkxkapk vk/kkj ^tkr* vlsy vls dksBsgh Li"V dsys ukgh - fdaok dks.kR;kgh fof'k"V tkrhyk fof'k"V
çek.kkr jk[kho tkxk vlk mYys[k dsyk ukgh - fdacgquk tkrhP;k vk/kkjkoj jk[kho tkxk gs rÙogh
jkT;?kVusr ekU; dsys ukgh - ;klkBh iq^^dye 15 ¼4½ ;k vuqPNsnkrhy fdaok vuqPNsn 29 pk [kaM ¼2½;krhy dks.kR;kgh xks"Vh eqGs ]
ukxfjdkaP;k lkekftd o 'kS{kf.kd –"V;k ekxklysY;k dks.kR;kgh oxkZP;k mUurhdjrk vFkok vuqlwfpr
tkrh o vuqlwfpr tutkrh ;kaP;k dfjrk fo'ks"k rjrwn dj.;kl jkT;kyk çfrca/k gks.kkj ukgh - **
^^dye 16 ¼4½;k vuqPNsnrhy dks.kR;kgh xks"VheqG ] s jkT;kP;k lsokae/;s ukxfjdkaP;k T;k dks.kR;kgh
ekxkl oxkZyk jkT;kP;k ers i;kZIr çfrfuf/kRo ukgh v'kk oxkZdfjrk fu;qäh fdaok ins jk[kwu Bso.;klkBh
dks.krhgh rjrwn dj.;k l jkT;kyk çfrca/k gks.kkj ukgh - **
ojhy dyekae/;s dksBsgh fo’ks”k tkrhpk mYys[k ukgh - rj ^lkekftd o 'kS{kf.kd –"Vîkk ekxklysyk
dks.krkgh ox*Z vkf.k ^vuqlwfpr tkrh ] vuqlwfpr tekrh* vlk mYys[k vkgs - vuqlwfpr tkrh& tekrh
Eg.kts dks.krhgh ,d fof'k"V tkr uOgs r j rks tkrh o tekrhaP kk lewg vkgs - ;ko:u jk[kho tkxkapk
vk/kkj tkr fdaok vkfFkZd ekxklysi.kk ulwu lkekftd o 'kS{kf.kd ekxklysi.k gkp vkgs -
l/;kph jk[kho tkxkaph fLFkrh %&
jkT;?kVusrhy jk[kho tkxkaP;k rjrwnhoj vk/kkjhr dk;ns d#u dsaæ ljdkj o jkT; ljdkjkauh
vkikiY;k {ks=kr jk[kho tkxkaph rjrwn dsyh vkgs -
¼v½ dsaæh; Lrjkoj jkf[ko tkxkaps çek.k %&
¼1½ vuqlqfpr tkrh&15 VDds munotes.in
Page 63
अध्यया्य 3 सयामयावजक गवतिीलतया
63¼2½ vuqlwfpr tekrh&7 -5 VDds
¼3½ brj ekxkl oxZ&27 VDds
¼4½ vkfFkZd vk/kkjkoj jkf[ko tkxk¼tkusokjh 2019½&10 VDds
Hkkjrkrhy ?kVd jkT;kae/;s jkf[ko tkxkaps çek.k osxosxGs vkgs - loksZPp U;k;ky;kpk fudkykizek.ks 50
VDD;kais{kk vf/kd tkxk jkf[ko Bsork ;sr ulY;k rjh vusd jkT;kauh ;k fudkykps ikyu dsY;kps fnlr ukgh - mnk- rkfeGukMw e/;s 69 VDds tkxk jk[kho BsoY;k vkgsr vkgs rj gfj;k.kk e/;s 70
VDds tkxk jk[kho vkgsr -
¼c½ egkjk"Vªkrhy jk[kho tkxkaps izek.k%&
Tkkrh tekrh jk[kho tkxkaps izek.k lekfo”V tkrhaph la[;k
&vuqlwphr tkrh ¼ S.C) 13% (59 tkrh)
&vuqlwphr tekrh ¼ S.T½ 07% (47 tekrh)
&brj ekxkl oxZ ¼ OBC ½ 19% (346 tkrh)
&fo’ks”k ekxkl oxZ ¼SBC ½ 02% (07 tkrh)
&HkVD;k tkrh ¼v½ ¼ V.J½ 03% (14 tekrh)
&HkVD;k tekrh ¼c½ NT- B 2.5% (28+7 tekrh)
&HkVD;k tekrh ¼d½ NT- C 3.5% (1 tkr&/kuxj )
&HkVD;k tekrh ¼M½ NT- D 02% (1 tkr&oatkjh )
jk[kho tkxkauk fojks/k %&
fczfV'k dkGkr eqfLye vWaXyksbafM;u bR;kfnauk jk[kho ernkjla?k fnys gksrs - ;kp vk/kkjkoj xksyest
ifj"knsP;k ek/;ekrwu vFkd ifjJekus vLi`’;kalkBh Lora= ernkjla?k ekU; d:u ?ksryk - R;kyk egkRek
xka/khthauh vkej.k miks”k.kkus fojks/k dsyk - 'ksoVh loZlk/kkj.k ernkjla?kkr jk[kho tkxkps rRo ekU;
dsys vkf.k iqijarq R;kph vaeyctko.kh dj.kk Ú;kaph ekufldrk tkrh;oknhp vlY;kus R;kph ;ksX; vaeyctkouh >kkyh ukghp ijarq jk[kho tkxkuk mPp o.khZ; vkf.k oxhZ; yksdkadMwu lkrR;kus fojks/k gksr vkgs -
dkyi;aZr vkepk xqyke Eg.kwu ykpkjhps thou txr vlysyh ;k oxkZrhy eqys f'k{k.k ?ksÅua vf/kdkjh
cur vkgsr - lo.kkaZph cjkscjh djhr vkgsr - vkfFkZd –"Vhuss çxr gksr vkgsr - gs vuqlwfpr tkrh&tekrhapk
frjLdkj dj.kk Ú;k lo.kZ o mPpoxhZ; vf/kdkjh o vfHktu oxkZyk lgu gksr ukgh - R;krwup R;kauh
vkiY;k ik;jhu jkfgys ikfgts ;k ekufldrsrwu lkrR;kus ekxkloxkaZP;k jk[kho tkxkauk fojks/k dsyk tkr vkgs- jk[kho tkxkauk fgalkRed Lo:ikus çFke xqtjkre/;s fojks/k >kys - ;sFks esfMdy lkj[;k mPp
f'k{k.klaLFkkrhy jk[kh o tkxkaP;k fojks/kkr fgalkRed vkanksyu dj.;kr vkys - R;kuarj ns’kikrGhoj 1992 e/;s eaMy vk;ksxkP;k vaeyctko.kh dj.;kps ?kksf"kr dj.;kr vkys - uarj eksBh naxy mlGyh - munotes.in
Page 64
भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
64eaMy vk;ksx brj ekxkloxhZ;kalkBh gksrk ijarq brj ekxkl oxkZrhy r#.kp lo.kkZaP;k cktwu lgHkkxh
>kys gksrs - R;kuarj vkti;aZr ns'kkP;k çR;sd jkT;kr dkgh uk dkgh fufeÙkkus jk[kho tkxkfojks/kh vkanksyu gksr vkgs - jk[kho tkxkaeqGs ;qod csjkstxkj >kys vkgsr - jk[kho tkxkaeqGs lo.kZ oxkZrhy eqykauk
ekxkl oxkZrhy eqykais{kk vf/kd fdaok 99 VDds xq.k feGwugh mPp f'k{k.kkr ços'k feGr ukghr -
jk[kho tkxkrwu r;kj >kysys baftuh;j ] M‚DVj vR;ar fu —"V ntkZps vlrkr bR;knh çdkjPks frjLdkjiw.kZ xSjlet lektkr iljoys tkrkr - R;krwup lo .kZ csjkstxkj ;qodkae/;s ekxkl oxkZcíy
phM fuekZ.k gksrs- lektkr tkrh; r.kko& la ?k"kZ fuekZ.k gks.;kl enr gksrs - egkjk"Vªkr vkrki;aZr czkã.k
o ejkBk tkrhadMwu jk[kho tkxkauk fojks/k gksr gksrk vkrk ;kp tkrh jk[kho tkxkaph ekx.kh djhr
vkgsr- R;klkBh vki.k lkekftd o 'kS{kf.kd –"Vhus ekxkl vlY;kps iqjkO;klg fl) djhr vkgsr -
dkgh yksd rj jk[kho tkxk g;k ?kVusP;k dye 14 e/;s lkafxrysY;k lersP;k rRokP;k fojks/kkr
vkgsr Eg.kwu R;k jí dsY;k ikfgtsr v'khgh ekx.kh dsyh tkr vkgs - FkksMD;kr jk[kho tkxkaP;k mxekiklwu rs vkrki;aZr jk[kho tkxkauk lkrR;kus fojks/k gksr vkgs -
lkjka'k%&
vls vlys rjh jk[kho tkxkaP ;k ek/;ekrwu fodklkP;k loZ {ks=kr ukdkjysY;k vuqlwfpr tkrh& tekrh
brj ekxkloxZ HkVds&foeqä oxZ ;kaph u Hkwrks u Hkfo”; v’kh 'kS{kf.kd o vkfFkZd çxrh gksr vkgs -
ghp çxrh ikgwu vki.kklgh jk[kho tkxk gO;kr v'kh ekx.kh çLFkkfir o çfrf"Br oxkZdMwu tkrhadMwu
dsyh tkr vkgs - vkf.k R;krwup jk[kho tkxkauk fojks/k dj.kkjsp jk[kho tkxkaps egRo v/kksjsdhr djhr
vkgsr- R;keqGs jk[kho tkxk fo"k;h M‚ - ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkaps /kksj.k gh R;kaph nwj –"Vh Li"V djrs -
vkiyh çxrh riklk
¼1½ jk[kho tkxkaph ,sfrgkfld ik'kZ~oHkweh Li"V djk-
¼2½ jk[kho tkxk laca/khP;k ?kVukRed ?kVukRed rjrqnh Li"V djk -
¼3½ eaMy vk;ksxkP;k egÙokP;k f'kQkj'kh lkaxk -
¼4½ dkdklkgsc dkysydj vk;ksxkoj Vhi fygk -
¼5½ ejkBk vkj{k.kkoj Vhi fygk -
¼6½ vkj{k.kkpk vk/kkj tkr dh vkfFkZd ekxklysi.k ;koj Hkk"; djk -
3-2 /keZ ¼tekroknkP;k lanHkkZr½
mfí”V;s
¼1½ Hkkjrkrhy tekroknkph leL;k letkowu ?ks.ks -
¼2½ teroknkph dkj.ks o ifj.kke ;kapk vH;kl dj.ks -
¼3½ tekroknh ço`Ùkh deh dj.;klkBh dks.kR;k mik;;kstuk djrk ;srhy ;kaph ppkZ dj.ks -
çLrkouk %& munotes.in
Page 65
अध्यया्य 3 सयामयावजक गवतिीलतया
65/keZ gh ekuoh thou krhy vR;ar egÙokph laLFkk vkgs - ekuoh lektkps vkf.k ekuoh LoHkkokps fu;a=.k
/keZ ;k laLFksekQZr dsys tkrs - dks.kR;kgh lektkrhy dks.krhgh O;äh /kekZP;k çHkkokiklwu vfyIr jkgw
'kdr ukgh - ekuokP;k tUekiklwu e`R;wi;aZr R;kpk /kekZ'kh laca/k vkysyk vlrks - /keZ gk J)k] vk'kk]
izsj.kk ;kaps izfrd vkgs - ekuokyk lHkksorkypk fulxZ o R;kP;k'kh lacaf/kr vlysys xq< ] tUee`R;w o
e`R;quarjps vkfLRRo ] fulxkZpk] fo'okpk fuekZrk ;kfo"k;h tk.kwu ?ks.;kph vks< vkgs - R;kP;k ç'ukaph
rkRiqjrh mÙkjs /keZ nsrks Eg.kwup /kekZpk J)k vkf.k Hkkous'kh laca/k tksM yk tkrks R;krwup iki&iq.; ]
LoxZ&udZ] ifo=&ifo=] yksd& ijyksd ;k ladYiukapk mn; lj tsEl Qsz>j ;kaP;k erss ^/keZ Eg.kts euq";gwu Js"B vlysY;k 'kähaph vkjk/kuk o larq"Vhdj .k- ;k 'käh ekuoh thoukyk ekxZn'kZu djrkr
o fu;af=r djrkr v'kh ekuokph J)k vlr s- * rj johaæ eq[kthZ ;kaP;k ers ^/keZ Eg.kts dks.kR;k uk
dks.kR;k çdkjP;k vykSfdd vrhekuoh o vlkekftd 'käh ojhy J)k gks; - ;k J)sP;k eqGk'kh Hk; ]
fo'okl] Hkäh o ifo«;kfo"k;h /kkj .kk vlwu R;kaph vfHkO;äh çkFkZuk ] iwtk] vkjk/kuk ;k}kjs gksrs -
ojhy O;k[;kapk fopkj djrk /keZ gh ladYiuk O;kid vkgs - vk’k;kP;k –"Vhusgh txkrhy loZ Hkkxkr
lkj[khp vkgs - ijarq bZ'ojkiklwu brj loZ ckchadMs ikg.;kpk –f"Vdksu fHkUu vkgs - vkjk/kuk dj.;kps
lxq.kfuxqZ.k] ewrZ&vewrZ rlsp thouklaca/khps rRoKku /kkfeZd vkpj.k&O;ogkj bR;knh i)rh bfrgklkP;k
osxosxG~;k dkGkr o fo’okP;k osxosxG;k Hkkxkr osxosxG~;k i)rhus fuekZ.k >kysY;k vkgsr - R;krwup
vusd /kekaZph fufeZrh >kyh - /keZ J)sph lacaf/kr vlY;kus vkiykp /keZ Js"B letwu R;kP;k çpkj&çlkjklkBh vfgalkRed vkf.k fgalkRed ekxkZpk voyac dj.;kr ;srks - /keZ iafMrkapk LokFkZ vkf.k
vfrjsdh Lo/kekZfHkeku ;keqGs /kkfeZd o lkaçnkf;d la?k"kZ lq: >kys - vyhdMhy dkGkr /kkfeZd Hkkouk
o J)kaP;k vk/kkjkus lÙkk laiknukpk lgt ekxZ fnlw ykxyk R;krwup tekroknkpk tUe >kysyk vkgs - tekroknkpk vFkZ%&
tekrokn gh ladYiuk okaf'kd jktdkj.k ] /kkfeZd dêjrk ] /kekaZ/krspk fof'k"V lewgkP;k fgrlaca/kkP;k
cktwus rj nql Ú;k lewgkP;k fojks/kkr LoPN dj.kkjs lk/ku vkgs /keZ vkf.k jktdkj.k ;kaph lkaxM ?kkywu lÙkklaiknuklkBh ?kMowu vk.kysyk /kkfeZd la?k"kZ r.kko v'kk fLFkrhyk tekrokn vls Eg.krkr
/kekZP;k vk/kkjkoj yksdkaP;k J)k Hkkouk ;kauk vkOgku d:u yksdkauk la?kfVr dsys tkrs nql Ú;k /kkfeZd
lektkP;k fojks/kkr R;kauk psroys tkrs - çlaxh /kkfeZd naxyh ?kMowu vk .kY;k tkrkr - ;kr cGh xsysY;kauk
'kghn Eg.kwu ?kksf"kr dsys tkrs - /keZ j{k.kklkBh v'kh vkgqrh |koh ykxsy v'kh ekufldrk r;kj dsyh
tkrs- brdsp uOgs rj /kkfeZd la?k"kZ o r.kko lkrR;kus jkghy ;klkBh ç;Ru dsys tkrkr - FkksMD;kr
lÙkslkBh yksdkaP;k /kkfeZd Hkkouk H kMdkowu R;kapk jktdkj.kklkBh okij dj.ks Eg.kts tekrokn gks; -
tekroknh jktdkj.kkr /keZxzaFk ] çkFkZukLFkGs ] eafnjs] dkyckg; #mnkÙkhdj.k bR;knhapk mi;ksx dsyk tkrks -
/kkfeZd la?k"kZ tekroknh jktdkj.k gk dsoG Hkkjrkpk ç'u jkfgy syk ulwu R;kpk lalxZ txkrhy vusd
ns'kkauk gksr vlwu tekr oknkyk oSf'od Lo:i çkIr gksr vkgs - mnk- Jhyadsr flagyh ckS) fo#)
eqfLye] eqfLye ns'kkae/;s f’k;k fo#) lqUuh E;kuekje/;s ckS) fo# ) jksfgaX;k eqlyeku vls vlys
rjh Hkkjrkrhy çeq[k tekroknh jktdkj.kkph rhozrk vkf.k çHkko vfydMhy dkGkr lrr oktekroknkps iq
Page 66
भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
66uOgs rj ofj"B of.kZ; ] oxhZ; mPpHkzw e/;eoxhZ; ;kaP;k O;Drhxr LokFkhZ Li/ksZrwu >kysyk vkgs -
LokFkkZdjrk izLrwr dsyssY;k fo —r bfrgklkoj ] lkekftd fgr laca/kkckcr fuekZ.k dsysY;k xSjletwrhoj ]
/kkehZd vfLerkaP;k xSjletkoj fganw&eqLyhe tekrokn vk/kkfjr vkgs - tekrokn ekuo lewgkaP;k /kkfeZd
vfLerspk nwjksi;ksx d#up txw 'kdrks - tekrokn gk dsoG /keZ ;k ?kVdkyk egÙo nsrks ijarq R;k ,dkp /kekZrhy fofo/k ?kVdkaP;k yksdkaps ç'u osxosxGs vlrkr ;k xks"VhdMs tk.khoiwoZd nqyZ{k djrkr -
vls Li"V d:u rs Eg.krkr ] ^^ loZlkekU; tursps iksVkik.;kps vkfFkZd ç 'u] yksd'kkgh gDdkaps Lokra«;kps vkf.k ekuoh çfr"Bsps ç'u ;kojps loZlkekU; yksdkaps y{k mMfo.ks gkp tekroknkpk mn~ns’; vlrks - ;k gsrwus /kkfeZd ijaijk ] fpUgs] [kwuk] nardFkk] okLrww ;kaP;kcíyP;k çpkjkoj tksj nsmu
loZlkekU; ek.klkP;k /kkfeZd vfLerk psrous ] vgadkjkauk tkx`r dj.ks vkf.k teY;kl fofo/k /kfeZ;
lkekU; ek.klkr QwV ikMwu R;kauk ,sdesdkafojks/kkr ^vki.k vkf.k rs * v’kk Nko.;kr foHkkxwu fojks/kh
ikfo«;kr mHks dj.ks gsp gsp tekroknkps /;s; vlrs - v'kk jhrhus isVoysyk tekroknkpk vaxkj tkrh;
naX;kps Lo:i ?ksrks vkf.k rks lkekU; ek.klkr iljrks - cgqla[;kdkpk tekrokn yksd'kkgh ] Lokra«;]
ekuorkoknh ewY;s ik;nGh rqMo.kk Ú;k QWflte dMs tkrks - rj vYila[;kadkpk tekrokn dksaMhr idMys
Hkkousrwu lqMcqf )us izsfjr >kysY;k vjktdh d`R;kdMss oGrks - nqlÚ;k /kkfeZd lewgkdMs t ekrokn
^ek.kls*Eg.kwup ikgk;yk ukdkjrks -
v'kkçdkjs tekrokn yksdkaP;k /kkfeZd Hkkouk o J)kauk [krik.kh ?kkywu /kkfeZd naxyh ?kMowu vk.krks -
R;kposGh R;krwu mPpoxhZ; o of.kZ; yksd lkekU; ek.klkP;k gDd ] Lokra«;kcjkscjp thou&ej.kkP;k
ç'ukdMs gh nqyZ{k djrks - v'kh gh lektoknkph ladYiuk vkgs - Hkkjrkr fofo/k /kekZps yksd jkgr vlys rjh fganw vkf.k eqfLye ;k nksUgh /kekZrhy laca/k lkrR;kus r.kkoiw.kZ jkfgysys vkgsr Eg.kwu Hkkjrkr eqfLye tekrokn vkf.k fganw lektokn gs nksu çdkj BGdi.ks
fnlwu ;srkr -
eqfLye tekrokn %&
Hkkjrkr fczfV'k jktoVhP;k fojks/kkr Lokra«;y<;kr fganw vkf.k eqlyeku ;kauh ijLijkaP;k gkrkr gkr
?kkywu lgHkkx ?ksryk R;keqGs fczfn’kkauk ;k ns'kkojhy fn?kZdkG lRrk fVdowu Bso.ks v'kD; okVw ykxys -
R;keqGs R;kauh ^QksMk vkf.k >ksMk* ;k /kksj.kkpk voyac d :u fganw vkf.k eqfLyekae/;s QwV ikMyh - ;kyk
tls eqlyeku cGh iMys rlsp fganwgh cGh iMys - th jk"Vªkph ladYiuk ekaMyh R;krp ;k QwVhph
fcts vkgsr - t‚u LVqvVZ fey ;kauh ^leku oa'k ] /keZ] Hkk”kk] laLd`rh] b- dkj.kkoj tsOgk ,[kk|k lewgkr
,sD;kph Hkkouk fuekZ.k gk srs] rsOgk lewg Eg.kts jk"Vª gks; - ** v'kk vFkkZph O;k[;k dsyh - ;kpk vk/kkj
?ksÅu ns'kh&fons'kh loZp vH;kld o ys[kdkauh ys[ku dsys - fganq o eqlyeku ,d jk"Vª ulwu gh nksu
jk"Vªs vkgsr - vls ekaM.kh 1923 e/;s MCY;w gksYMjusl ;kauh dsyh - HkkjrkP;k lanHkkZr rs Eg.krkr
,sfrgkfld ] okaf'kd] Hkkf"kd] lkaL—frd] /kkfeZd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd] ekufld vkf.k LokHkkfod v'kk loZ
–"Vhus eqfLee yksd gs fganwais{kk osxGs vkgsr - vkiyh osxGh vfLerk vkgs vkf.k vkiys Lor%ps osxGs
HkforO; vkgs v'kh eqlyekukae/;s Hkkouk vkgs - vkf.k fganw vkf.k eqLyhe d/khgh ,d jk"Vª Eg.kwu ,d=
jkfgys ukghr vkf.k gs nqHkaxysys nksUgh lekt Hkfo";dkGkr d/khgh ,d= ;sÅ 'kdr ukghr - Hkkjrkrhy
fganw eqfLye ;kaP;kr okaf'kd ,dkRerk uOgrh- R;kpk ,sfrgkfld okjlkgh lkj[kk ukgh ] R;kaph Hkk"kkgh
lkj[kh ukgh - eqfLyekaph ifo= LFkkus Hkkjrkckgsj vkgsr - Eg.kwu Hkkjr gs ,d jk"Vª vkgs v'kh ladYiuk munotes.in
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अध्यया्य 3 सयामयावजक गवतिीलतया
67ifo= HkwfeP;k ik;koj mHkh jkgw 'kdr ukgh - ** gksYMjusl ;kauh gk f}jk"VªoknkP;k ekaMysY;k ;k
fl)karkyk uarj fo- nk- lkojdj vkf.k cWfjLVj thUkk ;kauhgh çR;{k&vçR;{k laerh fn yh- fganw&eqLyhe
;kaP;krhy njh okvk/kkjkoj LFkkiu >kysY;k eqfLyekauk fo'ks"k loyr h feGfo.;klkBh ç;Ru dj.kk Ú;k eqfLYke yhx yk
1937P;k fuoM.kqdhr visf{kr ;'k feGkys ukgh R;keqGs 1940 e/;s cWfjLVj thuk ;kauk Lora«k eqfLye jkT;kph Eg.ktsp ikfdLrkuph ekx.kh dsyh - >sM- ,- >qysjh ;kauhgh ;kiwohZ ^fganw xsys gtkjks o"kZ
gksrs eqfLyekaps xqyke gksrs v'kk xqykekaoj jkT; lksiork ;s.kkj ukgh -* vls fczfV'k lkezkT;okn;kauk
vkokgu dsys gksrs - ;kpk vFkZ vlk dh Lokra«;iwoZ dkGkr fczfV’kkauh eqfLyekauk fo'ks"k ntkZ o loyrh
nsÅu fganwaiklwu osxGs dsys - R;kyk fganw usR;kauh ikfBackp fnyk - vkf.k 'ksoVh Hkkj rkps Lokra«; QkG.kh P;k
Lo:ikr feGkys - QkGuh uarj Hkkjrkrhy eqfLye lrr vlqjf{kr jkgrhy v'kh ifjfLFkrh fganq usR;kacjkcjksp eqfLye usR;kauh gh fuekZ.k dsyh - lkrR;kus gks.kkjs fganw&eqfLye naxs vkgs R;k ifjfLFkrhr
Hkj Vkdr gksrs - ijLijkr }s"k okkysys fganw&eqLyhe naxss gs fganw
cjkscj eqfLye tekrokn okQk;nk ?ksÅu R;kauk /kekZP;k vk/kkjkoj jktdh; –"Vhus la?kfVr djhr vkgsr - R;krwu eqfLye tekrokn
vkykr pkyuk feGr vkgs -
fganw&tekrokn%&
^QksMk vkf.k >ksMk* ;k fczfV'kkaP;k jktdh; raa=kyk tls eqfLye cGh iMys rlsp fganw usrsgh ;k tk tkG~;kr vMdys - fczfV'k ljdkj eqfLyekapk vuqu; djhr vlwu fganwuk tk.khoiwoZd Mkoyys tkr vkgs
vlk vkjksi fczfV’kkaoj dj.;kr ;sÅ ykxyk - R;krwup fganwauk /keZ ] laL—rh ;k vk/kkjkoj la?kfVr dj.;kps ç;Ru gksÅ ykxys - R;krwu 1925 e/;s cGhjke gsxMsokj ;kauh (RSS) jk"Vªh; Lo;alsod
la?kkph LFkkiuk dsyh - la?kkph LFkkiuk 1925 e/;s vlyh rjh la?kkus dêj fganqRooknh fdaok fganw laL —
frd jk"Vªoknkph Hkwfe dk 1939 uarj Eg.kts nqljs lj la pkyd xksGoydj xq#th ;kaP;k dkjfdnhZr
?ksryh- R;kauh fganqRooknh ladYiusph izsj.kk lkojdjkadMwu ?ksryh - 1923 e/;s CkWfjLVj lkojdj ;kauh
^fganqRo* iqLrd fygwu ^fganqRo* fopkj/kkjusyk xfreku dsys - jk"Vªoknkph ladYiuk tUekl ?kkry h- fganw
dks.kkyk Eg.kkos ;k lanHkkZr lkojdj Eg.krkr ] fganw rks dh ] T;kyk fla/kwiklwu leqnzki;Zar iljysyh loZ
Hkweh fir`Hkweh Eg.kwu vR;ar fiz; vkgs - rlsp rs fganwps ,d oSf'k"Vî lkaxrkuk Eg.krkr ] leku bfrgkl ]
leku okaxe; ] leku dyk ] ,dp fuZca/k fo/kku ] ,d /keZO;ogkj ‘kkL= lkekthd ;k=k egksRlo ]
lkekf;d /kkfeZd vkpkjfo/kh ] lkekf;d lu ] lkekf;d laLdkj ] ,oa xq.k fof’k”V v’kh fganw laLd`rh ] rh
vkiyh okV.ks gks; - ** lkojdjkaP;k ;k O;k[ksr /kekZarjhr eqlyeku ] f[kz’pu] cksgjh ;kauk LFkku ukgh ]
rs /kekZarjhr vkgsr gs lkojdj ekU; djrkr - ijarq R;kuk ojhy O;k[ksus fganwr lekfo”V djrk ;sr
ukgh- R;keqGs rs fganq ukghr - vkf.k Eg.kwu R;kauk fganw jk”Vªkr tkxk ns.;kl rs r;kj ukghr - v’kk
oxkZauh fganw jk”Vªkr jgk;o;kps vlsy rj R;koj xksGoydj xq#th vlk rksMxk lqpforkr fd ] ^fganw
ulk.kkÚ;k lokZauh ,d rj fganw laLd`rh ] fganw Hkk”kk ] ;kapk fLodkj dsyk ikghts *- fganw /kekZcn~ny
ijkdksVhpk vknj ckGxyk ikfgts - fganw oa’k] fganw LkaLd`rh g;kaps xq.kxku dsys ikfgts - fganw /kekZcn~ny
R;kaP;kr vlysyh vlguf’kyrsph Hkkoukk lksMyh ikfgts - fganq /kfeZ;kauh dsysY;k midkjk cn~ ny vl.kkjk
vuknj lksMyk ikfgts - ;k Hkwfecn~n y mid`r jkfgys ikfgts - ;k Hkwferhy tqU;k ijaijk vkf.k laLd`rhpk munotes.in
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भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
68vknj ckGxyk ikfgts - fuf’pri.ks izse vkf.k ‘kj.kkxrhph ] ,d#irsph HkDrhHkkouk ckGxyh ikfgts -** xksGoydjkaP;k ;k fopkjko#u /kekZarjhr eqlyeku o brj /kfeZ;kacn~/ky R;kaP;k eukr frjLdkjkph Hkkouk vlwu R;kauh bFkY;k fganw P;k ng’krh[kkyh jgkos ] brdsp uOgs rj rs fganw jk”Vªkr nq;e ukxjhd
Eg.kwup jkgrhy ] fganwP;k n;soj txrhy v’kh dV~Vj fganwRooknh Hkwfed k ?ksryh gksrh - iqjk”Vªh; Lo;alsod la?kkus vkiY;k la?kVusps HkkjrHkj tkGs iljowu v’kkp fopkj/kkjspk izlkj dsyk - fg
fopkj/kkjk R;k vk/kkjkoj jktdh; lRrk feGfo.;klkBh tula?k&turk i{k ] jketUeHkweh ] ?kjokilh]
xksoa’k gR;kcanh ] yOg ftgkn ] bR;knh midzz ekaP;k ek/;ekrwu fganwuk la?kfVr dj.;kpk o fganwuk la?kVhr
dj.ks gk gsrw vlyk rjh eqfLye tuleqnk;kfo# ) }s”k fuZek.k dj.ks gkgh Nqik vtsaMk vkgs - R;keqGsp
xksekalHk{k.k ] xksoa’k gR;k ;k fufeRRkkus eqfLye lektkyk y{k dj.ks ] ekWcfyfpax lkj[;k ?kVukrwu
R;kaph gR;k ?kMowu vk.kus - f[kz’pu /keZxq#aoj gYys dj.ks b - izdkjkauk mRrssstu fnys tkr vkgs -
okLrfod eqfLye o brj /kfeZ;kaP;k fojks/kkP;k rRokojp fganw jk”Vª] fganw jk”Vªokn] fganw lkaLd`rhd okn
vk/kkjysyk vkgs - jk”Vªh; Lo;alsod la?kkdMwu izsj.kk ?ksmup fo’o fga nw ifj”kn] ctjax ny ;klkj[;k
‘ksdMks la?kVuk ;kp fn’ksus dke djhr vkgsr - vkt ;kp fopkj/kkjsps izfrfuf/kRo dj.kkjk Hkkjrh;
turk i{k dsanzkr LkRrsoj vkgs - rlsp 2@3 jkT;kae/ksgh rks lRRksr vkgs - ifj.kker% Hkkjrkr lkrR;kus
fganw eqfLye ;kr r.kko ln`’; fLFkrh f uekZ.k >kyh vkgs - gkp fganw tekrokn vlwu HkkjrkP;k lkekftd ]
lkaLd`frd ] /kkfeZd] jktdh; bR;knh {ks=koj fganw tekrokn;kapk brdk izHkko vkgs dh ] fganw jk”VªkP;k
fufeZrhlkBh HkkjrkP;k jkT;?kVusykp vkOgku nsr vkgsr - /keZfujis{k yksd’kkghpk iqjLdkj dj.kkjh gh
jkT;?kVuk fo’o fganw ifj”knsyk ekU; ulwu fganwRokoj vk/kkjhr jkT;?kVuk vlkoh v’kh ekx.kh dsyh
tkr vkgs- lk/kw] laU;k’kh ;kauh ;kp mn~ns’kkus jktdh; {ks=kr izos’k dsyk vlwu dsanzh; ea=h o eq[;ea=h
inkojgh fganw lk/kwauk fojkteku dsys vkgs - ;kP;kdMwu lkrR;ku s jktdh; lRrslkBh fcxj fganwP;k
fojks/kkr oDrO;s d#u fganwP;k Hkkouk psro.;kps dke dsys tkr vkgs - ,dw.kp eqfLee tekroknk
brdkp fganw tekroknkpk HkkjrkP;k ,sD;kyk o ,dkRersyk /kksdk fuekZ.k >kyk vkgs -
tekroknkph dkj.ks%&
fganw tekrokn vkf.k eqfLye tekroknk oj dsysY;k ppsZo:u Hkkjrkrhy tekr oknkph dkgh izeq[k dkj.ks
iq1½ fczfV’k ljdkjps /kksj.k %& fganw vkf.k eqfLye gs Hkkjrkrhy nksu izeq[k lkaiznk;@/keZ vlwu R;kaps
,sD; fczfV’k lRrsyk /kksdk vkgs ] vlk fczfV’kkapk fu”d”kZ gksrk - ;k f’kok; ;k nksUgh /kekZrhy
vkpkj&fopkjkrhy folaxrh Li”V fnlr gksrh - R;kpk Qk;nk ?ksmu fczfV’k ljdkjus fganw vkf.k eqfLye /kfeZ;kae/;s QwV ikM.;klkBh lkfgR; fuZferhiklwu rs loZ izdkjP;k izlkj ek/;ekapk mi;ksx dsyk - R;klkBh izFke eqfLYkekauk fo’ks”k loyrhlg jktdh; lRrsr vf/kd okVk feG.;klkBh Lora= ernkj la?k fuZek.k dsys - R;kyk fganw /kfeZ; la?kVuk o usR;kadMwu fojks/k
gksm ykxyk - fganw vkf.k eqfLye tekroknkpk mn; ;kp ifjfLFkrhrwu >kyk -
2½ fganwRooknh la?kVuk%& eqfLye tekrokn ok< hl ykx.;kl t’kh eqfLye yhx o rRdkyhu eqfLye usrs tckcnkj vkgsr R;kpizek.ks fganw tekrokn okvkgsr- munotes.in
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अध्यया्य 3 सयामयावजक गवतिीलतया
693½ Hkkjrkph QkG.kh%& /kkfeZd tekroknkpk vfrjsd >kY;kusp Hkkjrkph QkG.kh vVG >kyh -
/kekZP;k vk/kkjkoj ns’kkph QkG.kh d:u eqfLye /kfeZ;kauk ikfdLrku fnys R;keqGs moZfjr Hkkjr
gs fganwps jk”Vª Eg.ktsp rs fganw jk”Vª vkgs v’kh ekaM.kh fganwRooknh la?kVukadMwu gksm ykxyh -
;kp dkj.kko:u R;kapk /keZfujis{krsyk fojks/k vkgs - rlsp Hkkjrkrhy eqfLyekacjkscj brj /kfeZ;kauhgh fganw /keZ ] laLd`rhpk vknj dsyk ikfgts v’kh ekx.kh ;k la?kVukadMwu gksm ykxyh -
R;krp tekroknkph Hkkouk rhoz gksm ykxyh - R;kpkp ifj.kke brj /kfeZ;kauk nqÓ;e ukxjhdRo
jkghy v’khgh fganw tekroknh la?kVukadMwu ekx.kh dsyh tkrs -
4½ /kkfeZd naxyh %& Lokra«;iwoZ dkGkr fganw eqfLYke /kfeZ;kae/ks dkgh r.kkoxzLr ifjfLFkrh vlyh rjh nksUgh /kfeZ;kae/;s okn >kys ukghr ijarq 1857 ps caM vkf.k 1919 P;k tkfy;uokyk ckx
gR;kdkaM ;kojhy y{k gVfo.;klkBh fczfV’kkauh tkf.koiwoZd viizpkj d:u fganw & eqfLyekae/;s
naxyh ?kMowu vk.kY;k - fo’ks’kr% dksgkV ;sFkhy 1924 ph naxy gs R;kps BGd oSf’k”V; gks; - R;kuarj Lokra«; o QkG.khP;k ik’oZHkwehoj nksUgh /kfeZ;kr ijkdksVhph dVwrk o frjLdkj fuZek.k gksmu na xy mlGYkh ] R;kuarj 1961 e/;s vfyx< eqfLye fon;kihB ] 1963 tEew
dkf’ej] 1966 okf’ke ] 1968 vklke ] mRrjizns’k ] caxky] fcgkj] vygkckn] 1969 e/;s vgenkckn ] 1970 e/;s eqacbZ fHkoaMh ] 1992 eqacbZ ] xqtjkr bR;knh naxyh >kY;k – xksgR;k] mnZw
Hkk”kk] /kkfeZd izkFkZuk LFkGs bR;knh dkj.kkoj ;k naxyh >kY;k o gksr vkgsr - Lokra«;kuarj v’kk
lkrR;kus fganw & eqfLye naxs gksr vlY;kus g;k nksUgh /kfeZ; yksdkae/;s ijLij frjLdkj ]
vfo’oklkps laca/k fuekZ.k >kys ;krwup vkikiY;k /kfeZ;kauk ,d= vk.k .;klkBh o jktdh; lRrk
gLrxr dj.;klkBh /kkfeZd vk/kkjkoj la?kVuk gksm ykxY;k R;krwup tekroknkyk vf/kd [krik.kh feGw ykxys -
5½ lRrsph ykylk%&jktdh; lRRksoj vkiys opZLo vlys ikfgts fdeku lRrsr vkiyk lgHkkx vlkok vls izR ;sd tkr&tekr o lkaiznk; leqgkyk okVrs - R;krwup vkikiY;k /kekZrhy yksdkauk
la?kVhr dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk tkrks - v’kk osGh yksdkaaP;k /kkfeZd Hkkoukauk vkokgu dsys tkrs -
nqlÚ;k /kekZfo”k;h xSjlet iljoys tkrkr - vkiY;koj gksr vlYksY;k vU;k;kP;kgh vQok iljfoY;k tkrkr - vusd osGk tk.khoiwoZd /kkfeZd naxy ?kMowu vk.kyh tkrs - R;krwup
lqjf{krrslkBh ,d /kfeZ; yksd ,d= ;srkr - R;kpk jktdh; iqykylslkBh Lo/kfeZ; yksdkaP;k thforkphgh dkGth dsyh tkr ukgh -
6½ okr#.kfi/kkfeZd ckchauk çk/kkU; fnys tkrs - eafnj eTthn fdaok brj /kkfeZd LFkGkaoj r.kko la?k”kZ fuek Z.k
dj.ks] lk/kw&laU;klh ;kapk jktdkj.kkr ços'k gks.ks ] /kekZ iq/kekZP;k lanHkkZr HkMdkow Hkk"k.k dj.ks ] çlkjek/;ekrwu lkrR;kuss /keZ laj{k.kkpk lans'k ns.ks ]
loZdkgh /keZp vkgs vls okrkoj.k fuekZ.k dj.ks v’kkrwu r#.k f iR;kpk jktdh; usrs o i{k lÙkslkBh okij d:u ?ksrkr - /kekaZ/krk vkgs tekroknkps egÙokps
dkj.k vkgs munotes.in
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भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
707½ xqUgsxkjhps mnkÙkhdj.k%& fo'ks"kr% /kkfeZd naxyhr lgHkkxh gks.kkjs ] ?kMowu vk.k.kkjs ;kaps lektkr
dkSrqd dsys tkrs - ckcjh efTtn i kMyh rsOgk ^rh ek÷;kp f'kolSfudkauh ikMyh* vls ckGklkgsc
Bkdjs ;kauh xokZus lkaxwu f'kolSfudkaph ikB FkksiVyh - /kekaZ/kkus xzLr >kys Y;k tekroknh xqaMkuh
tj brj /kekZrY;k uOgs rj osG çlax Lo/kekZrY;k yksdkaoj tjh vR;kpkj dsys rjh vkiY;k
tekrhP;k j{k.kklkBhp dsyss vls Eg.kwu R;k xqaMkauk ikBh'kh ?kkrys tkrs - naxyhP;k dkGkr v'kk
dkjok;kauk År ;srks - FkksMD;kr /kkfeZd dkj.kko:u gks.kk Ú;k xqUgsxkjhps mnkÙkhdj.k dsys tkrs
R;krwup tekroknkyk çksRlkgu feGrs -
8½ çkFkZuk LFkGs%& fganw&eqLyhe tekroknkps Hkkouhd dkj.k Eg.kts R;kaph çkFkZuk LFkGs - fganw
yksdkauh eqfLye çkFkZuk LFkGkaoj ] Lekjdkoj lkrR;kus la’k; fuekZ.k dsyk vkgs - dk’kh] eFkqjk] vk;ks/;k bR;knh fBdk.khph eqfLyekaph efLtn o /kkfeZd LFkGs gh eafnjs ikMwu fuekZ.k dsyh vkgsr] rktegy gk rstksegy vkgs v'kk çdkjP;k xSjletwrh il jowu o /kkfeZd Hkkouk psrowu
/kkfeZd naxyh ?kMowu vk.kY;k tkrkr - efLtn ojhy Hkksaxs dktkr vkgs- eqfLye jLR;koj uekt iMrkr Eg.kwu fganwuhgh jLR;kojp egkvkjrh dj.ks bR;knh
çdkjkeqGs yksdkaP;k /kkfeZd Hkkouk HkMdfoY;k tkrkr - R;kaP;k jktdh; lÙkslkBh Qk;nk d:u
?ksryk tkrks - 1992 e/;s jFk;k=k dkvkyh- vkf.k 1999 e/;s Hkkjrh; turk i{kkus dsaækr lÙkk çkIr dsyh - vkf.k vVy fcgkjh
oktis;h gs iarç/kku >kys - tekroknh jktd kj.kkps gs mÙke mnkgj.k vkgs - l/;kP;k ljdkjus
fodklkP;k eqí~;koj fuoM.kwd ftadyh vls EgVys tkr vlys rjh jke eafnj mHkkjys tkbZy
;kp vk’kkus fganqRooknh la?kVukauh chtsih pk çpkj dsyk gksrk -
9½ fganw&jk”Vª%& ikfdLrkuP;k fufeZrhuarj Hkkjr gk fganw jk"Vªp v lwu fganqRo ] fganw laL—rh ;kaph
tksikluk dj.kkjs fganwapsp ljdkj lÙksoj vlkos v'kh ekaM.kh fganqRooknh la?kVuk djhr vkgsr -
Hkkjrh; jkT;?kVuk fganqRokpk iqjLdkj dj.kkjh vlkoh v'kh vis{kk dsyh tkr vkgs - ^^fganq
jk"VªkP;k** ladYiusP;k vk/kkjkoj lÙkk feG fo.;klkBh fganq r#.kkauk o ernkjkauk la?kfVr dj.;kpk ç;Ru dsyk tkr vkgs -
v'kkçdkjs tekroknkph fofo/k dkj.ks vlwu tekroknh usrs o dk;ZdrsZ jktdh; lÙkk gLrxr dj.;klkBh
lkrR;kus uouO;k dkj.kkapk 'kks/k ?ksr vlrkr -
tekroknkps ifj.kke%&
okLrfod ^^tekrokn** gh ladYiuk fof'k"V /kekZph /kekaZ/krk okf'kdo.kkjh ladYiuk vlY;kus frps ve;kZn nks"k vkgsr - tekroknkps dkgh çeq[k ifj.kke iqlkaxrk ;srhy -
1½ tekr oknkeqGs /kekaZ/krsr ok< gksÅu lektkr dk;e Lo:ikr r.kkoxzLrrk fuek Z.k gksrs-
2½ tekr oknkeqGs lkekftd ,dkRersyk /kksdk fuekZ.k gksrks -
3½ tekr oknkeqGs jk"Vªh; ,drk o v[kaMrk /kksD;kr ;sÅ 'kdrs -
4½ /kekaZ/krk gk tekroknkpk egÙokpk xkHkk vlY;kus /kkfeZd naxyhauk çksRlkgu feGrs o 'kkarrk ]
dk;nk o lqO;oLFkk /kksD;kr ;srs- munotes.in
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अध्यया्य 3 सयामयावजक गवतिीलतया
715½ tekroknkeqGs HkkjrkP;k /keZfujis{krsyk Hkkjrh; lafo/kkukyk /kksdk fuekZ.k >kyk vkgs -
6½ tekr oknkeqGs yksd'kkgh jktdh; O;oLFkk o jktdh; fopkjç.kkyh ojhy yksdkapk fo'okl deh
gks.;kpk /kksdk vkgs -
7½ tekroknkeqGs yksdkaP;k fodklkP;k eqí~;kdMs o O ;kogkfjd leL;kadMs nqyZ{k dsys tkrs - mnk-
;qodkaph csjkstxkjh ] f'k{k.k ik;kHkwr lqfo/kk b - ckchauk /kekaZ/krsps iq8½ lfg".kqrk Hkkjrh; lektkps egÙokps oSf'k"Vîk vkgs - vkEgh vkeph ers ] Hkkouk ;kaP;kbrdsp
nqlÚ;kph ers o Hkkouk ;kauk egÙo nsrks R;keqGs lektkr 'kkarrk o ijLij lgdk;Z lyks[kk
jk[kyk tkrks - tekr oknkeqGs R;kyk /kksdk fuekZ.k gksrks -
v'kkçdkjs tekroknkps Hkkjrh; lektkoj nh?kZdkG nq"ifj.kke gksÅ 'kdrkr -
Hkkjrh; jkT;?kVuk vkf.k tekrokn
Hkkjrkyk tekroknh jktdkj.kkeqGs eksBs uqdlku lgu djkos ykxys vkgss /kekZa/krk ] /kkfeZd la?k"kZ ;keqGs
Hkkjrkph QkG.kh >kyh vkgs - ;k /kDD;krwu Hkkjr lkojr vlrkuk /kekZpk jktdkj.kklkBh okij d:u
jk"Vªh; ,dkRersyk /kksdk fuekZ.k >kysyk vkgs - ;kps çeq[k dkj.k Eg.kts HkkjrkP;k jkT;?kVusph ;ksX ;
izdkjs vaeyctko.kh u gks.ks gsp vkgs -
Hkkjrkph jkT;?kVuk gh HkkjrkP;k çR;sd ukxfjdkyk Lokra«; ] lerk] ca/kqHkko vkf.k U;k;kph geh nsrs -
Hkkjrkr fofo/k tkrh ] tekrh] /keZ] :dks.krkp /keZ jk"Vªh; fodk lkP;k vkM ;s.kkj ukgh ] ;kph n{krk ?kVukdkjkauh ?ksryh vkgs - R;klkBhp
Hkkjrh; jkT;?kVusus /keZfujis{krsps rÙo Lohdkjys vkgs - R;kizek.ks&
1½ Hkkjrkpk dks.krkgh vf/k —r /keZ vl.kkj ukgh -
2½ vYila[;kad /keZ vlks vlks fdaok cgqla[;kdkapk /keZ vlks loZ /keZ leku ekuus o loZ /kekaZuk
leku okx.kwd ns.ks -
3½ cgqla[;kad /kkfeZd opZLo oknkiklwu vYila[;kadkaps laj{k.k dj.;klkBh vYila[;kadkauk fo'ks"k laj{k.k ns.ks - FkksMD;kr Hkkjrh; jkT; ?kVusus loZ Hkkjrh; ukxfjdkauk Lokra«;kpk gDd fnyk vkgs R;kuqlkj çR;sd Hkkjrh; ukxfjdkyk dk;|kP;k pkSdVhr jkgwu vkiY;k /kekZps ikyu dj.;kpk ] vkiY;k /kekZpk çpkj
o çlkj dj.;kpk vf/kdkj fnysyk vkg - s FkksMD;kr jkT;?kVusus /keZ gh O;fäxr ckc ekaMyh vlwu
lkoZtfud thoukr O;ähus /keZfujis{krsP;k rÙokps ikyu djkos v'kh ?kVukdkjkauh vis{ kk dsyh vkgs - ijarq vyhdMhy dkGkr /keZfujis{krsP;k rÙokdMs nqyZ{k d:u /kkfeZdrsyk vf/kd egÙo fnys tkr vkgs- vyhdMsp ^fganqRo* gk /keZ ulwu thoui)rh vkgs vlk fudky fnY;kus dkgh ç'u fuekZ.k >kys
vkgsr- mnk- fganqRo thoui)rh vlsy rj bLyke ] f[kz’pu gh lq)k tho ui)rh vkgs - R;keqGsp /kekZP;k
vk/kkjkus jktdkj.kkr ers ekx.;kph lks; fuekZ.k >kyh vkgs - R;kpk /kekZP;k vk/kkjkoj jktdkj.k
i{kkuh xSjQk;nk ?ks.;kl lq#okr dsyh vkgs - /keZ] tkr ;k vk/kkjkoj jktdkj.k djrk ;s.kkj ukgh vls
?kVusps ca/ku vlrkukgh vkt m?kMi.ks /ke kZpk jktdkj.kklkBh okij dsyk tkr vkgs - gs ?kVukfojks/kh
vkgs- FkksMD;kr tekrokn ex rks fganq vlks dh eqfLye cgqla[;kdkapk vlkss rks ?kVuk fojks/khp vkgs - munotes.in
Page 72
भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
72Hkkjrkr lerk ] ca/kqHkko] 'kkarrk] lqO;oLFkk] lkekftd] /kkfeZd lyks[kk ] ,sD; fuekZ.k dj.;klkBh /keZfujis{krk gs rRo vR;ar egÙokps vkgs - ijarq LokFkhZ tekroknh jktdkj.kkus ;k /keZfujis{krsP;k
rRokcjkscjp Hkkjrh; jkT;?kVusykghs vkOgku fnys vkgs -
tekroknh ço`Ùkh deh dj.;klkBh%&
1½ Hkkjrh; jkT;?kVus e/khy /keZfujis{k ewY;kaph tksikluk dj.;klkBh ç;Ru dj.ks -
2½ /kkfeZd lyks[kk fuekZ.k dj.;klkBh o ijer lfg".kqrk o`Ùkh okek/;ekauh egÙokph Hkwfedk ctko.ks vko';d vkgs -
3½ 'kS{kf.kd laLFkk ] vH;kldze bR;knhaP;k ek/;ekrwu fo|kF;kZaoj ^loZ/keZleHkko* ;k laca/kkaps laLdkj
dj.ks- ;k –"Vhus vYila[;kadkaP;k 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkae/khy 'kS{kf.kd miØe o vH;klØe R;koj
fu;a=.k Bso.ks vko';d vkgs - brdsp uOgs rj cgqla[;kapk tekrokn jks[k.;klkBh R;kauh pkyfoysY;k 'kS{kf.kd miØekoj e;kZnk ?kky.ks vko';d vkgs - 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkae/kwu ?kVukRed
ewY;kaoj Hkj ns. ks vko';d vkgs -
4½ O;DrhP;k tM.k?kM.khph lq#okr dqVqackiklwu gksrs - tekroknkps ifj.kke vkt brj dqVqackoj
gksr vkgsr - Hkfo";dkGkr vkiys dqVqacgh tekroknkps cGh iMw 'kdrs ] ;kph tk.kho Bsowu vkbZ&ofMykauh vkiY;k eqykaoj /keZfujis{krsps o loZ/keZleHkkokps laL dkj dj.ks vko';d vkgs - 5½ csjkstxkj ;qqod tekroknkP;k izpkjkyk cGh iMrkr - Eg.kwu csjkstxkj ] nzkfjnz ;klkj[;k leL;k
lksMfo.;koj Hkj ns.ks vko’;d vkgs -
6½ Hkkjrh; jkT;?kVusus tkr ] /keZ ;k vk/kkjkoj fuoM.kwdk y;ksX; vaeyctko.kh vko’;d vkgs - tkr /kekZP;k vk/kkjkoj dsoG fuoM.kwd yR;k vk/kkjkoj ers ekx.kk Ú;k mesnokjkph mesnokjhgh jn~n dj.;klkBh dk;Zokgh dj.ks vko’;d
vkgs-
7½ ljdkjusgh fof'k"V /kekZPkk vuqu; u djrk loZ /keZkuk lekursph okx.kwd ns.;kps /kksj.k
Lohdkjys ikfgts - ;kp –"Vhus loZ/kehZ; yksdka'kh ppkZ d:u ^^ leku ukxjh dk;|kph** vaeyctko.kh gks.ks vko';d vkgs -
v'kk vusd mik;;kstuk dj.ks 'kD; vkgs vkgs - R;klkBh 'kklu&lekt ] jktdh; i{k ] la?kVuk ;kauh
lkeatL; o lgdk;kZus dke dj.ks vko';d vkgs -
lkjka'k%&
/kekZyk vfrjsdh egÙo ns.kkjh ] /kekZa/krk iljfo.kkjh o brj /kekZP;k }s"kkoj vk/kkjysyh ] O;ähph vkf.k
lewgkph ekufld voLFkk Eg.kts ^tekrokn* gks; - ;kp tekroknkP;k vfrjsdh i.kkeqGs Hkkjrkph QkG.kh
>kyh vkgs - fo'ks"k Eg.kts ;krwu dks.krkgh /kMk u ?ksrk jktdh; lÙkk gLrxr dj.;klkBh /kekZpk okij
dsyk tkr vkgs - R;klkBh r#.kkae/;s /kekaZ/krk iljowu naxyh ?kMowu vk.k.;kpk ç;Ru gksr vkgs - R;kpk
jk"Vªh; ,dkRersyk /kksdk fuekZ.k gksr vkgs - v'kh gh tekroknh ladYiuk jkT;?kVukfojks/kh vkgs -
munotes.in
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अध्यया्य 3 सयामयावजक गवतिीलतया
73vkiyh çxrh riklk%&
1½ tekroknkpk vFkZ o O;k[;k Li"V djk -
2½ fganw tekrokn o eqfLye tekr okn ;k ladYiuk Li"V d:u ;k tekroknakpk fodkl dlk
>kyk rs fygk -
3½ Hkkjrkrhy tekroknkph dkj.ks dks.krh \
4½ lektoknkps ifj.kke Li"V djk -
5½ ^tekrokn vkf.k Hkkjrh; jkT;?kVuk*;koj Hkk"; djk -
3-3 fyaxHkko ¼jktdh; lgHkkxkP;k lanHkkZr½
mfí"Vs%&
Hkkjrkus jkT;?kVusP;k ek/;ekrwu lalnh; yksd'kkghpk Lohdkj dsyk - lalnh; yksd'kkghr yksdkapk lgHkkx vR;ar egÙokpk vlrks - dkj.k lalnh; yksd'kkghr vafre lÙkk tursP;k gkrkr vlrs - Hkkjrh;
jkT; ?kVusus çR;sd L=h&iq#"k ukxfjdkyk loZ çdkjps gDd lekursus fnys vkgs - vls vlys rjh
Hkkjrkr vktgh fL=;kapk jktdkj.kkrhy lgHkkx vkgs - ;k–"Vhus fL=;kaP;k vYi lgHkkxkph dkj.ks dks.krh\ fL=;kapk jktdh; lgHkkx oklgHkkx okmís'k vkgsr -
çLrkouk%&
txkrhy cgqla[;kad ns'kkaçek.ks Hkkjrkrgh iq#"k ç/kku laL —rh vkgs- lkekftd] /kkfeZd vkf.k jktdh;
{ks=krgh iq#"kkaps opZLo vkgss Hkkjrkr L=hyk nsoh vkf.k lkeFkZ~;kps çrhd ekuys tkr vlys rjh O;ogkjkr :vkgs- euqLe`rh ;k xzaFkkae/;s fL=;kauk ijkoyach o iq#"kkaP;k ethZoj voyacwu jkg.;kpk lYyk fnyk
vkgs- fL=yk dks .kR;kgh çdkjps ukgh vls Li"V 'kCnkr lkafxrys vkgs - /keZxzaFk vkf.k lkekftd ] /kkfeZd
pkfyjhrhauh L=h;kauk ijk/khu cufoys vkgs - R;keqGs fL=;kauk f'k{k.kklg fodklkP;k loZ {ks=kiklwu tk.khoiwoZd oafpr Bsoys vkgs -
Lokra=iwoZ dkGkr o Lokra«;mÙkj dkGkr vusd lekt lq/kkjdkauh fL=;kauk f'k{k.k ns.;kpk ] fL=;kaoj
gks.kkjs vR;kpkj Fkkacfo.;kpk ] :egkRek T;ksfrjko Qqys lkfo=hckbZ Qqys ] /kksaMks ds'ko dosZ ] jktkjke eksgu jk; ] M‚DVj ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj] xksikG x.k s'k vkxjdj ] egkRek xka/kh b - lektlq/kkjdkapk lekos'k gksrks - R;kauh lrh i)rh ]
ckyfookg ] fL=;kaps ds'koiu ] fo/kok iqufoZokgkyk fojks/k bR;knh fL=;kauk xqyke cufo.kk Ú;k o R;kaP;k
vekuq"k NG dj.kk Ú;k :la/kh feGowu ns.;kpk ç;Ru dsyk - ;kpk ifj.kke Eg.kts fL=;k f'k{k.k ?ksÅu Lokoyach gksÅ ykxY;k -
lkoZtfud {ks=kr lektkps çfrfuf/kRo d: ykxY;k - munotes.in
Page 74
भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
74HkkjrkP;k Lokra«;y<îkkr lgHkkx ?ksÅu fL=;kauh vki.k iq#"kkais{kk deh ukgh gs fl ) dsys ijarq ns'k
lsok vkf.k lkoZtfud {ks=kr fL=;k dk;Z{kersus dk;Z d: 'kdrkr gsgh fl) dsys - Lokra«;kP;k pGoGhr
mPpoxhZ; fL=;kacjkscjp e/;eoxkZrhy fL=;kauhgh lgHkkx ?ksryk gksrk - ;kr vWuh cs>aV ] voafrdkckbZ
xks[kys] ljksftuh uk;Mw ] deyk nsoh pVksik/;k; ] dWIVu y{eh lgxy ] dYiuk nÙk] v#.kk vlQ vyh ]
m"kk esgrk b - vusd efgyk Lokra«;lsukuhapk lekos'k gksrks -
Lokra«;kP;k pGoGh cjkscjp lkekftd lq/kkj.ksP;k pGoGhrgh R;kauh lgHkkx ?ksryk gksrk - vFkkZrp
;kph lq#okr lkfo=hckbZ Qqys ;kaP;kiklwu gksrs - M‚DVj ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkaP;k usr`Ro k[kkyh pkyysY;k
lq/kkj.ksP;k pGoGhr L=h;kauh lgHkkx ?ksryk gksrk - ;kr lhrkckbZ xk;dokM ] 'kkarkckbZ nkuh ] jekckbZ
tk/ko ;kapk mYys[k djrk ;sbZy -
Lokra«;k cjkscjp lkekftd pGoGhr fL=;kapk lgHkkx mYys[kuh; vkgsp ijarq Lokra«;iwoZ dkGkiklwup
fL=;kauh la?kfVri. ks dk;Z dj.;klkBh dkgh la?kVuk LFkkiu dsY;k gksR;k - mnk- ;kr efgyk lferh -
foesUl Dyc ] foesUl bafM;u vlksfl,'ku b - la?kVukapk mYys[k djkok ykxsy - v'kkçdkjs Lokra«;iwoZ
dkGkrhy efgykapk lkoZtfud {ks=kr ços'k >kyk gksrk ijarq lÙkk Li/ksZP;k jktdkj.kkr fL=;kap k lgHkkx
vktgh visf{kr çek.kkr ukgh - vktgh jktdkj.k gs iq#"kkaps {ks= vkgs vls ekuys tkr vkgs -
efgykapk jktdkj.kkrhy lgHkkx%&
fczVu gh yksd'kkghph tuuh ekuys tkrs - Hkkjrkoj ;kp fczfV’kkaps 150 o"ksZ jkT; gksrs - ijarq rjhgh
yksd'kkghoknh fczVh’kkapk Hkkjrkrhy fL=;kauk ernkukpk gDd ns.;kl fojks/k gksrk - fczVh’kdkyhu Hkkjrkr
fuoM.kqdk e;kZfnr Lo:ikr gksR;k - T;kr /kkfeZd ] lkeqnkf;d vkf.k O;kolkf;d ckchauk vk/kkjHkwr letwu ofxZdj.k dsysY;k tkxkaoj mesnokj mHks dsys tkr vlr - R;klkBh fuoMd yksdkauk ernku
dj.;kph ijokuxh vlss - Hkkjrkrhy efgykauk ernkukpk feG.;klkBh la?kfVr yeqacbZ vkf.k eækl ¼vkrkph eqacbZ vkf.k psUubZ ½;k çkarkrhy efgykauk çFke ernkukpk vf/kdkj feGkyk -
R;kuarj 1923 rs 1930 ;k njE;ku lkr çkarkae/;s efgykauk ernkukpk vf/kdkj ns.;kr vkyk -
1935P;k dk;n;kus ;k vf/kdkjkpk foLrkj dj.;kr vkyk - 1937P;k çkafrd fuoM.kqdkae/;s fofo/k
çkarkrwu 56 efgyk fuoMY;k xsY;k rj dsaæh; dk;ns eaMGkr 30 efgykaph fuoM >kyh -
Lokra«;ksRRkj dkGkrhy jktdkj.kkr efgykapk lgHkkx%&
Lokra«;ksRRkj dkGkr Hkkjr h; jkT;?kVusP;k dye 14 uqlkj HkkjrkP;k çR;sd ukxfjdkyk lerspk
vf/kdkj fnyk vkgs - R;kuqlkj tkr ] /keZ] oa'k] Hkk"kk] çns'k] fyax bR;knh dkj.kko:u O;äh O;äh
HksnHkko djrk ;s.kkj ukgh v'kh Li"V rjrwn dsyh vkgs - R;keqGs çR;sd L=h&iq#"k ukxfjdkauk loZ
vf/kdkj le kursusp fnys vkgsr - Eg.kwup jktdh; {ks=krgh fL=;kauk R;kP;k fyaxHksnkP;k vk/kkjkoj
mesnokjh fdaok ernkukpk vf/kdkj ukdkjrk ;sr ukgh - vFkkZr Hkkjrh; jkT; ?kVusus efgykauk leku
vf/kdkj fnyk vlyk rjh iq#"kç/kku laL —rh vkf.k iq#"klÙkkd O;oLFkk ;keqGs jktdkj.kk r efgykapk
visf{kr lgHkkx ok1959 e/;s cyoarjk; esgrk ;kaP;k f'kQkj'kho:u yksd'kkghP;k fodsanzhdj.kklkBh ^iapk;r jkt* O;oLFkk
ykxw dj.;kr vkyh - ftYgk ifj"kn ] iapk;r lferh vkf.k xzkeiapk;r ;k rhugh Lrjkoj izR;{k fuoM.kwdk
?ks.;kl lq#okr >kyh - egkjk"Vªkr 1961 iklwu ^^iapk;r jkt** veykr vkys - vkf.k fL=;kaP;k munotes.in
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अध्यया्य 3 सयामयावजक गवतिीलतया
75jktdkj.kkrhy lgHkkxkyk pkyuk feGkyh - ijarq lq#okrhP;k dkGkr jktdh; okjlk vlysY;k dqVqackrhy
fL=;kapkp lgHkkx vf/kd gksrk - 1990 e/;s jktdkj.kkrhy efgykapk lgHkkx ok5 ,fçy 1990 jksth ek - 'kjn iokj ;kaP;k ljdkjus ,d egÙoiw.kZ fu.kZ; ?ksryk - LFkkfud LojkT;
laLFkkae/;s fL=;kauk 30 VDds tkxk jk[kho ns.;kr vkY;k ] o egkjk"Vªkr 1992 P;k LFkkfud LojkT;
laLFkkaP;k fuoM.kqdhr 30VDds efgyk LFkkfud lÙksr lgHkkxh >kY;k -
uarj v'kkp çdkjpk fu.kZ; dsaæh; ikrGhoj 1992 e/;s ?ks.;kr vkyk - Hkkjrh; lalnsus 22 fMlsacj
1992 jksth 73 oh ?kVuknq#Lrh eatwj d:u laiw.kZ Hkkjrkr ,dleku iapk;r jkt O;oLFkk ykxw dsyh
o Hkkjrkr loZ jkT;krhy LFkkfud LojkT; laLFkkae/;s efgykalkBh ,d r`fr’kka’k tkxk jk[kho BsoY ;k-
R;ke/;s vuqlwfpr tkrh o tekrhP;k efgykalkBh jk[kho vlysY;k tkxkpkgh lekos'k dsyk vkgs - v'kk
tkxk iapk;rhP;k fofo/k fuokZpu {ks=ke/;s pØkdkj i)rhus foHkkthr dsY;k tkrkr - brdsp uOgs rj
ljiap] lHkkirh ;k inkoj gh efgykauk pØkdkj i)rhus jk[kho tkxk fnyh tk rs- ;k ?kVuknq#Lrhus
jktdkj.kkpk okjlk ulysY;k dqVqackrhy o loZ tkrh /kekZrhy efgykauk jktdkj.kkr lgHkkxh gks.;kph
la/kh feGkyh vkgs - R;keqGs jktdh; {ks=krhy fu.kZ;çfØ;sr efgykauk lgHkkxh gks.;kph la/kh çkIr >kyh
vkgs-
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Page 76
भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
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अध्यया्य 3 सयामयावजक गवतिीलतया
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अध्यया्य 3 रयाष्ट्ी्य सुरक्ेपुढील आवहयाने
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भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
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अध्यया्य 3 रयाष्ट्ी्य सुरक्ेपुढील आवहयाने
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अध्यया्य 3 रयाष्ट्ी्य सुरक्ेपुढील आवहयाने
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भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
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अध्यया्य 3 रयाष्ट्ी्य सुरक्ेपुढील आवहयाने
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अध्यया्य 3 रयाष्ट्ी्य सुरक्ेपुढील आवहयाने
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भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
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अध्यया्य 3 रयाष्ट्ी्य सुरक्ेपुढील आवहयाने
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