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BH$mB© 1
{hÝXr H$hmZr H$m {dH$mg - S>m°. g˶dVr Mm¡~o1
BH$mB © H$s ê$na oIm
1.1 Ama§{^H$ H$mb
1.1 {ÛVr¶ CËWmZ H$mb
1.3 CËH$f© H$mb
JÚ H$s Aݶ {dYmAm| H$s ^m±{V {hÝXr H$hmZr H$m {dH$mg AmYw{ZH$ ¶wJ ‘|
hþAm& H$hmZr Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| {dÛmZm| ‘o§ ‘V^oX h¡& Hw$N> AmbmoMH$ H$hmZr
H$m Ama§^ {‘l Ho$ "Zm{gHo$Vmonm»¶mZ' Am¡a B§emAëbm Im± H$s "amZr Ho$VH$s H$s
H$hmZr go ‘mZVo h¢& {H$ÝVw BZ H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| AmYw{ZH$ H$hmZr Ho$ VËdm| H$m g‘mdoe
Zht h¡& CÝZrgdt eVmãXr Ho$ CÎmamX²Y© ‘| amOm {edàgmX {gVmao {hÝX Zo "amOm ^moO
H$m gnZm' H$hmZr H$s aMZm H$s, bo{H$Z Bg H$hmZr ‘| M‘ËH$ma, H$ënZm Am¡a AmXe©
H$s àYmZVm h¡, Bgo AmYw{ZH$ H$hmZr H$s loUr ‘| aIZm C{MV Zht bJVm& Hw$N> bmoJ
h[aíM§X H$s "EH$ AX²^wV Am¡a Anyd© ñdßZ' H$mo ^r AmYw{ZH$ H$hmZr H$s nhbr
H$hmZr ‘mZVo h¢ na ¶h ^r AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s H$gm¡Q>r na Iar Zht CVaVr& A{YH$m§e
{dX²dmZm| Zo {H$emoarbmb Jmoñdm‘r "BÝXþ‘{V' H$mo nhbr H$hmZr ‘mZm h¡& bo{H$Z Bg
na ^r {dX²dmZm| ‘| ‘V^oX h¡&
Cnamoº$ ~mVm| H$mo ܶmZ ‘| aIVo hþE h‘ {hÝXr H$hmZr H$s {dH$mg ¶mÌm H$mo
{ZåZ{b{IV ê$n go àñVwV H$a gH$Vo h¢&
1.1 Ama§{^H$ H$mb
gZ² 1900 go gZ² 1910 VH$ Omo H$hm{Z¶m± àH$me ‘| AmVr h¢ do h¢ -
{H$emoarbmb Jmoñdm‘r H$s "B§Xþ‘{V' (1900), ‘mYd àgmX {‘l H$s "‘Z
H$s M§MbVm' Am¡a "Q>moH$ar ^a {‘Q²>Q>r' (1910), am‘M§Ð ew³b H$s "½¶mah df© H$m
g‘¶' (1903), {J[aOm XÎm ~mOno¶r H$s "n§{S>V Am¡a n§{S>VmZr' (1906), ~§J
‘{hbm H$s "XþbmB©dmbr'(1907), d¥§XmdZbmb d‘m© H$s "amIr~§X ^mB©' (1909)&
BZ‘o§ go "B§Xþ‘{V' H$hmZr na ¶h Amamon {H$¶m OmVm h¡ ¶h H$hmZr ‘m¡{bH$
H$hmZr Zht h¡& Bg na eo³g{n¶a Ho$ "Q>oånoñQ>' H$m à^md h¡& bo{H$Z H$WmZH$ H$s
g‘agVm, dmVmdaU H$m gOrd {MÌU Am¡a ^mfm àdmh H$s Ñ{ï> go Bg H$hmZr H$mo
{hÝXr gm{h˶ H$s nhbr H$hmZr ‘mZm Om gH$Vm h¡&munotes.in
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BZ g^r H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| H$WmdñVw, M[aÌ-{MÌU, XoeH$mb dmVmdaU, {eën
{dYmZ O¡go H$hmZr Ho$ g^r VËd {dÚ‘mZ h¢& Bg H$mb ‘| ‘m¡{bH$ H$hm{Z¶m| H$s
Anojm AZwdmXm| H$mo A{YH$ ~‹T>mdm {‘bm& ~§J‘{hbm Am¡a nmd©VrZ§XZ Zo ~§Jbm ^mfm
go, amYmH¥$îU Xmg Zo g§ñH¥$V go AZoH$ H$hm{Z¶mo§ H$m {hÝXr ‘| AZwdmX {H$¶m&
1.2 {ÛVr¶ CËWmZ H$mb :
Bg H$mb H$mo {dH$mg H$mb ^r H$hm OmVm h¡ & BgH$m g‘¶ 1911 go
1946 VH$ ‘mZm OmVm h¡& gZ² 1911 ‘| M§ÐYa e‘m© "Jwboar' Or H$s "gwI‘¶
OrdZ' Am¡a O¶e§H$a àgmX H$s H$hmZr "J«m‘' VWm Or.nr. lrdmñVd H$s "{nH${ZH$'
H$hm{Z¶m| Ho$ àH$meZ go {hÝXr ‘| H$hmZr Ho$ EH$ ZE ¶wJ H$m gyÌnmV hþAm& Bg
H$hmZr Ho$ à‘wI H$hmZrH$ma M§ÐYa e‘m© "Jwboar', ào‘M§X, {dídå^aZmW e‘m© "H$m¡{eH$',
O¶ e§H$a àgmX, M§S>r àgmX, öX¶oe, {dZmoX e§H$a ì¶mg, am‘ eaU JwßV, d¥§XmdZbmb
d‘m©, ^JdVr àgmX dmOno¶r, nm§S>o¶ ~oMoZ e‘m© "CJ«', ¶enmb, ^JdVr MaU d‘m©,
O¡ZoÝÐ, Bbm M§Ð Omoer, Ako¶ Am{X ‘mZo OmVo h¢& Bg ¶wJ H$s n{ÌH$mAm|- "BÝXþ',
"gañdVr', "gwYm', "‘mYwar', "Mm±X', "H$‘bm', "Aä¶wX¶' Am{X ‘| {hÝXr H$hm{Z¶m|
H$mo Cn¶w³V ñWmZ àmá hþAm Am¡a H$hmZr boIZ H$mo EH$ ZB© J{V {‘br&
{hÝXr H$hmZr H$m ¶h {ÛVr¶ CËWmZ H$mb ~hþV ‘hÎdnyU© h¡& Bg H$mb ‘|
~hþV gr ‘m¡{bH$ H$hm{Z¶m± g‘mZo AmBª, Omo {hÝXr H$hmZr gm{h˶ H$s A‘yë¶ ñWm¶r
{Z{Y ~Z JB©& Bg ¶wJ ‘| ^md‘ybH$ Am¡a ¶WmW©dmXr Xmo àH$ma H$s H$hm{Z¶m± {bIr
JBª& ^md‘ybH$ H$hm{Z¶m| Ho$ OZH$ O¶e§H$a àgmX Am¡a ¶WmW©dmXr AmXem}Ý‘wI H$hm{Z¶m|
Ho$ OZH$ ào‘M§X Wo& àgmX Ho$ ^md‘ybH$ H$hm{Z¶m| Ho$ H$WmonH$WZ H${dËd‘¶ Am¡a
öX¶ ‘| Mw^Zo dmbo h¢& CZ‘| àmMrZ g‘¶ H$s g§ñH¥${V Am¡a dmVmdaU H$m g’$b
{‘lU hþAm h¡& àgmX H$s H$hm{Z¶m| H$m {eën-{dYmZ gd©Wm ‘m¡{bH$ h¡& CgH$m
Ama§^ BVZm ‘Zmod¡km{ZH$ VWm ZmQ>H$s¶ hmoVm h¡ {H$ nmR>H$ H$mo do ñdV: hr AmH${f©V
H$a boVr h¡§& CZH$m A§V ^r à^mdembr Am¡a Aà˶m{eV hmoVm h¡ {H$ nmR>H$ H$m ‘Z
PH$Pmoa CR>Vm h¡ Am¡a dh EH$ g‘ñ¶m nwZ: gwbPmZo bJVm h¡& àgmXOr H$s H$hm{Z¶m|
Zo {hÝXr H$mo EH$ ZB© {Xem àXmZ H$s Am¡a Bg àH$ma H$s H$hm{Z¶m| H$s EH$ ZdrZ
Ymam hr àdm{hV hmo Mbr {Og‘| am‘ H¥$îUXmg, dmMñn{V nmR>H$ Am{X à‘wI h¢&
{Og àH$ma ào‘M§X Cnݶmg gm{h˶ Ho$ g‘«mQ> h¢ Cgr àH$ma {hÝXr H$hmZr
Ho$ ^r g‘«mQ> ‘mZo OmVo h¢ & {hÝXr H$hmZr Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| BZH$m à‘wI ñWmZ h¡& nhbr
~ma ào‘M§X Zo {hÝXr H$hmZr H$mo gm‘m{OH$Vm go Omo‹S>H$a XoIZo H$m à¶mg
{H$¶m& BZH$s VrZ gm¡ H$hm{Z¶m± "‘mZ gamoda' Ho$ Zm‘ go AmR> ^mJm| ‘| àH$m{eV h¢,
{Og‘| ^maVr¶ OZ ‘mZg H$s g‘ñV AmemAm|-AmH$m§jmAm| Am¡a {dg§J{V¶m| H$m Xe©Z
{H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¡&
ào‘M§X-¶wJ Ho$ Aݶ H$hmZrH$mam| ‘| {dídå^aZmW e‘m© H$m¡{eH$ Zo AmXe©dmXr
Ñ{ï>H$moU go gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a nm[adm[aH$ H$hm{Z¶m| H$s aMZm H$s h¡& BZH$s H$hm{Z¶m| ‘|munotes.in
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Ohm± ào‘M§X O¡gr gab ì¶mdhm[aH$ ^mfm {‘bVr h¡, dht öX¶oe H$s àd¥{Îm, àgmX
H$s g§ñH¥$V{Zð>Vm Am¡a H${dËdnyU© e¡br ^r {dÚ‘mZ h¡& {dZmoXe§H$a ì¶mg H$s H$hm{Z¶m|
‘| ào‘M§X Am¡a àgmX H$s H$hmZr H$bm H$m g‘Ýd¶ {‘bVm h¡ & BgHo$ {dnarV am{YH$ma‘U
àgmX qgh H$s H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| ^r Bg àd¥{Îm Ho$ Xe©Z hmoVo h¢& BZH$s H$ënZm‘ybH$
¶WmW©dmXr H$hmZr "H$mZm| ‘| H§$JZm' (1916) H$s JUZm {hÝXr H$s loð>V‘ H$hm{Z¶m|
‘| H$s OmVr h¡&
Bgr g‘¶ gwXe©Z Zo ào‘M§X Am¡a H$m¡{eH$ H$s ^m±{V gm‘m{OH$ VWm nm[adm[aH$
H$hm{Z¶m| H$s aMZm H$s, {Og‘| AmXe©dmXr ‘Zmod¥{Îm na A{YH$ ~b {X¶m J¶m&
BZH$s H$hm{Z¶m± "gwXe©Z-gw‘Z',"gwXe©Z-gwYm', "VrW© ¶mÌm', gwà^mV Am{X g§J«hm|
‘| g§H${bV h¡§& MVwagoZ emór Zo gm‘m{OH$ H$hm{Z¶m| Ho$ A{V[aº$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$hm{Z¶m|
H$s ^r aMZm H$s {OZ‘| "{^jwamO' VWm "XþIdm ‘¢ H$mgo H$hÿ± ‘moar gOZr' A{YH$
à{gÕ h¡& gy¶©H$mÝV {ÌnmR>r "{Zambm' H$s H$hm{Z¶m± ^r Bgr H$mb Ho$ A§VJ©V AmVr h¢
{Og‘| "gwHw$b H$s ~rdr', "gIr', "MVwar M‘ma', "{bbr' Am{X à‘wI h¢&
{dH$mg H$mb Ho$ A{YH$m§e H$hmZrH$ma ào‘M§X H$s e¡br go à^m{dV aho h¡§&
{g¶mam‘ eaU H$s H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| ‘Zmod¡km{ZH$ ¶WmW© H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ ‘| AmXe©dmXr OrdZ
Ñ{ï> na A{YH$ ܶmZ {X¶m J¶m h¡ & d¥§XmdZbmb Zo Eo{Vhm{gH$ Am¡a gm‘m{OH$
H$hm{Z¶m± {bIr h¡§& ^JdVr àgmX dmOno¶r H$s H$hm{Z¶m± ^r ào‘M§X H$s à^md-
na§nam ‘| AmVr h¢& Xÿgar Amoa CJ« Am¡a ¶enmb H$s H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a
amOZr{VH$ {dg§J{V¶m| H$mo CKm‹S>m J¶m h¡&
ào‘M§X Ho$ níMmV O¡ZoÝÐ H$m Zm‘ H$hmZr joÌ ‘| {deof ê$n ‘| {b¶m OmVm
h¡& BÝhm|Zo H$hmZr H$mo ‘Zmo{dkmZ go Omo‹S>H$a EH$ ZB© {Xem Xr& BZH$s H$hm{Z¶m| ‘|
ì¶{º$ H$s ^mdZmAm| H$mo ñWmZ {‘bm h¡& Bgr àH$ma Ho$ H$hmZrH$ma BbmM§X Omoer ^r
h¢ & BZH$s H$hm{Z¶m± "N>m¶m', "Amhþ{V', "{Xdmbr' Am{X ‘| g§H${bV h¢& ¶o ’«$m¶S> Ho$
{gX²Ym§V go à^m{dV h¢& Ako¶ ^r ‘Zmod¡km{ZH$ H$hmZrH$mam| ‘| AmVo h¢& BZ na ^r
’«$m¶S> Ho$ {gX²Ym§V H$m à^md h¡& ¶o ì¶{º$dmX go ào[aV {XImB© XoVo h¢& BZHo$ H$hmZrg§J«h
- "H$moR>mar H$s ~mV', "{dnWJm', "H${‹S>¶m±', "O¶Xmob', ¶o Voao à{Vê$n' Am¡a "A‘a
~ëbar' Am{X h¡§ & Bg H$mb ‘| Hw$N> àJ{VdmXr H$hm{Z¶m± ^r {bIr JB© h¢ {OZ‘|
¶enmb, am§Jo¶ amKd, M§Ð{H$aU gmoZ[a³gm, nhm‹S>r H$s H$hm{Z¶m± à‘wI h¢&
{dH$mgH$mb H$s Aݶ CnbpãY¶m| ‘| Oo.nr. lrdmñVd Am¡a AÝZnyUm©Z§X H$s
hmñ¶ag H$s H$hm{Z¶m± VWm ‘hmXodr d‘m©, gw^ÐmHw$‘mar Mm¡hmZ, CfmXodr {‘Ìm, hmo‘dVr
Xodr, H$‘bm Mm¡Yar Am{X H$s nm[adm[aH$ H$hm{Z¶m± ^r ‘hÎdnyU© h¢&
Bg àH$ma, ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ {dH$mg H$mb ‘| g‘mO, amOZr{V, B{Vhmg,
‘Zmo{dkmZ Am{X go g§~X²Y {d{dY àH$ma H$s H$hm{Z¶m± {bIr JBª& BZ‘| ¶m Vmo
AmXe©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moU à‘wI h¡ AWdm ¶WmW© H$m AmXem}Ý‘wIr {MÌU {H$¶m J¶m h¡&
‘Zmo{dkmZ, Xe©Z Am{X H$m ñda ^r Bg ¶wJ H$s H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| ‘wI[aV hþAm h¡&munotes.in
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1.3 CËH$f© H$mb
BgH$m g‘¶ gZ² 1947 go A~ VH$ ‘mZm OmVm h¡& ào‘M§X ¶wJ ‘| H$hmZr-
H$bm àm¶: g^r {XemAm| ‘o§ {dH${gV hmo MwH$s Wr VWm{n CËH$f© H$mb ‘| Hw$N> àd¥{Îm¶m±
C^at& Am±M{bH$ H$hmZr Am¡a ZB© H$hmZr Bg Ñ{ï> go {deofV: CëboIZr¶ h¢& Am±M{bH$
H$hmZrH$mam| ‘| ’$UrídaZmW aoUw, {edn«gmX qgh, ‘mH©$ÊS>o¶, am§Jo¶ amKd Am¡a amOoÝÐ
AdñWr à‘wI h¢& Bg ¶wJ H$s Xÿgar CëboIZr¶ àd¥{Îm ZB© H$hmZr h¡, {OgH$m CX¶
gZ² 1955 Ho$ bJ^J hþAm& dV©‘mZ H$hmZrH$ma XoeH$mb H$s gr‘m ‘| Am~X²Y ahH$a
g‘J« {díd H$s KQ>ZmAm| go à^m{dV h¡§& g‘H$mbrZ OrdZ H$s CbPZm| ‘| ì¶{º$ H$r
Hw§$R>mAm| Am¡a g‘ñ¶mAm| H$m A§H$Z BZH$m ‘yb CÔoí¶ h¡§& Eogo H$hmZrH$ma ‘mohZ amHo$e,
H$‘boída, amOoÝÐ ¶mXd, ^rî‘ gmhZr, ‘ÝZy ^§S>mar Am{X h¡§ Omo {df¶ H$s àm‘m{UH$Vm
Am¡a H$Wm {eën na A{YH$ Omoa XoVo h¡§ & ZB© H$hmZr Zo AnZo H$mo nyd©dVu H$hmZr H$s
{OZ O‹S>VmAm| go ‘w³V {H$¶m Wm, gZ² 1962-64 VH$ AmVo-AmVo dh ñd¶§ Hw$N>
~±Yo-~±YmE ’$m‘y©bm|, ZwñIm| ‘| n‹S>H$a MwH$Zo bJVr h¡& gZ² 1964-65 Ho$ ~mX ZE
H$hmZrH$mam| Zo H$hmZr H$mo EH$ Z¶m Voda àXmZ {H$¶m, Cgo g‘H$mbrZ H$hmZr Ho$ ê$n
‘| à{V{ð>V {H$¶m J¶m& g‘H$mbrZ H$hmZr, ZB© H$hmZr go {OZ ^y{‘¶m| na AbJ hþB©,
CZH$s MMm© {d{^ÝZ H$hmZrH$mam| Am¡a H$Wm g‘rjH$m| Ûmam ~‹S>o-~‹S>o Xmdm| Ho$ gmW
H$s JB©& ZB© H$hmZr Am¡a g‘H$mbrZ H$hmZr Ho$ ~rM nhMmZ Ho$ {~ÝXþ BVZo ñnï> Zht
Wo, {OVZo ZB© H$hmZr Am¡a nyd©dVu H$hmZr Ho$ ~rM & {’$a ^r g‘H$mbrZ H$hmZr ‘|
Hw$N> Eogr {deofVmE± h¢ Omo CÝh| AbJ nhMmZ XoVr h¢ do h¢-¶WmW© H$s Amoa à¶mU,
aMZm à{H«$¶m H$m ‘m¡{bH$ AÝVa, n[adoe Ho$ à{V A{Ve¶ OmJê$H$Vm, ZB© ‘yë¶ Ñ{ï>,
g§~§Ym| Ho$ na§namJV ê$n H$m ZH$ma, Z¶m Z¡{VH$ ~moY, ór-nwê$f g§~§Ym| ‘| Ñ{ï> H$m
~Xbmd, H$hmZr ‘| OrdZ Ho$ Am{W©H$ nj H$s àYmZVm, ì¶dñWm Ho$ à{V amof, {dÐmohr
ñda Am¡a XþX©‘ {OOr{dfm, H$hmZr H$m amOZr{VH$ n[aàoú¶, ZJa Am¡a ‘hmZJa H$mo
‘w»¶ H$Wm ^y{‘¶m±, ^mfm H$s ZB© Vame Am¡a g‘¥X²Y {eën Am{X&
ZB© H$hmZr Am¡a CgHo$ ~mX Ho$ H$hmZr Am§XmobZm| ‘| ‘{hbm bo{IH$mAm| Zo ^r
‘hÎdnyU© ¶moJXmZ {X¶m h¡& ‘Þy ^§S>mar, H¥$îUm gmo~Vr, {edmZr, Cfm {ට~Xm, ‘‘Vm
H$m{b¶m, ‘ohê${ÝZgm, {MÌm ‘wX²Jb, Zm{gam, ‘¥Xþbm JJ©, ‘¡Ìo¶r nwînm, M§ÐH$mÝVm
Am{X AZoH$ bo{IH$mAm| Zo ór OrdZ H$mo Ho$ÝÐ ~ZmH$a g‘H$mbrZ g‘mO Ho$ O{Q>b
¶WmW© H$mo A{^춳V {H$¶m& Zmar H$mo EH$ AbJ nhMmZ Xr&
ZB© H$hmZr Ho$ ~mX {hÝXr H$hmZr ZB© {XemAm| ‘| {dH${gV hmoVr ahr& {hÝXr H$hmZr
H$mo H$B© Am§XmobZm| go JwOaZm n‹S>m h¡ O¡go AH$hmZr, g‘mZmÝVa H$hmZr, AMoVZ H$hmZr,
OZdmXr H$hmZr Am{X& CËH$f© H$mb ‘| BZ Am§XmobZm| H$mo ^r g‘oQ>Zm Amdí¶H$ h¡&
~XbVo g‘¶ Ho$ gmW g‘ñ¶mE± ^r ~Xb ahr h¡§& amOZr{VH$ ì¶dñWm Ho$
g^r ê$nm| na hmdr hmoH$a Cgo ^rVa go ImoIbm H$a ahr h¢& ^y‘§S>brH$aU Ho$ Zm‘munotes.in
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na ny±OrdmX H$m Z¶m g§H$Q> gm‘Zo Am ahm h¡& ‘r{S>¶m H$s VmH$V H$m ~mob~mbm h¡
Am¡a CgHo$ gm‘Zo ì¶{º$-Apñ‘Vm g§H$Q> J«ñV hmo ahr h¡, BZ g^r ~mVm| H$m à^md
AmO Ho$ H$hmZrH$mam| na ñnï> {XImB© n‹S>Vm h¡& Eogo H$hmZrH$ma h¢ - CX¶ àH$me,
AãXþëbmh, {ed‘y{V©, g¥O¶, g§Ord, g§O¶ ImVr, gVre O‘mbr, YraoÝÐ AñWmZm,
ñd¶§ àH$me, Aê$U àH$me, AbH$m gamdJr, gy¶©~mbm, Amo‘ àH$me ~mpë‘H$s
Am{X& Bg àH$ma {hÝXr H$hmZr AmO ^r H$϶ Am¡a {eën Ho$ ZE à{V‘mZ aMVo hþE
{dH$mg H$s AZoH$ {XemAmo§ H$s Amoa CÝ‘wI h¡&
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
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BH$mB © éna oIm
1.1 BH$mB © éna oIm
1.1 Zm¡H$ar n oem - H$‘b oída
1.1.1 H$‘b oída: OrdZ n[aM¶ Am¡a H ¥${V¶m ±
1.1.2 Zm¡H$ar n oem H$hmZr H$s n ¥ >^ y{‘
1.1.3 Zm¡H$ar n oem H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñV w
1.1.4 Mm[a{ÌH$ {de ofVmE ±
1.1.5 X oeH$mb n[apñWVr Am¡a dmVmdaU
1.1.6 Zm¡H$ar H$hmZr H$m CÔ oí¶
1.1.7 g‘rjmË‘H$ àíZ
1.1.8 bK wÎmar àíZ ({Q>ßn{U¶m ±)
1.1.9 g §X^ © g{hV AdVaU
1.1.10 dñV w{Z > àíZ
1.1.1 H$‘boída : OrdZ n[aM¶ Am¡a H¥${V¶m±
{hÝXr gm{h˶H$mam| ‘| H$‘boída Or Zo AnZm {deof ñWmZ ~Zm¶m h¡& BZH$m
Zm‘ ZB© H$hmZr Am§XmobZ go OwS>o AJwAm H$WmH$mam| ‘| AmVm h¡& BÝhmoZo AnZo H$m춧
gm{h˶ ‘| VËH$m{bZ g‘mO go Ow‹S>o g‘ñ¶mAm| H$mo C^mam h¡& BZH$m OÝ‘ 6 OZdar
H$mo C. n«. Ho$ ‘¡Zonwar {Obo ‘| ^maV ‘| hþAm& BÝhmoZo Bbmhm~mX {díd{dÚmb¶ go
{hÝXr ‘| Cnm{Y àm{á H$s& nm[adm[aH$ narpñWVr R>rH$ Z hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX BÝhmoZo
AnZo {ejm H$s J{V {Y‘r Z H$s& g‘mO ‘| ’¡$bo A§Y{dídmgr, Om{VdmX Am{X na
AnZr boIZr Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go àhma {H$¶m& OrdZ ‘| do H$^r ê$Ho$ Zhr Am¡a bJmVma
AbJ-AbJ {df¶m| na J§^ra {dMma {H$¶m Am¡a Cgo gm{hp˶H$ ê$n àXmZ {H$¶m&
bJmVma g§Kf© Am¡a à¶ËZ-erb àd¥{Îm Ho$ H$maU do g’$b gm{h˶H$ma
hþE& H$B© n{ÌH$mAm| H$m g§nmXZ {H$¶m& CZHo$ AZoH$ Cnݶmg, H$hmZr, ZmQ>H$ Am{X
{dYmAm| na boIZ {H$¶m&BH$mB© 1.1
Zm¡H$ar noem - H$‘boída1.1
munotes.in
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CZH$s H$hmZr ‘| Am{W©H$, gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a amO{Z{VH$ g‘ñ¶mAm| go PwPVo
hþE ‘ܶ‘dJu¶ n[adma H$m {MÌU {H$¶m J¶m h¡& Z¶r H$hmZr ‘| à‘wI aMZmE± h¡ -
amOm {Za~§{g¶m, ImoB© hþB© {XemE, gmobh N>Vm|dmbm Ka B˶m{X &
H$‘boída Zo H$B© T>oa gmar H$hm{Z¶m± {bIr, CZH$s H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| X[a¶m, Zrb
Prb, Vbme, ~¶mZ, ZmJ‘{U, AnZm EH$m§V, Amg{º$, qOXm ‘wX}, OmO© n§M‘ H$s
Zm‘, ‘wXm} H$s Xþ{Z¶m, H$g~o H$m AmX‘r, Ed§ ñ‘maH$ Am{X C„oIZr¶ h¡&
""EH$ g‹S>H$ gÎmmdZ J{b¶m± H$‘boída H$m gd©àW‘ Cnݶmg h¡, Omo 1958-
59 ‘o {bIm J¶m Wm& Am¡a ~mX ‘| àH$meH$ H$s ^yb Ho$ H$maU 1968 ‘| ~XZm‘ Jbr
erf©H$ go ^r àH$m{eV hþAm& Vrgam AmX‘r, g‘wÐ ‘| Imo¶m AmX‘r Am¡a Am±Yr à‘wI
h¡& Am±Yr na JwbOma Ûmam {Z{‘©V Am±Yr Zm‘ go ~Zr {’$ë‘ Zo AZoH$ nwañH$ma OrVo,
CZHo$ Aݶ Cnݶmg h¡ - bm¡Q>o hþE ‘wgm{’$a dhr ~mV AmJm‘r AVrV Am{X Cnݶmg
"BZHo$ Ûmam' {bIo J¶o& "{H$VZo nm{H$ñVmZ' Cnݶmg BZH$m M{M©V Cnݶmg h¡&
BZHo$ H$B© ZmQ>H$ h¡ - AYyar AmdmO, aoV na {bIo Zm‘, qhXmoñVm§ h‘mam Ho$
A{V[aº$ ~mb ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ Mma g§J«h ^r BÝhmoZo {bIo &
nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ joÌ ‘| BÝhmoZo AnZr AnZr A{‘Q> N>mn N>mo‹S>r, CÝhmoZo "ZB© H$hmZr,
gm[aH$m, J§Jm H$Wm¶mÌm, a§{JV O¡gr ‘hÎdnyU© n{ÌH$mAm| H$m g§nmXZ {H$¶m& qhXr X¡{ZH$
X¡{ZH$ OmJaU (1990-92) Ho$ ^r do g§nmXH$ aho h¡& X¡{ZH$ ^mñH$a go 1997 go do
bJmVma Ow‹S>o h¡& Bg ~rM O¡Z Q>r.dr. Ho$ g‘mMma à^mJ H$m H${d ^ma> g§^mbm& 1980-
82 VH$ H$‘boída XÿaXe©Z Ho$ A{V[aº$ ‘hm{ZXoeH$ ^r aho& XÿaXe©Z na gm{hp˶H$
H$m¶©H«$‘ "n{ÌH$m' H$s ewê$AmV BÝhr Ho$ Ûmam hþB© VWm nhbr Q>obr{’$ë‘ "n§Ðh AJñV'
Ho$ {Z‘m©U H$m lo¶ ^r BÝhr H$mo OmVm h¡& H$‘boída ñdmV§Í¶moÎma ^maV Ho$ gdm©{YH$
{H«$¶merb, {d{dYVmnyU© Am¡a ‘oYmdr qhXr boIH$ h¡&
H$‘boída Or H$m {ZYZ 27 OZdar, 2007 ‘| hþAm&
1.1.2 Zm¡H$ar noem H$hmZr H$s n¥ð>^y{‘
boIH$ Zo H$hmZr ‘| ‘ܶ‘dJu¶ n[adma H$s ‘mZ{gH$Vm H$m {MÌU {H$¶m
h¡& H$hmZr JhZ gm‘m{OH$ ~moY go Ow‹S>m h¡, "Zm¡H$ar noem' H$hmZr Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ g|
boIH$ Zo ~Vm¶m h¡ {H$ {H$g àH$ma bmoJ Jm±dm| H$s VwbZm ‘| eha ¶m H$ñ~mo§ ‘| ahZm
A{YH$ ng§X H$aVo h¢& CZHo$ AZwgma J«m‘rUm| ‘| ahZodmbm ì¶{º$ H$m gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a
Am{W©H$ ê$n go {dH$mg Zhr hmoVm h¡ & bmoJ Jm±d N>mo‹S>H$a eham| ¶m H$ñ~m| ‘| ahZo Ho$
{bE ~m{YV h¡ Am¡a A§V ‘| eham| H$s MH$mMm¡Y go WH$H$a dh AnZo Jm±d H$mo ¶mX
H$aVo h¡&munotes.in
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1.1.3 Zm¡H$ar noem H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVw
H$hmZr Ho$ Ama§^ ‘| ~Vm¶m J¶m {H$ {H$g àH$ma Jm±d go CI‹S>o hþE bmoJ H$ñ~mo§ ‘|
AmH$a nZmh boVo h¢& H$ñ~m| ‘| ahZm do AnZr à{Vð>m g‘PVo h¢ & Bg H$hmZr Ho$ ‘w»¶ nmÌ
amYobmb Bgr àd¥{Îmdmbo ì¶{º$ h¡&
amYobmb eham| ¶m H$ñ~mo ‘| ahZo dmbmo H$mo AmYw{ZH$ ¶m g‘PXma g‘PVo
h¡& H$hmZr ‘| amYobmb H$mo bmoJ bmbm nwH$maVo h¢& CZHo$ {nVmOr H$mo ^r Bgr Zm‘ go
g§~mo{YV {H$¶m OmVm Wm, ³¶mo{H$ CZH$s dht na naMyZr H$s XþH$mZ Wr& Bg{bE g^r bmoJ
CÝho bmbm H$hVo h¡& amYobmb Xgdr nmg {H$E Wo, Am¡a Q>mBqnJ ^r OmZVo Wo BgàH$ma
bmoJm| Ho$ ~rM CZH$m Zm‘ ~‹T>m hþAm Wm& H$^r-H$^ma> bmoJ CÝho ~m~y H$hH$a ^r g§~mo{YV
H$aVo h¡& V~ ~m~y gwZZo na CZH$m amo‘-amo‘ ’w$b CR>Vm h¡& CÝho bJVm h¡ {H$ ~m~y eãX
CÝhr Ho$ {bE h¡ Omo n‹T>m {bIm Am¡a g‘PXma h¡&
amYobmb {OVZo ^r H$m¶© H$aVo Wo do g^r Ho$db Xÿgam| Ho$ gm‘Zo AnZr gmI
O‘mZo Ho$ {bE& do J«m‘rUmo §H$mo XrZ-hrZ g‘PVo h¡&
amYobmb ~m~y, bm¶~«o[a¶Z Am{X Vah Ho$ H$m‘ AnZo OrdZ ‘| H$a MwHo$
Wo& CZH$s H$moB© ñWm¶r Zm¡H$ar Zht Wr nm±M-N>h ‘hrZm| go Á¶mXm {H$gr XâVa ‘| CÝho Z
ahZo {‘bVm & gaH$mar - J¡a gaH$mar g^r ‘hH$‘m| Ho$ {bE amYobmb H$m¶©H$Vm Wo& ¶{X
CZgo H$moB© nyN> ~¡R> ~¡R>Vm {H$ ³¶m H$m‘ H$aVo hmo, Vmo ~‹S>o hr ê$~m~ go H$hVo {H$ Zm¡H$ar
noem hÿ±& AnZo AmnH$mo Zm¡H$ar noem H$hZo ‘| Jd© H$m AZw^d H$aVo h¡& Ka ‘| Am¡a ~mha
XmoZm| hr OJh AnZm éVdm ~‹T>mZo Ho$ {bE H$B© PwR> H$hVo h¡&
H$hmZr ‘| amYobmb H$mo H$m¶Xm n§gX ì¶{º$ ~Vm¶m h¡& Omo ha H$m‘ {Z¶‘, VWm
g‘¶ go H$aVo h¡& Bg{b¶o O~ amYobmb H$mo am‘^amogo Ho$ ¶hm± ny‹S>r VbZo H$m H$m‘ gm¡nm
J¶m Wm V~ do dhm± g‘¶ go nhþ±M OmVo h¢& Am¡a KmgboQ>r Vob ‘| nw‹S>r VbZo H$m {damoY
H$aVo h¡& {~amXar VWm nwd©Om| H$m hdmbm XoH$a Xoer Kr ‘| nw‹S>r VbZo Ho$ {bE H$hVo h¢&
Vm{H$ bmoJ ¶h Z H$h| {H$ amYobmb Ho$ ahVo hþE ¶h AZW© H¡$go hmo J¶m&
Hw$N> {XZm| ~mX amYobmb H$s EdOr dmbr Zm¡H$ar Ny>Q> OmVr h¡ Cgr g‘¶ am‘^amogo
go {n{S>V hmo OmVo h¡& amYobmb H$mo bmoJ H$hVo h¡ {H$ do am‘^amogo H$s OJh na Mbo Om¶o
Zm¡H$ar Ho$ {bE bo{H$Z amYobmb H$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ am‘^amogo CZHo$ {hV Ho$ {bE Hw$N> Zhr
H$aoJm& Hw$N> {XZ ~mX amYobmb H$mo I~a {‘bVr h¡ {H$ am‘^amogo ñdJ© {gYma J¶o&
CgHo$ ~mX amYobmb ‘w»Vma gmh~ go {‘bZo OmVo h¡ Zm¡H$ar Ho$ {bE O~ do
amYobmb H$mo ~VmVo h¡ {H$ am‘^amogo Zo CZH$m Zm‘ Zm¡H$ar Ho$ {bE gwPm¶m V~ CÝho AmíM¶©
hmoVm h¡ {H$ CÝhmoZo am‘^amogo Ho$ ~mao JbV am¶ ~Zm aIr Wr&
CÝho AmË‘½bm{Z hmoVr h¡ Am¡a do ^mar H$X‘m| go dhm± go {ZH$b OmVo h¢& OrdZ Ho$
BVZo df© JwOaZo Ho$ ~mX CÝho AnZm Jm±d ¶mX AmVm h¡&munotes.in
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Mm[a{ÌH$ {deofVmE±
H$hmZr ‘| Xmo hr nmÌ ‘w»¶ h¡& do h¡ - amYobmb H$hmZr Ho$ H|$Ð nmÌ h¢ Am¡a
Xþgao am‘^amogo Jm¡U nmÌ h¢&
1) amYobmb :
amYobmb H$hmZr Ho$ ‘w»¶ nmÌ h¡& CZH$s OrdZ e¡br Zm¡H$ar noem ì¶{º$ H$s
Vah h¡& Omo AnZo Amn H$mo Zm¡H$ar noem ì¶{º$ H$hbmZo ‘| AnZr emZ g‘PVo h¡&
AnZm Jm±d N>mo‹S>H$a H$ñ~o ‘| AmH$a ~g OmVo h¡& ehar ~ZZo H$s Xm¡‹S> ‘| do g~go
AmJo h¡& Ka ‘| AnZo Amn H$mo ~‹S>m ~VmZo Ho$ {bE ha N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r ~mV na PyR>
~mobVo XâVa go qZ~w MwamH$a bmVo h¡ Am¡a H$hVo h¡ {H$ ""¶o XâVa Ho$ ~Jr¶m Ho$ h¢,
‘mbr H$hZo bJm ~m~y BVZm ag h¡ BZ‘o A^r ^r ... nH$Zo na Vmo ‘wgå‘r H$mo ‘mV
H$a|Jo& dh Vmo Mma-nm§M Xo ahm Wm, h‘Zo H$hm Xmo H$m’$s h¢&'' Xÿgam| H$mo à^m{dV
H$aZo Ho$ {bE J§Xr gr H$moQ> ‘| ’$mCÝQ>Z Zw‘m noZ Am¡a EH$ S>m¶ar aIVo h¡& Vm{H$
bmoJm| H$mo bJo {H$ do n‹T>o- {bIo ~m~y gmh~ h¡ Bg{bE O~ Xÿgao CÝho "~m~y amYobmb
H$hH$a H$moB© nwH$maVm Vmo O¡go CZH$m amo‘-amo‘ nwbH$ CR>Vm Am¡a CÝho bJVm {H$
OrdZ H$s gmW©H$Vm Vmo A~ hmW AmB© h¡&' amYobmb {‘bZgma ì¶{º$ h¡& do A{YH$Va
bmoJm| H$mo OmZVo nhMmZVo h¡ & gaH$mar VWm J¡agaH$mar g^r Vah Ho$ XâVam| ‘| H$m‘
H$a MwHo$ h¢& ha OJh AnZr AbJ nhMmZ ~ZmB©& {H$gr ^r XâVa ‘| H$m‘ H$aZo Ho$
~mX CgH$s AmbmoMZm H$aZm CZHo$ ñd^md ‘| Zhr Wm&
Bg àH$ma H$hmZr ‘| amYobmb Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go eharH$aU H$s àd¥{Îm H$mo ~Vm¶m
h¡ Am¡a gmW hr H$ñ~mB© AmË‘r¶Vm H$s Am¡a ܶmZ AmH${f©V {H$¶m h¡&
2) am‘^amogo :
am‘^amogo H$mhmZr Ho$ Jm¡U nmÌ h¡& am‘^amogo AnZr naMyZr H$s XÿH$mZ N>mo‹S>H$a
H$ñ~o ‘| ehar ~ZZo Ho$ {bE ‘w»Vma gmh~ Ho$ ‘wÝer Wo& amYobmb Am¡a am‘^amogo ‘|
^rVa hr ^rVa g~go nwamZm ehar H$hbmZo H$s à{V¶mo{JVm Wr, O~H$s am‘^amogo H$s
EH$ nwíV H$ñ~o ‘| AmH$a ~gr Wr O~H$s amYobmb H$m’$s nwamZr Wr& am‘^amogo H$s
O~ V~r¶V Iam~ hmoVr h¡ V~ do ‘w»Vma gmh~ go amYobmb H$mo EdOr H$s Zm¡H$ar
na aIZo Ho$ {bE {g’$m[ae H$aVo h¡& Bg àH$ma do ‘mZdr¶ g§doXZm H$m n[aM¶ XoVo
h¡& CZHo$ AmpË‘¶Vm Ho$ H$maU amYobmb O¡gm ì¶{º$ ‘mZd ~Z OmVm h¡ Am¡a AnZo
Jm±d H$mo ¶mX H$aZo bJVm h¡&
XoeH$mb n[añWr{V Am¡a dmVmdaU …
XoeH$mb, dmVmdaU Am¡a n[añWr{V H$hmZr H$m ‘hÎdnyU© VËd h¡& {~Zm BgHo$
H$hmZr nyar Zhr hmoJr& XoeH$mb n[añWr{V nmÌm| Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go hmoVr h¡& CgH$m
ahZ-ghZ Am¡a ~mobr Am{X Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go XoeH$mb H$m nVm MbVm h¡& H$‘boída
Or Zo H$ñ~mB© OrdZ H$mo Or¶m h¡ Bg{bE H$ñ~mB© dmVmdaU H$mo AnZr H$hmZr ‘|munotes.in
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{Od§VVm àXmZ H$s& {H$g àH$ma ‘ܶ‘ dJu¶ n[adma AnZo Jm±d H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a amoOJma
àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$ñ~o ‘| AmH$a ~g OmVm h¡&
H$hmZr ‘| boIH$ Zo ~‹S>r amoMH$ T>§J go H$ñ~mB© ‘Zmod¥{Îm Am¡a CgHo$ {dH$mg
H$mo Xem©¶m h¡& Zm¡H$ar noem H$hmZr ‘o H$ñ~mB© dmVmdaU H$mo ~Vm¶m h¡& H$hmZr ‘|
{Og Jm±d go amYobmb Am¡a am‘^amogo AmVo h¡ Am¡a {H$g H$ñ~o ‘| AmH$a ~gVo h¢,
XmoZm| H$m hr {dñVmanyd©H$ dU©Z Zhr§ h¢&
H$hmZr ‘| amYobmb Ho {nVmOr H$s naMyZr H$s XÿH$mZ Wr bo{H$Z amYobmb
Zm¡H$ar noem H$hZo ‘| A{YH$ ê${M aIVo h¡& H$moQ> nhZZm, noZ aIZm gmB{H$b H$s
XoI-^mb ¶h g^r H$ñ~mB© ‘Zmod¥{Îm H$mo Xem©Vo h¡& gaH$mar VWm J¡a gaH$mar g^r
Vah Ho$ H$m‘ amYobmb H$mo àmá hmoVo h¡, Bg àH$ma CÝho Zm¡H$ar Z {‘bZo H$s naoemZr
Zhr Wr, {H$gr ^r Vah CZH$m H$m‘ Mb OmVm Wm& Bg àH$ma H$‘boída Or H$s
Zm¡H$ar noem H$hmZr ‘| ehamo Ho$ à{V ~‹T>Vo AmH$f©U H$mo ~‹So hr amoMH$ X§J go àñVwV
{H$¶m h¡& H$hmZr ‘| amYobmb Am¡a am‘^amogo Ho$ H$maU H$ñ~mB© dmVmdaU H$mo g‘PZo
‘| ghm¶H$ {gÕ hþAm h¡& CÝhmoZo H$hmZr ‘| H$ñ~mB© dmVmdaU H$mo ~hIy~r ‹T>§J go
àñVwV {H$¶m h¡&
1.1.5 Zm¡H$ar noem H$hmZr H$m CÔoí¶ :
{~Zm {H$gr CÔoí¶ Ho$ ì¶{º$ H$m¶© Zhr H$aVm& CgHo$ ha H$m¶© Ho$ nrN>o
H$moB©-Z-H$moB© CÔoí¶ {N>nm hmoVm h¡& g‘mO H$mo OmJ¥V H$aZm, ‘Zmoa§OZ H$aZm Am{X
CÔoí¶ go gm{h˶H$ma AnZm gm{h˶ aMVm h¡, CÔoí¶ EH$ Vah gm{h˶ H$s AmË‘m
h¡& Bg AmYma na O~ Zm¡H$ar noem H$hmZr Ho$ CÔoí¶ H$s Am¡a ܶmZ Xo Vmo ¶h
~mV ñnï> hmoVr h¡ {H$ boIH$ Zo H$ñ~m| Am¡a eham| Ho$ à{V bmoJm| Ho$ AmH$f©U H$mo
~Vm¶m h¡, AmO Bg àd¥{Îm Ho$ H$maU Jm±d H$m Jm±d Imbr ZOa AmVm h¡& bmoJ
Zm¡H$ar H$s Vbme ‘| eham| H$s Am¡a Xm¡‹S>Vo h¡& dhm± H$s ì¶ñV qOXJr ‘| AnZm
Jm±d AnZo bmoJm| H$mo ^yb go OmVo h¡& AmO Bg Mmh Zo Jm±dm| H$mo ~yar Vah go
à^m{dV {H$¶m h¡&
H$ñ~m| ‘| ^r bmoJ Amng ‘| hr ehar ~ZZo H$s à{V¶mo{JVm H$aVo h¡& ¶h
{MÌU amYobmb Am¡a am‘^amogo Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go XoI gH$Vo h¡& Q>mB© bJmZm, S>m¶ar
aIZm, OwVo nhZZm, Zm¡H$ar H$aZm Am{X Vah H$s àd¥{Îm Zo ‘Zwî¶ H$mo Cnar Vm¡a
na hr Zhr ~pëH$ ^rVa go eha ~ZZo Ho$ {bE C³gm ahr h¡& Jm±d H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a
Am¡a eham| ‘| ~g OmZo go CZH$s Am¡H$mV ~‹T> OmEJr& IoV I{bhmZ N>mo‹S>H$a
Zm¡H$ar H$aZo ‘| AnZm ~‹S>ßnZ g‘PVo h¡& Bg{bE amYobmb go nyN>Zo na {H$
Amn ³¶m H$m‘ H$aVo h¡ Vmo ~‹S>o hr ê$~m~ go H$hVo h¡ {H$ Zm¡H$ar noem AmX‘r hÿ±&
BgàH$ma AmO Ho$ bmoJm| Zo eham| VWm H$ñ~m| Ho$ à{V ~‹T>Vo à^md Am¡a
Jm±d Ho$ à{V CXmgrZVm H$m {MÌU H$aZm boIH$ H$m CÔoí¶ hmo gH$Vm h¡& gmW hrmunotes.in
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ehar gmoM go O~ ì¶{º$ ^rVa go Qy>Q> OmVm h¡ V~ Cgo AnZm Jm±d AnZo bmoJ
¶mX AmVo h¡ BgH$s Am¡a ^r boIH$ Zo nmR>H$ H$m ܶmZ AmH${f©V {H$¶m h¡&
1.1.6 g‘rjmË‘H$ àíZ :
1. Zm¡H$ar noem H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVw AnZo eãXm| ‘| {b{IE&
2. amYobmb Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go H$hmZr ‘| {H$g g‘ñ¶m H$mo ~Vm¶m h¡?
3. Zm¡H$ar noem H$hmZr Ho$ erf©H$ H$s gmW©H$Vm ñnï> ¶m {gÕ {H$OrE&
4. H$hmZr H$m CÔoí¶ {b{IE&
1.1.7 bKwÎmar¶ àíZ ({Q>ßn{U¶m±) :
1. amYobmb H$m M[aÌ-{MÌU
2. am‘^amogo H$m M[aÌ-{MÌU
3. H$hmZr H$m ‘yb ^md
4. H$hmZr H$m gmam§e {b{IE
5. am‘^amogo Ho$ à{V amYobmb {H$ ³¶m gmoM ahVr h¡? Am¡a ³¶mo ?
6. boIH$ Zo H$ñ~mB© OrdZ H$mo {H$g àH$ma C^mam h¡ AnZo eãXm| ‘| {b{IE &
1.1.8 g§X^©g{hV AdVaU :
1. ~m~y amYobmb H$hH$a H$moB© nwH$maVm Vmo O¡go CZH$m amo‘-amo‘ nwbH$ CR>Vm
Am¡a CÝho bJVm {H$ OrdZ H$s gmW©H$Vm Vmo A~ hmW AmB© h¡&
2. EH$ ‘aV~m CbQ>dmZo H$maU Cna dmbr Oo~ ~m¶r go Xm{hZr Amoa Am JB©
Wr, {Og‘o ’$mCÊQ>oZ noZZw‘m ‘moQ>r nopÝgb ha dº$ bJr ahVr Am¡a EH$
N>moQ>r gr {Zhm¶V JÝXr S>m¶ar n‹S>r ahVr Wr&
3. g’$mB© Ho$ ~mX CÝho n¡am| ‘| S>mbH$a H$moQ>-nVbyZ nhZVo hþE nËZr go ~mobo
""Oam XoI hr AmD±$ & Agb ~mV ¶h h¡ {H$ gmh~ H$m ‘wP na {OVZm BË‘rZmZ
h¡ CVZm ~‹S>o ~m~w na ^r Zht h¡ & ‘oao Q>mBn go ~hþV Iwe h¡, H$hVo Wo BVZo
{gbo Ky‘ Am¶m hÿ± na Vw‘ O¡gm hmo{e¶ma Q>mBn ~m~y Zht {‘bm&
4. ^mar H$X‘m| go do ‘w»Vma gmh~ H$m AhmVm nma H$aHo$ ñ‘emZ H$s Va’$ Om
aho Wo Am¡a B¸$sg ~ag H$s Zm¡H$ar noem {OÝXJr ‘| CÝh| AmO nhbr ~ma
AnZo Nw>Q>o hþE Jm±d H$s ¶mX AmB© Wr, EH$ H$gH$^ar ¶mX&munotes.in
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1.1.9 dñVw{Zð> àíZ
1. H$‘boída Or H$s H$m¡Z gr aMZm nmR>çH«$‘ ‘| h¡?
CÎma. Zm¡H$ar noem
2. amYobmb Ho$ ~m~m H$mo bmoJ bmbm ³¶mo nwH$maVo h¡?
CÎma. ³¶m|{H$ CZH$s naMyZr H$s XÿH$mZ Wr &
3. a{ddma H$mo Nw>Å>r Ho$ {XZ amYobmb H$m¡Z-gm H$m¶© H$aVo h¢?
CÎma. g’$mB© H$m H$m‘
4. amYobmb ñQ>opÊS>J H$m¶©H$Vm© {H$gHo$ {bE h¡?
CÎma. gaH$mar VWm J¡a-gaH$mar ‘hH$‘m| Ho$ {bE
5. {H$go ’$m{bO ‘ma J¶m Wm?
CÎma. bmbm am‘^amogo H$mo
6. am‘^amoogo {H$gHo$ ¶hm± Zm¡H$ar H$aVo Wo?
CÎma. ‘w»Vma gmh~
7. ‘w»Vma gmh~ Zo {H$go Zm¡H$ar na aIm Wm?
CÎma. bmbm am‘^amogo H$mo
8. amYobmb {H$gHo$ ¶hm± Zm¡H$ar Ho$ {bE OmVo h¢?
CÎma. ‘w»Vma gmh~
1.1.10 g§X^© g{hV AdVaU (CXmhaU g{hV)
nVm Zhr ³¶m| amYobmb H$mo Bg I~a go H$moB© H$ï> Zhr hþAm, na {XImZo Ho
~mob hr n‹S>o, ""‘wPo Q>moH$Vo Wo {H$H$mho OmZ {X¶o XoVo hmo, Am¡a IwX n‹S> aho''&
g§X^© :
àñVwV AdVaU h‘mar nmR>²çnwñVH$ à{V{Z{Y H$mh{Z¶m± Ho$ Zm¡H$ar noem H$hmZr
go bo JB© h¡& H$hmZr Ho$ boIH$ H$‘boída h¡, BZHo$ H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| VËH$mbrZ g‘mO go
Ow‹S>o hþE g‘ñ¶mAm| H$m {MÌU {‘bVm h¡&
àg§J :
àñVwV H$hmZr ‘| H$ñ~mB© OrdZ H$mo C^mam h¡& gmW hr ‘ܶ‘dJu¶ n[adma
H$s ‘mZ{gH$Vm H$mo C^mam h¡& H$hmZr ‘o am‘^amogo H$mo ’$m{bO ‘ma J¶m Wm& CZHo$
XâVa ‘| CZH$s OJh Imbr Wr, {’$a ^r amYobmb H$mo bJVm Wm {H$ am‘^amogo
CZH$s {g’$m[ae H$^r Zhr H$aoJo& Bg{bE amYobmb H$mo am‘^amogo Ho$ gmW hþE KQ>Zm
Ho$ ~mao ‘| gwZZo Ho$ ~mX ^r A’$gmog Zht h¡&munotes.in
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ì¶m»¶m :
Zm¡H$ar noem H$hmZr Ho$ ‘w»¶ nmÌ amYobmb gaH$mar-VWm J¡a-gaH$mar ‘hH$‘m|
Ho$ {bE ñQ>oqS>J H$m¶©H$Vm© h¡& amYobmb Xmo-VrZ ‘hrZm| Ho$ {bE EodOr Zm¡H$ar H$aVo
Wo& Hw$N> ‘hrZm| go CÝho H$ht na ^r EdO ‘| Zm¡H$ar Zhr {‘br Wr&
am‘^amogo A³ga amYobmb Ho$ H$m‘ H$mo XoIH$a H$hm H$aVo Wo {H$ ""H$mho H$mo
OmZ XoVo hmo EVdma Ho$ {XZ ^r amYobmb H$mo H$m‘ H$aVo XoIH$a CZH$m ‘OmH$ boVo
Wo& amYobmb H$m EH$ ñd^md Wm {H$ do H$ht na ^r H$m‘ H$aVo hþE ¶m H$m‘ H$aZo Ho$
~mX {H$gr H$s ~wamB© Zhr H$aVo Wo amYobmb H$s EdOr H$s Zm¡H$ar Nw>Q>Zo Ho$ ~mX do
H$B© ‘hrZm| VH$ Ka na hr Wo& EH$ {XZ CÝho I~a {‘bVr h¡ {H$ am‘^amogo H$mo
’$m{bO ‘ma J¶m h¡& ¶h gwZZo na amYobmb H$mo {H$g Vah H$m H$moB© XþI Zht hmoVm
h¡& ³¶m|{H$ Xþ{Z¶m Ho$ {bE ^bo do AÀN>o gmWr aho hmo bo{H$Z A§Xa hr A§Xa XmoZm| ‘|
nwamZm ehar ~ZZo H$s à{VñnYm© Wr& em¶X ¶hr H$maU Wm {H$ amYobmb H$mo am‘^amogo
Ho$ à{V ghmZw^w{V Zht Wr&
Bg‘| boIH$ Zo ñdmW© àd¥{Îm Am¡a H$ñ~mB© OrdZ Ho$ ¶WmW© H$mo Zm¡H$ar noem
H$hmZr Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go {M{ÌV {H$¶m h¡&
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
munotes.in
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BH$mB© 1.2
naXm - ¶enmb
BH$mB © H$s ê$na oIm
1.2.0 énaoIm
1.2.1 ¶enmb : OrdZ n[aM¶ Am¡a H¥${V¶m±
1.2.2 naXm H$hmZr H$s H$WmdmñVw
1.2.3 Mm[a{ÌH$ {deofVm±E
1.2.4 XoeH$mb, n[apñW{V Am¡a dmVmdaU
1.2.5 H$mhmZr H$m CÔoí¶
1.2.6 g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m
1.2.7 g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m Ho$ {bE Aݶ AdVaU
1.2.8 ~moY àíZ
1.2.9 bKwÎmar àíZ
1.2.10dñVw{Zð> àíZ
1.2.11{Q>ßnUr
1.2.1 ¶enmb : OrdZ n[aM¶ Am¡a H¥${V¶m±
{hÝXr Ho$ ¶eñdr H$WmH$ma Am¡a H«$m§{VH$mar {dMmaYmam Ho$ ¶enmb H$m OÝ‘
3 {Xg|~a, 1903 B©. ‘o {’$amoOnwa N>mdZr ‘| hþAm Wm& ¶enmb ‘w»¶V: ‘ܶ‘
dJu¶ OrdZ Ho$ H$bmH$ma h¢& ‘ܶ‘dJu¶ bmoJm| ‘| ’¡$bo hþE A§Y{dídmgm| H$mo AnZo
gm{h˶‘| ñWmZ {X¶m, Vm{H$ bmoJm| ‘| OmJ¥{V CËnÞ hmo gHo$& BZHo$ n[adma Zo BÝho
Jwê$Hw$b H$m§J‹S>r ^oO {X¶m& Jwê$Hw$b Ho$ dmVmdaU ‘| ¶enmb Ho$ ‘Z ‘| {dXoer emgZ
Ho$ à{V {damoY H$s ^mdZm OmJ¥V hþB©&
‘hmZ H«$m§{VH$mar Ho$ ê$n ¶enmb Or Zo AmOmXr Ho$ g‘¶ ‘hËdnyU© ¶moJXmZ
{X¶m& ^JVqgh Am¡a gwIXod Ho$ gmW H$B© Am§XmobZm| ‘| ^mJ {b¶m& H$B© ~ma CÝho
Oob ^r OmZm n‹S>m& Oob ‘| ahH$a H$B© J§^ra ‘wX²Xm| na aMZm aMr&
BZH$s H$B© H$hm{Z¶m±, Cnݶmg, g§ñ‘aU, OrdZr àH$m{eV hþB©& A~VH$ CZHo$
bJ^J gmobh H$hmZr g§J«h àH$m{eV hmo MwHo$ h¢& {Og‘| ‘ܶ‘ dJ© H$s Ag§J{V¶m|,
H$‘Omo[a¶m| {damoYmg, ê${T>¶m| Am{X na {dÐmoh 춺$ {H$¶m h¡ &1.2
munotes.in
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H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| CÝhmoZo kmZXmZ, VH©$ H$m Vy’$mZ, ^ñ‘md¥Îm, dmo Xþ{Z¶m, Y‘©¶wÜX
Am{X H$s aMZm H$s&
XmXm H$m‘aoS>, XoeÐmohr, nmQ>u H$m‘aoS> {Xì¶m, ‘Zwî¶ Ho$ ê$n, A{‘Vm, PyR>m-
gM Am{X Cnݶmg H$s aMZm H$s& {Z~§Ymo ‘| ݶm¶ H$m g§Kf©, MñH$a ³b~ Am{X h¡&
Jm§YrdmX H$s ed-narjm Aݶ H¥${V¶m± ^r CnbãY h¡&
¶enmb Zo amOZr{VH$ VWm gm{hp˶H$ XmoZmo joÌm| ‘| H«$m§{V H$s h¡& ‘ܶ‘dJu¶
n[adma Ho$ hmbmV H$m ‘m{‘©H$ {MÌU CZH$s aMZmAm| ‘o {XImB© XoVm h¡& CZHo$ OrdZ
Ho$ CVma-M‹T>md Am¡a CZH$s OrdZ H$s {d‹S>~ZmAm| H$mo gm{h˶ ‘| CVmam h¡&
Mm¡Xh df© H$s g»V gOm CZH$mo hþB© Bg Xm¡amZ CÝhmoZo H$B© aMZmE± aMr&
Xoe-{dXoe Ho$ ~hþV go boIH$m| H$m ‘Zmo¶moJnyU© Aܶ¶Z {H$¶m "qnOao H$s CS>mZ'
Am¡a dmo Xþ{Z¶m° H$s H$hm{Z¶m± àm¶: Oob ‘| hr {bIr J¶r& CZHo$ OrdZ ‘| CÝhmoZo
H$B© CVma-M‹T>md H$m gm‘Zm {H$¶m& BZ g‘ñ¶mAm| Zo CÝho Am¡a A{YH$
gmhgr ~Zm¶m&
BZH$s aMZmAm| go à^m{dV hmoH$a ardm gaH$ma Zo "Xod nwañH$ma' (1955)
gmo{d¶V b¢S> gyMZm {d^mJ go gmo{d¶V b¢S> Zohê$ nwañH$ma (1970) {hÝXr gm{h˶
gå‘obZ à¶mJ Zo ‘§Jbm àgmX nm[aVmo{fH$ (1971) VWm ^maV gaH$ma Zo "nX²‘
^yfU' H$s Cnm{Y àXmZ H$a BZH$mo gå‘{ZV {H$¶m.
gm{h˶ H$mo ‘mܶ‘ ~ZmH$a ¶enmb Or Zo g‘mO Ho$ ¶WmW© H$mo gm‘Zo
aIm& CZH$s g‘ñ¶mAm| go bmoJm| H$mo AdJV H$am¶m& AnZr Ádb§V {dMmamogo gm{h˶
OJV ‘| AbJ nhMmZ ~Zm¶r& 26 {Xg§~a, 1976 H$mo ¶enmb Or Zo Xþ{Z¶m go
{dXm br&
H$hmZr H$s ê$naoIm
H$hmZr ‘| Mm¡Yar nra~»g H$s Am{W©H$ n[apñW{V H$m {MÌU h¡& nra~»g Zo
Ka H$s Am{W©H$ n[apñW{V Iam~ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Mm¡Yar H$B© bmoJm| go CYma boVm h¡&
CYma Ho$ ~Xbo ‘| Ka Ho$ gm‘mZm| H$mo {Jadr aIVm h¡& EH$ g‘¶ Eogm AmVm h¡ {H$
CYma boZo Ho$ {bE Ka ‘| H$moB© gm‘mZ Zhr ~Mm h¡& n[a{ñW{V Zo Cgo BVZm ‘O~ya
~Zm {X¶m h¡ {H$ dh n§Om~r ImZ Ho$ nmg CYmar boZo Mbo OmVm h¡& n§Om~r ImZ Vmo
Cgo CYma Xo XoVm h¡ bo{H$Z Ka Ho$ XadmOo na bQ>Ho$ naXo H$mo ^r Zhr N>mo‹S>Vm h¡&
XadmOo H$m naXm Mm¡Yar nra~»g H$s gÀMmB© H$mo Nw>nmZo H$m O[a¶m h¡& dh O[a¶m
IË‘ hmoZo na Mm¡Yar nra~»g H$m g~ Hw$N> V^r IË‘ hmo OmVm h¡&
boIH$ Zo H$hmZr Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go g‘mO na H$amam 춧½¶ H$gm h¡ {H$ {H$g
àH$ma n§Om~r ImZ Am¡a O‘rXma Am¡a g^r CÀM dJ© Ho$ ì¶{º$ Omo Jar~m| na emofU
H$aVo h¡, Am¡a Cna go ZH$m~ bJmH$a aIm h¡ {H$ H$moB© Cgo nhMmZ Z gHo$ n§Om~r
ImZ Bgr Vah H$m ì¶{º$ h¡& Omo {~Zm {H$gr gm‘mZ Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo CYma XoVm h¡& ~mX
‘| n¡go g‘¶ na Z {‘bZo na {H$gr ^r hX VH$ JwOaVm h¡&munotes.in
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1.2.1 H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVw
H$hmZr H$m Ama§^ Mm¡Yar nra~»e Ho$ XmXm Or go hmoVm h¡& CÝhm|Zo AnZo
~oQ>mo Ho$ {bE EH$ n³H$m ‘H$mZ ~Zdm {b¶m& Am¡a b‹S>H$m| H$mo AÀN>r Vmbr‘ Xr Wr
Vm{H$ do AnZo OrdZ ‘| EH$ ‘wH$m‘ na nhþ±M gHo$& XmoZmo b‹S>H$m| Zo Vmbr‘ nm H$a
EH$ Zo aoëd| ‘| Am¡a Xþgao Zo S>mH$ImZo ‘| Zm¡H$ar nm br Wr&
XmoZm| hr ~oQ>m| H$m n[adma ~‹T>m {Oå‘oXm[a¶m± ~‹T>r Am¡a VoOr go IM© ^r ~‹T>m
A~ Cg n³Ho$ ‘H$mZ ‘| XmoZm| ~oQ>m| Ho$ n[adma H$m EH$ gmW ahZm ‘wpíH$b hmo J¶m&
AnZr g‘ñ¶m Ka Ho$ ^rVa hr aho Xÿgam| Ho$ gm‘Zo Z Am¶o Bg{bE S>çmoT>r na naXm
bJm {X¶m h¡& Mm¡Yar-ImZXmZ AnZo Ka H$mo hdobr nwH$maVo Wo& Ka H$s S>çmo‹T>r na
CÝhmoZo ~moar Ho$ Q>mQ> H$m Zhr ~pëH$ AÀN>o {H$ñ‘ H$m naXm ahVm h¡&
n[adma ‘o§ EH$ gmW Vmo ahVo Wo bo{H$Z IM© Am¡a n[adma ~‹T>Zo Ho$ H$maU ^rVa
hr ^rVa AbJ-AbJ hmo J¶o Wo& naXm ^r Yrao-Yrao Iam~ hmoZo bJm& A~ g‘ñ¶m ¶o
CR>Vr h¡ {H$ naXm bm¶o H$m¡Z? ""Bg g‘ñ¶m H$m hb Bg Vah hþAm {H$ XmamoJm gmh~
Ho$ O‘mZo H$s nb§J H$s a§JrZ MX²Xao EH$ Ho$ ~mX EH$ S>çmo ‹T>r ‘| bQ>H$mB© OmZo bJr&
H$hmZr ‘| ’$Ob Hw$a~mZ Am¡a Mm¡Yar Bbmhr ~»e ¶o Xmo ~oQ>o h¡& Mm¡Yar
nra~»e Bbmhr ~»e H$s Mm¡Wr g§VmZ h¡, ~mH$s g^r Zo Vmbr‘ hm{gb H$a Hw$N> Z
Hw$N> Zm¡H$ar hm{gb H$a br& qH$Vw nra~»e àmB‘ar go AmJo Z ~‹T> gHo$ n[adma H$mo
ܶmZ ‘| aIH$a CÝhmoZo ^r Vob Ho$ ‘rb ‘| ‘w§er{Jar H$a br& ~mah ê$n¶o ‘hrZo na
do dhm± Zm¡H$ar H$aVo Wo&
n§Ðh gmb ‘| CZH$m nJma ~mah go AR>mah ê$n¶o hmo J¶m& bo{H$Z n[adma
H$s Oê$aVo {XZ XþJZo amV ~‹T>Vr JB©& n[adma H$s Oê$aVm| H$mo nwam H$aZo Ho$ {bE 18
ê$n¶o nwao Z n‹S>Vo Wo& Eogr Xem ‘| CÝho Ka H$s MrOm| H$mo {Jadr aI CZH$s Amdí¶H$VmAm|
H$s ny{V© H$aVo h¡& Ka H$s Am¡aVm| Ho$ H$n‹S>o OJh-OJh go ’$Q> MwHo$
h¡& Ka ‘| ImZo Ho$ bmbo n‹S>Zo bJo& bo{H$Z S>çmo‹T>r na CÝhmoZo naXm bQ>H$m¶o aIm&
³¶m§o{H$ ^rVa Hw$N> ^r hmo na ‘wh„o ‘| ^rVa H$s ~mV ~mha Z AmZo nm¶o&
Eogm d³V Am J¶m {H$ XadmOm ^r, nmZr ‘| Jb-Jb H$Q> H$a g‹S> H$a {Ja
OmVm h¡& ‘H$mZ ‘m{bH$ H$mo H$hZo na CgZo ‘H$mZ Imbr H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$hm& {H$gr
Vah Mm¡Yar Zo XadmOm H$mo Mm¡IQ> go {Q>H$m {X¶m& hm±bm{H$ H$s Mmoa go Á¶mXm {’«$H$
CÝho AnZo Ka H$s Am~ê$ H$s Wr& EH$ naXm hr h¡ Omo Cgo ~MmH$a aIm h¡& Ka H$s
Am¡aVm| Ho$ eara na H$n‹S>m Zm‘ ‘mÌ ah J¶m Wm&
EH$ {XZ nra~»e H$mo ê$n¶m| H$s ~hþV Oê$aV Am n‹S>r bo{H$Z A~ Ka> ‘|
{Jadr aIZo Ho$ {bE Hw$N> ^r Zhr h¡& Eogo g‘¶ EH$ hr ì¶{º$ CZH$mo n¡go XoVm h¡,
dh h¡ n§Om~r ImZ& n§Om~r Abr Im± Zo do Mma ê$n¶o CYmar boVo h¡& Mm¡Yar OmZVo
Wo {H$ ¶{X n§Om~r ImZ H$mo n¡g¡ g‘¶ na Z {‘bo Vmo dh CZH$s hmbV ³¶m H$aoJm&
g~ OmZVo hþE ^r Mm¡Yar g‘¶ na aH$‘ Zhr bm¡Q>m nmVm h¡& H$B© OJh H$O© ‘m±JZomunotes.in
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na ^r CÝho H$O© Zht {‘bVm& {XZ-~-{XZ n§Om~r ImZ H$m Im¡’$ Cgo gVmZo bJm&
Am¡a dh Cggo ~MZo Ho$ {bE ¶hm± dhm± {N>nZo bJVo h¡§& EH$ E¡gm g‘¶ AmVm h¡ {H$
Mm¡Yar H$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ A~ dh AnZo {Z¶{‘V g‘¶ go AmH$a Mbm J¶m hmoJm
bo{H$Z E¡gm Zht hmoVm h¡ Am¡a CgH$s ^oQ> CgHo$ XadmOo na hmoVr h¡ O~ dh XadmOo
na IS>o hmoH$a Mm¡Yar H$mo Jmbr XoVm h¡& Mm¡Yar H$mo XoIZo na Jwñgo ‘| Cgo AneãX
H$hZo bJVm h¡, ‘whëbo Ho$ g^r bmoJ IS>o hmoH$a Ho$db V‘mem XoIVo h¡& Mm¡Yar
{‘ÞVo H$aVm h¡ {H$ dh Am¡a Wmo‹S>o {XZ H$s ‘whbV Cgo Xo Xo qH$Vw dh Zht ‘mZVm h¡&
Hw$N> Zhr h¡ Vmo naXm hr ‘| {b¶o OmVm hþ± ¶h H$h H$a dh naXo H$mo ItM boVm h¡&
O¡go hr naXo H$s S>moa Qy>Q>Vr h¡ d¡go hr Mm¡Yar O‘rZ na {Ja n‹S>Vo h¡&
naXm hQ>Zo na dhm± CnpñWV g^r bmoJ e‘© go AnZr ZOao PwH$m boVo h¡&
n§Om~r ImZ H$m H$R>moa öX¶ ^r {nKb OmVm h¡ Am¡a naXm dht N>mo‹S>o dhm± go ""bmhm¡b
{~bm...'' H$hH$a bm¡Q> OmVm h¡& ór¶m Ka Ho$ ^rVa AY©Z½Z AdñWm ‘| {gHw$S>H$a
I‹S>r ahVr h¡&
H$hmZr Ho$ A§V ‘| ZrMo n‹S>o hþE naXo H$mo {’$a go XadmOo na bQ>H$mZo H$s gwY
^r Mm¡Yar H$mo Zht ahVr h¡& Am¡a A~ Bgo Oê$ar ^r Zhr g‘PVo& em¶X A~ CZHo$
nmg {N>nmZo Ho$ {bE Hw$N> ^r eof Zht ~Mm Wm&
Bg àH$ma H$hmZr ‘| Mm¡Yar nra~»e Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go CÀM dJ© H$s emofU
dmXr àd¥{Îm H$mo ~Vm¶m J¶m h¡&
1.2.3 Mm[a{ÌH$ {deofVmE±
H$hmZrH$ma H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVw H$mo ܶmZ ‘| aIH$a nmÌm| H$mo {M{ÌV H$aVm
h¡& ¶o nmÌ H$hmZr ‘| ì¶má ¶wJrZ g‘ñ¶mAm| H$s Am¡a g§Ho$V H$aVo hþE H$hmZr H$mo
{Od§VVm àXmZ H$aVo h¡& Bgr{bE nmÌ-M[aÌ H$m H$hmZr ‘o§ EH$ {deof ñWmZ hmoVm
h¡& H$hmZr Am{W©H$ {df‘Vm Ho$ AmYma na h¡& H$hmZr ‘| Mm¡Yar nra~»g Am¡a n§Om~r
ImZ BZ Xmo {H$aXmam| Zo H$hmZr H$mo erf© ñWmZ na nhþ±Mm {X¶m&
1) Mm¡Yar nra~»e …
H$hmZr Ho$ Ho$ÝÐr¶ nmÌ Mm¡Yar nra~»e h¡& Mm¡Yar Bbmhr ~»g Ho$ nra~»e
Mm¡Wr g§VmZ h¡& Mm¡Yar nra~»e Á¶mXm n‹T>o {bIo Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU EH$ Vob H$s
H§$nZr ‘| ‘wer{Jar H$s Zm¡H$ar H$aVo h¡& A{YH$ nJma Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU do AnZo
n[adma H$mo boH$a EH$ gñVo go ‘H$mZ ‘| ahVo h¡& {OVZr VoOr go n[adma H$s Oê$aVo
~‹T> ahr Wr & CgH$s AmYr J{V CZHo$ nJma ‘| Zht hþB©& n§Ðh ~ag ‘| Ho$db CZH$s
nJma ~mah go AR>amh ê$n¶o hr hmoVr h¡& AnZo n[adma H$s Amdí¶H$VmAm| H$mo nyam
H$aZo Ho$ {bE do ~hþV ‘ohZV H$aVo h¢& bo{H$Z Ag‘W© h¡ &
Ka H$s Am~ê$ ~Mm¶o aIZo Ho$ {bE XadmOo na h‘oem naXm bQ>H$m¶o ahVo
h¡& ³¶m|{H$ Cgr ‘| hr g^r H$s ^bmB© h¡& Ka H$s Iam~ AdñWm Ho$ H$maU do n§Om~rmunotes.in
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ImZ go CYmar boVo h¡& n¡go g‘¶ na Z XoZo na AnZo n[adma H$s ajm Ho$ {bE CgHo$
gm‘Zo {‘ÞVo H$aVo h¡ Vm{H$ Hw$N> {XZ Am¡a {‘b Om¶o&
A§V ‘| n§Om~r ImZ Ho$ Ûmam naXm IrM| OmZo na do hVà^ hmo OmVo h¡& CZHo$
AZwgma A~ CZHo$ {bE naXo H$m H$moB© ‘hÎd Zht h¢&
2) n§Om~r ImZ …
n§Om~r ~~a Abr ImZ H$hmZr Ho$ gm§‘VdmXr àd¥{Îm Ho$ n[aMm¶H$ h¡& n§Om~r
ImZ AnZo ñWmZr¶ VWm J¡a-ñWmZr¶ bmoJm| H$mo n¡go XoVo h¡& ~m~a Abr ImZ H$m
amoOJma ""{gVdm Ho$ Cg H$ÀMo ‘wh„o ‘| AÀN>m Imgm MbVm Wm&'' g^r Vah Ho$
‘OXÿa Ymo~r Am{X g^r Cggo n¡gm {b¶m H$aVo Wo& n¡go g‘¶ na Z {‘bZo na dh
bmoJm| go OmZdam| H$s Vah ì¶dhma H$aVm h¡& Mma AmZm ê$n¶m ‘{hZo na Mma ê$n¶m
H$O© XoVm Wm&
nra~»e H$mo n§Om~r ImZ go hr H$O© {‘bVm h¡& {OgHo$ ~Xbo n§Om~r ImZ
CgH$s ^ao g‘mO ‘| ~oBÁOVr H$aVm h¡&
Bg àH$ma g{X¶m| go Mbr Am ahr emofUdmXr àd¥{Îm H$mo n§Om~r ImZ Ho$
‘mܶ‘ go ~Vm¶m J¶m h¡&
XoeH$mb n[apñW{V Am¡a dmVmdaU :
XoeH$mb Am¡a dmVmdaU H$s Ñ{ï> go naXm H$hmZr ‘| {M{ÌV Mm¡Yar n[adma
H$s Am{W©H$ XþX©em Ho$db CZH$s hr Zht h¡ ~pëH$ g‘ñV ‘ܶ‘ dJu¶ n[adma H$s
h¡& AmO g^r ‘ܶ‘dJu¶ n[adma ‘| A^md Ho$ H$maU VZmd H$m ‘mhmob ~Zm ahVm
h¡& Z¶o nwamZo Ho$ ~rM g§Kf© hmoVm h¡, Amngr a§{Oeo CËnÞ hmoVr h¡& n¡gm| Ho$ A^md
Ho$ H$maU Mm¡Yar H$m n[adma AbJ-AbJ ñWmZm| na ahZo Mbo OmVo h¡, H$hmZr ‘|
nra~»e AnZo n[adma Ho$ gmW J§Xo go ‘whëbo ‘| ahZo Ho$ {bE ~mܶ h¡& Am{W©H$
n[apñW{V Iam~ hmoZo Ho$ Ka Ho$ gm‘mZ ~oMZo n‹S>Vo h¡& Am¡aVmo Ho$ eara na Zm‘ ‘mÌ
H$nS>o h¡& Eogr Xem ‘| XadmOo na bQ>H$m naXm hr nra~»e H$s Am~ê$ ~MmVm h¡&
""~¡R>H$ Z ahZo na ^r Ka H$s BÁOV H$m »¶mb Wm Bg{bE naXm ~moar Ho$ Q>mQ> H$m
Zhr, ~{‹T>¶m {H$ñ‘ H$m ahVm&'' Bg àH$ma naXm H$s EH$ à{VH$ Ho$ ê$n ‘| g‘mO Ho$
gm‘Zo àñVwV {H$¶m J¶m h¡, nyar H$hmZr ‘o§ h‘ XoIVo h¡ {H$ {H$g àH$ma boIH$ Zo
naXo Ho$ ‘hËd H$mo ewê$ go A§V VH$ ~Vm¶m h¡&
naXm Qy>Q>Zo H$m S>a Mm¡Yar n[adma ‘| g^r H$mo h¡& nyar KQ>ZmAm| ‘| g^r H$mo
h¡& nyar KQ>ZmAm| H$m ¶{X ‘yë¶m§H$Z H$a| Vmo h‘ nmVo h¡ {H$ boIH$ Zo naXm H$hmZr ‘|
{Og dmVmdaU H$mo ~Vm¶m h¡ dh H$hmZr ‘| g~go ‘hÎdnyU© ~Z n‹S>m h¡& nra~»e
H$m J§Xo ‘whëbo ‘| ahZm, dhm± H$s J§XJr, ~X~y Am{X Vah H$s g‘ñ¶mAmo| go H$hmZr
Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go g‘mO H$m H$‹S>dm gM gm‘Zo AmVm h¡&munotes.in
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dV©‘mZ Ho$ ‘ܶ‘dJu¶ g‘mO H$s ‘O~yar VZmd, XX© H$s Omo A{^춺$s Am{W©H$
XþX©em Ho$ H$maU hþB© h¡ dh ¶wJmZwê$n h¡& AmO ‘±hJmB© Amg‘mZ Ny> ahr h¡, n[adma ‘|
EH$ H$‘mZodmbm Am¡a nyao n[adma H$mo nmbZm BgH$s gÀMr Vñdra H$hmZr ‘| Xr JB© h¡&
1.2.5 H$hmZr H$m CÔoí¶
naXm H$hmZr ‘| boIH$ Zo Am{W©H$ {df‘Vm Jar~r A^md go J«ñV OrdZ OrZo
Ho$ {bE ‘O~wa bmoJmo H$m {díbofU h¡& n§Om~r ImZ O¡go emofUdmXr àd¥{Îm dmbo
g‘mO Ho$ emofH$ h¡, Omo Jar~m| H$mo àVm{‹S>V H$aVo h¡& EH$ Ho$ ~Xbo Mma {hgm~
bJmH$a ny±OrdmX {XZ-~-{XZ A‘ra ~ZVm OmVm h¡& nra~»e O¡go bmoJ H$O© MwH$mVo-
MwH$mVo {^Imar ~Z OmVo h¡& Ka Ho$ gmao gm‘mZ {~H$ OmZo na ^r ¶o CÀM dJ© Ho$
bmoJmo H$mo ‘mZdVm H$m ^r »¶mb Zhr AmVm h¡&
nra~»e H$m nJma Xoe Ho$ {dH$mg H$s J{V go ^r Yrao ~‹T>Vm h¡& n§Ðh df© ‘|
Ho$db n§Ðh ê$n¶o go 18 ê$n¶o hr ~‹T>Vm h¡& H$hmZr Ho$ Bg Vah Ho$ ny±Orn{V bmoJ hr
nra~»e O¡go ear’$ B§gmZ H$mo X¶Zr¶ pñW{V ‘| ahZo Ho$ {bE ‘O~ya H$aVm h¡&
l‘ Ho$ AZwgma EdO Z {‘bZo na Jar~m| H$mo n§Om~r ImZ O¡go emofUdmXr
àd¥{Îmdmbo ì¶{º$ H$m ghmam boZm n‹S>Vm h¡& H$O© g‘¶ na Z {‘bZo na E¡go bmoJ
Jar~m| H$s Am~ê$ H$m »¶mb VH$ Zht aIVo h¢&
Bg àH$ma boIH$ H$m CÔoí¶ Jar~mo A^md H$s {OÝXJr H$mo Xem©Vo hþE ny±Orn{V¶m|
Am¡a n§Om~r ImZ O¡go bmoJm| H$s emofUdmXr àd¥{Îm Ho$ {Ibm’$ {dÐmoh Ho$ 춺$ {H$¶m
h¡& AnZo H«$m§{VH$mar {dMmam| go nmR>H$m| Ho$ gm‘Zo g‘mO H$m H$Qw> g˶ aIm h¡&
1.2.6 g‘rjmË‘H$ àíZ :
1. naXm H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVw AnZo eãXm| ‘| {b{IE&
2. naXm H$hmZr H$m CÔoí¶ ñnï> H$s{OE&
3. M[aÌ-{MÌU H$s Ñ{ï> go naXm H$hmZr H$m ‘yë¶m§H$Z H$s{OE&
4. naXm H$hmZr ‘ܶ‘ dJu¶ n[adma H$s gÀMr Vñdra àñVwV H$aVm h¡ H¡$go?
ñnï> H$s{OE&
5. H$hmZr Ho$ erf©H$ H$s gmW©H$Vm {gÕ H$s{OE&
6. Mm¡Yar n[adma H$m dU©Z AnZo eãXm| ‘| H$arE&
1.2.7 bKwÎmar¶ àíZ :
1. naXm H$hmZr H$m gmam§e {bIrE&
2. n§Om~r ImZ {H$g dJ© H$m à{V{Z{YËd H$aVm h¡ ? ñnï> H$s{OE&munotes.in
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3. naXm H$hmZr ‘| naXo H$m ‘hÎd ~VmB¶o&
4. naXm H$hmZr Ho$ nra~»e H$m M[aÌ {MÌU H$s{OE&
5. naXm H$hmZr ‘| Am{W©H$ Xem H$m dU©Z H$s{OE&
1.2.8 dñVw{Zð> àíZ …
1. ¶enmb H$s H$m¡Z-gr aMZm nmR²>çH«$‘ ‘| h¡?
2. Mm¡Yar n[adma AnZo n³Ho$ ‘H$mZ H$mo ³¶m H$hVo Wo?
3. nra~»e Zo {H$VZr {ejm àmá H$s Wr?
4. ’$Ob Hw$a~mZ H$hm± H$m‘ H$aVo Wo?
5. ’$Ob Hw$a~mZ H$m¡Z-gr Zm¡H$ar H$aVo Wo?
6. Mm¡Yar Bbmhr ~»e H$hm± H$m‘ H$aVo Wo?
7. Mm¡Yar nra~»e H$m¡Z-gm H$m¶© H$aVo Wo?
8. nra~»e Zo {H$ggo CYmar br Wr?
9. Jar~ H$m EH$ ‘mÌ ghm¶H$ H$m¡Z h¡?
10. n§Om~r ImZ H$m nyam Zm‘ ³¶m Wm?
1.2.9 g§X^© g{hV AdVaU :
1. ""Ohm± ~mb-~ÀMo Am¡a Ka-~ma hmoVm h¡ gm¡ {H$ñ‘ H$s P§PQ>o hmoVr hr h¡&
H$^r ~ÀMo H$mo VH$br’$ h¡, Vmo H$^r OÀMm H$mo& Eogo d³V ‘| H$O© H$s
Oê$aV H¡$go Z hmo? Ka-~ma hmo, Vmo H$O© ^r hmoJm hr&''
2. ""H$n‹S>o H$s ‘h±JmB© Ho$ Bg O‘mZo ‘| Ka H$s nm±Mmo Am¡aVm| Ho$ eara go H$n‹S>o
OrU© hmoH$a ¶mo {Ja aho Wo, O¡go no‹S> AnZr N>mb ~XbVo h¡& na Mm¡Yar
gmh~ H$s Am‘XZr go {XZ ‘| EH$ X’|$ {H$gr Vah noQ> ^a gH$Zo Ho$ {bE
AmQ>m Ho$ Abmdm H$n‹S>o H$s Jw§OmBe H$hm±?''
3. ‘whëbo ‘| Mm¡Yar nra~»e H$s BÁOV Wr& BÁOV H$m AmYma Wm, Ka Ho$
XadmOo na bQ>H$m naXm ^rVa Omo hmo, naXm gbm‘V ahVm&''
4. ""Mm¡Yar gmh~ H$s qOXJr ‘| b‹S>H$m| Ho$ ã¶mh Am¡a ~mb-~ÀMo ^r h¡ bo{H$Z
Img Va³H$s Z hþB©, dhr Vrg Am¡a Mmbrg én¶o ‘hdma H$m XOm©&munotes.in
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1.2.10 g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m (CXmhaU g{hV) :
1. ‘whëbm| ‘| g’o$Xnmoer Am¡a BÁOV hmoZo na ^r Mmoa Ho$ {bE Ka ‘| Hw$N> Z
Wm, em¶X EH$ ^r H$n‹S>m ¶m ~aVZ bo OmZo Ho$ {bE Mmoa H$mo Z {‘bVm, na
Mmoa Vmo Mmoa h¡&
g§X^© …
àñVwV AdVaU h‘mar nmR²>ç nwñVH$ "Xg à{V{Z{Y H$hm{Z¶m± "naXm' Zm‘H$
erf©H$ go CX²Y¥V h¡& BgHo$ boIH$ ¶enmb h¡& ¶enmb Or H$s H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| g‘mO
H$s AmemAm| AmH$m§jmAm| Am¡a {dg§J{V¶m| Ho$ gmW ‘wI[aV hþAm h¡&
àg§J …
àñVwV H$hmZr ‘| {ZåZ ‘ܶ‘dJu¶ n[adma H$m {MÌU {H$¶m J¶m h¡& nra~»e
AnZo n[adma H$s Oê$aVm| H$mo nyam H$aZo Ho$ {bE H${R>Z n[al‘ H$aVm h¡ ~mdOyX
BgHo$ Cgo AnZo Ka H$m gm‘mZ {Jadr aIZm n‹S>Vm h¡& Am‘XZr H$‘ Am¡a IM©
A{YH$ h¡& n[adma H$s Oê$aVo ~‹T>Vr Om ahr h¡ bo{H$Z nra~»e H$s nJma Zhr& Ka
H$s Oê$aVm| H$mo nyam H$aZo Ho$ {bE gmam gm‘mZ {Jadr aI XoVm h¡, ¶hm± VH$ Ka H$s
Am¡aVm| Ho$ nmg VZ ‹T>±H$Zo Ho$ {bE nyao H$nS>o ^r Zhr h¡& ~m[ae Ho$ H$maU Ka H$m
XadmOm ^r Qy>Q> OmVm h¡&
‘H$mZ ‘m{bH$ XadmOm bJmZo Ho$ {bE V¡¶ma Zht hmoVm h¡& ‘O~yar ‘| Cgo
Qy>±Q>o hþE XadmOo H$mo hr Ka Ho$ H$moZo go {Q>H$mZm nS>Vm h¡& hm±bm{H$ H$s Ka ‘| ^wIo Am¡a
~o~g bmoJm| Ho$ Abmdm Hw$N> Zht h¡ {’$a ^r nra~»e H$mo Mmoar H$m S>a ~Zm h¡& Bg
àH$ma H$hmZr ‘| {ZåZ‘ܶ‘ dJu¶ n[adma H$s nr‹S>m H$mo Xem©¶m J¶m h¡&
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Hmunotes.in
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BH$mB© 2
S>mMr - CnoÝÐZmW AíH$
BH$mB© H$s ê$naoIm
2.0 BH$mB© H$s ê$n aoIm
2.1 CnoÝÐZmW "AíH$' OrdZ n[aM¶ Am¡a H¥${V¶m±
2.2 H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVw
2.3 Mm[a{ÌH$ {deofVmE±
2.4 XoeH$mb, dmVmdaU Am¡a n[apñW{V
2.5 H$hmZr H$m CÔoí¶
2.6 g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m
2.7 bKwËVar¶ àíZ
2.8 {Q>ßn{U¶m±
2.9 dñVw{Zð> àíZ
2.1 CnoÝÐZmW AíH$ Am¡a CZH$s H¥${V¶m±
{hÝXr gm{h˶ ‘| CnoÝÐZmW AíH$ ‘hmZ H$hmZrH$ma Am¡a CnݶmgH$ma Ho$
ê$n ‘| {d»¶mV h¡& CnoÝÐZmW AíH$ H$m OÝ‘ 14 {Xg§~a 1910 H$mo Omb§Ya ‘|
hþAm& BÝhmoZo bmhmoa go H$mZwZ H$s {ejm àmá H$s& ~mX ‘| ñHy$b ‘| AܶmnH$ hmo
JE& ‘ܶ‘dJu¶ n[adma ‘| OÝ‘ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CÝhmoZo AnZo OrdZ ‘| H$B© g§Kf© H$m
gm‘Zm {H$¶m& Bgr ~rM BÝhmoZo H$B© boIZ H$m¶© {H$¶o&
AíH$ Or Zo AmR> ZmQ>H$ AZoH$ EH$m§H$s, gmV Cnݶmg, Xmo gm¡ go A{YH$
H$hm{Z¶m± Am¡a AZoH$ g§ñ‘aU {bIo& CXÿ© ‘| OwXmB© H$s em‘ H$m JrV ZdaËZ Am{X
gßVmh àH$m{eV h¡&
Cnݶmgmo ‘| {gVmam| Ho$ Iob ""{JaVr {Xdmao'', ""J‘© amI'' Am{X à{gÕ h¡&
Xrn OboJm BZH$s ~hþ M{M©V H${dVm h¡&2
munotes.in
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2.2 H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVw
H$hmZr H$s ewê$dmV ‘wgb‘mZ OmQ> ~mH$a go hmoVr h¡& OmQ> ~mH$a EH$
‘OXÿa h¡& Z§Xÿ Mm¡Yar H$s S>mMr H$mo XoIH$a OmQ> ~mH$a AmH${f©V hmoVm h¡& do Cgo
IarXZm MmhVm h¡& Z§Xÿ Mm¡Yar Cg gw§Xa S>mMr H$m ‘m{bH$ h¡& 150 ê$ ‘| ~mH$a
S>mMr H$mo IarX boVm h¡&
S>mMr IarXZo H$m H$maU Ho$db EH$ h¡-dh h¡ CgH$s ~oQ>r H$s BÀN>m& ~mH$a
AnZr ~oQ>r goo ~hþV ào‘ H$aVm h¡& ³¶m|{H$ ~mH$a H$s nËZr Zo AmIar g‘¶ a{O¶m
H$mo Iwe aIZo Ho$ {bE H$hm Wm& V^r go ~mH$a Zo {XZ-amV ~‹S>r ‘ohZV H$a a{O¶m
H$mo Iwe aIZo H$s R>mZ br& ~mH$a O~ ^r H$m‘ na go bm¡Q>Vm a{O¶m CgHo$ Q>m§Jmo go
{bnQ> OmVr& CgHo$ ào‘ H$mo XoIH$a ~mH$a ^mdwH$ hmo OmVm Wm& {XZ-amV EH$ H$a
dh a{O¶m H$s BÀN>mAm| H$s ny{V© ‘| bJm ahVm&
EH$ {XZ a{O¶m ‘era‘mb H$s gm§S>Zr H$mo XoIVr h¡& Cgo XoIH$a Cgo ^r
gm§S>Zr na ~¡R>H$a Ky‘Zo H$s BÀN>m hmoVr h¡& dh AnZo {nVm Or go S>mMr IarXZo H$s
{OX²X H$aVr h¡& Cg d³V ~mH$a Cgo ‘Zm H$aVm h¡, bo{H$Z ‘Z hr ‘Z Ñ‹T> {ZíM¶
H$aVm h¡ {H$ dh a{O¶m H$mo S>mMr IarXH$a XoJm& H${R>Z n[al‘ H$aZo Ho$ ~mX dh
a{O¶m Ho$ {bE 150 H$s S>mMr IarXVm h¡& VoOr go AnZo Ka H$s Am¡a ~‹T>Vm h¡ Vm{H$
a{O¶m Ho$ gmoZo go nhbo Ka nh±ÿM Om¶o& dh H$ënZm H$aZo bJVm h¡ {H$ a{O¶m S>mMr
H$mo XoIH$a Iyer go Py‘ CR>Vr h¡, Am¡a CgHo$ Jbo bJ OmVr h¡& S>mMr na ~¡R>Zo na
a{O¶m {H$gr Vah H$s naoemZ Z hmo B{g{bE JX²Xm ~ZdmZm MmhVm Wm& dh ~mZH$
Ho$ Ka OmVm h¡ JX²Xm IarXZo Ho$ {bE bo{H$Z dh Ka na Zhr Wm& ‘§S>r Mbm J¶m
Wm& ‘§S>r Mbm OmEJm Vmo Cgo Xoar hmo Om¶oJr Bg{bE dh ‘era‘mb gmh~ Ho$ Ka
Mbm OmVm h¡& ¶h gmoMH$a H$s CZHo$ nmg Vmo H$B© JX²Xo n‹S>o hm|Jo, EH$ nwamZm JX²Xm
CZgo bo boJo&
~mH$a CZHo$ Ka nh±wMVm h¡& ‘era‘mb CgH$s S>mMr H$mo XoIH$a Cggo CgH$s
H$s‘V nw±N>Vo h¡& ~mH$a H$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ dh 200 ê$n¶o ~Vm Xo qH$Vw dh 150 hr
~VmVm h¡& S>mMr H$mo XoIH$a ‘era‘mb H$mo bmbM AmVm h¡ Am¡a ~mH$a go CgH$s
BÀN>m nwN>o {~Zm 165 ê$n¶o H|$ CgH$s S>mMr bo boVm h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ hmW go S>mMr H$s
añgr AnZo Zm¡H$a Ho$ hmW W‘m XoVm h¡&
~mH$a R>ham ‘OXÿa B§gmZ MmhH$a ^r Hw$N> ~mob Zhr nmVm h¡& CgHo$ Am±Imo
Ho$ gm‘Zo CgH$s ~oQ>r a{O¶m H$m Moham Ky‘Zo bJVm h¡&
Bg àH$ma H$hmZr Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go boIH$ Zo ~Vm¶m {H$ Jar~ B§gmZ H$s Mmh
A‘ram| Ho$ gm‘Zo ‘m¶Zo Zhr aIVr h¡& {XZ-amV n[al‘ H$aZo na ^r dh AnZr
~oQ>r H$s BÀN>m nyar Zhr H$a nmVm h¡& Bg Vah g‘mO ‘| gm§‘VdmXr àd¥{Îm Ho$ à{V
boIH$ Zo AnZr qMVm 춳V H$s h¡& ~mH$a O¡go ì¶{º$¶m| Ho$ à{V AnZr ghmZ^y{V
àH$Q> H$s h¡&munotes.in
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2.3 Mm[a{ÌH$ {deofVmE±
H$WmdñVw H$s ^m±{V hr H$hmZr ‘| nmÌ ¶moOZm AWdm M[aÌ A˶§V ‘hËdnyU©
hmoVm h¡& ¶{X nmÌ ¶moOZm gw{Z¶mo{OV Zhr hmoJr Vmo H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVw {Zag bJoJr&
H$hmZr ‘| OmQ> ~mH$a ‘w»¶ nmÌ h¡& OmQ> ~mH$a "H$mQ>'nr {gH§$Xa H$m ‘wgb‘mZ
h¡& OmQ> ~mH$a dh Am¡a CgH$s ~oQ>r h¡& ~mH$a H$s {dYdm ~hZ ^r Cgr Ho$ gmW
ahVr h¡& ~mH$a H$s nËZr H$s Ag‘¶ ‘¥Ë¶w hmo OmVr h¡& ‘¥Ë¶w Ho$ g‘¶ CgH$s nËZr
5 df© H$s ~oQ>r H$mo ~mH$a Ho$ hmWm| gm¡nH$a nabmoH$ {gYma boVr h¡&
~mH$a Ho$ OrdZ ‘| A~ EH$ bú¶ h¡ {H$ dh AnZr ~oQ>r a{O¶m H$mo Iwe
aIo& CgH$s BÀN>mAm| H$s ny{V© H$ao& CgHo$ {bE dh {XZ amV ‘ohZV H$aVm h¡& Vm{H$
a{O¶m H$mo {H$gr ^r Vah H$s VH$br’$ Z hmo& a{O¶m ‘era‘mb H$s gm±S>Zr H$mo
XoIVr h¡& ‘era‘mb AnZr ~oQ>r Ho$ gmW gm±S>Zr na ~¡R>H$a CgHo$ Jm±d AmVm h¡& Bgo
XoIH$a a{O¶m Ho$ ‘Z ‘o bmbM AmVm h¡, Am¡a ~mH$a go gm±S>Zr Ho$ {bE {OX²X H$aVr
h¡& ~mH$a Cgo ‘Zm H$aVm h¡, {’$a ^r ‘Z hr ‘Z CgH$s BÀN>m H$s ny{V© Ho$ {bE
à{Vkm boVm h¡& {XZ-amV ‘ohZV H$a ~mH$a 150 ê$. BH$Q²>R>m H$aVm h¡& Z§Xÿ Mm¡Yar go
CgH$s gw§Xa S>mMr IarX boVm h¡&
S>mMr H$mo IarXZo na dh Ka OëX go OëX nhþ±MH$a AnZr ~oQ>r Ho$ Mohao na
‘wñH$mZ XoIZm MmhVm h¡& dh amñVo ‘| H$ënZm H$aZo bJVm h¡ {H$ S>mMr H$mo XoIH$a
a{O¶m ~hþV Iwe hmoVr h¡& Iwer go Hw$XZo bJVr h¡& ¶h H$ënZm H$a hr ~mH$a ‘Z
hr ‘Z ‘½Z hmoVm h¡ & Cgo JX²Xm IarXZo H$m »¶mb AmVm h¡ Am¡a dh ZmZH$ Ho$
Ka nhþ±M OmVm h¡, qH$Vw ZmZH$ ‘§S>r J¶m hmoVm h¡ Bg{bE Cgo JX²Xm Zhr {‘b nmVm&
JX²Xo Ho$ {bE dh ‘era‘mb Ho$ ¶hm± OmVm h¡& S>mMr H$mo XoIH$a ‘era‘mb
H$s {Z¶V Iam~ hmoVr h¡& Am¡a Cggo dh 165 ‘| {~Zm CgH$s BÀN>m OmZo {~Zm
S>mMr H$s añgr AnZo Zm¡H$a Ho$ hmW W‘m XoVm h¡& ~mH$a MmhH$a ^r CgH$m {damoY
Zhr H$a nmVm h¡& dh Jar~ Aghm¶ h¡ Bg{bE g§H$moM H$a Mwn ~¡R> OmVm h¡& AnZr
~oQ>r H$s BÀN>m MmhH$a ^r nyar Zht H$a nmVm h¡&
H$hmZr ‘| ~mH$a EH$ {Oå‘oXma {nVm h¡ Omo AnZr ‘ohZV Am¡a bJZ go
AnZr ~oQ>r H$s nad[ae H$aVm h¡& Am¡a CgH$s gmar BÀN>mAm| H$mo nyam H$aZo H$m
à¶mg H$aVm h¡&
2.4 XoeH$mb dmVmdaU Am¡a n[apñW{V
XoeH$mb Am¡a dmVmdaU H$hmZr H$m ‘hËdnyU© A§J h¡& H$hmZr "H$m§Q>' nr
{gH§$Xa ‘wgb‘mZ ~mH$a H$s h¡& Omo AnZo ‘ohZV Am¡a bJZ go AnZo n[adma H$s
Oê$aVm| H$mo nyar H$aVm h¡& AnZr ~oQ>r H$s gmar BÀN>mAm| H$mo nyar H$aZo H$s dh à{Vkm
boVm h¡& EH$ {XZ CgH$s ~oQ>r a{O¶m H$mo ‘era‘mb H$s gm§S>Zr AÀN>r bJVr h¡& Cgomunotes.in
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^r S>mMr na ~¡R>H$a Ky‘Zm Wm, Bg{bE dh AnZo {nVm ~mH$a go S>mMr IarXZo H$s
{OX²X H$aVr h¡& {nVm Cg dº$ Vmo Cgo ‘Zm H$a XoVo h¡ bo{H$Z ‘Z hr ‘Z S>mMr
IarXZo H$s à{Vkm boVm h¡&
150 ê$ ‘| CgZo Mm¡Yar Z§Xÿ go CgH$s S>mMr IarX boVm h¡& Ka OmVo g‘¶
Cgo S>mMr na ~¡R>Zo Ho$ {bE JX²Xm IarXZm Wm& Bg{bE dh ZmZH$ Ho$ Ka OmVm h¡,
qH$Vw ZmZH$ ‘§S>r J¶m hmoVm h¡& ‘§S>r OmZm ~mH$a Ho$ {bE Cg d³V g§^d Z Wm& dh
gmoMVm h¡ {H$ ‘era‘mb Ho$ nmg nwamZo JX²Xo boZo CZHo$ Ka Mbm OmVm h¡&
‘era‘mb ~mH$a H$s S>mMr H$mo XoIH$a ‘mo{hV hmo OmVm h¡& Cggo CgH$s
S>mMr 165 ê$ ‘| {~Zm CgH$s BÀN>m OmZo {~Zm IarX boVm h¡& S>mMr H$s añgr AnZo
Zm¡H$a Ho$ hmWmo§ W‘m XoVm h¡&
~mH$a MmhH$a ^r ‘era‘mb H$mo Hw$N> Zhr H$h nmVm h¡&
Bg àH$ma H$hmZr ‘| ~mH$a Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go Jar~m| H$s n[apñW{V¶m| H$m ¶Wm{n
{MÌU {H$¶m J¶m h¡&
2.5 H$hmZr H$m CX²Xoí¶
boIH$ CnoÝÐZmW AíH$ Zo ^maVr¶ g‘mO Ho$ ¶WmW© H$mo ~‹S>o hr ‘Zmod¡km{ZH$
T>§J go àñVwV H$aZo H$m g’$b à¶mg {H$¶m h¡& Bg H$hmZr Ho$ nmÌ ~mH$a Zo AnZr
nËZr H$mo {X¶o JE dMZ VWm ~oQ>r a{O¶m H$mo Iww{e¶m± XoZo Ho$ {bE IwZ-ngrZm EH$
H$a g^r gmYZ OwQ>mZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m& ¶hr Zht dh S>mMr IarXZo Ho$ {bE bJmVma
‘ohZV H$a n¡go BH$Q²>R>m H$aVm ahm {H$ ~oQ>r a{O¶m H$s BÀN>m H$mo nyar H$a gHo$&
bo{H$Z O~ dh S>mMr IarXH$a AnZr ~oQ>r H$mo Iw{e¶m± XoZo Ho$ H$ar~ nhþ±MVm h¡, Vmo
‘era‘mb H$s ~war Ñ{ï> H$m {eH$ma hmo OmVm h¡& H$hmZr H$m CX²Xoí¶ EH$X‘ gm’$ h¡
{H$ g‘mO H$m H$moB© Jar~ ì¶{º$ ~mH$a H$s Vah ‘ohZV ‘OXÿar H$aHo$ AnZm| H$mo
àgÞ aIZm MmhVm O~{H$ ‘era‘mb O¡go A‘ra Jar~m| H$s Iw{e¶m± Zhr XoI gH$Vo&
do AnZr A‘rar Am¡a ny±Or H$s eº$s go ~mH$a O¡go Jar~m| H$s S>mMr Ho$ ê$n ‘| CZH$s
BÀN>mE± Am¡a A{^bmfmAm| na H$m‘¶m~ hmo OmVo h¡&
2.6 g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m
1. dh {XZ amV H$m‘ H$aVm Wm ~pëH$ AnZr ‘¥V npËZ H$s Cg Yamoha> H$mo
AnZr Cg ZÝhr gr Jw{S>¶m H$mo, ^m±{V-^m±{V H$s MrOo bm H$a àgÞ aI
gHo$&
g§X^© …
àñVwV AdVaU h‘mar nmR²>ç nwñVH$ à{V{ZYr Xg H$hm{Z¶m± Ho$ "S>mMr' H$hmZr
go br JB© h¡, BgHo$ boIH$ CnoÝÐZmW AíH$ h¡& CnoÝÐZmW AíH$ ‘mZdr¶ ‘yë¶m| H$mo
boH$a MbZodmbo boIH$ Wo& CZHo$ gm{h˶ ‘| Bgo XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡ &munotes.in
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àg§J …
àñVwV AdVaU ‘| ~mH$a AnZr ~oQ>r a{O¶m Omo {H$ {~Z ‘m± H$s ~oQ>r h¡&
CgH$s BÀN>m H$mo nwam H$aZm hr CgHo$ OrdZ H$m bú¶ ~Z MwH$m h¡& Cgo Iwe aIZo
Ho$ {bE AbJ-AbJ Am¡a Vah-Vah H$s MrOo bmVm h¡&
ì¶m»¶m …
àñVwV AdVaU ‘| boIH$ Zo ~Vm¶m h¡ {H$ EH$ {nVm AnZr ~oQ>r H$s BÀN>mAmo
H$mo nyam H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$VZr ‘ohZV H$aVm h¡& H$hmZr Ho$ ‘w»¶ nmÌ ~mH$a AnZr
~oQ>r a{O¶m Ho$ {bE {XZ-amV H$S>r ‘ohZV H$a CgH$s »dm{hem| H$mo nyam H$aVm h¡&
a{O¶m H$s ‘m± Am{Iar g‘¶ ~mH$a go {^Jr Am±Io boH$a H$hVr h¡ {H$ ‘oar
~oQ>r H$m »¶mb aIZm Cgo H$^r ^r H$ï> Zm XoZm & Bgr dm³¶ H$mo ~mH$a AnZo OhZ
‘| CVmaVm h¡, Am¡a Cgr H$m AZwgaU H$aVm h¡& ""O~ ^r H$^r dh ‘§S>r go AmVm,
Vmo ZÝhr-gr a{O¶m CgH$s Q>m±Jmo go {bnQ> OmVr Am¡a ~‹S>r-~‹S>r Am±I| CgHo$ JX© go
AQ>o hþE Mohao na O‘m H$a nyN>Vr "Aã~m, ‘oao {bE ³¶m bmE hmo ?' CgH$m ¶h
dm³¶ H$^r Imbr Z OmE Bg{bE ~mH$a CgHo$ {bE Vah-Vah H$s MrOo bm H$a
XoVm h¡&
Bg àH$ma H$hmZr ‘| EH$ {nVm H$m AnZr ~oQ>r Ho$ à{V ào‘ ñZoh H$mo
~Vm¶m h¡&
g§X^© g§{hV ì¶m»¶m hoVw Aݶ AdVaU …
1. ""dh H$m‘ A{YH$ H$aVm hmo, ¶h ~mV Z Wr, H$m‘ go CgZo gX¡d Or Mwam¶m
Wm & MwamVm ^r ³¶m| Z, O~ CgH$s nËZr Cggo XþJwZm H$m‘ H$aHo$ CgHo$
^ma H$mo ~±Q>mZo Am¡a Cgo Amam‘ nh±þMmZo Ho$ {bE ‘m¡OyX Wr&''
2. jU ^a Ho$ {bE Cg H$R>moa ì¶{º$ H$m Or ^a Am¶m& ¶h gm§S>Zr CgHo$ ¶hm±
hr n¡Xm hþB© Am¡a nbr Wr& AmO nmb-nmog H$a Cgo Xÿgao hmW ‘| gm¡nVo hþE
CgHo$ ‘Z H$s Hw$N> Eogr Xem hþB©, Omo b‹S>H$s H$mo ggwamb ^oOVo g‘¶ {nVm
H$s hmoVr h¡&
3. ~mH$a H$s Oo~ ‘| n‹S>o S>oT> gm¡ Ho$ ZmoQ> O¡go ~mha CN>b n‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE ì¶J«
hmo CR>o& V{ZH$ Omoe Ho$ gmW CgZo H$hm, Vwåho Bggo ³¶m H$moB© bo Vwåho Vmo
AnZr H$s‘V go JaO h¡, ‘mob ~VmAm|?munotes.in
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2.7 {XKm}Îmar àíZ …
1. S>mMr H$hmZr erf©H$ H$s gmW©H$Vm {gÕ H$s{OE&
2. S>mMr H$hmZr H$m CX²Xoí¶ {b{IE&
3. ~mH$a Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go boIH$ g‘mO H$mo ³¶m g§Xoe XoZm MmhVm h¡?
4. H$hmZr H$m gmam§e {bIrE&
2.8 {Q>nUr …
1. a{O¶m H$m M[aÌ-{MÌU&
2. ~mH$a H$s ‘Zmoì¶Wm ñnï> H$s{OE&
3. ‘erabmb H$m M[aÌ-{MÌU H$s{OE&
2.9 dñVw{Zð> àíZ :
1. Mm¡Yar Z§Xÿ Zo S>mMr H$s {H$VZr H$s¨‘V V¶ H$s ?
CÎma. 160 ê$.
2. ~mH$a {H$VZo ê$n¶m| ‘| S>mMr IarXVm h¡?
CÎma. 150 ê$.
3. S>mMr H$mo ~mH$a Ho$ hmWm| gm¡nVo hþE Z§Xÿ Mm¡Yar H¡$gm ‘hgyg H$aVm h¡ ?
CÎma. Omo bS>H$s H$mo ggwamb ^oOVo g‘¶ {nVm H$s hmoVr h¡&
4. a{O¶m {H$gH$s ~oQ>r h¡?
CÎma. OmQ> ~mH$a
5. OmQ> ~mH$a H$s ~oQ>r H$m ³¶m Zm‘ h¡ ?
CÎma. a{O¶m
6. a{O¶m {H$g MrO Ho$ {bE {OX²X H$aVr h¡ ?
CÎma. S>mMr Ho$ {bE
7. ~mH$a go CgH$s S>mMr H$m¡Z IarXVm h¡ ?
CÎma. ‘era‘mb gmh~
8. ‘era‘mb S>mMr Ho$ {bE ~mH$a H$mo {H$VZo ê$n¶o XoVm h¡ ?
CÎma. 165 ê$.
9. ‘era‘mb S>mMr IarXZo na ~mH$a H$mo {H$VZo ê$n¶o XoVm h¡ ?
CÎma. 60 ê$.
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Hmunotes.in
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BH$mB© 2.1
^o{‹S>E - ^wdZoída
BH$mB© H$s ê$naoIm
2.1.1 BH$mB© H$s ê$n aoIm
2.1.2 ^o{‹S>E H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVw
2.1.3 Mm[a{ÌH$ {deofVmE±
2.1.4 H$hmZr H$m CÔoí¶
2.1.5 g‘rjmË‘H$ àíZ
2.1.6 {Q>ßn{U¶m±
2.1.7 g§X^© g{hV ñnï>rH$aU
2.1.1 ^wdZoída : OrdZ n[aM¶ Am¡a H¥${V¶m±
{hÝXr gm{h˶H$mam| ‘| ^wdZoída Or Zo AnZm {deof ñWmZ ~Zm¶m h¡& CZH$m
‘yb Zm‘ ^wdZoída àgmX lrdmñVd h¡& ^wdZoída Or H$m OÝ‘ 1910 ‘| emhOm±nya
(CÎma àXoe) ‘| hþAm h¡& BZH$s AZoH$ {dYmE± h¡-O¡go ZmQ>H$, H$hmZr, H${dVm, AmbmoMZm
BZH$m "H$madm±' EH$ ZmQ>H$ g§J«h h¡& ^wdZoída gm{h˶ OJV H$m E¡gm Zm‘ h¡, {OgZo
AnZo N>moQ>o go OrdZ H$mb ‘| gm{h˶ H$m g¥OZ {H$¶m& EH$m§H$s H$hmZr H${dVm g‘rjm
O¡gr H$B© {dYmAm| ‘| ^wdZoída Zo gm{h˶ H$mo ZE Voda dmbr aMZmE± Xr& EH$ Eogm
gm{h˶H$ma {OgZo AnZr aMZmAm| go AmYw{ZH$ g§doXZmAm| H$s ZB© n[anmQ>r {dH${gV
H$s& CZH$s ¶h ‘mݶVm CZH$s aMZmAm| ‘| ñnï>V¶m Ð{ï>JmoMa hmoVr h¡& B§gmZ H$mo
dñVw ‘| ~XbVo OmZo H$s Omo Vñdra CÝhm|Zo CHo$ar, dmo AmO Ho$ g‘¶ ‘| Am¡a ^r
A{YH$ àmg§{JH$ hmo OmVr h¡& ^wdZoída H$s aMZmE± AmOmXr EH$, nÌ, EH$ amV,
OrdZ H$s PbH$, S>mH$‘w§er ‘m±-~oQ>o B˶m{X E¡g AZoH$ ZmQ>H$ ^r {bIo h¡& EH$
gmå¶hrZ gmå¶dmXr BgH$m à{gÕ ZmQ>H$ h¡& EH$mH$s Ho$ ^md, à{V^m H$m {ddmh
Am{X H$B© ZmQ>H$ h¡&
2.1.2 H$WmdñVw
^o{‹S>E H$hmZr ‘| ‘mZdr¶ àd¥{Îm H$mo ~Vm¶m J¶m h¡& {H$g àH$ma ‘Zwî¶ AnZo
Amn H$mo ~MmZo Ho$ {bE Xþgao H$s OmZ H$s nadmh Zht H$aVm h¡&
H$hmZr ‘| Imê$ AnZo OrdZ Ho$ ~rVo Hw$N> A§emo Ho$ ~mao ‘| boIH$ H$mo ~Vm
ahm h¡& Imê$ H$m nyam Zm‘ BâVIma Wm& bmoJm| Zo Cgo Imê$ nwH$maZm ewê$ H$a {X¶m2.1
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dh ~VmVm h¡ [H$ EH$ {XZ Imê$ CgHo$ {nVm Am¡a VrZ ZQ>{Z¶m± 15-15 gmb H$s do
bmoJ ½dm{b¶a Ho$ AmB©Z go nN>mh H$s Amoa Om aho Wo& amñVo ‘| CÝho EH$ gmW 200
go A{YH$ ^o{‹S>E ZOa AmVo h¡& EH$ gmW BVZo ^o{S>¶m| H$m Pw§S> XoIH$a do bmoJ gh‘
OmVo h¡, Am¡a {OZ JÈ>m| H$mo boH$a Om aho Wo do H$m’$s ^am hþAm Wm {OgHo$ H$maU
~¡b VoOr go Xm¡‹S> Zhr nm aho Wo& nhbo JÈ>o H$mo hbH$m {H$¶m J¶m Vm{H$ do bmoJ AmJo
~‹T> gHo$& BgHo$ ~mdOyX ^o{S>¶m± CZH$s Va’$ ~‹T>Vo hr Om aho Wo& AnZr OmZ ~MmZo
Ho$ {bE ½dm{b¶a go bmB© hþB© b‹S>{H$¶m| H$mo EH$-EH$ H$aHo$ ZrMo ’o$H$Zo bJVo h¡&
{’$a^r ^o{S>¶m| go BZH$m nrN>m Zhr Nw>Q>Vm h¡&
Imê$ Ho$ {nVm Ho$ AmJ«h H$aZo na Xmo ~¡bm| ‘| go EH$ ~¡b H$mo N>mo‹S> {X¶m
OmVm h¡ Vm{H$ ^o{S>¶m| H$m Py§S> ~¡bm| H$s Va’$ ~‹T> Om¶o& qH$Vw WmoS>r hr Xoa ‘| ^o{S>¶m
CZH$s Amoa AmZo bJVo h¡&
Imê$ Ho$ {nVm Zo O~ XoIm {H$ A~ Vmo OmZ OmZo hr dmbr h¡ Vmo CgZo AnZo
~oQ>o H$mo T>mT>g ~§Ym¶m° Am¡a H$hm± {H$ Bg pñW{V ‘| Ho$db EH$ hr ì¶{º$ {O{dV ah
gH$Vm h¡&
Imê$ Ho$ {nVm AnZo Amn H$mo ~w‹T>m ~VmVo hþE Imê$ H$mo {OÝXm ahZo H$s
gbmh XoVo h¡& AnZo hmWm| ‘| Xmo Xmo Ny>[a¶m| br Am¡a ^o{S>¶m| Ho$ ~rM Hy$X n‹S>Vm h¡&
Bg àH$ma H$hmZr ‘| ~§Omamo Ho$ OrdZ H$s X¶Zr¶ Xem H$mo 춺$ {H$¶m h¡&
CZH$s ÌmgXr Am¡a {dS>§~ZmAmo H$mo H$hmZr ‘| ~Vm¶m J¶m h¡& AnZr Am{W©H$ {dnÞVm
H$mo g§nÞVm ‘| V~Xrb H$aZo Mbo Imê$ Am¡a CgHo$ {nVmOr H$mo OrdZ H$s ~hþV ~‹S>r
{H$‘V MwH$mZr n‹S>Vr h¡&
2.1.3 Mm[a{ÌH$ {deofVmE±
H$hmZr ‘| Xmo hr nmÌ h¡& Imê$ Am¡a CgHo$ {nVmOr & hm±bm{H$ Imê$ Ho$
{nVmOr H$m Zm‘ boIH$ Zhr ~Vm¶m J¶m h¡& {’$a ^r H$hmZr ‘| Imê$ Ho$ {nVmOr Ho$
H$maU H$hmZr ‘| amo‘m§M ~Zm ahVm h¡& ^o{S>¶m± H$hmZr Ho$ XmoZm| hr nmÌ H$hmZr H$mo
{Od§VVm àXmZ H$s&
Imê$ :
Imê$ H$hmZr Ho$ ‘w»¶ nmÌ h¡& H$hmZr Ho$ Ama§^ ‘| CgH$s C‘« 70 Ho$ Amg-
nmg ~VmB© JB© h¡& Jar~r Am¡a hm°bmV Zo Cgo {ZX©¶r Am¡a gmhgr ~Zm {X¶m h¡&
½dm{b¶a go OmVo g‘¶ CgH$m gm‘Zm ^o{‹S>¶m| go hmoVm h¡& Cg b‹S>mB© ‘| dh AnZo
gmW VrZ ZQ>{Z¶m {Ogo dh Xÿgao eha ~oMZo OmVm h¡& CÝho Am¡a AnZo {nVm H$mo Imo
XoVm h¡&
CZ g~ Ho$ OmZo Ho$ ~mX Imê$ AHo$bo hr ^o{‹S>¶m| H$m gm‘Zm H$a AmJo ~‹T>
OmVm h¡& Cg {XZ Eogm ‘hgwg hmoVm h¡ {H$ O¡go CgH$m nwZ©OÝ‘ hmoVm h¡& ‘¥Ë¶w gomunotes.in
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OrVZo na CgHo$ A§Xa H$m ^¶ IË‘ hmo MwH$m h¡& Bg àH$ma Imê$ H$hmZr H$m ‘w»¶
nmÌ h¡&
Imê$ Ho$ {nVmOr H$hmZr Ho$ Jm¡U nmÌ h¡& H$hmZr ‘| Imê Ho$ {nVm Zo AnZr
~hmXþar H$s {‘emb H$m¶‘ H$s h¡& ^o{‹S>¶m|, H$m gm‘Zm CÝhmoZo ‘aVo X‘ VH$ {H$¶m&
^o{‹S>¶m| ~rM Hw$XZo na ""Wmo‹S>r Xoa ‘| Cgo {M„mVo gwZVm ahm-¶h-¶h bo! ¶h bo&
^o{‹S>¶| H$s Am¡bmX&'' ‘m¡V H$mo g‘j XoIZo na ^r do S>aVo Zhr h¡& do ¶h OmZVo Wo
{H$ AmO Ho$ ~mX do AnZo ~oQ>o go Zhr {‘b|Jo {’$a ^r AnZo Mohao na {eH$Z ¶m
‘m¶ygr AmZo Zhr XoVo h¡& Am¡a XmoZm| hmWm| go Imê$ Ho$ Jmb H$mo My‘Vo h¡& Am¡a Ny>am
boH$a ^o{‹S>¶m| Ho$ ~rM Hy$X nS>Vo h¡& Bg àH$ma H$hmZr ‘| AX²^yV ~hmXÿar H$m à‘mU
XoVo h¡&
XoeH$mb dmVmdaU Am¡a n[apñWVr :
à˶oH$ H$hmZr ‘| XoeH$mb Am¡a n[apñWVr ‘hÎdnyU© h¡& H$hmZr H$m ‘yë¶mH§$Z
H$aZo na nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ Am‘ OZVm Am¡a ~§Omamo H$s n[apñWVr h‘mao g‘mO ‘|
H¡$gr h¡ ? ¶h Ho$db Imê$ Am¡a CgHo$ {nVmOr H$s H$hmZr Zht h¡ ~pëH$ g^r bmoJm|
H$s h¡, Omo ‘Zwî¶ H$mo ‘Zwî¶ Zht g‘PVo h¡& ½dm{b¶a go bm¶r hþB© VrZm| b‹S>{H$¶m|
H$mo dmo XmoZm| AnZr OmZ ~MmZo Ho$ {bE ^o{‹S>¶m| Ho$ ~rM T>Ho$b XoVo h¡&
Bg àH$ma h‘mao Xoe ‘| Ag§»¶ bmoJ h¡ Omo Bg Vah OrdZ OrVo h¡& n[apñW{V¶m|
go hmaH$a Imê$ Jar~r ^ar qOXJr OrVm h¡&
2.1.4 H$hmZr H$m CÔoí¶
boIH$ ^wdZoída Zo Bg H$hmZr Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go Xmo ~mVm| H$mo ñnï> H$aZm Mmhm
h¡& nhbr ~mV ¶h {H$ AnZr j‘Vm H$mo g‘Po {~Zm ¶{X h‘ ~hþV ~‹S>m ~ZZo H$s
A{^bmfm {bE H$m‘ H$aVo h¡, Vmo Eogr g‘ñ¶mE± gm‘Zo AmVr h¡ {H$ h‘ Z Vmo AnZr
nhbo H$r pñW{V ‘| Am gH$Vo h¡ Am¡a Z hr AnZo CÔoí¶ VH$ nhþ±M nmVo h¡&
Bg H$hmZr H$m Xÿgam ‘w»¶ CÔoí¶ ¶h h¡ {H$ AnZr g‘ñ¶mAm| H$mo ~hþV
~‹S>r g‘PH$a ^¶^rV Zhr hmoZm Mm{hE& BgHo$ ~Om¶ nyar e{º$ Ho$ gmW CgH$m
gm‘Zm H$aZm Mm{hE& ¶{X h‘ g‘ñ¶mAm| Ho$ gm‘Zo g‘{n©V hmoVo ah|Jo Vmo Yrao-Yrao
g‘ñ¶mE± h‘o {ZJb OmE|Jr&
^o{‹S>¶m| H$m gm‘Zm H$aZo Ho$ ~OmE nhbo b‹S>{H$¶m| H$mo {’$a AnZo ~¡bmo H$mo
CZHo$ gm‘Zo ’|$H$Zm C{MV Zhr H$hm Om gH$Vm& dV©‘mZ g‘mO ‘| ‘Zwî¶ Ho$ OrdZ
Ho$ gm‘Zo H$B© ~ma Eogr g‘ñ¶mE± AmVr h¡ {OÝho h‘ ^o{‹S>¶m| H$m Pw§S> g‘P ~¡R>Vo h¡&
Amdí¶H$Vm h¡ Cggo nyar e{º$ Ho$ gmW b‹S>Zo H$s, Zhr Vmo h‘ ^o{‹S>¶m| Ho$ {eH$ma
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2.1.5 g‘rjmË‘H$ àíZ
1. ^o{‹S>E H$hmZr H$m gmam§e AnZo eãXm| ‘| {b{IE&
2. ^o{‹S>E H$hmZr H$m CÔoí¶ {b{IE&
3. ^o{‹S>E H$hmZr ‘| {M{ÌV g‘ñ¶mAm| na àH$me S>m{bE&
4. ^o{‹S>E H$hmZr Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go boIH$ ³¶m H$hZm MmhVo h¡&
2.1.6 bKw àíZ ({Q>ßn{U¶m±)
1. Imê$ H$m M[aÌ-{MÌU H$s{OE&
2. Imê$ Ho$ {nVmOr Ho$ ~hmXþar H$s ì¶m»¶m H$s{OE&
3. ^o{‹S>E H$hmZr H$s g‘rjm {b{IE&
2.1.7 dñVw{Zð> àíZ
1. Imê$ {H$VZr b‹S>{H$¶m| H$mo nN>mh {b¶o Om aho Wo?
2. ^o{‹S>E H$hmZr Ho$ Irê$ Am¡a CgHo$ {nVmOr VrZ b‹S>{H$¶m| H$mo H$hm± {bE Om
aho Wo?
3. ^o{‹S>E H$hmZr ‘| {M{ÌV ZQ>{Z¶m| H$s {H$VZr C‘« Wr?
4. ^o{‹S>E H$hmZr ‘| Irê$ {H$VZo df© H$m h¡ ?
5. ^o{‹S>E H$hmZr ‘| Imê$ H$mo {H$gHo$ OyVo nhZZo Ho$ {bE ‘Zm H$aVm h¡?
2.1.8 g§X^© g{hV ñnï>rH$aU
1. ""BZ XmoZm| ‘| ~m§Xr ^mar Wr Am¡a Hw$N> gmoMH$a H$m±nVo hmWm| dh AnZr Mm±Xr
H$s ZWZr CVmaZo bJr Wr Am¡a ‘¡Zo em¶X ~Vm¶m Zht, ‘wPo dh Hw$N> AÀN>r
^r bJVr Wr&''
2. "ê$H$mo' CgZo H$hm - "‘¢ ZE OwVo nhZo h±ÿ, ‘¢ BÝho Xg gmb nhZVm, na
XoImo Vw‘ BÝho ‘V nhZZm, ‘ao hþE AmX{‘¶m| Ho$ OyVo Zhr nhZo OmVo, Vw‘
BÝho ~oM XoZm'&
3. ~¡b nmJb hmoH$a ^mJ aho Wo, hdm ‘| CZHo$ ‘w±h H$m ’o$Z CS>H$a h‘mao ‘w±hm|
na ‘oh H$s Vah {JaVm Wm, Am¡a do a§^m aho Wo O¡go ~§Om[aZo ã¶mZodmbr ^¡gm|
H$s ZH$bo H$aVr h¢&munotes.in
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g§X^© g{hV ñnï>rH$aU (CXmhaU g{hV) :
1. "Vy ‘oam Agbr ~oQ>m h¡& ‘oao ~mn Zo H$hm Am¡a ‘oao XmoZm| Jmb My‘ {b¶o&
CgZo AnZo XmoZm| hmWm| ‘| ~‹S>r-~‹S>r Ny>[a¶m± bo br Am¡a Jbo ‘| ‘O~yVr go
H$nS>m bnoQ> {b¶m&
g§X^© :
àñVwV AdVaU h‘mar nmR²>ç nwñVH$ Xg à{V{Z{Y H$hm{Z¶m± "^o{‹S>E' Zm‘H$
erf©H$ go CX²Y¥V h¡& BgHo$ boIH$ ^wdZoída h¡& ^wdZoída Or Zo H$B© H$hm{Z¶m± ZmQ>H$
Am{X {bIo h¡& BZHo$ gm{h˶ ‘o ~XbVo ‘mZdr¶ àd¥{Îm H$m {MÌU {H$¶m h¡&
àg§J :
Cn¶w©³V AdVaU ‘| Imê$ Am¡a CgHo$ {nVmOr H$s ~hmXÿar H$mo ~Vm¶m J¶m
h¡& Imê$ H$m {nVm ~y‹T>o hmoZo na ^r Imê$ go Á¶mXm VoO Am¡a gmhgr h¡&
g§X^© :
Cn¶wº$ AdVaU ‘| boIH$ Zo Imê$ Am¡a CgHo$ {nVm Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go g‘mO Ho$
~XbVo ‘yë¶m| H$mo ~Vm¶m h¡& Imê$ Am¡a CgHo$ {nVmOr VrZ ZQ>{Z¶m| H$mo boH$a EH$
ñWb go Xÿgao ñWb Om aho Wo& V^r amñVo ‘| CZH$m gm‘Zm ^o{‹S>¶m| go hmoVm h¡&
AnZr OmZ ~MmZo Ho$ {bE EH$-EH$ H$a ZQ>{Z¶m| H$mo ^o{‹S>¶m| Ho$ AmJo ’|$H$ XoVo h¢&
Am¡a AnZo ~¡bm| H$mo ^r {’$a ^r, do ^o{‹S>¶mo Ho$ AmJo {Q>H$ Zhr nmVo h¡& ~mn Am¡a ~oQ>o
‘| go {H$gr H$mo Vmo ~MZm Mm{hE Bg CÔoí¶ go Imê$ H$m {nVm AnZo ~oQ>o H$mo AmídmgZ
XoH$a V¡¶mar Ho$ gmW ^o{‹S>¶m| Ho$ gm‘Zo Hy$X n‹S>Vm h¡& Bg àH$ma H$hmZr ‘| boIH$ Zo
ñdmW© àd¥{Îm H$mo {XIm¶m h¡&
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Hmunotes.in
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BH$mB© 3
H$‘©Zmem H$s hma - {edàgmX qgh
BH$mB © H$s ê$na oIm
3.2 {edàgmX qgh … OrdZ n[aM¶ Am¡a H ¥${V¶m ±
3.3H$‘ ©Zmem H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñV w
3.4Mm[a{ÌH$ {de ofVmE ±
3.5 X oeH$mb dmVmdaU n[apñW{V
3.6 H$hmZr H$m CX X oí¶
3.7 g §X^ ©g{hV ì¶m»¶m H o$ {bE ‘hÎdn yU © AdVaU
3.8g‘rjmË‘H$ àíZ
3.9bK wÎmar¶ àíZ
3.10dñV w{Z > àíZ
3.2 n[aM¶ Amoa H¥${V¶m±
{hÝXr gm{h˶ OJV ‘| {edàgmX qgh H$m ‘hÎdnyU© ñWmZ h¡ & {edàgmX
Or H$m OÝ‘ 19 AJñV 1928 ~Zmag Ho$ O~bnwa Jm±d ‘| O‘tXma n[adma ‘|
hþAm Wm& ~Zmag {hÝXþ {díd{dÚmb¶ go AnZr {ejm nyU© H$s& Ka ‘| g§nÞVm H$m
dmVmdaU hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX OrdZ H$s gƒmB¶m| ¶m A^md BÝhm|Zo AZXoIm Zhr
{H$¶m& {edàgmX Or H$s XmXr Zo OrdZ Ho$ Cƒ ‘yë¶m| H$s {ejm BÝh| Xr
Wr? ¶hr H$maU ahm {H$ do AnZr XmXr Ho$ {ZH$Q> Wo& ~MnZ go {X¶o Om aho
{dMma, ‘yë¶, AmXe© Am{X g^r CZHo$ gm{h˶ ‘| àmá hmoVo h¡&
gm{h˶ H$s {dYmAm| na AZoH$ H$m¶© {H$¶o& Cnݶmg, H$hmZr, {Z~§Y VWm
AmbmoMZm Am{X {dYmAm| ‘| nwñVHo$ àH$m{eV h¡& AbJ-AbJ d¡VaUr, Jbr AmJo
‘wS>Vr h¡, Am¡a {Zbm Mm§X Am{X BZHo$ à‘wI Cnݶmg h¡&
‘wXm© gam¶ H$hmZr Zo gm{h˶ OJV ‘| EH$ AbJ Vah Ho$ {df¶ H$mo OÝ‘
{X¶m& H$hmZr A˶m{YH$ bmoH${චhþB©& BZH$s H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| à‘wI h¡& Ama-nma H$s
‘mbm, H$‘©Zmem H$s hma, BÝho ^r B§VOma h¡& Am{X H$hm{Z¶m± h¡&
{Z~§Ymo ‘| H$ñVwar ‘¥J {eIamo Ho$ goVw Am{X h¡& Km{Q>¶m| Jw±OVr h¢, BZH$m
à{gÜX ZmQ>H$ h¡&3
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{edàgmX {g§h Zo AbJ-AbJ ‘wÔm| na AnZo gm{h˶ Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go AnZo
{dMmam| H$mo A{^춺$ {H$¶m& ^bo dh H$‘©Zmem H$s hma hmo {Og‘| A§Y{dídmg Ho$
à{V g‘mO H$mo OmJ¥V {H$¶m& AbJ-AbJ d¡VaUr Cnݶmg ‘o§ Jm±d H$s Xem Am¡a
^«ï> amOZr{V H$m {MÌU {H$¶m h¡&
gm{h˶ g‘mO H$m Xn©U hmoVm h¡& Bg H$WZ H$m BÝhm|Zo AZwgaU {H$¶m h¡
Am¡a AnZo gm{h˶ Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go g‘mO H$mo {Xem {ZX}e {H$¶m&
3.3 H$‘©Zmem H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVw …
H$hmZr Ho$ Ama§^ ‘| H$‘©Zmem ZXr H$m {ddaU {X¶m J¶m h¡& H$hmZr EH$
Jm±d H$s h¡ Ohm± H$‘©Zmem ZXr H$m nmZr Zhr nhþ±MVm Wm& ³¶m|{H$ dh EH$ C±Mo Srh
na pñWV Wm& ~mT> H$mo XoIH$a do bmoJ BH$Q²>R>m hmoH$a gmdZ Ho$ JrV-H$Obr JmVo
~OmVo Wo& EH$ {XZ Eogm g‘¶ AmVm h¡ {H$ H$‘©Zmem Ho$ ~m‹T> H$m nmZr CZHo$ Jm±d
VH$ nhþ±M OmVm h¡& ~m‹T> ‘| H$B© bmoJm| H$s ‘¥Ë¶w hmo OmVr h¡ Ho$db ‘Zwî¶ hr Zhr
OmZda ^r ~m‹T> ‘| ~h OmVo h¢&
hmbmV Eogo ~Z J¶o Wo {H$ bJmVma ~m‹T> H$m àH$mon ~‹T>Vm Om ahm Wm& Jm±d
dmbm| H$m ‘mZZm Wm H$s Adí¶ Jm±d ‘o§ Hw$N> JbV hmo ahm h¡& Bg{bE ZXr AnZm
H«$moY {XIm ahr h¡& Jm±d dmbo ~m‹T> H$m H$maU {dYdm ’y$b‘Vr H$mo ‘mZVo h¡& CZH$m
‘mZZm Wm {H$ {dYdm hmoZo na ^r ’y$b‘Vr EH$ ~ƒo H$s ‘m± ~ZVr h¡& Bg Hw$H$‘©
Ho$ H$maU Jm±d ‘| àb¶ Am ahm h¡&
^¡amo nm§S>o Hw$bXrn Ho$ ~‹S>o ^mB© h¡& "CÝhm|Zo Hw$bXrn H$mo ~MnZ go nmbm nmoem
Wm& ^¡amo nm§S>o {XZ-^a ~am‘Xo ‘| ~¡R>H$a ê$B© go {~Zmobo {ZH$mbVo, OO‘mZr MbmVo,
nÌm XoI XoVo g˶Zmam¶U H$s H$Wm H$h XoZo Bggo Omo Hw$N> Am‘XZr hmo OmVr
Wr& Cgr go do Hw$bXrn H$s nT>mB© Am¡a Ka H$m IM© XoIVo& Hw$bXrn Am¡a ’w$b‘Vr
Ho$ g§~§Ym| Ho$ ~mao ‘| do OmZVo Wo& H$B© ~ma Hw$bXrn H$mo AmJmh ^r {H$¶m Wm& na§Vw
Hw$bXrn Zht ‘mZm& Am¡a {Og ~mV H$m S>a ^¡amo nm§S>o H$mo Wm dhr KQ>Zm KQ>Vr h¡&
EH$ {XZ ^¡amo nm§S>o Hw$bXrn H$mo Jwñgo ‘| ‘ma XoVo h¢ Cgo ~hþV gwZmVo
h¡& Omoe ‘| AmH$a dh Ka go Mbm OmVm h¡& nwao {XZ ^¡amo nm§S>o Cgo ImoOVo h¢,
{’$a ^r Hw$bXrn Zht {‘bVm h¡& g‘P OmVo h¡ {H$ dh CÝh| N>mo‹S>H$a Mbm
J¶m& ¶h I~a gwZZo na ’y$b‘Vr amoZo bJVr h¡, CgHo$ ñda ‘| XX© {XImB© n‹S>Vm
h¡- ""‘moho Omo{JZr ~ZmHo$ H$hm§ JBbo ao Omo{J¶m''& ¶h dm³¶ gwZH$a nm§S>o Or ^r
AdmH$² ah OmVo h¡&
nm±M ‘{hZo ~rV J¶o Hw$bXrn Zht bm¡Q>Vm& A^r Kmd nyar Vah go ^am Zht
V~ go ’y$b‘Vr H$s ~oQ>r H$m OÝ‘ hmoVm h¡, Jm±d dmbmo H$m ‘mZZm h¡ {H$ Bg Vah
Ho$ Hw$H$‘© Ho$ H$maU hr ~m‹T> H$m àH$mon ~T> ahm h¡& O~ VH$ {H$gr H$s ~{b Zhr
M‹T>oJr V~ VH$ H$‘©Zmem em§V Zhr hmoJm& Jm±d dmbmo Ho$ ‘VmZwgma {OgZo ¶h nmnmunotes.in
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{H$¶m h¡ dhr ¶h ^moJoJm& g^r ’y$b‘Vr Am¡a CgHo$ XÿY ‘w±ho ~ƒo H$mo ZXr ‘| ’o$H$Zo
Ho$ {bE V¡¶ma hmoVo h¡& Bg Vah H$m Ñí¶ XoIH$a Jm±d Ho$ Hw$N> bmoJmo§ H$mo AmíM¶©
^r hmoVm h¡ Am¡a ~wam ^r bJVm h¡, bo{H$Z Jm±d Ho$ ‘w{I¶m Ho$ gm‘Zo H$m¡Z ~mobo&
‘w{I¶m ^¡amo nm§S>o go CZH$s am¶ nwN>Vo h¢& ^¡amo nm§S>o dr^Ëg gÞmQ>o H$mo
Vmo‹S>Vo hþE AmJo ~‹T>Vo h¢ Am¡a Cg ~ƒo H$mo ’y$b‘Vr go N>rZH$a ‘w{I¶m go H$hVo
h¡ {H$ ""H$‘© Zmem H$s ~m‹T> XþY ‘w±ho ~ƒo Am¡a EH$ A~bm H$s ~{b XoZo go Zht
éHo$Jr, CgHo$ {bE Vwåho ngrZm ~hmH$a ~m§Ymo H$mo R>rH$ H$aZm hmoJm&''
Bg àH$ma H$hmZr ‘| ^¡amo nm§S>o Zo ~‹T>Vo A§Y{dídmg H$mo amoH$Zo H$m à¶mg
{H$¶m& gmW hr g‘mO H$mo Bg g‘ñ¶m go b‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE ào[aV {H$¶m&
3.4 Mm[a{ÌH$ {deofVmE ±
à˶oH$ gm{h˶H$ma AnZo {dMmam| Am¡a {gX²Ym§Vmo Ho$ AZwê$n AnZo gm{h˶
‘| nmÌm| H$s g¥{ï> H$aVm h¡& {edàgmX qgh Zo H$s ""H$‘©Zmem H$s hma'' H$hmZr Ho$
nmÌmo Ho$ H$maU H$hmZr H$s KQ>ZmE± à˶j én go Am±Imo§ Ho$ gm‘Zo {XImB©
n‹S>Vr h¡&
H$hmZr ‘| VrZ hr nmÌ Eogo h¡ Omo H$hmZr ewé go boH$a A§V VH$ amo‘m§M
~Zm¶o aIVo h¡& H$hmZr Ho$ Ho$ÝÐ nmÌ ^¡amo ZmW nm§S>o h¡ Omo Hw$bXrn Ho$ ~‹S>o ^mB©
h¡& ^¡amoZmW H$mo AnZo {nVm go g§n{Îm Ho$ ê$n ‘| H$O© {‘bm, H$m‘-Ym‘ Ho$ {bE
XþY ‘w±ho ^mB© H$s XoIaoI ahZo Ho$ {bE ~Iar& Omo {H$ ~m‹T> Ho$ H$maU A~ H$‘Omoa
hmo JB© h¡, ^¡amoZmW Hw$bXrn H$mo AnZo ~ƒo H$s Vah nmb-nmoe H$a ~‹S>m H$aVo h¡&
CgH$s n‹T>mB© Amoa IM© MbmZo Ho$ {bE g˶Zmam¶U H$s H$Wm dmMVo h¡ nÌm n‹T>Vo
h¡& Bg Vah Omo ^r Am‘XZr hmoVr Cgr go Hw$bXrn H$s n‹T>mB© H$admVo h¡&
Hw$bXrn Am¡a ’y$b‘Vr Ho$ g§~§Ym| Ho$ ~mao ‘| OmZZo Ho$ ~mX do Hw$bXrn H$mo
ào‘ go S>m°Q> go g^r Vah g‘PmVo h¡ & bo{H$Z dh Zht g‘PVm h¡ &
^¡amoZmW Ho$ X²dmam ’$Q>H$ma gwZZo na Hw$bXrn Ka N>mo‹S>H$a Mbm OmVm h¡&
Hw$bXrn Ho$ OmZo Ho$ ~mX ^¡amoZmW AHo$bo n‹S> OmVo h¡& CgHo$ OmZo H$m CÝho A{Ve¶
Xþ…I hmoVm h¡& nm±M ‘{hZo hmo OmVo h¡ qH$Vw Hw$bXrn Zht AmVm h¡&
H$hmZr ‘| ^¡amoZmW Eogo nmÌ h¡, Omo A§Y{dídmg H$mo ~‹T>mdm Zhr XoVo h¡&
CZH$m ‘mZZm h¡ {H$ g‘ñ¶m H$m g‘mYmZ Ty>±T>Zm Mm{hE& Zm {H$ A§Y{dídmg H$mo
~T>mdm Xo& Jm±d dmbo O~ ’y$b‘{V H$mo Am¡a CgHo$ ~oQ>o H$mo ZXr ‘| ’o$H$Zo H$m ’¡$gbm
boVo h¢ V~ ’y$b‘Vr Am¡a CgHo$ ~ƒo H$mo ~MmZo Ho$ {bE do Jm±ddmbm§o Ho$ {déÜX
I‹S>o hmo OmVo h¡ do H$hVo h¡ {H$ ""‘w{I¶m Or ‘¢ AmnHo$ g‘mO H$mo H$‘©Zmem go
H$‘ Zht g‘PVm qH$Vw ‘¡ EH$-EH$ Ho$ nmn {JZmZo bJy§ Vmo ¶hm± IS>o gmao bmoJm|
H$mo n[adma g‘oV H$‘©Zmem Ho$ noQ> ‘| OmZm nS>oJm&''munotes.in
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Bg àH$ma ^¡amo nm§S>o EH$ {Oå‘oXma ZmJ[aH$ H$s Vah AnZo H$V©ì¶ H$mo nyam
H$aVo h¡& gmW hr B§gm{Z¶V Ho$ Zm‘ na {‘gmb H$m¶‘ H$aVo h¡& A§Y{dídmg Ho$
Zm‘ na hmo aho A˶mMma H$mo amoH$Vo h¡&
H$hmZr ‘| ’y$b‘Vr Zmar nmÌ h¡, Omo {H$ KQ>ZmE± Cgr Ho$ BX©-{JX© Ky‘Vr
ahVr h¡& {nVm H$s ‘¥Ë¶w {’$a n{V H$s ‘¥Ë¶w KQ>ZmAm| go ’w$b‘{V A~bm Zmar H$m
OrdZ OrZo Ho$ {bE {dde h¡& Hw$bXrn go Cgo ào‘ hmoVm h¡& bo{H$Z O~ Hw$bXrn
^r ~‹S>o ^mB© Ho$ X²dmam ’$Q>H$ma gwZZo na ’w$b‘{V H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Mbm OmVm h¡& ’w$b‘{V
nwZ… AHo$br n‹S> OmVr h¡& Hw$bXrn Ho$ ~ƒo H$s ‘m± ~ZZo na Jm±d dmbo CgHo$ Cgo
Hw$H$‘© H$m Zm‘ XoVo h¡& Am¡a Cgo Jm±d ‘| àb¶ H$m H$maU ^r Cgr H$mo ‘mZVo h¡&
’$bñdén Jm±ddmbo Cgo Am¡a ~mX ‘| CgHo$ ~ƒo H$mo nmZr ‘| ’o$H$Zo Ho$ {bE V¡¶ma
hmoVo h¡, Cg dº$ ^r dh AnZr Zr[ah Am±Imo go Jm±d dmbmo go ‘XX H$s Cå‘rX
H$aVr h¡ bo{H$Z AmJo H$moB© Zht AmVm h¡& Bg pñW{V ‘| ^r dh Ag‘W© h¡ AnZo
Amn H$mo Am¡a ~ƒo H$mo ~MmZo ‘| ^¡amoZmW nm§S>o CgH$s Am¡a CgHo$ ~oQ>o H$s ajm H$aVo
h¡&
Bg àH$ma ’y$b‘{V H$mo EH$ A~bm Ho$ ê$n ‘| àñVwV {H$¶m h¡&
3.5 XoeH$mb dmVmdaU n[apñW{V
H$‘©Zmem H$s hma H$hmZr ‘| XoeH$mb Am¡a n[apñW{V¶m| H$m ¶WmW© {MÌU
{H$¶m J¶m h¡& H$hmZr ‘| gm‘m{OH$ g‘ñ¶mAm| H$m ¶{X ‘yë¶m§H$Z {H$¶m Om¶o Vmo
~mV ñnï> hmo OmVr h¡ {H$ VËH$mbrZ g‘mO ‘| A§Y{dídmg bmoJm| ‘o§ {H$VZm ’¡$bm
hþAm Wm& Jm±d Ho$ ‘w{I¶m Am¡a YZogam MmMr O¡go bmoJ AnZo ñdmW© Am¡a PyR>r emZ
Ho$ {bE Aghm¶ bmoJmo na A˶mMma H$aVo h¡& ¶hm± VH$ {H$ AnZr ñdmW©ny{V© Ho$
{bE {H$gr H$s OmZ ^r Mbr OmE Vmo BÝho nadmh Zht ahVr&
H$hmZr ‘| H$‘©Zmem ZXr H$m {MÌU {H$¶m J¶m h¡, ~m‹T> H$m nmZr bJmVma
Jm±d ‘| ~‹T>Vm OmVm h¡& ~m‹T> Ho$ àH$mon go ~MZo Ho$ {bE Jm±d dmbo Aghm¶ bmoJm|
H$s ~{b M‹T>mVo h¡& Cgo nmnr Kmo{fV H$a àH$mon H$m H$maU Cgna T>Ho$b XoVo
h¡& do bmoJ ear’$ ~Zo aho& H$hmZr Ho$ nmÌm| Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go XoeH$mb Am¡a dmVmdaU
H$s Ñ{ï> go H$hmZr H$s KQ>ZmAm| ‘| amoMH$Vm CËnÞ hmoVr h¡& H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVw
nwarVah go XoeH$mb Am¡a dmVmdaU Ho$ AZwê$n h¡& {OgHo$ H$maU H$hr ^r Bg‘o
Ag§J{V Zht OmZ n‹S>Vr&
3.6 H$hmZr H$m CX²Xoí¶
à˶oH$ H$hmZrH$ma H$s H$hmZr Ho$ nrN>o H$moB© Z H$moB© CX²Xoí¶ hmoVm h¡& AnZo
CX²Xoí¶ H$s ny{V© Ho$ {bE H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVw Am¡a nmÌmo H$s Eogr g§aMZm H$aVm
h¡ Omo CgHo$ CX²Xoí¶ H$s ny{V© H$a gHo$&munotes.in
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"H$‘©Zmem H$s hma' H$hmZr H$m CX²Xoí¶ h¡, g‘mO go A§Y{dídmg IË‘ H$aZm&
‘Zwî¶ AnZo ñdmW© H$s ny{V© Ho$ {bE {H$g àH$ma Xþgam| H$s ~{b XoZm MmhVm h¡&
Bg ~mV H$s Amoa bmoJm| H$m ܶmZ AmH¥$ï> H$aZm& ^¡amo nm‹§S>o AnZr OmZ H$s nadmh
{H$¶o {~Zm Jm±ddmbm| Ho$ gm‘Zo ’y$b‘Vr na {H$¶o Om aho A˶mMmam| H$mo amoH$Vm
h¡& CgH$m {dÐmoh H$aVm h¡& ¶h EH$ ‘mZdr¶ g§doXZm H$m {‘gmb H$m¶‘ H$aVr h¡&
^¡amo nm§‹S>o Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go boIH$ Zo g‘mO Ho$ à{V gH$mamË‘H$ Ñ{ï> aIo Eogm g§Xoe
{X¶m h¡&
g‘ñ¶mAmo Ho$ Zm‘ na ~‹T>Vo A˶mMma H$mo amoHo$ CZ g‘ñ¶mAm| H$m g‘mYmZ
Ty>‹T>o Zm {H$ A§Y{dídmg H$mo ~‹T>mdm Xo&
Bg àH$ma H$hmZr ‘| boIH$ Zo nmÌm| Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ g‘mO H$mo ZB© Ñ{ï>H$moU AnZmZo
H$m g§Xoe {X¶m h¡& g‘mO H$m ¶WmW© {MÌU Cnݶmg ‘| {H$¶m J¶m h¡&
ì¶m»¶m Ho$ {bE ‘hÎdnyU© AdVaU …
1. nab¶ Z hmoJr, V~ ³¶m ~a¸$V hmoJr? ho ^JdmZ {Og Jm±d ‘| Eogm nmn
H$a‘ hmoJm dh ~hoJm Zhr, V~ ³¶m ~MoJm?
g§X^©…
àñVwV AdVaU h‘mar nmR²>¶ nwñVH$ à{V{Z{Y Xg H$hm{Z¶m| Ho$ H$‘©Zmem
Zm‘H$ erf©H$ go CX²Y¥V h¡& BgHo$ boIH$ {edàgmX qgh h¡& {edàgmX qgh H«$m§{VH$mar
{dMmam| Ho$ gm{h˶H$ma h¡& BZHo$ gm{h˶ ‘| gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ VWm amOZr{VH$
n[apñW{V¶m± go g§~§{YV g‘ñ¶mAmo H$m {MÌU {‘bVm h¡&
àg§J… àñVwV AdVaU ‘| H$‘©Zmem ZXr Ho$ ~m‹T> H$m nmZr Jm±d VH$ ’¡$b
J¶m h¡ {OgHo$ H$maU H$B© bmoJm| H$s ‘¥Ë¶w hmo OmVr h¡& {dYdm ’y$b‘Vr Zo EH$ ~oQ>r
H$mo OÝ‘ {X¶m h¡& Cgr Ho$ Hw$H$‘© Ho$ H$maU Jm±d ‘| àb¶ Am¶m& H$hmZr ‘|
A§Y{dídmg H$mo ~Vm¶m h¡&
ì¶m»¶m…àñVwV H$hmZr ‘| boIH$ Zo g‘mO ‘| A§Y{dídmg Ho$ ~‹T>Vo à^md
H$mo ~Vm¶m h¡& H$‘©Zmem ZXr H$m nmZr Jm±d VH$ nhþ±M OmVm h¡& {OgH$s dOh go
OmZdam| Ho$ gmW B§gmZ H$s ^r ‘¥Ë¶w hmo ahr Wr& bJmVma ~m‹T> Ho$ H$maU Jm±ddmbo
ÌñV hmo MwHo$ Wo& A{e{jV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Jm±d dmbo nyOm nmR>, ~{b Am{X ~mVm|
na {dídmg H$aVo h¡& àb¶ H$m H$maU ~m±Y H$m Z hmoZm Bgo Z XoH$a {dYdm ’y$b‘Vr
H$mo XoVo h¡& ³¶mo{H$ {dYdm hmoZo na CgZo EH$ ~oQ>r H$mo OÝ‘ {X¶m& g‘mO Ho$ AZwgma
¶h nmn h¡& Am¡a Bg Hw$H$‘© Ho$ H$maU Jm±d dmbm| H$mo àb¶ ê$nr gOm ^wJVZr n‹S>
ahr h¡&
Bg àH$ma àñVwV AdVaU Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go boIH$ Zo ImoIbo gm‘m{OH$ {Z¶‘m|
é{T>¶m| Ed§ JbV na§namAm| Ho$ à{V AnZm {dÐmoh Xem©Vo h¡&munotes.in
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g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m Ho$ {bE Aݶ AdVaU
1. ¶h g~-Hw$N> ‘a-‘a H$a {H$¶m Wm Bgr {XZ H$mo nm§S>o H$s Am§Imo ‘| ì¶mg
N>m J¶r& b‹S>Ho$ Zo CÝho {H$gr Amoa H$m Zhr aIm&
2. EH$ ~m‹T> ~rVr ~ag ~rVm& {nN>bo Kmd gyIo Z Wo {H$ ^mXmo Ho$ {XZm| ‘o§
{’$a nmZr C‘‹S>m& ~mXbmo H$s N>m§d ‘| gmo¶m Jm±d ^moa H$s {H$aU XoIH$a
CR>m Vmo gmam {g¶mZ dº$ H$s Vah bmb nmZr go {Kam Wm&
3. "gmao Jm±d Zo ’¡$gbm H$a {X¶m EH$ Ho$ nmn Ho$ {bE gmao Jm±d H$mo ‘m¡V Ho$
‘w±h Zht PmoH$ gH$Vo& {OgZo nmn {H$¶m h¡ CZH$m X§S> ^r dhr ^moJo&'
3.8 g‘rjmË‘H$ àíZ
1. "H$‘©Zmem H$s hma' H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVw {b{IE&
2. "H$‘©Zmem H$s hma' H$hmZr Ho$ nmÌm| H$m M[aÌ {MÌU H$s{OE&
3. "H$‘©Zmem H$s hma' H$hmZr ‘| boIH$ Zo {H$Z g‘ñ¶mAm| H$s Am¡a h‘mam
ܶmZ AmH${f©V {H$¶m h¡&
3.9 bKwÎmar¶$ àíZ
1. ^¡amo nm§S>o H$m M[aÌ {MÌU H$s{OE&
2. ’y$b‘Vr H$m M[aÌ {MÌU H$s{OE&
3. H$hmZr ‘| A§Y{dídmg H$mo {H$g àH$ma ~Vm¶m J¶m h¡ ? ñnï> H$s{OE&
4. Hw$bXrn Am¡a ^¡amo nm§S>o H$m g§~§Y&
{Q>ßn{U¶m± {b{IE …
1. ^¡amo nm§S>o H$m ì¶dhma Hw$bXrn Ho$ à{V&
2. Hw$bXrn Am¡a ’y$b‘Vr H$m g§~§Y&
3. H$hmZr ‘o§ {M{ÌV A§Y{dídmg&
4. H$hmZr ‘| ‘w{I¶m Or H$m {MÌU&
3.10 dñVw{Zð> àíZ
1. {H$gH$m nmZr Ny> boZo na ì¶{º$ Zht ~M gH$Vm?
CÎma. H$‘©Zmem ZXr H$m nmZr
2. Hw$bXrn Ho$ ~‹S>o ^mB© H$m ³¶m Zm‘ Wm?
CÎma. ^¡amo nm§S>omunotes.in
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3. Hw$bXrn Am¡a ^¡amonm§S>o Ho$ ~rM {H$g àH$ma H$m g§~§Y Wm&
CÎma. ^mB© H$m [aíVm
4. ’y$b‘Vr {H$gH$s ~oQ>r Wr?
CÎma. Q>r‘b ‘ëbmh
5. H$‘©Zmem H$s ~m‹T> H¡$go éH$ gH$Vr h¡?
CÎma. ~m§Ymo H$mo R>rH$ H$aZo go
6. "H$‘©Zmem H$s hma' H$hmZr Ho$ aM{¶Vm H$m Zm‘ {b[IE&
CÎma. {edàgmX qgh
7. {nVm go gån{Îm Ho$ ê$n ‘| ^¡amo nm§S>o H$mo ³¶m {‘bVm h¡&
CÎma. {nVm H$m H$O©
8. ~m‹T> H$s ^|Q> H$m¡Z M‹T>m?
CÎma. EH$ A§Yr b‹S>H$s EH$ Anm{hO ~w{‹T>¶m&
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
munotes.in
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BH$mB© H$s ê$naoIm
3.1.1 BH$mB© H$s ê$naoIm
3.1.2 BH$mB© H$s H$WmdñVw
3.1.3 Mm[a{ÌH$ {deofVmE±
3.1.4 H$hmZr H$m CX²Xoí¶
3.1.5 g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m
3.1.6 g‘rjmË‘H$ àíZ
3.1.7 {Q>ßnUr
3.1.8 dñVw{Zð> àíZ
3.1.1 gwYm AamoS>m Am¡a CZH$s H¥${V¶m±
dV©‘mZ g‘¶ ‘| gwYm AamoS>m Zo gm{h˶ OJV ‘| AnZo boIZr Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go EH$
AbJ nhMmZ ~ZmB©& ñÌr {d‘e© go g§~§{YV CZH$s H$B© nwñVHo$ MMm© ‘| h¡& gwYm AamoS>m H$m
OÝ‘ bmhmoa (nm{H$ñVmZ) ‘| gZ 1948 ‘| hþAm& CZH$s CÀM {ejm H$bH$Îmm {díd{dÚmb¶
go hþB©& Bgr {díd{dÚmb¶ Ho$ Xmo H$m°boOmo ‘| CÝhmoZo gZ² 1969 go 1971 VH$ AܶmnZ H$m¶©
{H$¶m&
gwYm AamoS>m Zo gm{h˶ H$s AZoH$ {dYmAm| ‘| nwñVHo$ àH$m{eV H$s h¡& CZH$s H$B©
H$hm{Z¶m± ^maVr¶ ^mfm Ho$ Abmdm H$B© {dXoer ^mfmAm| ‘| AZwdm{XV h¡, CÝhmooZo ^maVr¶
‘{hbmAm|, H$bmH$mam| Ho$ AmË‘H$϶m| Ho$ Xmo g§H$bZ ""XhbrO' H$mo bm±KVo hþE'' VWm ""n§Imo
H$s C‹S>mZ'' V¡¶ma {H$¶m h¡& nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| ‘o§ ^r CZH$s g{H«$¶Vm ~Zr hþB© h¡& ""OZgÎmm''
‘| ‘{hbmAm| go g§~§{YV ‘wX²Xo na CZH$m gmám{hH$ ñV§^ "dm‘m' ~hþM{M©V ahm h¡&
‘{hbmAm| na Ho$pÝÐV "Am¡aV H$s Xþ{Z¶m ~Zm‘ Xþ{Z¶m H$s Am¡aV' boIm| H$m g§J«h
erK« àH$m{eV h¡& BZHo$ gm{h˶ H$s bmoH${à¶Vm Ho$ H$maU H$B© gå‘mZ àmá hþE ""CÎma àXoe
{hÝXr g§ñWmZ'' ""^maV {Z‘m©U'' ""dr‘oÝg AYrda Adm°S>©'', ""‘hmamï´> qhXr gm{h˶
AH$mX‘r'' B˶m{X Adm°S>© àmá hþE h¡&BH$mB© 3.1
H$mbm ewH«$dma - gwYm AamoS>m3.1
munotes.in
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3.1.2 H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVw
H$mbm ewH«$dma H$hmZr ‘| 6 {Xgå~a, 1992 Ho$ {XZ ewê$ hþE {hÝXþ ‘wpñb‘ X§J| H$m
‘m{‘©H$ {MÌU {H$¶m J¶m h¡&
H$hmZr H$s ewê$dmV ‘w§~B© H$s ^mJXm¡‹S> ^ar qOXJr go hmoVr h¡& bo{IH$m amoO Ho$
g‘¶mZwgma AnZr {XZM¶m© H$m H$m¶© H$aVr h¡& Cg {XZ bo{IH$m H$mo H$B© T>oa gmar OJh OmZm
hmoVm h¡& bo{IH$m H$m S´>m¶da {‘amO Cg {XZ ~hþV {XZm| ~mX AmVm h¡& Cgo dh nhMmZ Zht
nmVr h¡& ³¶mo{H$ CgZo nhbo H$s Vah Xm‹T>r Zhr aIr Wr& Bg H$maU CgH$m Moham OëX nhMmZ
‘| Zhr AmVm& bo{IH$m Cggo CgH$s Bg n[adV©Z H$m H$maU nwN>Vr h¡& dh Cgo ~VmVm h¡ {H$
Bg hþ{b¶o H$m H$maU X§Jm h¡& ³¶mo{H$ X§JmB© hþ{b¶m XoIH$a bmoJm| H$mo ‘ma aho Wo& Bg{bE Cgo
AnZm hþ{b¶m ~XbZm n‹S>Vm h¡& Cgr X§Jo ‘o ~‘ Ho$ Y‘mH$mo Ho$ H$maU ‘ramO Ho$ ~oQ>o H$s AmdmO
Mbr OmVr h¡& Hww$N> hâVo ~rVZo na BbmO H$aZo Ho$ ~mX CgH$m ~oQ>m WmoS>m-WmoS>m ~mobZo H$s
H$mo{ee H$aVm h¡&
bo{IH$m ‘ramO H$mo CZ OJhm| na MbZo Ho$ {bE H$hVr h¡ {OgH$s CgZo {bñQ> ~ZmB©
Wr& Wmo‹S>r hr Xoa ~mX ‘ramO Cgo H$hVm h¡ {H$ AmO Cgo Wmo‹S>m OëXr OmZm h¡ ³¶mo{H$ amoOo
Mb aho h¡&
bo{IH$m amñVm| ‘| XoIVr h¡ {H$ ~S>o-~S>o em°n²g na H$mbo Ajam| go {bIm Wm-dr
nwQ> B§Q>rJ«oQ>oS> ’$mB~©g Qw>JoXa' ""{nN>bo VrZ ‘hrZm| ‘| ~å~B© ‘| VrZ ~ma ^‹S>Ho$ hþE X§Jo g~go
àmg§{JH$ {df¶ Wm {OgH$m BñVo‘mb A‘yb go boH$a ao‘§S²>g VH$ ha ~«m§S> Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{Vð>mZ
AnZo-AnZo ì¶dgm¶ Ho$ {dkmnZm| Am¡a ñbmoJZm| ‘| H$a ahm Wm''&
bo{IH$m ¶h gmoMVr hr h¡ {H$ AMmZH$ go Y‘mH$m hmoVm h¡& dh Hw$N> g‘Po BgHo$
nhbo bmoJ ¶hm±-dhm± ^mJZo bJVo h¡& bmoJm| H$mo O»‘r hmbV ‘| XoIH$a dh gmoMVr h¡ {H$
CZH$mo AñnVmb nhþ±MmZm Mm{hE& ‘ramO CZH$mo dhm± go MbZo Ho$ {bE H$hVm h¡& amñVo ^a
bo{IH$m AnZo Amn H$mo H$mogVr ahr {H$ CgZo Oê$aV ‘§Xmo H$s ‘XV Zhr H$s Am¡a dhm± go
{ZH$b JB©& dhm± go do Xÿgar Am¡a H«$m°’o$S> H$s Am¡a Mb n‹S>Vo h¡& Cg Va’$ Ho$ gmao amñVo ~§X
H$a {X¶o J¶o Wo& Bg{bE d dhm± Zht Om nmVo h¡&
dh ‘ramO go nmgnmoQ>© Am°{’$g MbZo Ho$ {bE H$hVr h¡& amñVo ‘| H$m’$s Q´>m{’$H$ hmo
JB© Wr& V^r EH$ ì¶{º$ AnZr H$ma H$m erem ZrMo H$a H$hVm h¡ {H$ gaH$ma {ZH$å‘r hmo JB©
h¡& 3 ~ma X§Jo hmo MwHo$ h¡& ZoVm AnZr amo{Q>¶m± g|H$ aho h¡& Am‘ OZVm Bg‘o nrgr Om ahr h¡&
{‘amO CgHo$ Jwñgo H$mo ‘hgyg H$aVm h¡& do JmS>r boH$a Q´>m{’$H$ go Wmo‹S>o hr AmJo ~‹T>Vo h¡& {H$
{’$a EH$ Y‘mH$m CZH$s H$ma Ho$ gm‘Zo hmoVm h¡&
g~ OJh X§Jmo Ho$ H$maU hbMb ‘M JB© Wr& g^r S>ao gh‘o-go bJ aho Wo& bmoJ
AnZo Ka OëX-go-OëX go nhþ±MZo Ho$ {bE CVmdbo Wo& bo{IH$m Ho$ Am±Im| Ho$ gm‘Zo hr
MbVo-{’$aVo BÝgmZ ‘m§g H$m bmoW‹S>m ~ZH$a hdm ‘| V¡a aho Wo& VrZ ‘H$mZm| Ho$ N>ÁOo Qy>Q>H$a
{Ja MwHo$ Wo Am¡a g‹S>H H$m dh {hñgm I±S>ha ‘| VãXrb hmo MwH$m Wm& bmoJ g‹S>H$m| namunotes.in
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~Xhdmg ^mJ aho Wo& bo{IH$m {‘amO H$mo dhm± go MbZo Ho$ {bE H$hVr h¡& BVZm ^¶mdh Ñí¶
bo{IH$m Zo nhbo H$^r Z XoIm Wm& XþH$mZm| Ho$ eQ>a Y‹S>mY‹S> {JaZo bJVo h¡& ’o$ardmbo AnZo
{Jao hþE gm‘mZ H$mo ~Q>moa aho h¡&
amñVo ^a Obr hþB© Jm±{S>¶m Qw>Q>o hþE {eeo H$mo dh XoIVr h¡& V^r EH$ Zm¡OdmZ H$mo dhm±
XoIVr h¡ {H$ dh WH$m hþAm h¡ Am¡a ~S>o hr XmXm{Jar go WågAn Ho$ ~moVbo {ZH$mbH$a nr
ahm h¡& bo{IH$m H$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ ¶h H$moB© X§JmB© h¡, Omo Vmo‹S>-’$mo‹S> H$aZo Ho$ ~mX WH$ J¶m
h¡& Am¡a EH$ O»‘r ì¶{º$ Cgo {XImB© n‹S>Vm h¡& dh gmoMZo bJVr h¡ {H$ ""^rS> Ho$ OwZyZ H$m
{eH$ma dh {hÝXþ Wm ¶m ‘wpñb‘ Zhr§ ‘mbw‘ {g’©$ Xm‹T>r aI boZo go H$moB© ‘wgb‘mZ Zhr hmo
OmVm& g’o$X nmoemH$ na ~hVm hþAm CgH$m IyZ gyI© bmb Wm&'' g‘¶ ~rVVm Om ahm Wm&
Cgo AnZr ~oQ>r H$m »¶mb AmVm h¡ bo{H$Z H$ht na Q>o{b’$moZ H$s ì¶dñWm Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU
Kadmbm| H$s I¡[a¶V H$s gyMZm Zhr Xo nmVr h¡&
gm‹T>o nm±M ~Oo dh AnZo Ka nhþ±MVr h¡& ‘ramO ZrMo hr CgH$mo H$ma H$s Mm^r XoVm
h¡ Am¡a OëXr go dhm± go {ZH$b OmVm h¡& Ka nhþ±MVo hr CgH$s ~oQ>r Cggo {bnQ> OmVr h¡&
dh AnZr ~oQ>r H$s gmar ~mVo gwZVr h¡ Am¡a gmoMVr h¡ {H$ ""‘¢ CZ Iwe{H$ñ‘V bmoJm| ‘| go
hþ±, Omo Ka dmng bm¡Q> AmE, bo{H$Z ‘oao O¡go Z OmZo {H$VZo bmoJ Wo Omo AmO H$s gw~h Ka
go {ZH$bo {’$a dmng Zhr§ AmE&
n{V H$mo dh ’$moZ na KQ>Zm ~VmVr h¡ dh CgH$s nyar ~mV gwZo {~Zm hr Ka na ~mV
H$a|Jo H$h H$a ’$moZ aI XoVm h¡& eha ‘| hþE 13 Y‘mH$m| go AI~ma Ho$ g^r nÝZo ^ao n‹S>o
Wo& 11 gmb H$m b‹S>H$m, AI~ma dmbm, Oygdmbm Am{X g^r A~ dhm± Zht ~Mo g^r H$s
‘¥Ë¶w Cg ~‘ Y‘mHo$ ‘| hmo JB©&
‘ramO Xÿgao {XZ {hÝXþOm AñnVmb ‘| a³VXmZ Ho$ {bE OmVm h¡& b§~r-b§~r H$Vmao
dhm± g^r Y‘m] Am¡a Om{V¶m| Ho$ bmoJ Wo& ‘ramO H$s BÝgmZ ‘| AmñWm bm¡Q> AmB© Wr ¶h XoIH$a
bo{IH$m Ho$ n{V Ka AmZo Ho$ ~OmE grYo Am°{’$g Mbo OmVo h¡& Ka AmZo Ho$ ~mX ^r dh AnZr
nËZr go H$b H$s KQ>Zm Ho$ ~ma| ‘| Hw$N> ^r Zhr nwN>Vo h¡& bo{IH$m ~rM-~rM ‘| AnZr ~mVo
H$hVr ^r h¡, Vmo do CZH$s ~mV H$mo Q>mb XoVo Wo& Bggo nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ CÝho ~§~B© ‘| hþE hmXgm|
‘o {XbMñnr Zhr Wr& hmW ‘| [a‘moQ> boH$a ‘¡S>moZm H$m JmZ gwZZo bJVo h¡&
AJbo {XZ ‘ramO S>çyQ>r na Zht AmVm h¡& Cgo nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ ‘ramO H$m ~oQ>m
ZdmO JwOa J¶m& ¶h gwZH$a dh AmíM¶© ‘| n‹S> OmVr h¡ {H$ ZdmO Vmo R>rH$ hmo ahm Wm V~
{’$a H¡$go ¶h g~ hmo J¶m& dh Ah‘X H$mo ‘ramO Ho$ Ka boH$a MbZo Ho$ {bE H$hVr h¡ bo{H$Z
CgHo$ n{V Cgo OmZo Ho$ {bE ‘Zm H$aVo h¢& bo{IH$m Am¡a CgHo$ n{V Xÿgao {XZ e‘m© Ho$ emoH$
‘| hmo Am¶o& bo{H$Z {‘amO Ho$ Ka dh Zhr Om nmVr h¡&
VrZ {XZ ~mX CgH$s ‘wbmH$mV ‘ramO go hmoVr h¡ d¡ {‘amO go H$hVr h¡ {H$ ‘¢ Vwåhmao
Ka AmZo dmbr Wr& ‘ramO H$hVm h¡ Or Ah‘X Zo Cgo ~Vm¶m {H$ Amn AmZo dmbr Wr& bo{H$Z
H$moB© ~mV Zhr Jar~ Ho$ {bE BVZm gmoMm ¶hr ~‹S>r ~mV Wr& dh AnZr Am¡aV Am¡a Aå‘r
H$mo Jm±d N>mo‹S>H$a dmng AmZo dmbm h¡& ³¶mo{H$ Cgo ¶hm± AmZm hr n‹S>oJm & ³¶m|{H$ H$moB© Xÿgam
amñVm ^r Zht Wm&munotes.in
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Bg àH$ma H$hmZr ‘| gm§àXm{¶H$ X§Jo, g§doXZhrZVm, amoOJmar Ho$ OrdZ H$mo OrZo Ho$ {bE
‘O~ya bmoJm| H$m ¶WmW© {MÌU {H$¶m J¶m h¡&
3.1.1 Mm[a{ÌH$ {deofVmE±
H$hmZr Ho$ {bE H$WmdñVw {OVZr ‘hÎdnyU© h¡ CVZr hr nmÌ& nmÌm| Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go
H$hmZr ‘| {Od§VVm AmVr h¡& H$hmZr ‘| ‘ramO Eogm nmÌ h¡, Omo ewê$ go boH$a A§V VH$ nmR>H$
H$mo H$hmZr go ~m§Y H$a aIVm h¡&
‘ramO … bo{IH$m H$m S´>m¶da h¡& Omo nyar ‘ohZV Am¡a bJZ go AnZm H$m‘ H$aVm h¡
~hþV {XZm| ~mX bo{IH$m Am¡a {‘amO H$s ‘wbmH$mV hmoVr h¡& bo{IH$m Cgo H$m’$s g‘¶ ~mX
nhMmZVr h¡& ³¶m|{H$ CgZo hþ{b¶m ~Xb {b¶m h¡& nhbo Xm‹T>r aIVm Wm A~ Zht& dh ~VmVm
h¡ {H$ {H$g Vah X§JmB© bmoJm| H$m hþbr¶m XoIH$a Cg na h‘bm H$aVo h¡& Bg{bE CgZo AnZm
hþ{b¶m ~Xb {X¶m&
~‘ Ho$ Y‘mHo$ Ho$ H$maU ‘ramO H$m ~oQ>m AnZr AmdmO Imo XoVm h¡& AmoPmB© H$aZo Ho$
~mX Hw$N> {XZm| na dh ~mobZo H$s H$moere H$aVm h¡& dh bo{IH$m Ho$ gmW CgHo$ ~VmE hþE
ñWb na OmVm h¡ Ohm± AMmZH$ ~‘ Y‘mH$m hmoVm h¡& dhm± go bo{IH$m H$mo ghr gbm‘V boH$a
MbVm h¡& Cg d³V dh AnZr {Oå‘oXmar g‘PVm h¡ {H$ dhm± go AnZr ‘mb{H$Z H$mo ghr
gbm‘V boH$a {ZH$bo& amñVo ‘| {’$a EH$ Y‘mH$m hmoVm h¡& Bg Y‘mHo$ Zo CgHo$ A§Xa Ka OëXr
nhþ±MZo bmbgm OJmB© CgHo$ Am±Im| Ho$ gm‘Zo CgH$m n[adma ZOa AmZo bJVm h¡& gmW hr
bo{IH$m Ho$ Kadmbo ^r naoemZ hmoVo hm|Jo Bg ~mV H$s ^r CgZo qMVm 춳V H$s&
X§Jmo Ho$ AJbo {XZ na qhXÿOm AñnVmb ‘| a³VXmZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE OmVm h¡& Ohm± na
b§~r bmB©Z XoIH$a Cgo ‘mZdVm Ho$ à{V CgH$m {dídmg OmJ OmVm h¡&
Hw$N> {XZmo ~mV hr CgHo$ ~oQ>o H$s ‘¥Ë¶w hmo OmVr h¡& AnZr {Oå‘oXm[a¶m| H$mo g‘PVo
hþE AnZr ‘mb{H$Z Ho$ nmg AmVm h¡& Am¡a H$hVm h¡ {H$ dh Jm±d Om ahm h¡ n[adma H$mo boH$a
Hw$N> {XZ ‘| hr bm¡Q>oJm&
Bg àH$ma bo{IH$m Zo ‘ramO Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go ‘mZdVm g§doXZm Am¡a H$V©ì¶ {Zð>Vm H$mo
~Vm¶m h¡&
XoeH$mb dmVmdaU Am¡a n[a{ñW{V
"H$mbm ewH«$dma' H$hmZr ‘| XoeH$mb Am¡a n[apñW{V¶m| H$m ¶WmW© {MÌU {H$¶m J¶m
h¡& {H$g àH$ma ZoVm Ym{‘©H$ nwamo{hV, Am{X g^r gm§àXm{¶H$ X§Jo H$mo ~‹T>mVo h¡ BZ X§Jm| Ho$
H$maU Am‘ OZVm {H$g àH$ma à^m{dV hmoVr h¡ ¶h ~Vm¶m J¶m h¡&
H$hmZr ‘| 1992 Ho$ X§Jo ‘| Am‘ AmX‘r à^m{dV hmoVm h¡& X§Jo ‘| ‘ramO Ho$ ~oQ>o H$s
h˶m hmo OmVr h¡& Ohm± na ~‘ Y‘mHo$ hþE Wo& dhm± na A{YH$Va ’o$ardmbm| H$s ‘¥Ë¶w hmo OmVr
h¡& Cg‘o 19 gmb H$m b‹S>H$m, ‘mog§~rdmbm, Zt~yga~V ~oMZodmbm Am{X H$m {MÌU {H$¶m
J¶m h¡&munotes.in
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OJh-OJh ~‘ Y‘mH$mo Ho$ H$maU {H$g àH$ma OZVm S>ar gh‘r h¡, bmoJm| ‘| A’$am
V’$ar ‘Mr hþB©, ZoVm hobrH$mßQ>a ‘| ~¡R>H$a eha H$m Om¶Om bo aho h¡& Am¡a Jar~ XX© go H$amh
ahm h¡&
H$B©-Eogo n[adma h¡ Omo AnZm| go Cg X§Jo ‘| {~N>‹S> J¶o& {H$gr H$m n{V, {H$gr H$s
nËZr, ~oQ>m, ~hZ Am{X X§Jo H$s ^oQ> M‹T> J¶o&
bo{IH$m H$s H$ma Ho$ gm‘Zo Bg àH$ma Y‘mH$m hmoVm h¡ {H$ dh OJh í‘emZ ‘| VãXrb
hmo OmVm h¡& CgH$s Am±Im| Ho$ gm‘Zo Y‘mHo$ Ho$ H$maU B§gmZ ‘m§g Ho$ bmoW‹S>o Ho$ g‘mZ C‹S> aho
h¡& gmW hr H$hmZr ‘| ~mVm¶m J¶m h¡ {H$ ehar qOXJr BVZr ì¶ñV hmoVr h¡ {H$ ‘Zwî¶ H$mo
‘Zwî¶ H$m XX© ^r {XImB© Zht XoVm h¡&
bo{IH$m Ho$ n{V Ho$ nmg BVZm ^r g‘¶ Zhr h¢o {H$ dh AnZr npËZ go CgHo$ gm‘Zo
hmXgo Ho$ ~mao ‘| nyN> gHo$& CZ bmoJm| Ho$ à{V AnZm emoH$ 춺$ H$a gHo$ Omo X§Jo ‘| ‘mao J¶o h¢&
Bg àH$ma bo{IH$m Zo 1992 Ho$ X§Jo H$mo {MÌU Ho$ gmW gm§àXm{¶H$Vm H$s H$Q²>Q>anZ
H$s g‘ñ¶m H$mo C^mam h¡&
3.1.4 H$hmZr H$m CX²Xoí¶
bo{IH$m Zo Y‘© Ho$ Zm‘ na hmoZodmbo X§Jmo H$m ‘m{‘©H$ {MÌU H$hmZr ‘| {H$¶m h¡&
H$hmZr Ho$ nmÌ ‘ramO H$mo O~ bo{IH$m {~Zm Xm‹T>r Ho$ XoIVr h¡, Vmo Cggo dh nyN>Vr h¡ {H$
Bg hÿ{b¶o H$m H$maU ³¶m h¡? ""dh Cgo ~VmVm h¡ {H$ Xm‹T>r ‘y±N> ‘| ³¶m aIm h¡& ‘oam ~g
Mbo Vmo ‘¢ AnZm Zm‘ ^r ~Xbdm Xÿ±& ³¶m aIm h¡ Zm‘ Am¡a ‘Oh~ ‘|&'' Bg dm³¶ go nVm
MbVm h¡ {H$ Y‘© {H$gr H$mo ^r ‘maZo H$s gbmh Zht XoVm h¡& ‘Zwî¶ H$s nhMmZ CgHo$ H$‘m}
go hmoVr h¡ Zm {H$ Y‘© go& Y‘© Ho$ H$maU gm§àXm{¶H$Vm H$mo ~‹T>mdm {‘b ahm h¡&
H$hmZr ‘| bo{IH$m Zo X§Jo H$m {MÌU H$a gm§àXm{¶H$Vm Ho$ H$maU ~‹T>Vo bS>mB©-PJS>mo
H$s Am¡a g§Ho$V {H$¶m& AmO H$s ì¶ñV ^ar qOXJr ‘| ‘Zwî¶ AmË‘H|${ÐV hmo J¶m h¡& AnZo
ñdmW© H$s ny{V© Ho$ {bE Xÿgam| H$mo hmZr nhþ±MmZm ZoVmAmo VWm Y‘©Jwê$Am| H$m H$m‘ ~Z J¶m&
BZ X§Jm| ‘| ^mobr-^mbr OZVm H$m hr g~go Á¶mXm ZwH$gmZ hmoVm h¡& ~‹S>o ì¶{º$ AnZo Kam|
‘| ~¡R>H$a Ho$db ~mhar V‘mem XoIVo h¢&
bo{IH$m Ho$ n{V Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go g§doXZhrZVm H$mo ~Vm¶m h¡& X§Jo Ho$ Xÿgao {XZ dh
EAanmoQ>© go AnZo Ka OmH$a n[adma H$mo Zht XoIVm h¡ ~pëH$ grYo XâVa Mbm OmVm h¡& ¶o
dV©‘mZ g‘¶ H$s nr‹S>m h¡ {H$ ‘Zwî¶ Ho$ nmg AnZm| Ho$ {bE g‘¶ Zht h¡&
‘ramO O¡go bmoJ g‘¶ {ZH$mb H$a a³VXmZ Ho$ {bE OmVo h¡& {~Zm ‘Oh~ XoIo do
AnZm IyZ XoVm h¡ Vm{H$ bmoJm| H$s OmZ ~M gHo$ H$moB© IyZ H$s H$‘r Ho$ H$maU Z ‘ao& Bg gmoM
Ho$ gmW qhXÿOm AñnVmb ‘| H$B© bmoJ I‹S>o Wo&
Bg àH$ma H$mhZr ‘| bmoJm| H$s ImoVr ‘mZdVm, Y‘© Ho$ à{V A§Y{dídmg A‘rar-
Jar~r, Am‘ OZVm H$s nr‹S>m H$m ‘m{‘©H$ {MÌU H$aZm bo{IH$m H$m CÔoí¶ h¡&munotes.in
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3.1.5 g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m
1) ""³¶m H$ao ‘¡S>‘! Xm‹T>r ‘y±N> ³¶m, AnwZ H$m ~g Mbo Vmo AnZm Zm‘ ^r ~Xb X|& ³¶m
aIm h¡ Zm‘ Am¡a ‘Oh~ ‘| ‘Oh~ Ho$ Zm‘ na XmoZ OyZ H$s amoQ>r ^r Zhr {‘bVr&''
g§X^© :
àñVwV AdVaU h‘mar nmR²>ç nwñVH$ ""à{V{ZYr Xg "H$hm{Z¶m±' go br JB© h¢& "H$mbm
ewH«$dma' Zm‘H$ erf©H$ go CX²Y¥V h¡& BgH$s bo{IH$m gwYm AamoS>m h¡& BÝhmoZo ór {d‘e© go
g§~§{YV H$B© nwñVHo$ {bIr h¡&
àg§J :
àñVwV AdVaU ‘| bo{IH$m Zo Y‘© Ho$ Zm‘ na hmoZo dmbo gm§àXm{¶H$ X§Jmo H$mo
~Vm¶m h¡&
ì¶m»¶m :
Cn¶w©³V AdVaU ‘| X§Jm| Ho$ H$maU {H$g àH$ma Am‘ OZVm à^m{dV hmoVr h¡ ¶h
~Vm¶m J¶m h¡ ‘ramO H$hmZr H$m ‘hÎdnyU© nmÌ h¡& H$hmZr ‘| ~‘ Ho$ Y‘mHo$ Ho$ H$maU BgHo$
~oQ>o H$s AmdmO Mbr OmVr h¡& Hw$N> {XZmo na AmoPm H$mo {XImZo na Wmo‹S>m-Wmo‹S>m ~mobZo H$s
H$mo{ee H$a ahm Wm& qH$Vw ~§~B© ‘| {’$a ~‘ Y‘mH$m| Ho$ H$maU dh {~‘ma n‹S> OmVm h¡, {~‘mar
‘| CgH$s ‘¥Ë¶w hmo OmVr h¡& dh ~VmVm h¡ {H$ CgH$m XmoñV nrQ>a Xm‹T>r Ho$ H$maU X§Jo ‘o ‘mam
OmVm h¡& Bg{bE CgZo ^r AnZr Xm‹T>r {ZH$mb Xr& ³¶m|{H$ ‘Oh~ Ho$ Zm‘ na X§JmB© bmoJm|
H$m hþ{b¶m XoIH$a ‘ma aho Wo& Bg{bE dh H$hVm h¡ {H$ ³¶m aIm h¡ Zm‘ Am¡a ‘Oh~ ‘|
‘Oh~ Vmo Xmo dº$ H$s amoQ>r ^r Zht XoVm& Bg àH$ma H$hmZr Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go bo{IH$m Zo bmoJm|
H$s ImoVr hþB© ‘mZdr¶ g§doXZm Y‘© Ho$ Zm‘ na hmoZo dmbo X§Jo, A§Y{dídmg O¡gr g‘ñ¶mAm|
H$mo C^mam h¡&
g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m Ho$ {bE Aݶ AdVaU
1. ""‘¡Zo nrN>o ‘w‹S>H$a XoIm H$mbo YwE± Ho$ CR>Vo ~mXbm| H$m Jw~ma A~ ^r KZm Wm& gm‘Zo
go gm¶aZ ~OmVr nw{bg Am¡a ’$m¶a {~«JoS> H$s Jm{‹S>¶m| H$m AmZm ewê$ hmo J¶m&''
2. "gwZVo h¡ S>o‹T> gm¡ bmoJ ‘a J¶m h¡ OmZ ‘mb H$m ~hþV ZwH$gmZ hþAm h¡&'' ‘ramO AnZo
H$mo g§^mbH$a ~mob ahm Wm ""A~ CZ ~oMmam| H$m ³¶m H$gya Wm?''
3. Bg eha Zo nVm Zhr H¡$go aoe‘r YmJm| go Cg O¡go bmIm| H$m‘Jmam| H$mo ~m§Y aIm h¡&
¶h ~o ‘waã~V eha amoOr-amoQ>r ^r Vmo XoVm h¡, Omo {OÝXm ahZo H$s nhbr eV© h¡&
4. ^r‹S> Ho$ OwZyZ H$m {eH$ma dh {hÝXy Wm ¶m ‘wgb‘mZ Zht ‘mby‘ & {g’©$ Xm‹T>r aI
boZo go H$moB© ‘wgb‘mZ Zht hmo OmVm g’o$X nmoemH$ na ~hVm hþAm CgH$m IyZ gwI©
bmb Wm&munotes.in
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3.1.6 g‘rjmË‘H$ àíZ
1. ‘ramO H$m M[aÌ-{MÌU H$s{OE&
2. H$hmZr H$s g‘ñ¶mAm| na àH$me S>m{b¶o&
3. H$hmZr ‘| Ym{‘©H$ A§Y{dídmg H$mo {H$g àH$ma ~Vm¶m J¶m h¡ ? ñnï> H$s{OE&
4. H$hmZr H$m CX²Xoí¶ {b{IE&
3.1.7 {Q>nÊUr
1. bo{IH$m Zo ‘ramO Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go ³¶m g§Xoe XoZm Mmhm h¡? AnZo eãXm| ‘| {b{IE&
2. H$hmZr H$s ‘yb g§doXZm&
3. H$hmZr ‘| H$hm±-H$hm± na KQ>ZmE± KQ>Vr h¡ ? g§jon ‘| {b{IE&
4. H$hmZr ‘| {M{ÌV ‘mZdr¶ àd¥{Îm na àH$me S>m{bE&
3.1.8 dñVw{Zð> àíZ
1. bo{IH$m ‘ramO H$mo {H$VZo gmbm| go OmZ ahr Wr ¶m XoI ahr Wr ?
CÎma … Xmo gmb
2. Xmo OyZ H$s amoQ>r {H$gHo$ Zm‘ na Zht {‘bVr ?
CÎma … ‘Oh~ Ho$ Zm‘ na
3. {Z‘mo{Z¶m Ho$ H$maU H$m¡Z {~‘ma n‹S> J¶m Wm ?
CÎma … bo{IH$m Ho$ ZmZmOr
4. {H$VZr VmarI H$mo X§Jmo H$s ewédmV ‘mZr OmVr h¡&
CÎma … 6 {Xg|~a, 1992
5. {H$g ZJa H$s Am¡aVm| Zo AnZo Ka ‘| bmoJm| H$mo nZhm Xr Wr ?
CÎma … ^maV ZJa
6. ao‘§S²>g Ho$ gmBZ~moS>© na ³¶m {bIm Wm ?
CÎma … "dr nwQ> B§Q>rJ«oQ>oS> ’$mB~g© Qw>JoXa'
7. {H$g Z{gªJ hmo‘ ‘| Xmo ZdOmV {eew H$s Am±Io IwbZo H$s gmW hr h‘oem Ho$ {bE
~§X hmo J¶r ?
CÎma … dbu Z{gªJ hmo‘
8. H$hmZr H$s ‘yb g‘ñ¶m ³¶m h¡ ?
CÎma … gm§àXm{¶H$ X§Jo
9. H$hmZr ‘| {H$g eha H$m {MÌU {H$¶m J¶m h¡ ?
CÎma … ~§~B©
10. "H$mbm ewH«$dma' H$hmZr H$s bo{IH$m H$m Zm‘ {b{IE&
CÎma … gwYm Aamo‹S>m
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Hmunotes.in
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BH$mB© 4
Q>onMy - CX¶ àH$me
BH$mB© H$s ê$naoIm
4.1 BH$mB© H$s ê$naoIm
4.2 boIH$ CX¶ àH$me Am¡a CZH$s H¥${V¶m±
4.3 Q>onMy H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVw
4.4 Mm[a{ÌH$ {deofVmE±
4.5 XoeH$mb-dmVmdaU Am¡a n[apñW{V¶m±
4.6 H$hmZr H$m CÔoí¶
4.7 g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m hoVw Aݶ AdVaU
4.8 XrKm}Îmar¶ àíZ
4.9 dñVw{Zð> àíZ
4.10 {Q>ßnUr
3.2.2 CX¶ àH$me Am¡a CZH$s H¥${V¶m±
CX¶ àH$me g‘H$mbrZ H$hmZr Ho$ A˶ÝV ‘hÎdnyU© H$bmH$ma h¡§& do H$hmZr
Ho$ àM{bV ‘whmdao H$mo Vmo‹S>H$a OrdZ H$s Hw$N> g§H$Q>nyU© pñW{V¶mo§ Am¡a {dS>§~ZmAm|
na VQ>ñW Ñ{ï> S>mbZodmbo ZE H$hmZrH$ma Ho$ ê$n ‘| C^ao h¢& BZH$m OÝ‘ gZ² 1952
‘| ‘ܶàXoe Ho$ ehS>mob {Obo Ho$ grVmnwa ‘| hþAm& BÝhm|Zo {dkmZ ‘| ñZmVH$ Am¡a
{hÝXr gm{h˶ ‘| ñZmVH$moÎma H$s Cnm{Y àmá H$s h¡& CgHo$ ~mX do ZB© {X„r Ho$
Odmhabmb Zohê$ {díd{dÚmb¶ ‘| emoY Am¡a AܶmnZ H$aVo aho& ‘ܶ àXoe emgZ
Ho$ g§ñH¥$V {d^mJ ‘| ^r CÝhm|Zo Hw$N> g‘¶ Ho$ {bE AnZr godm g‘{n©V H$s& ‘r{S>¶m
Ho$ joÌ ‘| do g§nmXZ, nQ>H$Wm boIZ Am¡a {’$ë‘ {Z‘m©U ‘o§ ^r g{H«$¶ aho& ¶o ‘w»¶V…
H${d AZwdmXH$, g§nmXH$ hmoZo Ho$ gmW-gmW EH$ g’$b H$hmZrH$ma h¢&
CX¶ àH$me Ho$ VrZ H$hmZr g§J«hmo§ ‘| CZH$m nhbm H$hmZr g§J«h "X[a¶mB©
Kmo‹S>m' gZ² 1989 ‘| àH$m{eV hþAm, Xÿgam H$hmZr g§J«h "{V[a{N>' gZ² 1989 ‘| hr
VWm Vrgam H$hmZr g§J«h "Am¡a A§V ‘| àmW©Zm' gZ² 1994 ‘| àH$m{eV hþAm& BÝhm|Zo
H$hmZr Ho$ Abmdm {hÝXr H$s Aݶ {dYmAm| ‘o§ ^r AnZr boIZr MbmB© h¢& "B©ída
H$s Am±I' BZH$m à{gÜX {Z~ÝY g§J«h h¡& BÝhmo|Zo AmbmoMZm, g§ñ‘aU, nQ>H$WmE±4
munotes.in
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{bIH$a AnZo {d{dY ‘wIr à{V^m H$m n[aM¶ {X¶m h¡& "gwZmo H$marJa' "A~yVa
H$~yVa' "amV ‘| hma‘mo{Z¶‘' BZHo$ Ûmam a{MV H$mì¶ g§J«h h¢&
BZH$s A^yVnyd© gm{h˶ godm Ho$ H$maU A~VH$ BÝh| AZoH$ nwañH$mamo§ Am¡a
gå‘mZm| go gå‘m{ZV {H$¶m J¶m h¡& BZ gå‘mZmo§ ‘| ‘w»¶ h¢ gZ² 1980 ‘| àmá ^maV
^yfU AJ«dmb nwañH$ma, gZ² 1982 ‘| àmá Amo‘ àH$me gm{h˶ gå‘mZ Am¡a
gZ² 1994 ‘| àmá JOmZZ ‘mYd ‘w{º$~moY nwañH$ma&
4.2. "Q>onMy' H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVw
boIH$ CX¶ àH$me Ho$ AZwgma Q>onMy H$s H$Wm {g’©$ H$hmZr Zht h¡ ~pëH$
CZHo$ OrdZ H$s h¡aVA§JoO gƒmB© h¡&
{~hma ‘| gmoZ ZXr Ho$ {H$Zmao ~go ‘‹S>a Jm±d ‘| Xg-½¶mah gmb nhbo Aã~r
Zm‘ H$m EH$ ‘wgb‘mZ ahVm Wm& Jm±d Ho$ ~mha h[aOZm| H$s ~ñVr go Hw$N> hQ>H$a
VrZ-Mma ‘wgb‘mZm| Ho$ Ka Wo& ¶o bmoJ ‘w{J©¶m±, ~H$[a¶m± nmbH$a JmoíV H$m Y§Ym
H$aVo, Wmo‹S>r ~hþV IoVr ^r H$aVo Wo&
Aã~r Amdmam Am¡a ’$¸$‹S> {H$ñ‘ H$m AmX‘r Wm& CgZo Xmo em{X¶m± H$s Wr&
CgH$s EH$ nËZr Omo H$m’$s gwÝXa Wr dh EH$ XOu Ho$ Ka OmH$a ~¡R> JB©& ~mX ‘|
XOu Zo n§Mm¶V Ho$ H$ho AZwgma Aã~r H$mo haOmZm Ho$ ê$n ‘| AÀN>r Imgr aH$‘ Xr&
CÝht én¶m| go Aã~r Zo Eoe H$aZo Ho$ gmW-gmW EH$ hma‘mo{Z¶‘ IarXm ³¶m|{H$
CgH$s {Xbr »dm{he Wr {H$ dh H$ìdmb ~Z OmE& ~‹S>r ‘wpíH$b go EH$mY H$ìdmbr
grIH$a dh Cgr go AnZm JwOa-~ga H$aZo bJm, nËZr d ~oQ>o H$s nad[ae H$aZo
bJm& V^r EH$ {XZ Eogr XþK©Q>Zm KQ>r {H$ gmoZ ZXr Ho$ H$‘a VH$ Ho$ nmZr ‘| ZXr
nma H$aVo g‘¶ CgH$m n¡a ZXr ‘| ~rM-~rM ‘| ~Zo N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o Hw$E± ‘| Om ’±$gm Am¡a
hma‘mo{Z¶‘ Jbo ‘| Q>m±Jo hþE ZXr ‘o§ Sy>~ H$a ‘a J¶m& Jm±d-dmbm|, ‘NwAmam| Zo Cgo
VbmeZo H$s nyar H$mo{ee H$s, naÝVw CgH$s bme ^r Zht {‘br& V~ Aã~r Ho$ ~oQ>o
Q>onMy H$s C‘« Xmo gmb H$s Wr&
Aã~r H$s ‘m¡V Ho$ ~mX CgH$s nËZr {’$amoOm Ho$ {ga na ‘wgr~Vm| Ho$ nhm‹S>
Qy>Q> n‹S>o& dh Ka-Ka OmH$a Xmb-Mmdb ’$Q>H$Vr, IoVm| ‘| ‘OXÿar H$aVr, T>|H$s
Hy$Q>Vr, gmoZ ZXr go ‘Q>Ho$ ^a-^a nmZr T>moVr, ~mJ-~JrMm| IoVm| H$s VH$dmZr H$m
H$m‘ H$aVr, AnZo Ka H$m H$m‘H$mO H$aVr, EH$ ~H$ar CgHo$ nmg Wr CgH$s ^r
XoI^mb H$aZr n‹S>Vr, V~ H$ht OmH$a Cgo ~‹S>r ‘wpíH$b go Xmo amoQ>r {‘b nmVr& ¶h
g~ H$m‘ H$aVo g‘¶ dh EH$ nwamZr gm‹S>r ‘| AnZo ~oQ>o Q>onMy H$mo ~m±Yo ahVr& CgH$s
Xem {XZ-à{V-{XZ ~X go ~XVa hmoVr Mbr JB©& Jm±d Ho$ ‘ZMbo b‹S>H$m| Zo Cg
OdmZ AHo$br {dYdm Am¡aV H$mo {JÕ H$s Vah Zm|MZm Mmhm naÝVw CgHo$ noQ> na
PybVm Q>onMy h‘oem H$dM H$s ^m±{V Q>§Jm ahVm Wm& amV{XZ ‘ohZV ‘Oyar H$aVo-H$aVo
gmb ^a Ho$ ^rVa dh ~w‹T>m JB©& CgHo$ ~mb CbPo, éIo J§Xo ahVo, eara go ^r J§Xrmunotes.in
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~X~y AmVr& Jm±d dmbo Cggo H$m‘ nyam boVo naÝVw Cgo K¥UmË‘H$ Ñ{ï> go XoIVo Wo&
g‘¶ ~rVVm J¶m, O~ Q>onMy gmV-AmR> gmb H$m hþAm Vmo bmoJm| H$s {XbMñnr Cg‘|
~‹T>Zo bJr&
‘‹S>a Jm±d Ho$ ~mha, Xÿa VH$ ’¡$bo YmZ Ho$ IoVm| Ho$ nma Am‘ H$m EH$ KZm
~JrMm Wm& bmoJ nhbo Bg ~JrMo H$mo ‘w{I¶m Or H$m ~JrMm H$hVo Wo, ³¶m|{H$ dfm}
nhbo ‘w{I¶m Mm¡Yar ~mb {H$eZ qgh Zo ¶h ~JrMm bJm¶m Wm& XgAgb ¶h
O‘rZ CZH$s ^r Zht Wr, ¶h EH$ gaH$mar O‘rZ Wr naÝVw dhm± CÝhm|Zo Xmo-T>mB© gm¡
no‹S> bJmH$a CgH$mo h‹S>nZm Mmhm Wm& ¶h hgaV {bE ‘w{I¶m Or ñdJ©dmgr hmo JE&
CZHo$ ‘aZo Ho$ ~mX Jm±d dmbo Eogm ‘mZVo Wo {H$ ‘w{I¶m H$m ^yV Bg ~JrMo ‘| ahVm
h¡ Bgr{bE do Bg ~JrMo H$mo ^wVhm ~JrMm H$hZo bJo& ¶h ~JrMm Agm‘m{OH$ VËdm|
d Agm‘m{OH$ Ad¡Y g§~§Ym| H$m AÈ>m Wm Ohm°± Jm±d Ho$ AHo$bo b‹S>Ho$-b‹S>{H$¶m§o Ho$
{‘bZo H$m EH$mÝV AÈ>m ^r Wm, em¶X BZ VËdm| Zo OmZ~yP H$a Bg ~JrMo H$mo ^wVhm
~JrMm ~Zm {X¶m Wm {H$ Cg Va’$ bmoJm| H$m AmdmJ‘Z Z hmo Am¡a EH$mÝV MmhZo
dmbm| H$mo EH$mÝV {‘b gHo$& em‘ ¶m amV Ho$ àha H$moB© Cg ~JrMo ‘| ^yV Ho$ S>a go
Zhr§ OmVm&
EH$ {XZ boIH$ Am¡a CZHo$ {‘Ì EH$ {ddmh CËgd go bm¡Q> aho Wo& amñVm
~JrMo go hmoH$a JwOaVm Wm& g~Ho$ ‘Z ‘| S>a ~¡R>m hþAm Wm, g^r gh‘o-gh‘o AmJo
~‹T> aho Wo {H$ H$ht ‘w{I¶m H$m {OÞ CÝh| g‘má Z H$a Xo V^r CÝh| AMmZH$ gyIo
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X§Jm ^‹S>H$ J¶m ³¶m|{H$ Q>onMy ‘wpñb‘ Wm Am¡a nw{bgdmbm| H$s anQ> Ho$ AZwgma CgH$s
h˶m {hÝXþAm| Zo H$s Wr& CZH$s Pwp½J¶m± Obm Xr JBª, Mmam| Amoa YwAm± hr YwAm± Wm&
am¶J‹T>, ~ñVa, ^monmb g^r OJh go nw{bg H$s Qw>H${‹S>¶m± Am JB© Wt& gr.Ama.nr.
dmbo JñV bJm aho Wo& gmåàXm{¶H$ X§Jm {dH$amb ê$n bo MwH$m Wm&
BYa AJbo {XZ gw~h Q>onMy H$s bme H$mo nmoñQ>‘mQ>©‘ Ho$ {bE {Obm AñnVmb
^oOm J¶m& ~‹S>o hr Ym{‘©H$ {H$ñ‘ Ho$ B©gmB© S>m°³Q>a ES>{dZ d{J©g Am°naoeZ {W¶oQ>a ‘|
Q>onMy H$s bme Ho$ nmg AmE Vmo CÝhm|Zo XoIm {H$ CgHo$ eara ‘| OJh-OJh W«r-Zm°Q>-
W«r H$s Jmo{b¶m± Y±gr hþB© Wr§, nyar bme ‘| EH$ gyV OJh Zht Wr, Ohm±-MmoQ> Z hmo&
S>m°³Q>a Zo O¡go nmoñQ>‘m°Q>©‘ Ho$ {bE CñVam CR>m¶m d¡go hr Q>onMy Zo H$amhVo hþE
Am±I| Imob H$a CZgo H$hm-""S>m°³Q>a gmh~, ¶o gmar Jmo{b¶m± {ZH$mb Xmo& ‘wPo ~Mm
bmo& ‘wPo BÝht Hw$Îmm| Zo ‘maZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s h¡&'' (n¥ð>-92, Q>onMy)munotes.in
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boIH$ CX¶ àH$me nwZ… H$hVo h¢ {H$ ¶h H$moB© H$hmZr Zht h¡ ~pëH$ EH$
gƒr KQ>Zm h¡ {dídmg Z hmo Vmo do H$^r {H$gr ^r dº$ Q>onMy go nmR>H$m| H$mo {‘bdm
gH$Vo h¢&
"Q>onMy' H$s H$Wm ¶ht g‘má hmoVr h¡&
4.4 Mm[a{ÌH$ {deofVmE± … Q>onMy
H$hmZrH$ma AnZo bú¶ Am¡a H$hmZr H$s ‘m±J Ho$ AZwgma AnZr H$hmZr ‘|
nmÌm| H$m g¥OZ H$aVm h¡& ¶o nmÌ AnZo ¶wJ H$s g‘ñ¶mAm| H$s Amoa g§Ho$V H$aVo hþE
H$hmZr Ho$ CÔoí¶ H$mo nyam H$aVo h¢ Bgr{bE nmÌ M[aÌ-{MÌU H$m ñWmZ ahVm h¡&
H$hmZr ‘| {deof ¶h H$hmZr KQ>Zm àYmZ H$hmZr h¡ Am¡a H$hmZr H$m ‘w»¶ nmÌ h¡
Q>onMy&
H$hmZrH$ma CX¶ àH$me ~ma-~ma Bg ~mV H$s nw{ï> H$aZm MmhVo h¢ {H$ Q>onMy
‘hO EH$ H$hmZr Zht h¡ ~pëH$ CZHo$ OrdZ H$s EH$ h¡aVA§JoO H$hmZr h¡& ¶{X H$moB©
H$hmZr Ho$ ‘w»¶ nmÌ Q>onMy go {‘bZm Mmho Vmo boIH$ H$^r-^r, H$ht-^r Cgo Q>onMy
go {‘bdm gH$Vo h¢&
"Q>onMy' H$hmZr ‘| AZoH$ nmÌ h¢ ‘gbZ Aã~r, Aã~r H$s Xr npËZ¶m±, ‘w{I¶m
~mb{H$eZ qgh, Mm¡Yar {H$eZ nmb qgh, amYo, g§^mê$, ~mbXod, na‘ogwam, bÆ>~mO
‘XZm qgh, XmamoJm, H$ar‘ ~™e, {gnmhr Vyµ’$mZr qgh, {gnmhr JOmYa e‘m©, S>m°³Q>a
ES>{dZ d{J©g Am{X& naÝVw BZ g^r ‘| ‘w»¶ {H$aXma {Z^m ahm h¡ Q>onMy Am¡a Q>onMy
Ho$ OrdZ ‘| K{Q>V hmoZo dmbr {d{^Þ KQ>ZmAm| ‘| ¶o g^r Jm¡U nmÌ AnZr Ah²‘
^y{‘H$m {Z^m aho h¢&
Q>onMy Cµ’©$ A„m ~™e, {’$amoOm Am¡a AãXþ„m ~™e H$m BH$bm¡Vm nwÌ h¡& O~
dh ‘hO Xmo df© H$m Wm V^r CgHo$ {nVm AãXþ„m ~™e H$s ‘m¡V hmo OmVr h¡& {nVm
H$s ‘¥Ë¶w Ho$ ~mX CgH$s ‘m± AnZo Xmo dfu¶ ~oQ>o Q>onMy H$mo nwamZr J§Xr gm‹S>r ‘|
bnoQ>H$a AnZo noQ> na ~m±Y H$a Jm±ddmbm| H$s ‘OXÿar H$aVr h¡, amV-{XZ n[al‘
H$aVr h¡ V~ H$ht OmH$a EH$ dº$ ~mgr -ê$Ir amoQ>r ‘w¶ñga hmoVr h¡& Hw$N> hr dfm]
‘| CgH$s Am¡a ~oQ>o Q>onMy H$s {OÝXJr ~X go ~XVa hmo OmVr h¡& O~ Q>onMy gmV AmR>
gmb hmoVm h¡ Vmo CgH$s {OÝXJr ‘| AZoH$ Eogr KQ>ZmE± K{Q>V hmoVr h¢ {Og‘| dh ‘m¡V
Ho$ ‘w±h ‘| go dmng bm¡Q> AmVm h¡& nhbr KQ>Zm Cg ^yVhm ~JrMo ‘| K{Q>V hmoVr h¡
{Og‘| Q>onMy ^yV-{OÞ H$s {~Zm nadmh {H$E AnZr by go J«{gV ‘m± Ho$ {bE H$ÀMo
Am‘ Vmo‹S>Zo OmVm h¡, Xÿgar KQ>Zm CgHo$ OrdZ ‘| V~ K{Q>V hmoVr h¡ O~ dh ^yI go
~ohmb hmoH$a H$‘bJQ²>Q>o bmZo Ho$ {bE IVaZmH$ Vmbm~ ‘| bJ^J Sy>~ J¶m hmoVm h¡
na nwZ: na‘ogwam H$s dOh go ~mb-~mb ~M OmVm h¡& Vrgar ~‹S>r KQ>Zm Vm‹S>r Ho$
no‹S> go {JaZo dmbr h¡ O~ CgH$s hmWm| H$mo ZmJ Zo OH$‹S> {b¶m Wm Km¶b AdñWm ‘|
CR>H$a gmhgr Q>onMy Zo gm±n H$mo ‘maH$a AnZr OmZ ~Mm H$a ^mJ I‹S>m hþAm Wm
V^r Jm±d dmbm| H$mo ¶H$sZ hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ Q>onMy AmX‘r Zht ~pëH$ {OÝZ h¡ dh ‘amunotes.in
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Zht gH$Vm & CgHo$ OrdZ H$s Mm¡Wr ~‹S>r KQ>Zm V~ H$s h¡ O~ E‘.Eb.E. Mm¡Yar
{H$eZnmb {g§h Ho$ Jw§S>o Cgo ‘ma H$a ‘am hþAm g‘PH$a gmoZ ZXr ‘| ’|$H$ XoVo h¡
Am¡a dh nwZ: EH$ ~ma ~M OmVm h¡ Am¡a Mm¡Yar H$s nwAmb ‘| AmJ bJmH$a ~¡b{S>bm
‘| AmH$a ‘OXÿar H$aZo bJVm h¡ Am¡a Hw$N> hr {XZm| ‘| g~H$m MhoVm ~Z OmVm h¡&
ì¶dñWm Ho$ {Ibm’$ AnZr AmdmO ~wbÝX H$aHo$ Jar~m|, ‘OXÿam| Ho$ hH$ H$s b‹S>mB©
b‹S>Vm h¡& Q>onMy Zo AnZo OrdZ ‘| BVZm Xþ충dhma, XþamMma, Aݶm¶ ghm h¡ {H$
n[apñW{V¶mo§ Zo Cgo {ZS>a, {ZY‹S>H$ Am¡a ‘w±h’$Q> ~Zm {X¶m h¡&
A~ dh ^br-^m±{V g‘P MwH$m h¡ g‘mO H$m D$nar V~H$m ‘mÌ Jar~m|
‘OXÿam| {H$gmZmo H$m emofU H$aZo Aݶm¶ A˶mMma H$aZo Ho$ {bE ~Zm h¡ Am¡a ¶hr
bmoJ g‘mO Ho$ {ZåZ V~Ho$ na amO H$a aho h¢, emgZ H$a aho h¢& Eogo bmoJm| go Cgo
g»V K¥Um h¡ Z’$aV h¡& CgHo$ OrdZ H$s V‘m‘ {df‘ n[a{ñW{V¶m| Zo Cgo BVZm
~¡Im¡’$ ~Zm {X¶m h¡ {H$ dh XmamoJm H$mo Z§JmH$a, ‘ma-nrQ> H$a CÝh| bhþbwhmZ H$aHo$
CZH$m Owbyg {ZH$mbVm h¡& {gnmhr JOmYa e‘m© Ho$ D$na noem~ H$a XoVm h¡& CgH$m
à{VemoY nw{bg Cgo ^r Z§Jm H$aHo$ ‘rbm§o g‹S>H$ na KgrQ>Vo hþE {ZH$mbVr h¡ Am¡a
A§V ‘| CgH$m BZH$mCÝQ>a H$aHo$ no‹S> go CgH$s bme Q>m§J XoVr h¡ Am¡a nyao eha ‘|
{hÝXÿ ‘wgb‘mZmo§ Ho$ ~rM X§Jm ’¡$bm XoVr h¡&
Q>onMy Ho$ OrdZ ‘| nm±Mdm± AmíM¶© V~ hmoVm h¡ O~ nmoñQ>‘mQ>©‘ H$aZo dmbo
S>m°³Q>a ES>{dZ go Q>onMy ñd¶§ H$mo ~Mm boZo H$s Jwhma H$aVm h¡&
Bg àH$ma "Q>onMy' H$hmZr Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go ñnï>V: XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ Q>onMy
EH$ ~hþV gmhgr, {ZS>a, ‘w±h’$Q>, n[apñW{V¶m| go H$^r hma Zht ‘mZZo dmbm, H$‹S>r
‘ohZV Am¡a g§Kf© H$aZo dmbm Am‘ AmX‘r h¡ Omo H$hmZr ‘| ‘OXÿa dJ©, {ZåZ dJ©
H$m à{V{Z{YËd H$aVm h¡& dh ì¶dñWm go hma ‘mZZm Zht OmZVm A{nVw Cggo ‘aVo
X‘ VH$ g§Kf© H$aZo H$s {hå‘V aIVm h¡& dh AnZo A{YH$mam| Ho$ à{V nyar Vah go
gOJ h¡ Am¡a n[apñW{V¶m| go b‹S>H$a CÝh| boZo H$m ‘mX²Xm aIVm h¡&
4.5 XoeH$mb-dmVmdaU Am¡a n[apñW{V¶m±
"Q>onMy' H$hmZr ‘| XoeH$mb-dmVmdaU Am¡a n[apñW{V¶m| H$m ~‹S>m hr ¶WmW©
{MÌU {H$¶m J¶m h¡&
{~hma ‘| pñWV ‘‹S>a Jm±d, Vhgrb gmohmJnwa, WmZm O¡Vhar gmoZ ZXr Ho$
{H$Zmao pñWV h¡& ¶h Jm±d gmoZ ZXr go ‘mÌ EH$-Xmo ’$bmªJ H$s Xÿar na pñWV h¡&
Jm±d H$s Am¡aV| gw~h IoVm| ‘| OmZo go nhbo Am¡a em‘ H$mo dhm± go bm¡Q>Zo Ho$ ~mX gmoZ
ZXr go hr Kaoby H$m‘-H$mO Ho$ {bE nmZr ^aVr h¢& ¶o Am¡aV| H$^r WH$Vr Zht,
bJmVma H$m‘ H$aVr ahVr h¢&
J{‘©¶m| Ho$ {XZm| ‘| gmoZ ZXr ‘| nmZr BVZm H$‘ ahVm h¡ {H$ AmX‘r H$m Y‹S>
^r Zht ^rJVm, Bg{bE Sw>~{H$¶m± bJmZo Ho$ {bE nmZr Jham H$aZo Ho$ {bE ZXr Ho$munotes.in
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^rVa ~mby H$mo A§Ow{b¶m| go, n¡am| go gaH$m-gaH$mH$a Hw$B¶m± ~ZmZr n‹S>Vr h¡& Bgr
Hw$B¶m± ‘| ~agmV Ho$ {XZm| ‘| Sy>~ H$a Q>onMy Ho$ {nVm Aã~r H$s ‘m¡V hmo OmVr h¡&
Jm±d ‘| ‘wgb‘mZm| H$s ~ñVr M‘mam| H$s ~ñVr go Hw$N> hQ>H$a pñWV h¡ {Og‘|
VrZ-Mma Ka ‘wgb‘mZ ahVo h¢& ¶o bmoJ ‘w{J©¶m|, ~H$[a¶m± nmbH$a JmoíV H$m Y§Ym
H$aVo h¢, IoVm| ‘| ‘OXÿar H$aVo h¢, N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o H$ñ~m| ‘§o g‹S>H$ ~ZmZo, g‹S>H$ na S>m‘a
{~N>mZo, H$mo¶bo Ho$ IXmZm| go boH$a H$b H$maImZm| ‘| ‘OXÿar H$m H$m‘ H$aVo h¢&
Jm±d H$m ‘w{I¶m H$m ~JrMm, ~mX ‘| ^wVhm ~JrMm Jm±d Ho$ OdmZ b‹S>Ho$
b‹S>{H$¶m| Ho$ {‘bZo H$m AS²>S>m h¡ Ohm± AH$ga ha gmb bmdm[ae ZdOmV ~ÀMm
~am‘X hmoVm h¡& ¶h ~JrMm EH$ Vah go Eo¶mer H$m AS²>S>m ~Z MwH$m h¡&
Jm±d ‘| EH$ J§Xm Vmbm~ ^r h¡ {Og‘| T>oam| O§Jbr nm¡Yo, H$‘bJQ²>Q>o ObHw$å^r
Am{X CJo hþE h¢ ‘N>{b¶m± ^r h¢&
H$hmZr "Q>onMy' ‘| {M{ÌV Jm±d H$m ¶h N>moQ>m-gm {MÌ ^maV Ho$ {H$gr ^r
Jm±d H$mo {M{ÌV H$a gH$Vm h¡ Ohm± h‘| Aã~r-{’$amoOm Am¡a Q>onMy O¡go M[aÌ Adí¶
{‘b OmE±Jo&
H$hmZr ‘| Xem©¶m J¶m h¡ {H$ {^Þ-{^Þ Om{V-Y‘©-gåàXm¶m| Ho$ hmoZo Ho$
~mdOyX h‘mam g‘mO ‘w»¶V: Xmo {hñgm| ‘| {d^m{OV h¡ emofH$ dJ© Am¡a emo{fV dJ©&
emofH$ dJ© {XZ-amV ¶hr fS>¶§Ì aMVm h¡ {H$ Jar~m| H$m H¡$go CËnr‹S>Z {H$¶m OmE&
gZ² 1978 ‘| ^maV Ho$ H$b H$maImZm| H$s pñW{V A˶ÝV ZmOwH$ Wr& {dXoer H§$n{Z¶m|
go ‘m±J H$‘ hmo OmZo Ho$ H$maU ¶hm± Ho$ CËnmXZ H$mo O~aXñV PQ>H$m bJm& V‘m‘
gaH$mar Am¡a àmBdoQ> H§$n{Z¶m| Zo ‘OXÿam| H$s N>±Q>Zr Ama§^ H$a Xr& ‘OXÿa ¶y{Z¶Z Ho$
Bg ‘m±J na {H$ nhbo CZHo$ {bE {H$gr Xÿgao H$m‘ H$m B§VOm‘ {H$¶m Om¶o, V~
N>±Q>Zr H$s OmE, {H$gr Zo V{ZH$ ^r ܶmZ Zht {X¶m& boIH$ go {‘bZo na Q>onMy CZgo
H$hVm h¡-""Xg hOma ‘OXÿam| H$mo ^w³I‹S> ~Zm H$a T>moam| H$s ‘m{’$H$ hm±H$ XoZm H$moB©
h±gr-R>Ç>m Zht h¡& N>±Q>Zr D$na H$s Va’$ go hmoZr Mm{hE& Omo nMmg ‘OXÿam| Ho$
~am~a nJma boVm hmo, {ZH$mbmo g~go nhbo Cgo, N>m±Q>mo AO‘mZr H$mo nhbo&'' Bg
Vah ¶h KQ>Zm Q>onMy Am¡a Xg hOma ‘OXÿam| H$s {OÝXJr ‘o§ hr Zht K{Q>V hþB© Wr
~pëH$ Q>onMy Am¡a ‘OXÿam| O¡go bmIm|-H$amo‹S>mo§ H$s {OÝXJr ZaH$ go ^r ~XVa ~Z
MwH$s Wr& V‘m‘ H§$n{Z¶m| na Vmbm O‹S>m Om MwH$m Wm, hOmam| hOma ‘OXÿa AnZr
Pwp½J¶m| ‘| ~¡R>H$a XmZo XmZo H$mo ‘mohVmO hmo JE Wo&
nw{bgdmbo CÝh| ݶm¶ {XbmZo Ho$ ~Om¶ CÝh| g‘mO H$m Xþí‘Z g‘P ~¡R>o Wo&
{OgHo$ nmg n¡gm Wm Cgr Ho$ nmg nw{bg ~b ^r Wm& Am‘ ZmJ[aH$m| Ho$ gwI-XþI
go, CZHo$ A{YH$mam| H$s b‹S>mB© go {H$gr H$m H$moB© dmñVm Zht Wm& nw{bgdmbmo§ H$mo
O¡go g‘P ‘| Am¶m {H$ Q>onMy EH$ ‘wgb‘mZ h¡ CÝhmo§Zo VwaÝV CgH$m BZH$mCÝQ>a H$aHo$
gmam Xmof {hÝXÿ ‘OXÿam| Ho$ D$na bJm {X¶m& {OgHo$ H$maU Mmam| Va’$ X§Jm ^‹S>H$
J¶m& pñW{V ¶hm± VH$ nh±þM JB© {H$ Xÿgao amÁ¶m| go nw{bg ‘±JmZr n‹S>r& bo{H$Z àíZmunotes.in
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¶h CR>Vm h¡ {H$ dmñVd ‘| ‘wO[a‘ H$m¡Z Wm Q>onMy ¶m nw{bgdmbo, {OgZo X§Jm ’¡$bm¶m&
~m±Q>mo Am¡a amO H$amo H$s A§J«oOm| H$s Bg Zr{V H$mo nw{bgdmbm| Zo ^r Ap»V¶ma {H$¶m&
‘OXÿam| H$mo Om{V-Y‘©-gåàXm¶ ‘| ~m±Q> H$a CÝh| Amng ‘| b‹S>dmH$a ‘OXÿam| Ho$
¶y{Z¶Z H$mo ~war Vah go Vmo‹S> {X¶m& A§VV: OrV H§$nZr Ho$ ‘m{bH$m| H$s hþB©, {OZgo
nw{bgdmbm| H$s "AÀN>r-Imgr H$‘mB©' hþB© hmoJr& ‘OXÿa ¶y{Z¶Z I§S>-I§S> hmoH$a
{~Ia J¶m& ‘OXÿam|-l{‘H$m| Ho$ OrdZ ‘| ì¶má BZ V‘m‘ ‘wÔm| H$mo H$hmZr ‘| A˶ÝV
gyú‘Vm go CHo$am J¶m h¡&
"Q>onMy' H$hmZr ‘| gdU© n§{S>V ^JdmZXrZ Q>onMy Ho$ gmW Omo Xþ충dhma H$aVm
h¡ dh Aݶm¶, A˶mMma AmO ^r h‘mao g‘mO ‘| ì¶má h¡& H$‘-go H$‘ VZ»dmh
‘| A{YH$ go A{YH$ H$m‘ boZo H$s àd¥{Îm H$B© ~ma B§gmZ H$mo h¡dmZ ~ZmH$a aI XoVr
h¡ Am¡a Bg Vah H$s n[apñW{V¶m± Q>onMy O¡go nmÌm| H$mo g§Kf©erb, CX²¶‘erb Am¡a
{hå‘Vr ~Zm XoVr h¡ Bg‘o§ ^r H$moB© eH$ Zht h¡&
H$hmZr ‘| Xem©¶m J¶m h¡ ha Vah H$m Xmo Z§~a H$m Y§Ym H$aZo dmbm Mm¡Yar
{H$eZ nmb qgh Omo {H$ M[aÌ go ^«ï>, YmoIo~mO Am¡a EH$ Z§~a H$m YyV© h¡ dh
‘w{I¶m h¡ naÝVw Jm±d dmbm| go n¡go bo boH$a CÝh| Vm‹S>r H$m Zeo‹S>r ~ZmH$a aI XoVm
h¡& Jm±d ¶m Jm±d dmbm| Ho$ {dH$mg go CgH$m H$moB© dmñVm Zht, Cgo Vmo {g’©$ AnZm
ñdmW© {XIVm h¡& Jm±d ‘| AmbremZ ‘H$mZ {’$a Yrao-Yrao CgH$m E‘.Eb.E.~Z OmZm
CgHo$ n¡go Am¡a VmH$V XmoZm| H$mo Xem©Vm h¡&
H$hmZr ‘| EH$ ~mV Am¡a Jm¡aVb~ h¡ {H$ B©ída {Ogo ~MmZm MmhVm h¡ dh
V‘m‘ {dnarV n[apñW{V¶m| ‘o§ ^r ~M OmVm h¡& EH$ H$hmdV ^r Bggo Ow‹S>r {H$
"OmH$mo amIo gmB©¶m§ ‘ma gH¡$ Zm H$moB©' {OgH$m H$hmZr ‘| à˶j à‘mU Q>onMy h¡ Am¡a
{OgH$s ‘m¡V Am JB© Cgo ^r H$moB© Zht ~Mm gH$Vm BgH$m à‘mU Q>onMy H$m {nVm
Aã~r h¡ Omo H$‘a^a nmZr ‘| hr Sy>~ H$a ‘a OmVm h¡ Am¡a CgH$s bme ^r {H$gr H$mo
Zht {‘b nmVr h¡&
Bg àH$ma, "Q>onMy H$hmZr XoeH$mb-dmVmdaU Am¡a n[apñW{V¶m| H$s Ñ{ï> go
XoIZo na A˶ÝV àm‘m{UH$ aMZm {gÕ hmoVr h¡& Jm±d Ho$ n[adoe H$m {MÌU {~ëHw$b
{df¶mZwHy$b h¡& Q>onMy H$s H$Wm CgHo$ OrdZ H$s h¡aV A§JoO gÀMmB© Adí¶ h¡ naÝVw
dh H$ht go ^r A{Ví¶mo{³VnyU© Zht àVrV hmoVr& gZ² 1979 ‘o§ Jm±d H$s, H$b
H$maImZm| ‘| ‘ohZV ‘OXÿar H$aZo dmbo ‘OXÿam|, {H$gmZm| H$s Omo pñW{V Wr AmO
2017 ‘| ^r CZH$s Xem ‘| H$moB© {deof n[adV©Z Zht Am¶m h¡&
4.6 "Q>onMy' H$hmZr H$m CÔoí¶
"Q>onMy', H$hmZr Ho$ boIH$ CX¶ àH$me H$s CZ aMZmAm| ‘| go EH$ h¡ {Oggo
do A˶ÝV JhamB© go Ow‹S>o hþE h¢&munotes.in
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Bg H$hmZr Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go boIH$ Zo J«m‘rU g‘mO ‘| ì¶má AZoH$mZoH$ {dH$Q>V‘
n[apñW{V¶m| H$m A˶ÝV gyú‘-AdbmoH$Z H$aVo hþE ¶h ñnï> {H$¶m h¡ {H$ Mmho dh
eha hmo ¶m Jm±d-XohmV hmo, gd©Ì n¡go-ê$nE go g§nÞ YZmT²>ç bmoJm| H$m ~mob~mbm
h¡& Mmho dh Jm±d H$m ‘w{I¶m Mm¡Yar {H$eZ nmb qgh hmo, n§{S>V ^JdmZ XrZ hmo ¶m
{’$a eham| ‘| ~‹S>r-~‹S>r {‘b H$maImZm| Ho$ ‘m{bH$ hm| ¶m {’$a nw{bgdmbo hmo ¶m
amOZoVm hm|, g~H$s Om{V-{~amXar EH$ h¡, CZH$m H$m‘ EH$ h¡ Jar~m|-‘OXÿam|-{H$gmZm|
H$m emofU H$aZm, CÝh| Hw$Îmm| go ^r ¶m {’$a H$h| H$s‹S>o-‘H$mo‹S>m| go ^r ~XÎma {OÝXJr
OrZo na ‘O~ya H$aZm, AnZo à{V hþE Xþ충dhma Ho$ à{V {damoY OVmZo ¶m {dÐmoh
H$aZo na CÝh| ‘m¡V H$s KmQ> CVma XoZm&
¶h H$hmZr Bg CÔoí¶ H$s Amoa B§{JV H$aVr h¡ {H$ AnZr ñdmW© ny{V© hoVw ¶o
g^r ^«ï> emofH$ dJ© Mmoa-Mmoa ‘m¡goao ^mB© ~Zo aho h¡§ AnZr EH$Vm ~ZmE aIVo hþE
‘OXÿam|-l{‘H$m|-{H$gmZm| H$mo Om{V-nm±{V-Y‘©-gåàXm¶ ‘| ~m§Q> H$a, CÝh| Amng ‘|
b‹S>dm-{^‹S>dm ‘adm H$a AnZm Cëby grYm H$aVo ahVo h¢ Am¡a grYm-gmXm l{‘H$
dJ© CZH$s Bg MmbmH$s Am¡a YyV©Vm H$mo g‘P hr Zht nmVm h¡&
Q>onMy H$hmZr ‘| J«m‘rU g‘mO Ho$ {ZåZ V~Ho$ Ho$ OrdZ ‘| ì¶má AZoH$
g‘ñ¶mAm| H$mo Xem©Zm ^r H$hmZr H$m ‘w»¶ CÔoí¶ h¡&
Q>onMy Ho$ {nVm Aã~r H$s ‘¥Ë¶w Ho$ ~mX CgH$s ‘m± {’$amoOm Ho$ OrdZ ‘| Vy’$mZ
Am OmVm h¡& g~go nhbo Vmo ¶h {H$ Ka H¡$go MboJm& AnZo Am¡a AnZo ~oQ>o H$m noQ>
^aZo Ho$ {bE dh Jm±d Ho$ ~‹S>o Ka Ho$ bmoJm| H$m AZmO ’$Q>H$Vr h¡, CZHo$ IoVmo§-
~JrMm| H$s aIdmbr H$aVr h¡, PmSy>-~whmê$ H$aVr h¡, T>|H$s Hy$Q>Vr h¡, gmoZ ZXr go
nmZr Ho$ ‘Q>Ho$ ^a-^a Ho$ T>moVr h¡, IoVmo§ ‘| ‘OXÿar H$aVr h¡ AnZr EH$ ~H$ar H$s
XoI^mb Ho$ gmW-gmW AnZo Ka H$m ^r H$m‘H$mO H$aVr h¡& ¶h gmam H$m‘ dh
AnZo Xmo df© Ho$ ~oQ>o Q>onMy H$mo EH$ gm‹S>r Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go noQ> na ~m±Y H$a H$aVr h¡&
D$na go Cgo OdmZ AHo$br {dYdm g‘PH$a Jm±d Ho$ ‘ZMbo Cg na {JX²Y Ñ{ï> S>mbo
ahVo h¡§, CZgo ñd¶§ H$mo ~MmVr h¡& AnZo BH$bm¡Vo ~oQ>o H$mo Amdmam ~ZZo go ~MmZo Ho$
{bE n§{S>V ^JdmZ XrZ go {J‹S>{J‹S>m H$a CZHo$ ¶hm± Cgo H$m‘ na aIdmVr h¡ naÝVw
dhm± CgH$m emofU XoIH$a AnZo ~oQ>o Q>onMy go H$m‘ N>mo‹S> XoZo H$s {OX²X ^r H$aVr h¡&
BZ V‘m‘ g‘ñ¶mAm| Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go boIH$ {ZåZ dJu¶ OrdZ ‘| ì¶mßV
AZoH$ g‘ñ¶mAm| H$s Amoa h‘mam ܶmZ ItMZm MmhVo h¢, ‘OXÿa-dJ©, {ZåZ dJ© Ho$
bmoJm| H$m emofU H$aZo dmbo YyV© MmbmH$ bmoJm| H$mo AmJmh H$aZm MmhVo h¢, OmJê$H$
~ZmZm MmhVo h¢ CÝh| AnZo A{YH$mam| Ho$ à{V gOJ ~ZmZo Ho$ gmW-gmW {ZS>aVm go
CZH$m gm‘Zm H$aZo H$s {hå‘V àXmZ H$aZm MmhVo h¢ ¶hr Bg H$hmZr H$m ‘w»¶
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4.7 g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m H$m EH$ CXmhaU :
""Amn ñdrH$ma ³¶m| Zht H$a boVo {H$ OrdZ H$s dmñV{dH$Vm {H$gr ^r
H$mën{ZH$ gm{hp˶H$ H$hmZr go Á¶mXm h¡aV A§JoO hmoVr h¡&''
g§gX^© …
àñVwV AdVaU h‘mar nmR>²ç nwñVH$ "à{V{Z{Y Xg H$hm{Z¶m±' Ho$ "Q>onMy'
Zm‘H$ H$hmZr go CX²Y¥V h¡& BgHo$ boIH$ CX¶ àH$meOr h¢& CX¶ àH$me EH$ g’$b
H$hmZrH$ma h¢&
àg§J …
BZHo$ Bg H$hmZr ‘| J«m‘rU OrdZ ‘| ì¶má V‘m‘ {dg§J{V¶m|-{dH¥${V¶m| Am¡a
{dS>§~ZmAm| H$mo Xem©¶m J¶m h¡&
ì¶m»¶m …
àñVwV AdVaU ‘| H$hmZrH$ma CX¶ àH$me H$hVo h¢ {H$ Q>onMy H$s H$hmZr
{g’©$ EH$ H$hmZr Zht h¡& H$^r-H$^r gÀMmB© H$hmZr go ^r Á¶mXm h¡aVA§JoO hmoVr
h¡& XaAgb Q>onMy H$hmZr ‘| Q>onMy H$m Omo ì¶{º$Ëd h¡ dh Jm±d-g‘mO ‘| ahZo dmbo
CX²¶‘erb g§Kf©erb l{‘H$ dJ© H$m à{V{Z{YËd H$aVm h¡& Q>onMy ~MnZ go hr ‘wgr~Vm|
H$m gm‘Zm H$aVm h¡& H$^r dh ‘m± H$mo ~MmZo Ho$ {bE ^yVhm ~JrMo ‘| OmZo go Zht
{hM{H$MmVm h¡ Vmo H$^r ñd¶§ H$s ^yI Am¡a ZtX O¡gr Oê$aVm| H$mo nyam H$aZo Ho$ {bE
n§{S>V ^JdmZ XrZ Ho$ ¶hm± {XZ-amV IQ>Vo hþE ~‹S>r g‘PXmar go AnZo AmnH$mo
~MmVm h¡ na EH$ {XZ CgH$m AmH«$moe Cg na ^mar n‹S> OmVm h¡& {XZ-amV IQ>Zo
dmbmo§ H$m OrdZ ~X go ~XVa ~Zm ahVm h¡ O~{H$ byQ>-^«ï>mMma-H$mbm~mOmar H$aZo
dmbm Mm¡Yar {H$eZ nmb qgh Va³H$s na Va³H$s H$aVm h¡& Q>onMy ‘wgr~Vm| H$m gm‘Zm
H$aVo-H$aVo ~ma-~ma ‘m¡V Ho$ ‘w±h go {ZH$b AmVm h¡ na {df‘ go {df‘ n[apñW{V¶m|
‘| ^r CgH$m hm¡gbm nñV Zht hmoVm, dh hma Zht ‘mZVm&
H$hmZr ‘| Q>onMy Ho$ {nVm Aã~r H$m M[aÌ ^r h‘| AnZo Jm±d g‘mO ‘| Amg-
nmg {XI hr OmVm h¡ Omo {H$ a{gH$ {‘OmOr, ’¡$eZ~b hmoZo Ho$ gmW-gmW Jd¡¶m ^r
~ZZm MmhVm h¡ Am¡a EH$mY H$ìdmbr grIH$a bmoJm| H$mo gwZmH$a Cgr go AnZo n[adma
H$m ^aU-nmofU H$aVm h¡& CgH$s gwÝXa nËZr EH$ XOu Ho$ gmW ^mJ OmVr h¡ Vmo dh
BgH$m ’$m¶Xm ^r ~Iy~r CR>mZm OmZVm h¡& h‘mao g‘mO ‘| Aã~r H$s Xÿgar nËZr
{’$amoOm O¡go M[aÌ Jm±d-Jm±d ‘|, Jbr-Jbr ‘| ^ar n‹S>r h¢ {OZH$s {OÝXJr ‘| H${R>Z
l‘ Am¡a {dH$Q> g§Kf© Ho$ Abmdm Am¡a Hw$N> Zht h¡&
g‘mO CÀM dJ©-{ZåZdJ©, emofH$-emo{fV {d{^Þ Om{V-Y‘© ‘| Bg H$Xa
~±Ym h¡ {H$ Hw$N> bmoJ AnZo ’$m¶Xo Ho$ {bE g‘mO ‘| Hw$N> ^r H$a gH$Vo h¢, X§Jo-
’$gmX H$adm gH$Vo h¢, Oê$aV‘§Xm| H$mo X~m-Hw$Mb gH$Vo h¢ Vmo Bgr g‘mO ‘| Q>onMymunotes.in
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O¡go bmoJ ^r ahVo h¢ Omo {H$gr ^r H$s‘V na AnZo hH$ H$s b‹S>mB© b‹S>Zm OmZVo h¢
ì¶dñWm Ho$ {Ibm’$ {dÐmoh H$aZm OmZVo h¢ Am¡a {df‘ n[apñW{V¶m| H$m gm‘Zm ‘aVo
X‘ VH$ H$aVo h¢&
BZ V‘m‘ ~mVm| H$mo boIH$ CX¶ àH$me Zo Bg H$hmZr ‘| ~‹S>r gyú‘Vm go
aIm h¡& Bg{bE do H$hVo h¢ {H$ H$B© ~ma B§gmZ Ho$ OrdZ H$s dmñV{dH$Vm {H$gr ^r
H$mën{ZH$ gm{hp˶H$ H$hmZr go Á¶mXm h¡aVA§JoO hmoVr h¡&
{deof : àñVwV H$hmZr ‘| boIH$ H$s ‘m³g©dmXr {dMmaYmam H$mo ñnï>V: XoIm
Om gH$Vm h¡ O~ dh Q>onMy Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go H$hVm h¡ Xg hOma ‘OXÿam| H$mo ^w³I‹S>
~Zm H$a OmZdam| H$s Vah hm±H$ XoZm H$moB© h±gr-‘OmH$ Zht h¡& N>m±Q>Zr D$na go hmoZr
Mm{hE& Omo nMmg ‘OXÿam| Ho$ ~am~a nJma boVm hmo nhbo Cgo N>m±Q>Zm Mm{hE& H$hmZr
‘| boIH$ V‘m‘ hH$ H$s b‹S>mB© Ho$ ‘wX²Xo H$mo h‘mao g‘j aIVm h¡&
g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m hoVw Aݶ AdVaU :
1. ""S>m°³Q>a gmh~, ¶o gmar Jmo{b¶m± {ZH$mb Xmo& ‘wPo ~Mm bmo& ‘wPo BÝht Hw$Îmm|
Zo ‘maZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s h¡&''
2. ""Xg hOma ‘OXÿam| H$mo ^w³I‹S> ~ZmH$a T>moam| H$s ‘m{’$H$ hm±H$ XoZm H$moB©
h±gr-R>R²>R>m Zht h¡&''
3. ""N>m±Q>Zr D$na go hmoZr Mm{hE& Omo nMmg ‘OXÿam| Ho$ ~am~a nJma boVm hmo,
{ZH$mbmo g~go nhbo Cgo&''
4. ""H$mJO nÎma na hmW ‘V bJmZm XmamoJmOr, h‘mar S>çyQ>r AmO ¶y{Z¶Z H$s
VH$dmZr ‘| h¡& h‘ H$ho Xo aho h¢& AmJm-nrN>m h‘ Zht gmoMVo, na Vw‘ gmoM
bmo, R>rH$ Vah go&''
5. ""H$mH$m, ‘¢Zo AHo$bo b‹S>mB¶m± b‹S>r h¢& ha ~ma ‘¢ {nQ>m hÿ±& ha ~ma hmam hÿ±&
A~ AHo$bo Zht, g~Ho$ gmW {‘bH$a XoIy±Jm {H$ gmbm| ‘| {H$VZm Omoa h¡&''
6. ""em‘ H$mo O~ ^¡g§ Xþhr OmZo bJt H$mo N>Q>m±H$ ^a ^r XÿY Zht {ZH$bm&''
7. ""ngrZo, ‘ohZV, ^yI, An‘mZ, XþK©Q>ZmAm| Am¡a ‘wgr~Vmo§ H$s {dH$Q> Yma
H$mo Mra H$a dh {ZH$b Am¶m Wm& H$^r CgHo$ Mohao na nñV hmoZo, Qy>Q>Zo ¶m
hma OmZo H$m J‘ Zht C^am&''
4.8 XrKm}Îmar¶ àíZ
1. CX¶ àH$me "Q>onMy' H$hmZr Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go ³¶m H$hZm MmhVo h¢ ? ñnï> H$s{OE&
2. "Q>onMy' H$hmZr ‘| {M{ÌV g‘ñ¶mAm| na àH$me S>m{bE&
3. boIH$ Zo Bg H$hmZr H$m erf©H$ "Q>onMy' ³¶m| aIm? gmoXmhaU ñnï> H$s{OE&munotes.in
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4. "Q>onMy' H$hmZr H$m CÔoí¶ {b{IE&
5. "Q>onMy' H$m M[aÌ {MÌU H$s{OE&
6. H$hmZr Ho$ VËdm| Ho$ AmYma na "Q>onMy' H$hmZr H$s g‘rjm H$s{OE&
7. "Q>onMy' H$hmZr ‘| {Z{hV n[apñW{V¶m| na àH$me S>m{bE&
8. ""OrdZ H$s dmñV{dH$Vm {H$gr ^r H$mën{ZH$ gm{hp˶H$ H$hmZr go Á¶mXm
h¡aVA§JoO hmoVr h¡&'' boIH$ CX¶ àH$me Eogm ³¶m§o H$hVo h¢?
gmoXmhaU {b{IE&
4.9 dñVw{Zð> àíZ :-
1. Aã~r H$m nyam Zm‘ {b{IE& - AãXþbm ~µ»e
2. Q>onMy H$m nyam Zm‘ {b{IE& - Aëbm ~µ»e
3. "Q>onMy' H$hmZr Ho$ boIH$ H$m Zm‘ {b{IE& - CX¶ àH$me
4. "Q>onMy' H$s ‘m± H$m ³¶m Zm‘ Wm ? - {’$amoOm
5. "Q>onMy' H$hmZr ‘| {H$g Jm±d H$m {MÌU h¡& - ‘‹S>a
6. Jm±d Ho$ ‘OXÿa ‘OXÿar H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$hm± ahVo h¡§& - ~¡bm{S>bm
7. "Q>onMy' H$hmZr ‘| ~JrMo H$m nwamZm Zm‘ Am¡a Z¶m Zm‘ {b{IE&
nwamZm Zm‘ - ‘w{I¶m H$m ~JrMm
Z¶m Zm‘ - ^wVhm ~JrMm
8. "Q>onMy' H$mo {H$gZo Jmo{b¶m| go N>bZr H$a {X¶m ?- nw{bg Zo
9. "Q>onMy' Ho$ eara ‘| H$m¡Z gr Jmo{b¶m± Wt? - W«r Zm°Q> W«r H$s Jmo{b¶m±
10. "Q>onMy' H$mo Jm±ddmbo {OÝZ ³¶m| H$hVo h¢?- H$maU ¶h Wm {H$ "Q>onMy' ~ma-
~ma ‘aZo H$s pñW{V ‘| nhþ±M H$a ^r Or{dV hmo CR>Vm Wm Bgr{bE g^r Cgo
{OÞ H$hVo h¢&
(ZmoQ> : Bg àH$ma Aݶ AZoH$ àíZ hmo gH$Vo h¢&)
4.10 {Q>ßnUr
1. Aã~r H$m M[aÌ-{MÌU
2. {’$amoOm H$m M[aÌ-{MÌU
3. "Q>onMy' H$m ì¶{º$Ëdmunotes.in
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4. "Q>onMy' H$hmZr H$m CX²Xoí¶
5. "Q>onMy' H$hmZr ‘| {M{ÌV Jm±d H$m dU©Z
6. "Q>onMy' H$s Vm‹S>r nrZo H$s BÀN>m dmbr KQ>Zm H$m dU©Z
7. "Q>onMy' Am¡a H$‘bJQ²>Q>o H$s H$hmZr
8. n§{S>V ^JdmZXrZ H$m M[aÌ-{MÌU
9. n§{S>V ^JdmZXrZ Am¡a Q>onMy H$m g§~§Y
10. "Q>onMy' H$hmZr H$s ‘w»¶ g‘ñ¶m
11. "Q>onMy' H$hmZr ‘| {M{ÌV XoeH$mb Am¡a dmVmdaU
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
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BH$mB© 4.1
à{VemoY - nwéfmoÎm‘ g˶ào‘r
BH$mB© H$s énaoIm
4.1 BH$mB© H$r ê$naoIm
4.1.1 "à{VemoY' H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVw
4.1.2 Mm[a{ÌH$ {deofVmE±
4.1.3 XoeH$mb-dmVmdaU Am¡a n[apñW{V¶m±
4.1.4 H$hmZr H$m CX²Xoí¶
4.1.5 g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m H$m EH$ CXmhaU
4.1.6 g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m hoVw Aݶ AdVaU
4.1.7 XrKm}Îmar¶ àíZ
4.1.8 dñVw{Zð> àíZ
4.1.9 {Q>ßnUr
4.1.1 "à{VemoY' H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVw
nwéfmoÎm‘ "g˶ào‘r' X²dmam a{MV H$hmZr "à{VemoY' EH$ A˶ÝV ‘m{‘©H$ Am¡a
g§doXZerb H$hmZr h¡& ¶h H$hmZr Om{V àWm, dU© ì¶dñWm ‘| ì¶má {dg§J{V¶m|
H$m nXm©’$me H$aVr h¡&
Am|H$maoída Ho$ gwXÿa EH$mÝV nhm‹S>r àXoe ‘| ~go bmoJm| H$m OrdZ Mmam| Va’$
go g‘ñ¶mAm| go {Kam h¡& {Og‘| AmdmJ‘Z Ho$ gmW-gmW dU©-^oX H$s g‘ñ¶m
AnZo {dH$amb ê$n ‘| h¡, {’$a ^r ¶hm± Ho$ bmoJ O§Jb ‘| ‘§Jb H$aVo h¢, ‘ohZV
‘OXÿar H$aHo$ ha hmbmV ‘| Iwe ahZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVo h¢& BZHo$ gr‹T>rZw‘m IoVm|
na bhamVr gmo¶m{~Z Am¡a YmZ H$s ’$gb g~Ho$ ‘Z H$mo ‘w½Y H$a boVr h¡&
emgZ Zo Jm±d Ho$ Mhþ±‘wIr {dH$mg na Omoa {X¶m h¡& h[aOZm| H$mo ~am~ar
H$m hH$ {XbmZo Am¡a Nw>AmNy>V {‘Q>mZo Ho$ {bE g§gX Am¡a {dYmZg^m Zo H$mZyZ Vmo
nm[aV H$a {X¶m h¡ naÝVw Bg H$mZyZ go bmoJm| H$s ‘mZ{gH$Vm Zht ~Xbr Om gH$Vr
h¡& nhbo go Wmo‹S>m ~hþV n[adV©Z Adí¶ hþAm h¡ naÝVw H$B© ~ma h‘mao amOZoVm hr
Eogm Zht MmhVo h¢& do amOZr{VH$ ñdmW© Ho$ H$maU ~ma-~ma h[aOZm|, X{bVm| Am¡a
Am{Xdm{g¶m| H$mo ‘moham ~ZmVo h¢ Am¡a g‘mO ‘| AempÝV, ’¡$bmVo h¢&4.1
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"à{VemoY' H$hmZr H$m Ho$ÝÐñWb H$mgob Jm±d h¡& Bg Jm±d ‘| h[aOZm| Ho$
{bE AbJ Hw$E± h¢ Am¡a gdUm} Ho$ {bE AbJ Jhao-Jhao Hw$E± ~Zo h¢& J{‘©¶m| ‘|
h[aOZm| Ho$ Hw$E± gyI OmVo h¢ Vmo CÝh| Jm±d Ho$ J§Xo Vmbm~ H$m J§Xm nmZr nrZo Ho$
{bE ‘O~ya hmoZm n‹S>Vm h¡& {Og nmZr H$mo gdUm] Ho$ OmZda VH$ Zht nrVo dh
nmZr h[aOZm| H$mo nrZm n‹S>Vm h¡&
Jm±d Ho$ h[aOZ Am{Xdm{g¶m| Ho$ ghmao hr Jm±d ‘| IoVr hmoVr h¡& ¶o bmoJ
gdUm] H$s IoVm| ‘| ‘OXÿar H$aZo Ho$ Abmdm Am¡a H$a ^r ³¶m gH$Vo Wo? g^r
bmoJ Bg CYo‹S> ~wZ ‘| Wo {H$ BZ edm| H$m ³¶m {H$¶m OmE&
BVZm g~Hw$N> hmo J¶m naÝVw Jm±d Ho$ gdUm} Ho$ H$mZm| na Oy± VH$ Zhr§
a|Jr& H$moB© ^r gdU© CÝh| gm§ËdZm ¶m {Xbmgm XoZo Zht Am¶m& ‘mZm| do Xÿa go amdU-
XhZ H$m AmZÝX CR>m aho Wo& hmbm±{H$ H$mgob Jm±d H$s Am{Xdmgr h[aOZ ~ñVr Ho$
AmJ ‘| ObH$a amI hmoZo H$s I~a Amg-nmg H$s gmar Am~mXr ‘| ’¡$b JB© Wr&
Am{Xdmgr h[aOZ ~ñVr Am~mXr go H$Q>m hþAm Wm {Og‘| nƒrg-Vrg n[adma
ahVo Wo& CZHo$ {bE AbJ Hw$Am± Wm& nmR>embm Ho$ Zm‘ na EH$ Am{Xdmgr {ejH$ nƒrg
{H$bmo‘rQ>a Xÿa go AmH$a Zr‘ H$s N>m¶m ‘| BZHo$ ~ƒm| H$mo ñda-춧OZ-{JZVr- dJ¡ah
n‹T>m OmVm Wm & ~ñVr H$m hr Vrgar H$jm nmg Wm ^md¶m©, {OgH$mo n§M MwZ {b¶m
J¶m Wm, Omo amV-{XZ n§Mm¶V Ho$ bmoJm| H$s godm ‘o§ hr bJm ahVm Wm& AZoH$ ~ma Bg
~ñVr ‘| CgHo$ Xe©Z-Xþb©^ hmo OmVo Wo Vmo H$^r-H$^r dh ZoVmOr Ho$ gmW hr AmVm
Wm&
Am{Xdmgr h[aOZ B©ída Ho$ à{V AmñWmdmZ Vmo Wo hr gmW hr A§Y-{dídmgr
^r Wo& CÝht ‘| go EH$ Wm ^JraW& ^JraW H$s nËZr Am¡a nm±M {XZ nhbo OÝ‘m
~ƒm XmoZm| ObH$a amI ~Z MwHo$ Wo Cg dº$ dh AnZr hr ~ñVr Ho$ n§M Wmd¶m©
Ho$ gmW OZnX n§Mm¶V Am°{’$g ‘| J¶m& Bg AZhmoZr KQ>Zm go dh AnZm hmoe-
hdmg Imo ~¡R>m Wm& Xodm Am¡a Wmd¶m© AnZm g~ Hw$N> ñdmhm hmo OmZo Ho$ ~mdOyX
^JraW H$mo {hå‘V ~±YmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$a aho Wo&
~ñVr H$m n§M Wmd¶m© gaH$mar ghm¶Vm Ho$ {bE gan§M Ho$ nmg J¶m, dhm±
Hw$N> gdU© bmoJ nhbo go hr ‘m¡OyX Wo& Bg AmJ ‘| EH$ Hw$åhma H$m Ka ^r Ob
J¶m Wm& gdUm} Zo CgHo$ gmao ZwH$gmZ H$m H$maU Am{Xdmgr-h[aOZm| H$mo R>ham¶m
Wm& gdU© bmoJ H$h aho Wo {H$ gaH$ma go ghm¶Vm nmZo Ho$ bmbM ‘| Am{Xdmgr-
h[aOZm| Zo AnZo Kmg-nmV Ho$ H$ƒo Kam| ‘| IwX hr AmJ bJm h¡ Am¡a AmJ H$m
{eH$ma dh Hw$åhma n[adma ^r hmo J¶m Wm& CZH$s ~mV| gwZH$a Wmd¶m© AM§{^V hmo
J¶m& CgHo$ eara H$m H$a§Q> EH$ PQ>Ho$ ‘| emÝV hmo J¶m& CgH$m öX¶ nËWa ~Z
J¶m Wm& nËWa ¶m Vmo {V‹S>H$Vm Zht, na O~ {V‹S>H$Vm h¡ Vmo ¶h Xamam| VH$ hr
Zht ah OmVm CgHo$ Qw>H$‹S>o-Qw>H$‹S>o hmo OmVo h¢& dh {H$gr Vah ñd¶§ H$mo g‘oQ> H$a
CbQ>o nm±d ~ñVr H$s Va’$ bm¡Q>Vm h¡& CgHo$ Am±Im| Ho$ gm‘Zo CgHo$ AnZo bmoJ Obr
hþB© ~ñVr ‘| Abmd VmnVo ZOa Am aho h¢& ~mha H$s AmJ R>§S>r hmo MwH$s h¡ naÝVwmunotes.in
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A§Xa H$s AmJ A~ YYH$ CR>r h¡& AnZo öX¶ H$s YYH$Vr Ádmbm H$mo emÝV H$aZo
Ho$ {bE Wmd¶m© H$m à{VemoY AnZr gmar gr‘mE± bm±KZo H$mo ~oM¡Z Wm&
gan§M, Xmo nw{bgdmbm| Am¡a Jm±d Ho$ gdUm] Ho$ gmW amI H$m T>oa ~Z MwH$s
Am{Xdmgr h[aOZ ~ñVr H$m ‘wAm¶Zm H$a aho Wo& {H$emoar bmb gwZma H$s Am±I| CZ
AY‘ao Am{Xdmgr h[aOZm| Ho$ ~rM Xodm Am¡a N>rV¶m© H$mo Vbme ahr Wr& ³¶m|{H$ CZHo$
AZwgma BZ XmoZm| H$s ~‹T>Vr amOZr{VH$ g‘P hr Bg A{¾H$m§S> H$m H$maU Wr& CÝhm|Zo
BZ XmoZm| H$mo ~wbm ^oOm Am¡a CZ XmoZm| go ¶h H$hm {H$ gaH$ma go n¸$m ‘H$mZ Am¡a
O‘rZ nmZo Ho$ {bE hr Pmon{‹S>¶m| Am¡a Q>n[a¶m| ‘| CZ XmoZm| Zo AmJ bJmB© Wr& XmoZm|
Zo Bg ~mV go B§H$ma {H$¶m& Xodm Zo AnZo Zht hmoZo H$s ~mV H$hr Vmo N>rV¶m© Zo ~‹S>r
B©‘mZXmar go gmar KQ>Zm H$m Am±Imo§ XoIm hmb gwZmVo hþE H$hm--""‘mB©-~mn Bg‘|
Oam ^r PyR> Zht h¡& {nN>bo gmb Vmoo MX²Xa ~M ^r JE Wo&'' qH$Vw Bg gmb Bg
T>oa H$mo XoImo, AmJ XodVm Zo EH$ H$sb ^r ~mH$s Zht N>mo‹S>r h¡& Ka H$m gmam gm‘mZ
nmoQ>{b¶m| ‘| ~±Ym Wm, do ^r amI H$m T>oa hmo JB©& YmZ, ‘¸$m Am¡a Ádma H$m EH$
XmZm ^r Zht ~Mm&''
Jm±d H$s Am~mXr Ho$ gmW-gmW Wmd¶m©, Xodm Am¡a N>rV¶m© ^r gan§M Ho$
fS>¶ÝÌ H$mo AÀN>r Vah go g‘PZo bJo Wo& CÝhm|Zo H$B© ~ma XoIm Wm {H$ gaH$mar
ghm¶Vm Ho$ ZE MX²Xa Am¡a ~m±g-~{„¶m| go gan§M Ho$ nmbVy OmZda ~m±YZo H$m
~m‹S>m H$ƒo ‘H$mZ Ho$ ê$n ‘| I‹S>m hmo J¶m Wm Am¡a q¹$Q>bm| Johÿ±-e¸$a go g˶Zmam¶U
^JdmZ H$s H$Wm H$m àgmX Amg-nmg Ho$ Jm±d dmbm| H$m {Zdmbm ~Zm Wm bo{H$Z
BZ ~‹S>o-~‹S>o {X½JO bmoJmo§ H$m {damoY H$aZo H$s {hå‘V {H$gr ‘| Zht Wr& Wmd¶m©
^r g~Hw$N> g‘PVm Wm bo{H$Z dh ^r hm± ‘| hm± {‘bmZo Ho$ {gdm¶ Am¡a Hw$N> Zht
H$a gH$Vm Wm& BÝht gan§M Ho$ MwZmd Ho$ g‘¶ Cgo AnZr hr ~ñVr ‘| gmV-AmR>
{XZ Ho$ {bE ZOa~§X H$a {X¶m J¶m Wm Vm{H$ gan§M AnZr ‘Z‘mZr ‘wamX nyar
H$a gHo$&
gan§M Zo nw{bg dmbo H$s Amoa Bemam H$aVo hþE H$hm- -"" Xodm Am¡a N>rV¶m©
Vw‘ XmoZm| Bg JwZmh H$mo H$~yb H$a bmo, AݶWm nw{bg Vwåhmar M‘‹S>r CYo‹S>>
boJr& Vwåht bmoJmo§ Zo Bg Hw$åhma go ~Xbm boZo Ho$ {bE BgHo$ Ka ‘| AmJ
bJmB©& dhr AmJ Vwåhmao Pmon‹S>mo§ Am¡a Q>n[a¶mo§ H$mo ^r amI ~Zm JB©&'' (n¥ð>-98,
à{VemoY) gan§M H$s ~mV| gwZH$a Xodm Zo H$m±nVo b‹S>I‹S>mVo AmdmO ‘| CZgo H$hm
{H$ ""hþOya, ¶h PyR> h¡& {nN>bo gmb h‘mao Hw$E± H$m nmZr gyI J¶m Wm, ‘oar ~ƒr
~r‘ma Wr, CgH$mo Xdm {nbmZo Ho$ {bE ‘¢ nmZr boZo gdUm] Ho$ Hw$E± na J¶m Wm,
Bg Hw$åhadm Zo ‘wPo XoI {b¶m Wm& ‘¢Zo Bg Hw$åhadm go ‘m’$s ‘m±J br Wr Am¡a
~Xbo ‘| BgZo ‘oam Xmo ~rKm IoV ^r bo {b¶m Wm& Bg AmJ H$m Cg KQ>Zm go
H$moB© g§~§Y Zht h¡&'' (n¥ð>-98, à{VemoY) N>rV¶m© Zo CgH$m AZw‘moXZ {H$¶m& naÝVw
gan§M CgH$s EH$ Zht gwZVm dh CZgo H$hVm h¡ {H$ gaH$ma gan§M go nyN>Vr h¡
{H$ H$mgob Jm±d H$s ~ñVr ‘| ha gmb AmJ ³¶m| bJVr h¡? h‘ ghm¶Vm Zht
XoJo§& H$maU OmZZm gan§M H$m H$m‘ h¢ gaH$ma H$m Zht&munotes.in
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Vw‘ XmoZm| Bg ~ma Bg AnamY H$mo ñdrH$ma H$a bmo {H$ Vwåht XmoZm| Zo Bg
AmJ H$mo bJm¶m h¡, Bg ~~m©Xr ‘| Vw‘ XmoZm| H$m hmW h¡& ¶{X do XmoZm| ¶h JwZmh
H$~yb H$a bo§Jo Vmo ""Vwåhmao gmao AnZo bmoJm| H$mo h‘ J«m‘ n§Mm¶V H$s Amoa go ‘H$mZ
~Zdm X|Jo Am¡a à˶oH$ n[adma H$mo nm±M-nm±M EH$‹S> O‘rZ {Xbdm X|Jo& Vwåhmam AbJ
go Jham Hw$Am± IwXdm X|Jo, {H$ÝVw Vw‘ bmoJ Bg AmJ H$m H$maU ~Z OmAmo& ~ƒm| H$s
{MÝVm ‘V H$amo, CÝh| T>moa MamZo Ho$ {bE ‘¢ AnZo ¶hm± hr aI by±Jm&''--(n¥ð> 99,
à{VemoY)
gan§M Ho$ ~hH$mdo ‘| ~ñVr Ho$ Am{Xdmgr h[aOZ Am JE ³¶m|{H$ CÝh| AnZo
‘H$mZ Am¡a IoVm| Ho$ ‘m{bH$mZm hH$ H$s MmhV Wr& BgHo$ {bE CÝhm|Zo AnZo hr
Xmo ^mB¶m| H$mo ~{b H$m ~H$am ~Zm {X¶m Am¡a Xodm Am¡a N>rV¶m© H$s Va’$ go ~ñVr
dmbm| Zo ñd¶§ hr CZ XmoZm| Ho$ JwZmh H$mo ‘§Oya H$a {b¶m Omo {H$ Xodm Am¡a N>rV¶m©
Zo {H$¶m hr Zht Wm & gan§M Zo Jm±d Ho$ gdUm] H$m {Xb OrV {b¶m Am¡a amOZr{VH$
MoVZm H$s ‘emb H$mo {’$a A±YH$ma ‘| ’|$H$ {XE OmZo Ho$ g’$bVm na Jd© {H$¶m
Wm& Xodm Am¡a N>rV¶m© BZ g~H$mo A±JyR>m {XImH$a ^mJ OmZm MmhVo Wo naÝVw CZHo$
S>anmoH$ ‘Z ‘| CÝh| Amkm Zht Xr& naÝVw Wmd¶m© ^mJ ahm Wm& Cgo bJ ahm Wm
{H$ ‘m¡V H$m H$mbm gm¶m Cgo X~moMZo Ho$ {bE Am nhþ±Mm Wm BVZm VoO dh H$^r
Zht ^mJm Wm&
AmYr amV ~rVVo-~rVVo gan§M Ho$ ‘H$mZ Am¡a Hw$N> R>mHw$am| Ho$ ‘H$mZm| ‘§o
AmJ H$s bnQ>| Amg‘mZ Ny>Zo bJr Wt& Mmam| Va’$ hmhmH$ma ‘M J¶m& ~¡bJm{‹S>¶m±
Hw$Am| go nmZr bm ahr Wt Am¡a AmJ ~wPmZo H$s nyaOmoa H$mo{ee H$s Om ahr
Wr& naÝVw ^JraW AmJ H$s bnQ>m| H$mo XoIH$a AmZ§{XV hmoH$a Vm{b¶m± ~Om ahm
Wm& gdÊmm] Ho$ Kam| H$s AmJ, CgHo$ öX¶ ‘| YYH$Vr à{VemoY H$s Ádmbm H$mo gwHy$Z
àXmZ H$a ahr Wr&
H$hmZr ¶ht g‘má hmo OmVr h¡&
4.1.2 Mm[a{ÌH$ {deofVmE±
Wmd¶m© H$m M[aÌ {MÌU
Am|H$maoída Ho$ gwXÿa EH$mÝV nhm‹S>r na pñWV H$mgob Jm±d H$s Am~mXr go
H$Q>m hþAm {hñgm Am{Xdmgr h[aOZ ~ñVr Wm, {Og‘| bJ^J nƒrg-Vrg n[adma
hr ahVo Wo& CZHo$ {bE AbJ Hw$Am± Wm& nmR>embm Ho$ Zm‘ na EH$ Am{Xdmgr {ejH$
nƒrg {H$bmo‘rQ>a Xÿa pñWV Jm±d go AmH$a Zr‘ Ho$ no‹S> H$s N>m¶m ‘| nm±M Xg
Am{Xdmgr b‹S>{H$¶m| H$mo ñda-춧OZ {JZVr dJ¡ah n‹T>m OmVm Wm&
Wmd¶m© Bgr Am{Xdmgr h[aOZ ~ñVr H$m n§M Wm& dh Vrgar nmg
Wm& amOZr{VH$ g‘P aIVm Wm, Bgr{bE n§Mm¶V Ho$ bmoJm| H$s godm H$aZo go Cgo
’w$g©V Zht {‘bVr Wr {H$ dh Jm±ddmbm| Ho$ ~rM ah gHo$& H$^r-H$^r Vmo dh ZoVmOrmunotes.in
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Ho$ gmW hr ~ñVr ‘| AmVm Wm, {Oggo ~ñVr Ho$ bmoJ Xÿa go hr Cgo àUm‘ H$aZo
bJVo Wo Am¡a g~Ho$ O¶O¶H$ma go Amg‘mZ Jw±Om¶‘mZ hmo OmVm Wm&
H$mgob Jm±d H$s Am{Xdmgr h[aOZ ~ñVr ‘| O~ ^rfU AmJ bJr Am¡a ~ñVr
‘| ahZo dmbo bmoJm| H$m g~Hw$N> ObH$a ñdmhm hmo J¶m Vmo Wmd¶m© H$m öX¶ H$m±n
CR>m& CgH$s Am±Im| ‘| ~ñVr Ho$ amI hmoZo H$m Ñí¶ bJmVma Ky‘ ahm Wm& CgH$m
eara ‘mZm| {~Obr Ho$ H$a§Q> gm J{V‘mZ Wm& ~ñVrdmbm| H$mo Vwa§V gaH$mar ghm¶Vm
àXmZ H$aZo Ho$ CX²Xoí¶ go dh gan§M Ho$ nmg J¶m& dhm± Hw$N> gdU© bmoJ nhbo
go hr ‘m¡OyX Wo& EH$ Hw$åhma H$m Ka ^r Ob H$a amI hmo J¶m Wm {OgH$m nyam
Xmof CZ bmoJm| Zo Am{Xdmgr h[aOZm| na ‘‹T> {X¶m&
CZH$m H$hZm Wm {H$ gaH$ma go ghm¶Vm nmZo Ho$ bmbM ‘| Am{Xdmgr h[aOZ
Zo AnZo KmgnmV Ho$ H$ƒo Kam| H$mo ñd¶§ hr AmJ bJm {X¶m Am¡a Cgr AmJ ‘|
Hw$åhma H$m Ka ^r Ob J¶m&
¶h g~ gwZH$a Wmd¶m© Ho$ eara H$m H$a§Q> EH$ hr PQ>Ho$ ‘| emÝV hmo
J¶m& dh AnZo eara H$mo Ny> H$a XoIVm h¡ {H$ Cg‘| ñn§XZ eof ~Mm ^r h¡ ¶m
Zht& dh CZH$s ~mV| gwwZ H$a EH$X‘ AdmH$ ah J¶m {H$ H$moB© AnZm| H$mo ^bm ImoH$a
H¡$go gaH$mar ‘XX H$s MmhV aI gH$Vm h¡& CgH$m öX¶ nËWa hmo J¶m Wm& AnZo
H$mo {H$gr àH$ma g‘oQ> H$a S>J‘JmVoo H$X‘m| go ~ñVr H$s Va’$ bm¡Q> AmVm h¡& ~ñVr
AmJ d amI H$s T>oa Wr, CgHo$ AnZo bmoJ Abmd VmnVo ZOa Am aho Wo& ~mha H$s
AmJ R>§S>r hmo ahr Wr naÝVw Wmd¶m© Ho$ A§Xa H$s AmJ à{VemoY boZo Ho$ {bE YYH$
ahr Wr&
Wmd¶m© Zo O~ ¶h XoIm-gwZm {H$ nw{bg-gan§M Am¡a Jm±d Ho$ gdUm] Zo
{‘bH$a Bg nyao A{¾H$m§S> H$m Xmofr Xodm Am¡a N>r¶m© H$m ~Zm {X¶m h¡ Am¡a CZ XmoZm|
H$mo O~aZ ¶h JwZmh H$~ybZo Ho$ {bE ‘O~ya H$a aho h¢& Cg gan§M, gdU© Am¡a
nw{b{g¶m VmH$V Zo {‘bH$a Am{Xdmgr h[aOZmo§ H$mo n¸o$ ‘H$mZ Am¡a nm±M-nm±M EH$‹S>
O‘rZ H$m àbmo^Z XoH$a EH$ ~ma nwZ… AnZr OrV gw{ZpíMV H$a br, Jm±d Ho$ g^r
gdU© g§Vwï> hmo JE Am¡a do Am{Xdmgr h[aOZm| Ho$ gmW EH$ ~ma nwZ… YyV©Vm H$aZo
‘| g’$b hmo JE h¢& Wmd¶m© ¶h g~Hw$N> XoIgwZ H$a H$m’$s VoOr go H$ht ^mJVm
h¡ Am¡a AmYr amV hmoVo-hmoVo Jm±d Ho$ gdU© gan§M Am¡a Hw$N> R>mHw$am| Ho$ ‘H$mZm| go
AmJ H$s bnQ>| Amg‘mZ Ny>Zo bJVr h¡§& Mmamo Amoa hmhmH$ma ‘Mm h¡ naÝVw Wmd¶m©
Ho$ à{VemoY H$s A{¾ em§V hmo OmVr h¡&
4.1.3 XoeH$mb-dmVmdaU Am¡a n[apñW{V¶m±
"à{VemoY' H$hmZr nwéfmoÎm‘ "g˶ào‘r' X²dmam a{MV Am{Xdmgr {d‘e© H$s
H$hmZr h¡ {Og‘| gdU© bmoJm| X²dmam Am{Xdmgr h[aOZm| Ho$ à{V hþE Aݶm¶ H$mo
A˶ÝV ‘m{‘©H$Vm Ho$ gmW Xem©¶m J¶m h¡&munotes.in
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"à{VemoY' H$hmZr H$m Ho$ÝÐñWb H$mgob Jm±d h¡ Omo [H$ Am|H$maoída Ho$ gwXÿa
EH$mÝV nhm‹S>r àXoe ‘| ~gm hþAm h¡& ¶hm± Ho$ bmoJm| H$m OrdZ AmdmJ‘Z Ho$ gmW-
gmW Aݶ V‘m‘ g‘ñ¶mAm| go {Kam hþAm h¡, {’$a ^r bmoJ O§Jb ‘| ‘§Jb H$aZo
H$s H$hmdV H$mo M[aVmW© H$aVo h¢& ¶hm± gr‹T>rZw‘m IoVm| ‘| gmo¶m~rZ Am¡a YmZ H$s
bhbhmVr h[a¶mbr H$m gm¡ÝX¶© ‘Z ‘w½Y H$a boVm h¡&
àemgZ Zo Jm±d Ho$ Mhþ±‘wIr {dH$mg H$s Amoa n¶m©á ܶmZ {X¶m h¡ naÝVw
bmoJm| H$s ‘mZ{gH$Vm H$mo ~XbZm ~‹S>m ‘wpíH$b H$m¶© h¡& Jm±d ‘| gdUm] H$m AnZm
Jham Hw$Am± h¡ Am¡a Jm±d Ho$ h[aOZm| Ho$ {bE AbJ Hw$Am±, Am{Xdmgr h[aOZm| H$m
AnZm Hw$Am± h¡& J‘u Ho$ {XZmo§ ‘| h[aOZmo§ Am¡a Am{Xdmgr h[aOZm| Ho$ Hw$Am| H$s
JhamB© H$‘ hmooZo Ho$ H$maU ¶h gyI OmVm h¡& V~ CZHo$ gm‘Zo nmZr H$m g§H$Q> Jham
OmVm h¡& Eogr n[apñW{V ‘| do Jm±d Ho$ J§Xo Vmbm~ H$m nmZr nrZo Ho$ {bE {dde
hmo OmVo h¢ {Og nmZr H$mo gdUm] Ho$ nmbVy Ord-OmZda ^r Zht nrVo h¢& Jm±d ‘|
h[aOZ Am{Xdm{g¶m| Ho$ ghmao hr IoVr hmoVr h¡ {Og‘| AZoH$ ~ma do ~¡bm| H$m H$m‘
IoV OmoVZo Ho$ {bE H$aVo h¢& noQ> H$s AmJ O~ IoVr ‘OXÿar go Zht ~wP nmVr Vmo
CÝh| g‹S>H$ ~ZmZo, aobdo nQ>ar {~N>mZo, Vmbm~ n¸$s H$aZo Ho$ {bE R>oHo$Xmamo§ H$s hmWm|
g‘¶-g‘¶ na {~H$Zm n‹S>Vm h¡& ’$gb nH$Zo Ho$ g‘¶ O~ do Jm±d bm¡Q>Vo h¢ Vmo
nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ gdUm] Ho$ OmZdam| Zo CZH$s ’$gbm| H$mo Ma H$a ~a~m©X H$a {X¶m
h¡& do nN>Vm H$a ah OmVo h¢&
{nN>bo dfm] H$s Anojm gdUm] H$m Am{Xdmgr h[aOZm| na A˶mMma-Aݶm¶
~‹T>Vm hr OmVm h¡& {nN>bo gmb CZHo$ Hw$E± H$m nmZr gwI J¶m Wm& Xoe H$s ~ƒr
~r‘ma Wr, CgH$mo Xdm {nbmZo Ho$ {bE Xodm nmZr boZo Ho$ {bE gdUm] Ho$ Hw$E± na
J¶m Wm& Jm±d Ho$ Hw$åhma Zo Cgo XoI {b¶m Wm& CgZo Hw$åhma go ‘m’$s ‘m±J br
Wr Am¡a Bg ~mV H$mo Nw>nmE aIZo Ho$ {bE Hw$åhma Zo Xodm go Xmo ~rKm IoV bo
{b¶m Wm&
Jm±d ‘| Am{Xdmgr h[aOZm| H$s ~ñVr ‘| O~ AmJ bJr Am¡a Cg Hw$åhma
H$m Ka ^r ObH$a amI hmo J¶m Vmo Jm±d Ho$ gdU©, nw{bg Am¡a gan§M g^r {‘bH$a
Xodm Am¡a N>rV¶m© na ¶h X~md S>mbVo h¢ {H$ "Vwåht bmoJm| Zo Hw$åhma go ~Xbm boZo
Ho$ {bE BgHo$ Ka na AmJ bJmB© dhr AmJ Vwåhmao Pmon‹S>m| Am¡a Q>n[a¶m| H$mo ^r
amI ~Zm JB©&' ¶{X XmoZm| ¶h Ow‘© AnZo D$na bo boVo h¢ Vmo CZHo$ ~ñVr dmbm|
H$mo n¸$m ‘H$mZ Am¡a nm±M-nm±M EH$‹S> O‘rZ {X¶m OmEJm& gan§M H$m ¶h bmbM
gwZH$a Xodm ~ñVr dmbo CgH$m gmW N>mo‹S> XoVo h¢ Am¡a CgH$s Va’$ go H$hVo h¢ {H$
gan§M Vmo CZHo$ ^bo H$s hr ~mV H$h ahm h¡ {’$a Xodm Am¡a N>rV¶m© H$mo ¶h JwZmh
AnZo D$na boZo ‘| H$moB© hO© Zht hmoJm& ¶h g~ XoI-gwZ g‘PH$a Am¡a gan§M
nw{bg Am¡a gdUm] H$s nyar Mmb g‘PH$a ~ñVr H$m n§M Wmd¶m© Cgr amV gan§M
Am¡a Hw$N> R>mHw$am| Ho$ Ka H$mo AmJ H$s bnQ>m| ‘| Pmo§H$ XoVm h¡o&munotes.in
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XaAgb ha gmb gan§M Bg ~ñVr ‘| AmJ bJmH$a CZH$s ~~m©Xr H$adm
H$a gaH$mar ghm¶Vm àmßV H$aVm h¡ Am¡a ~Xbo ‘| CÝh| {O„V ^ar {OÝXJr Ho$ Abmdm
Hw$N> ^r Zht XoVm& Jm±d Ho$ gan§M Ho$ MwZmd Ho$ g‘¶ Am{Xdmgr h[aOZm| Ho$ n§M
Wmd¶m© H$mo CgH$s ~ñVr ‘| hr gmV-AmR> {XZm| Ho$ {bE ZOa~§X H$a {X¶m J¶m
Wm& Vm{H$ Wmd¶m© Ho$ g‘j gan§M H$s nmob Z Iwb gHo$&
dh gan§M H$s gmar Mmb, gmao fS>¶§Ì g‘PVm Wm& bo{H$Z dh Hw$N> H$a
nmZo ‘| Ag‘W© Wm& bo{H$Z O~ gan§M AnZr gmar gr‘mE± bm±K OmVm h¡ Vmo Wmd¶m©
n§M H$mo Cgr ‘wgr~V ‘| Pm|H$ XoVm h¡ {Ogo Am{Xdmgr h[aOZm| H$s ~ñVr dmbo PobVo
h¢& Bg àH$ma dh AnZo ^mB¶m| Ho$ à{V hþE Aݶm¶ H$m à{VemoY boVm
h¡& "à{VemoY' H$hmZr dU© ì¶dñWm, Om{V ì¶dñWm Am¡a gdUm] H$s gmar H$bB©
Imob H$a aI XoVr h¡&
Bg H$hmZr ‘| Am{Xdmgr h[aOZ ~ñVr H$m Omo {MÌ ItMm J¶m h¡, {Og
n[adoe H$mo {XIm¶m J¶m h¡ {OZ n[apñW{V¶m| H$m {MÌU hþAm h¡ do g~ H$s g~
AmO Ho$ ¶wJ ‘| nyar Vah go àmg§{JH$ h¢& Bg àH$ma ¶h H$hmZr XoeH$mb dmVmdaU
Am¡a n[apñW{V¶m| H$s H$gm¡Q>r na nyU©V… Iar CVaVr h¡&
4.1.4 "à{VemoY' H$hmZr H$m CX²Xoí¶
nwéfmoÎm‘ "g˶ào‘r' X²dmam a{MV H$hmZr "à{VemoY' EH$ A˶ÝV g§doXZerb,
‘m{‘©H$ Am{Xdmgr {d‘e© H$s H$hmZr h¡& Am{Xdmgr {d‘e© ‘| Bg H$hmZr H$mo ~m±YZm
^r H$B© ~ma C{MV Zht bJVm ³¶m|{H$ OrdZ H$s ÌmgXr H$mo H$^r empãXH$ ~±YZm|
‘| Zht ~m±Ym Om gH$Vm h¡& BgH$s H$hmZr gdUm] X²dmam Am{Xdmgr h[aOZm| na hþE
Aݶm¶, A˶mMma, emofU-X‘Z H$s H$hmZr h¡& {Ogo {g’©$ {d‘e© H$s Ñ{ï> go XoIZm
Aݶm¶nyU© hmoJm&
"à{VemoY' H$hmZr H$m CX²Xoí¶ h¡ g‘mO ‘| ahZodmbo Xmo dUm] Ho$ ~rM H$mo
Xem©Zm, Ohm± XmoZm| hr ‘Zwî¶ ¶mo{Z ‘| OÝ‘| h¢ naÝVw EH$ AmOrdZ Xÿgam| na Aݶm¶-
A˶mMma H$aVm h¡ Am¡a Xÿgam dU© MwnMmn Cgo AnZr {Z¶{V ‘mZ H$a ghVm
h¡& B©ída Zo g~H$mo EH$ g‘mZ n¡Xm {H$¶m, no‹S>-nm¡Yo, dm¶w, Ob, O‘rZ, O§Jb
na g~H$mo EH$ g‘mZ A{YH$ma {X¶m& B©ída Zo H$^r Zht H$hm {H$ gdU© bmoJ ewX²Y
Am°p³gOZ boJo, PaZm| H$m ewX²Y Ob {nE±Jo Am¡a {ZåZdU© Ho$ bmoJ H$m~©Z S>mB© Am³gmBS>
b|Jo Am¡a Vmbm~ H$m J§Xm nmZr {nE±Jo {’$a ‘Zwî¶ Zo Bg Hw$àWm H$mo OÝ‘ ³¶m| {X¶m,
{Og‘| haoH$ dU©, haoH$ Om{V-g§àXm¶ Ho$ nmg AnZm-AnZm Hw$Am± hmo, gdU© H$ht
^r Om gH$Vm h¡ Hw$N> ^r H$a gH$Vm h¡ naÝVw {ZåZdU© Ho$ {bE AZ{JZV gr‘mE±
V¶ H$a Xr JBª& CZHo$ OrdZ ‘| bú‘U aoIm ItM Xr JB© {H$ BgH$mo nma H$aZo
H$m AW© hmoJm hþ¸$m nmZr ~§X&munotes.in
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H$mgob Jm±d Ho$ Am{Xdmgr h[aOZ ~ñVr ‘| ahZodmbo Mmho n§M Wmd¶m© hmo,
Xodm, N>rV¶m© hmo ¶m {’$a ^JraW g~H$s nr‹S>m, g~H$s doXZm EH$ h¡ g^r AnZm
g~Hw$N> AnZo bmoJ, AnZm gm‘mZ ¶hm± VH$ {H$ AnZm ñdm{^‘mZ, AmË‘gå‘mZ
^r ObmH$a amI H$a MwHo$ h¢, g^r à{VemoY H$s A{¾ ‘| YYH$ aho h¢ bo{H$Z Jm±d
Ho$ gdUm], nw{bg Am¡a gan§M Ho$ AmJo Hw$N> H$hZo-H$aZo H$s {hå‘V Zht OwQ>m nmVo
³¶m|{H$ CZHo$ AnZo bmoJm| ‘| ^r EH$Vm Zht h¡& BYa gan§M Am¡a gdU© bmoJm| H$m
Am{Xdmgr h[aOZm| Ho$ à{V Aݶm¶-A˶mMma emofU H$m H«$‘ {Za§Va ~‹T>Vm hr OmVm
h¡& ¶o bmoJ Jm±d Ho$ grYo-gmXo AZn‹T> Am{Xdmgr h[aOZm| H$mo ~hbm ’w$gbm H$a,
CÝh| bmbM XoH$a AnZr ~mV ‘Zdm boVo h¢, CZHo$ {Ibm’$ {Za§Va fS>¶§Ì aMVo h¢
{H$ H¡$go CZHo$ OrdZ ‘| V~mhr ‘MmH$a gaH$mar ghm¶Vm Ho$ ê$n ‘| gaH$mar IOmZo
H$mo byQ> {b¶m OmE& gaH$ma H$s Va’$ go {‘bZodmbr H$moB© ghm¶Vm Am{Xdmgr h[aOZm|
VH$ Zht nhþ±MVr, Cg n¡go na gdU© Eoe H$aVm h¡& Am{Xdmgr h[aOZm| H$s ~ñVr
‘| AmJ bJVr h¡ Vmo CZHo$ nmg nrZo VH$ H$mo nmZr Zht h¡ do AmJ H¡$go ~wPmE±Jo
O~ {H$ gdUm] H$m Hw$Am± nmZr go b~mb~ ^am ahVm h¡ Am¡a do bmoJ BZH$s H$moB©
‘XX Zht H$aVo h¢ ~pëH$ Xÿa go V‘me~rZ ~Zo ~¡R>o ‘mZmo amdU XhZ H$m H$moB© Ñí¶
XoI aho h¢& CZH$s AmË‘m ^r CÝh| Zht {Y¸$maVr, XaAgb CZH$s ‘Zwî¶Vm hr ‘a
MwH$s h¡ bo{H$Z dht O~ BZHo$ AnZo Kam| ‘| AmJ bJVr h¡ Vmo ~¡bJm{‹S>¶m| go nmZr
T>mo-T>mo H$a AmJ ~wPmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s OmVr h¡&
Bg àH$ma ¶h H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ à{VemoY H$hmZr dmñVd ‘| {ZåZ-
Om{V-dU© go g§~§{YV V~H$mo Ho$ à{VemoY H$s H$hmZr h¡ {Og‘| boIH$ Zo BZHo$ OrdZ
‘| Á¶mXm AZoH$ g‘ñ¶mAm|, MwZm¡{V¶m|, XemAm| Am¡a {XemAm| H$s Va’$ nmR>H$m| H$m
ܶmZ AmH¥$ï> H$aZm Mmhm h¡& ¶hr Bg H$hmZr H$m na‘ CX²Xoí¶ h¡&
4.1.5 g§X^©g{hV ì¶m»¶m H$m EH$ CXmhaU
""hm± AnZo go dh àbmn Adí¶ H$a gH$Vm h¡ amoZo go ‘Zwî¶ H$mo em§{V
{‘bVr h¡ naÝVw àbmn go ì¶{º$ ‘| à{VemoY OmJVm h¡&''
g§X^©…
àñVwV AdVaU h‘mao nmR²>¶ nwñVH$ "à{V{Z{Y Xg H$hm{Z¶m±' Ho$ "à{VemoY'
H$hmZr go AdV[aV h¡ & BgHo$ boIH$ nwéfmoÎm‘ "g˶ào‘r' Or h¢&
Bg H$hmZr ‘| boIH$ Zo gdU© bmoJm| X²dmam Am{Xdmgr h[aOZm| na hþE ^rfU
A˶mMma-Aݶm¶ H$mo Xem©¶m h¡ {H$ dU©-ì¶dñWmdmbo Bg g‘mO ‘| JwZmhJma H$moB©
Am¡a h¡ Ed§ gOm {H$gr Am¡a H$mo {‘bVr h¡&
ì¶m»¶m …
àñVwV AdVaU H$m Ame¶ ¶h h¡ {H$ O~ à{VemoY H$hmZr H$m Zm¶H$, H$mgob
Jm±d Ho$ Am{Xdmgr h[aOZ ~ñVr H$m n§M Wmd¶m© AnZr ~ñVr Ho$ nyar Vah Obmmunotes.in
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H$a amI ~Z OmZo Ho$ H$maU gaH$mar ghm¶Vm H$s Cå‘rX boH$a Jm±d Ho$ gan§M Ho$
nmg OmVm h¡ Vmo XoIVm h¡ {H$ dhm± Jm±d H$m Hw$åhma Am¡a Hw$N> Aݶ loð> gdU©
nhbo go hr {damO‘mZ h¢& Bg ^rfU A{¾H$m§S> ‘| Cg Hw$åhma H$m Ka ^r ObH$a
amI hmo MwH$m Wm Am¡a CgHo$ gmao ZwH$gmZ H$m H$maU Am{Xdmgr-h[aOZm| H$mo R>ham¶m
Om ahm Wm& CZ bmoJm| X²dmam H$hm ¶h Om ahm Wm {H$ gaH$mar ghm¶Vm nmZo Ho$
bmbM ‘| Am{Xdmgr h[aOZ Zo AnZo Kmg-nmV Ho$ H$ƒo Kam| ‘| ñd¶§ hr AmJ bJm
Xr Am¡a AmJ H$m {eH$ma dh Hw$åhma n[adma ^r hmo J¶m& ¶h g~ XmofmamonU gwZH$a
Wmd¶m© AdmH$ ah J¶m ³¶m|{H$ ¶h {~ëHw$b gM Zhr§ Wm& Bg AmJ ‘| ^JraW
H$s ~r~r Am¡a nm±M {XZ H$m ~ƒm XmoZm| ObH$a amI hmo JE Wo&
Xodm, N>rV¶m© Ho$ gmW ~ñVr Ho$ V‘m‘ bmoJm| Zo AnZm Ka-AZmO-Oê$aV
Ho$ gm‘mZm| Ho$ gmW-gmW AnZo n[aOZm| H$mo ^r Imo {X¶m Wm& H$moB© AYObr {ñW{V
‘| Wm Vmo Hw$N> amI ~Z MwHo$ Wo& AnZm| Ho$ J‘ ‘| bmoJ Xhm‹S> ‘ma-‘ma H$a amo
aho Wo& Am{IaH$ma A~ do H$a ^r ³¶m gH$Vo Wo& Bg nyar KQ>Zm H$mo gdUm] Zo
V‘me~rZ ~Z H$a XoIm Wm Am¡a AnZr B§gm{Z¶V ‘ma H$a XoIm Wm&
Wmd¶m© gan§M Am¡a gdUm] H$s ~mV gwZH$a CëQ>o nm±d ~ñVr ‘| bm¡Q> AmVm
h¡ Ohm± CgHo$ AnZo bmoJ amo {~bI aho Wo Hw$N> bmoJ AnZo hr Ka H$s AmJ ‘|
Abmd Vmn aho Wo& ~mha H$s AmJ R>§S>r hmo ahr Wr naÝVw Wmd¶m© Ho$ ‘Z ‘| à{VemoY
H$s A{¾ YYHo$ ahr Wr& BZ V‘m‘ ^¶mdh Ñí¶m| H$mo XoIH$a dh AnZm| Ho$ {bE
amo gH$Vm Wm, dh {‘Ìm| Ho$ g‘j amoH$a ‘Z H$mo hëH$m H$a boVm, CgHo$ ‘Z H$mo
em§{V {‘b OmVr& naÝVw dh d¡gm A~ H$Xm{n Zht H$aZm MmhVm h¡ ³¶m|{H$ gdUm]
H$m A˶mMma A~ gmar gr‘mE± bm±K MwH$m Wm& A~ dh {g’©$ EH$mÝV ‘| àbmn
H$aHo$ AnZo ‘Z ‘| à{VemoY H$s A{¾ YYH$mE aIZm MmhVm h¡ Am¡a H$hmZr Ho$ A§V
‘| dh gdUm] go AnZm à{VemoY {ZH$mbZo ‘| ^r g’$b hmo OmVm h¡&
{deof …
"à{VemoY' H$hmZr Am{Xdmgr {d‘e© H$s H$hmZr h¡& {Og‘| boIH$ nwéfmoÎm‘
"g˶ào‘r' Or ¶h Xem©Zm MmhVo h¢ {H$ Jm±d Ho$ Mhþ±‘wIr {dH$mg hoVw g~Ho$ g‘mZ
A{YH$ma Ho$ {bE {H$VZo ^r {Z¶‘-H$mZyZ ³¶m| Z ~Zm {XE OmE naÝVw H$mZyZ go bmoJm|
H$s ‘mZ{gH$Vm Zht ~Xbr Om gH$Vr h¡, ¶h {g’©$ OmJê$H$Vm go hr g§^d h¡&
g§X^©g{hV ì¶m»¶m hoVw Aݶ AdVaU
1. ""Nw>AmNy>V {‘Q>mZo Am¡a h[aOZm| H$mo ~am~ar Ho$ hH$ {XbmZo Ho$ {bE g§gX
Am¡a {dYmZ g^mAm| Zo H$mZyZ nm[aV {H$E h¢, bo{H$Z H$mZyZ go ‘mZ{gH$Vm
Zht ~Xbr Om gH$Vr&''
2. ""H$moB© gmÝËdZm Ho$ Xmo ~mob ~mobZo Zht Am¶m, Xÿa go hr amdU Ho$ nwVbo
H$mo ObVm hþAm XoIZo Ho$ Aä¶mgr ‘Zmoa§OZ H$m bwË’$ bo aho Wo, CZH$m
AnZm ³¶m Wm&''munotes.in
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3. ""nËWa ¶m Vmo {V‹S>H$Vm Zht, na O~ {V‹S>H$Vm h¡ Vmo ¶h Xamam| VH$ hr
Zht ah OmVm& CgHo$ Qw>H$‹S>o-Qw>H$‹S>o hmo OmVo h¢&''
4. ""‘Zwî¶ {OZ {Z¶‘m| H$m {Z‘m©U H$aVm h¡, AnZo Amgnmg Omo d¥Îm ~Zm boVm
h¡, Cgr H$m C„§KZH$Vm© ^r dhr hmoVm h¡&''
5. ¶h {H$VZm gM h¡ {H$gr ^r àH$ma Ho$ XX©, H$ï> Ho$ {bE hr amoZm Oê$ar hmoVm
h¡, Yw±Y AmZm Zht-naÝVw ‘Zwî¶ {H$gr Ho$ gm‘Zo hmoZo na hr amoVm h¡&
6. ""bo{H$Z ~‹S>o AmX‘r H$s Va’$Xmar D$na go ZrMo VH$ bmoJ H$aVo h¢ Am¡a
CZH$m hr {g¸$m MbVm h¡&''
7. ""H$moB© ^r {H$gr ì¶{º$ H$mo Vmo nam{OV H$a gH$Vm h¡, bo{H$Z ‘mܶ‘ H$mo
Zht&''
4.1.6 XrKm}Îmar àíZ
1. "à{VemoY' H$hmZr H$m CX²Xoí¶ {b{IE&
2. "à{VemoY' H$hmZr Ho$ erf©H$ H$s gmW©H$Vm à‘m{UV H$s{OE&
3. "à{VemoY' H$hmZr ‘| {Z{hV g‘ñ¶mAm| na àH$me S>m{bE&
4. "à{VemoY' H$hmZr H$s g‘rjm H$s{OE&
5. "à{VemoY' H$hmZr ‘| {M{ÌV nmÌm| H$m {MÌU H$s{OE&
6. "à{VemoY' H$hmZr Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go boIH$ ³¶m H$hZm MmhVm h¡? ñnï>
H$s{OE&
7. "à{VemoY' H$hmZr ‘| 춺$ {dMmam| na gmoXmhaU àH$me S>m{bE&
4.1.7 dñVw{Zð> àíZ
1. Wmd¶m© H$m¡Z Wm?
CÎma. Am{Xdmgr h[aOZm| H$m n§M
2. Am{Xdmgr h[aOZ ~ñVr H$hm± pñWV Wm?
CÎma. H$mgob Jm±d ‘|&
3. Xodm gdUm] Ho$ Hw$E± na nmZr boZo ³¶m| J¶m?
CÎma. AnZr ~r‘ma ~ƒr H$mo Xdm {IbmZo Ho$ {bE nmZr boZo J¶m Wm&
4. Xodm H$mo gdUm] Ho$ Hw$E± go nmZr boVo hþE {H$gZo XoIm Wm?
CÎma. Jm±d Ho$ gdUm] Ho$ Hw$åhma Zo XoIm Wm&munotes.in
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5. Am{Xdmgr h[aOZ ~ñVr Ho$ amI hmoZo na Wmd¶m© gan§M Ho$ nmg ³¶m|
J¶m Wm ?
CÎma. gaH$mar ghm¶Vm Ho$ {bE J¶m Wm&
6. AmJ bJZo Ho$ ~mX dhm± H$m AdbmoH$Z / ‘wAm¶Zm H$aZo H$m¡Z Am¶m Wm?
CÎma. gan§M, Xmo nw{bgdmbo Am¡a Hw$N> gdU© bmoJ AmE Wo&
7. gan§M A{¾H$m§S> Ho$ {bE {H$go Xmofr R>hamVm h¡?
CÎma. Xodm Am¡a N>rV¶m© H$mo R>hamVm h¡&
8. "à{VemoY' H$hmZr Ho$ boIH$ H$m¡Z h¢?
CÎma. nwéfmoËV‘ "g˶ào‘r'
9. "à{VemoY' H$hmZr {H$g {df¶ na AmYm[aV h¡&
CÎma. Nw>Am-Ny>V, Am{Xdmgr h[aOZ bmoJm| Ho$ gmW hmo aho Aݶm¶-A˶mMma na
AmYm[aV h¡&
10. gan§M Am{Xdmgr h[aOZm| H$mo ³¶m bmbM XoVm h¡?
CÎma … g~Ho$ {bE EH$-EH$ n¸$m ‘H$mZ Am¡a nm±M EH$‹S> O‘rZ H$m bmbM
XoVm h¡&
4.1.8 {Q>ßnUr
1. H$mgob Jm±d H$m dU©Z
2. "à{VemoY' H$hmZr H$m CÔoí¶
3. Wmd¶m© H$m M[aÌ-{MÌU
4. ^JraW, Xodm N>rV¶m© H$m M[aÌ
5. ^JraW, Xodm N>rV¶m© Ho$ gmW K{Q>V KQ>ZmE±
6. H$mgob Jm±d Ho$ gan§M H$m Aݶm¶
7. Am{Xdmgr h[aOZ ~ñVr ‘| bJo AmJ H$m dU©Z&
8. gdUm] d gan§M H$m Am{Xdmgr h[aOZm| Ho$ à{V ì¶dhma&
9. "à{VemoY' H$hmZr H$s ‘w»¶ g‘ñ¶m&
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Hmunotes.in
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BH$mB© H$s ê$naoIm
5.1. boIH$ n[aM¶
5.1. gmam§e
5.1. g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m
5.1. XrKm}Îmar¶ àíZ
5.1. {Q>ßnUr
5.1. dñVw{Zð> àíZ
5.1. Aݶ g§^m{dV XrKm}Îmar¶ àíZ
5.2 boIH$ n[aM¶
S>m°. {dZ¶ ‘mohZ e‘m© gm{h˶ Ho$ OmZo ‘mZo H${d, boIH$, g‘mbmoMH$ Am¡a
AZwdmXH$ h¢& noeo go AܶmnH$ aho S>m°. {dZ¶ ‘mohZ e‘m© H$m OÝ‘ ‘ܶ àXoe Ho$
H$aH$~ob Zm‘H$ ñWmZ na 16 A³Qy>~a gZ² 1905 ‘| hþAm Wm & BZH$m dmñV{dH$
Zm‘ "n§{S>V ewH$Xod àgmX {Vdmar' h¡ d¡go "dramË‘m' CnZm‘ go ^r Hw$N> H${dVmE±
{bIr h¢& BÝhm|Zo nhbo ~r.EM.¶y. {’$a ZmJnwa VWm AmJam go ~r.E., E‘.E., nr.EMS>r.
VWm Eb.Eb.~r. VH$ H$s {ejm J«hU H$s ¶o ZmJnwa {díd{dÚmb¶ ‘| {hÝXr Ho$
{d^mJmܶj aho, am¶J‹T Ho$ Jd©‘|Q> {S>J«r H$m°boO Ho$ {àqgnb VWm Hw$ê$joÌ {díd{dÚmb¶
‘| ^r {hÝXr Ho$ {d^mJmܶj aho h¢& S>m°. {dZ¶ ‘mohZ e‘m© H$s A~VH$ àH$m{eV
nwñVH|$ h¢- ^ybo JrV (1944), H${dàgmX Am±gy VWm Aݶ H¥${V¶m± (1945), {hÝXr
JrV Jmo{dÝX (1955), X¥{ï>H$moU (1950), gm{h˶mdbmoH$Z (1952), {hÝXr H$mo
‘amR>r g§Vm| H$s XoZ (1957), gm{h˶-emoY-g‘rjm (1958), gm{h˶ H$bm (1980),
aoIm Am¡a a§J (1955) {hÝXr Ho$ ì¶mdhm[aH$ê$n (1968), gm{h˶mÝdofU (1969),
gm{h˶ Z¶m Am¡a nwamZm (1972), ^mfm, gm{h˶ g‘rjm (1972). BZH$s H$mo{ee
h‘oem ¶hr ahr {H$ H$^r {H$gr "dmX' X¥{ï> ‘| Z ~±YH$a VQ>ñW Ed§ d¡km{ZH$ g‘rjmE±
{bI|&
5.3 gmam§e
"ZOa Zgm¶ JB© ‘m{bH$' S>m°. {dZ¶ ‘mohZ e‘m© Ûmam a{MV EH$ bKw ‘‘©ñneu
aoIm{MÌ h¡& Bg aoIm{MÌ Ho$ àmaå^ ‘| boIH$ e‘m© Or dfm© F$Vw H$s MMm© H$aVo hþE
H$hVo h¢ {H$ nm±M {XZ bJmVma nmZr ~agZo Ho$ ~mX Amg‘mZ ‘| VoO {N>Q>H$Vr YynBH$mB© 5
ZOa ZgmB© JB© ‘m{bH$ (aoIm{MÌ) - S>m°. {dZ¶ ‘mohZ e‘m©5
munotes.in
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{H$VZr {‘R>mg {bE hþE AmB© h¡& boIH$ ‘Z hr ‘Z gmoMVm h¡ {H$ ‘hmH${d H$m{bXmg
Zo ~agmVr {XZm| H$s Xþ{X©Z H$s g§km R>rH$ hr Xr h¡& AnZr AZw^y{V H$mo ‘hmH${d H$s
AZw^y{V go {‘bVo XoIH$a boIH$ H$m öX¶ Jd© go ^a CR>Vm hr& boIH$ ¶h g~
gmoM hr ahm Wm V^r EH$ J«m‘rU A˶ÝV Oê$aV‘§X ì¶{º$ e§H$a CZHo$ g‘j AmH$a
Ka H$m H$moB© ^r H$m‘ H$aZo Ho$ {bE Zm¡H$ar XoZo hoVw {J‹S>{J‹S>mZo bJVm h¡& ¶hm± VH$
{H$ dh CZH$m OyVm gm’$ H$aZo Am¡a ~ƒm| H$m ‘b‘yÌ ^r gm’$ H$aZo H$s Zm¡H$ar Ho$
{bE {J‹S>{J‹S>mVm h¡& boIH$ H$mo Cg dº$ Zm¡H$a H$s g»V Oê$aV Wr& CÝhm|Zo Cggo
{~Zm A{YH$ nyN>VmN> {H$E Cgo Zm¡H$ar na aI {b¶m& dh XmoZm| dº$ ImZm ~ZmVm,
PmSy> bJmVm, g~ H$m‘ H$aVm Wm& ~ƒm| H$mo {IbmZo Am¡a CZHo$ gmW IobZo ‘| Cgo
~hþV ‘Om AmVm Wm& boIH$ H$s N>moQ>r ~oQ>r à‘mo{XZr H$mo dh ~hþV ߶ma H$aVm Wm&
CgHo$ à{V CgH$s ‘‘Vm njnmV H$s gr‘m VH$ nhþ±M OmVr Wr& CgH$m de MbVm Vmo
dh à‘mo{XZr Ho$ {bE Amg‘mZ Ho$ Vmao ^r Vmo‹S> H$a bm XoVm& BgHo$ nrN>o EH$ Ah²‘
H$maU Wm {H$ CgH$s ~oQ>r a‘¡¶m ^r à‘mo{XZr H$s C‘« H$s hr Wr, {Ogo XoIo hþE Cgo
Mma df© hmo J¶o Wo&
EH$ {XZ boIH$ Ho$ nyN>Zo na CgZo AnZo Ka-n[adma Ho$ {df¶ ‘| ~Vm¶m Wm
{H$ CgHo$ Jm±d ‘| Am‘ Ho$ Xmo {~adm h¢ Wmo‹S>m ~hþV O‘rZ h¡, ^mB©-^m¡OmB© h¢ naÝVw
^m¡OmB© go CZH$s ~ZVr Zht h¡& CgH$s nËZr ~ƒm| Ho$ gmW AnZo ‘m¶Ho$ ahVr h¡&
dh H$‘mH$a Cgr H$mo ‘ZrAmS>©a H$aVm h¡& dh boIH$ go ¶h ^r H$hVm h¡ {H$ A~
dh CZH$s Zm¡H$ar H$^r Zht N>mo‹S>oJm&
EH$ {XZ H$s ~mV h¡& KZKmoa ~m[ae hmo ahr Wr& e§H$a AnZo gm‘mZ H$s
nmoQ>br ~m±Yo hþE boIH$ Ho$ nmg AmH$a amoVo hþE H$hVm h¡ {H$ A~ dh CZH$s Zm¡H$ar
Zht H$a gH$Vm h¡, dh AnZo Jm±d Om ahm h¡ ³¶m|{H$ A~ CgH$s ZOa Zgm¶ JB©
h¡& CgZo AnZo hmW ‘| go EH$ énE H$m ZmoQ> {ZH$mbH$a boIH$ Ho$ gm‘Zo aI {X¶m
Am¡a CÝh| ~Vm¶m {H$ CgZo CZHo$ Ka ‘| Mmoar H$s h¡ Bg{bE dh dhm± ahZo bm¶H$
Zht h¡ ³¶m|{H$ CgH$s ZOa Zgm¶ JB© h¡& boIH$ Cgo g‘Pm-~wPmH$a Cgo ‘m’$ H$a
XoVm h¡ gmW hr ¶h ^r H$hVm h¡ {H$ níMmVmn H$a boZo go ‘Zwî¶ Ho$ nmn Ywb OmVo
h¢ dh ¶h ~mV {H$gr go Zht ~VmEJm, dh Z OmE& naÝVw e§H$a Zht ‘mZVm h¡ Am¡a
KZKmoa ~agmV ‘| ¶h H$hVo hþE Mbm OmVm h¡ {H$ A~ dh CZH$mo H¡$go ‘w±h {XImEJm,
CgH$s ZOa hr Zgm¶ JB© h¡ AWm©V² CgH$s {Z¶V hr {~J‹S> JB© h¡&
O~ ^r ~agmV hmoVr h¡ boIH$ H$mo e§H$a H$s ¶h ~mV ¶mX Am OmVr h¡&
aoIm{MÌ ¶ht g‘mßV hmo OmVr h¡&munotes.in
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5.4 g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m
""H$mho Zht, ~m~y& h‘ g~ H$m‘ H$[a g{H$V h¢&
‘m¡H$m na¡ n¡ OyVr gm’$ H$[a g{H$V h¡, ~ƒZ H$m ‘¡bm VH$& ‘m{bH$ ‘m±-
~mn Xm{Ib h¡&''
g§X^© …
n«ñVwV aoIm{MÌ h‘mao nmR>²ç nwñVH$ JÚ{d{dYm Ho$ "ZOa Zgm¶ JB© ‘m{bH$'
nmR> go AdV[aV h¡, {OgHo$ boIH$ S>m°. {dZ¶ ‘mohZ e‘m© Or h¢&
àg§J …
boIH$ Zo Bg aoIm{MÌ ‘| AnZo AVrV Ho$ g§ñ‘aUmo§ H$mo g§Omo¶m h¡ VWm AnZo
godH$ e§H$a H$s ^mdZmË‘H$ à{V~ÜXVm, ^mdZmË‘H$ bJmd H$mo ~‹S>o hr gOrd T>§J go
àñVwV {H$¶m h¡&
ì¶m»¶m …
àñVwV n§{º$¶m± boIH$ S>m°. {dZ¶ ‘mohZ e‘m© Ho$ godH$ e§H$a H$s h¡ O~ dh
EH$ {XZ CZHo$ nmg Zm¡H$ar H$s Vbme ‘| AmVm h¡ Am¡a CZgo H$hVm h¡ {H$ dh g~
H$m‘ H$a gH$Vm h¡, ImZm ~Zm gH$Vm h¡, Oê$aV n‹S>Zo na OyVo gm’$ H$a gH$Vm h¡,
¶hm± VH$ {H$ ~ƒm| H$m ‘b-‘yÌ ^r gm’$ H$a gH$Vm h¡, ³¶m|{H$ dh AnZo ‘m{bH$
H$mo AnZm ‘mB©-~mn g‘PVm h¡& CgH$s gmXJr Am¡a AnZr Oê$aV Ho$ H$maU boIH$
Cgo VËH$mb Zm¡H$ar na aI boVo h¢& e§H$a boIH$ Ho$ Ka H$s godm H$aZo Ho$ gmW-gmW
CZHo$ ~ƒm| go ^r ~hþV Kwb {‘b OmVm h¡ bo{H$Z {Og {XZ Cgo Ahgmg hmoVm h¡ {H$
CgH$s {Z¶V ‘| ImoQ> Am MwH$m h¡ Cgr {XZ dh AnZo Bg ‘m{bH$ Ho$ bmI ‘Zm
H$aZo Ho$ ~m~OyX Zm¡H$ar N>mo‹S>H$a Mbm OmVm h¡&
{deof …
Bg aoIm{MÌ ‘| e§H$a Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go boIH$ ‘Zwî¶ H$s gƒmB©, B©‘mZXmar,
AmË‘½bm{Z, níMmVmn Am¡a CgH$s gmXJr H$mo Xem©Zm MmhVo h¢, Omo {H$ ‘Zwî¶Vm H$s
nhbr nhMmZ h¡&
g§^m{dV g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m hoVw Aݶ AdVaU …
1. ""‘¢ gm‘Zo H$‘ao ‘| ~¡R>m gmoM ahm Wm, H$m{bXmg Zo ~agmVr {XZm| H$mo Xþ{X©Z
H$s g§Om R>rH$ hr Xr h¡&''
2. AnZr AZw^y{V H$mo ‘hmH${d H$s AZw^y{V go {‘bVo XoIH$a öX¶ Jd© go
^a J¶m&
3. ""níMmVmn H$a boZo na ‘Zwî¶ Ho$ nmn Ywb OmVo h¡§&''munotes.in
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4. ""dh ’w$agV Ho$ dº$ h‘mao ~rM ~¡R> OmVm Am¡a AnZr am‘H$hmZr
H$hVm ahVm''&
5. ""CgHo$ à{V CgH$s ‘‘Vm njnmV H$s gr‘m VH$ nhþ±Mr hþB© ‘mby‘ hmoVr
Wr& CgH$s EH$ ~mV ^r dh Imbr Z OmZo XoVm&''
6. ""AJa CgH$m de MbVm Vmo dh AmH$me H$s Va¡¶m ^r CgHo$ {bE Vmo‹S>H$a
bm Xo gH$Vm Wm&
5.5 XrKm}Îmar¶ àíZ
àíZ. "ZOa Zgm¶ JB© ‘m{bH$' aoIm{MÌ H$m CÔoí¶ {b{IE&
CÎma."ZOa Zgm¶ JB© ‘m{bH$' aoIm{MÌ Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go boIH$ S>m°³Q>a {dZ¶ ‘mohZ
e‘m© ¶h H$hZm MmhVo h¢ {H$ AmO Ho$ ¶wJ ‘o§ ^r gƒmB© Am¡a B©‘mZXmar ~Mr
hþB© h¡& boIH$ Ho$ nmg AmH$a EH$ grYm-gmYm J«m‘rU ì¶{º$ Ka H$m H$moB© ^r H$m‘
H$aZo H$s Zm¡H$ar XoZo H$m AmJ«h H$aVm h¡& Cg dº$ boIH$ H$mo ^r Zm¡H$a H$s g»V
Amdí¶H$Vm ahVr h¡& dh Cgo {~Zm A{YH$ nyN>VmN> Ho$ Zm¡H$ar na aI boVm h¡&
boIH$ Am¡a Zm¡H$a e§H$a XmoZm| EH$ Xÿgao go g§Vwï> ahVo h¢& e§H$a boIH$ H$s N>moQ>r ~oQ>r
Ho$ gmW ~hþV Kwb-{‘b OmVm h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ {bE Hw$N> ^r H$aZo Ho$ VËna ahVm h¡&
bo{H$Z EH$ {XZ dh boIH$ Ho$ nmg AmH$a H$hVm h¡ {H$ CgZo CgHo$ Ka go EH$
én¶m Mwam¶m h¡, A~ CgH$s {Z¶V {~J‹S> J¶r h¡, ZOa Zgm¶ JB© h¡ Bg{bE A~
dh CZH$s Zm¡H$ar Zht H$a gH$Vm h¡& boIH$ Ho$ ~ma-~ma g‘PmZo, ‘m’$ H$a XoZo,
¶h ~mV {H$gr H$mo Zht ~VmZo H$s ~mV H$hZo na ^r dh KZKmoa ~m[ae ‘§o Zm¡H$ar
N>mo‹S>H$a Mbm OmVm h¡&
¶h aoIm{MÌ EH$ J«m‘rU ì¶{º$ H$s gƒmB©, B©‘mZXmar Ho$ gmW-gmW CgHo$
{‘bZgma ñd^md, ‘ohZV, bJZ go H$m‘ H$aZo H$s à{V~X²YVm {H$gr ^r H$m‘ H$mo
N>moQ>m ¶m ~‹S>m Z g‘PH$a Cgo H$aZo H$s à~b BÀN>m Ho$ gmW-gmW namE bmoJm| ‘|
AnZmnZ Ty>±T>Zo Ho$ ^md H$mo Xem©Vm h¡& ‘Zwî¶ H$s Jar~r, CgH$s ‘yb^yV Amdí¶H$VmE±
H$B© ~ma Cgo {dM{bV H$a XoVr h¢, ³¶m|{H$ AnZo n[adma H$mo Xmo dº$ H$s amoQ>r {IbmZo
Ho$ {bE Jm±d Ho$ bmoJ hOmam| ‘rb Xÿa H$m g’$a V¶ H$a eha AmVo h¢, Zm¡H$ar Ho$
{bE Xa-Xa H$s R>moH$a| ImVo h¢, ‘ohZV ‘OXÿar H$aZo {bE gmbm| AnZo n[adma-
~mb-~ƒmo§ go Xÿa ahVo h¢ {’$a ^r CZH$s pñW{V ‘| H$moB© {deof A§Va Zht AmVm& ¶h
aoIm{MÌ h‘| H$hmZr H$m~wbrdmbm H$s hëH$s gr ¶mX {XbmVm h¡ O~ e§H$a boIH$ H$s
N>moQ>r ~oQ>r à‘mo{XZr go {nV¥dV ñZoh H$aVm h¡, CgHo$ {bE Amg‘mZ Ho$ Vmao VH$
Vmo‹S>H$a bm gH$Vm h¡ ³¶m|{H$ CgZo à‘mo{XZr H$s C‘« H$s AnZr ~oQ>r H$mo {nN>bo Mma
dfm] go Zht XoIm h¡& à‘mo{XZr ‘| dh AnZr ~oQ>r H$mo Ty>±T>Vm h¡&
e§H$a boIH$ Ho$ ¶hm± AmOrdZ Zm¡H$ar H$aZm MmhVm h¡, naÝVw CÝh| {H$gr ^r
Vah go YmoIm XoZm Zht MmhVm h¡ ¶hr H$maU h¡ {H$ AnZr ZOa ZgmZo Ho$ ~mX dhmunotes.in
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H$m‘ N>mo‹S>H$a AnZo Jm±d Mbm OmVm h¡, AnZm Moham CÝh| Zht {XImZm MmhVm ³¶m|{H$
dh AnZo {H$E na ~hþV e‘uÝXm h¡&
AmË‘½bm{Z Am¡a níMmVmn Ho$ ~mX ^bo hr CgHo$ nmn Yyb JE h¢ naÝVw dh
ñd¶§ H$mo ‘m’$ Zht H$aVm h¡& Bg àH$ma, ¶h aoIm{MÌ EH$ grYo-gmXo J«m‘rU e§H$a H$s
gƒ[aÌVm Am¡a CXmÎm ñd^md H$mo Xem©Vm h¡ boIH$ H$mo nwamZm Zm¡H$a e§H$a AmO ^r
¶mX h¡ Vmo dh Bg{bE Zht {H$ dh H$m‘ g’$mB© go H$aVm Wm, ~pëH$ dh Bg{bE ¶mX
h¡ ³¶m|{H$ Cg ì¶{º$ H$m M[aÌ ~hþV CÎm‘ h¡& ¶hr Bg aoIm{MÌ H$m na‘ CÔoí¶ h¡&
5.6 {Q>ßnUr …
1. "ZOa Zgm¶ JB© ‘m{bH$' H$m CÔoí¶
2. "ZOa Zgm¶ JB© ‘m{bH$' ‘| e§H$a H$m M[aÌ
3. "ZOa Zgm¶ JB© ‘m{bH$' Ho$ erf©H$ H$s gmW©H$Vm
4. "ZOa Zgm¶ JB© ‘m{bH$' H$m gmam§e
5.7 dñVw{Zð> àíZ
1. "ZOa Zgm¶ JB© ‘m{bH$' {H$g {dYm H$s aMZm h¡? - aoIm{MÌ.
2. "ZOa Zgm¶ JB© ‘m{bH$' Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m¡Z h¡? - S>m°. {dZ¶ ‘mohZ e‘m©
3. KZKmoa ~agmV ‘| boIH$ {H$g ‘hmH${d H$s ~mVm| H$mo ¶mX H$aVm h¡ -
‘hmH${d H$m{bXmg H$mo ¶mX H$aVm h¡&
4. boIH$ Ho$ nmg H$m¡Z Zm¡H$ar ‘m±JZo AmVm h¡ ? J«m‘rU ì¶{º$ e§H$a&
5. e§H$a boIH$ Ho$ n[adma ‘| g~go A{YH$ ñZoh {H$ggo H$aVm h¡? - boIH$
H$s N>moQ>r ~oQ>r à‘mo{XZr go&
6. e§H$a à‘mo{XZr H$mo g~go A{YH$ ñZoh ³¶m| H$aVm h¡?
CÎma. e§H$a H$s ~oQ>r à‘mo{XZr H$s C‘« H$s h¡ {Ogo CgZo {nN>bo Mma dfm] go Zht
XoIm h¡ Bgr{bE dh Cggo {nV¥dV ñZoh H$aVm h¡&
7. e§H$a ‘ZrAm°S>a {H$go Am¡a H$hm± ^oOVm h¡?
CÎma. e§H$a ‘ZrAm°S>a AnZr nËZr H$mo CgHo$ ‘¡Ho$ ‘| ^oOVm h¡ ³¶m|{H$ dh dht
ahVr h¡&
8. e§H$a Zm¡H$ar N>mo‹S>H$a ³¶m| Mbm OmVm h¡?
CÎma. e§H$a Zo boIH$ Ho$ ¶hm± go EH$ énE H$s Mmoar H$s h¡, Cgo AnZr Bg JbVr
na A’$gmog h¡ Bgr{bE dh H$m‘ N>mo‹S>H$a Mbm OmVm h¡, ñd¶§ H$mo gOm
XoVm h¡ Vm{H$ ^{dî¶ ‘| boIH$ Ho$ gmW H$moB© YmoIm Z hmo&munotes.in
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9. boIH$ Ho$ H$mZm| ‘| e§H$a Ho$ H$m¡Z go dm³¶ Jy±OVo h¢?
CÎma. "ZOa Vmo Zgm¶ JB© ‘m{bH$'
10. "ZOa Zgm¶ JB© ‘m{bH$' H$m ³¶m AW© h¡?
CÎma ‘m{bH$ Ho$ à{V CgH$s {Z¶V {~J‹S> JB© Am¡a n[aUm‘ñdê$n CgZo Mmoar H$s
h¡ ¶hr BgH$m AW© h¡&
5.8 Aݶ g§^m{dV XrKm}Îmar¶ àíZ
1. "ZOa Zgm¶ JB© ‘m{bH$' H$s g‘rjm H$s{OE&
2. "ZOa Zgm¶ JB© ‘m{bH$' ‘| e§H$a H$m M[aÌ-{MÌU H$s{OE&
3. boIH$ Ho$ H$mZm| ‘| e§H$a Ho$ dm³¶ "ZOa Vmo Zgm¶ JB© ‘m{bH$' ³¶m| Jy±OVo
h¢ ? Bg V϶ na àH$me S>m{bE&
4. "ZOa Zgm¶ JB© ‘m{bH$' aoIm{MÌ Ho$ erf©H$ H$s gmW©H$Vm na àH$me
S>m{bE&
5. "ZOa Zgm¶ JB© ‘m{bH$' aoIm{MÌ H$m H$WmdñVw {b{IE&
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
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BH$mB© H$s ê$naoIm
5.1.1 boIH$ n[aM¶
5.1.2 gmam§e
5.1.3 g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m
5.1.4 XrKm}Var¶ àíZ
5.1.5 {Q>ßnUr
5.1.6 dñVw{Zð> àíZ
5.1.7 Aݶ g§^m{dV XrKm}Îmar¶ àíZ
5.1.1 boIH$ n[aM¶
h[ae§H$a nagmB© {hÝXr Ho$ à{gÜX boIH$ Am¡a 춧½¶H$ma Wo& BZH$m OÝ‘ 22
AJñV, 1924 ‘| O‘mZr, hmoe§Jm~mX, ‘ܶàXoe ‘| hþAm Wm& do {hÝXr Ho$ nhbo
aMZmH$ma h¢ {OÝhm|Zo 춧½¶ H$mo {dYm H$m XOm© {Xbm¶m Am¡a Cgo hëHo$-’w$ëHo$ ‘Zmoa§OZ
H$s na§namJV n[a{Y go C~maH$a g‘mO Ho$ ì¶mnH$ àíZm| go Omo‹S>m& BZH$s 춧½¶
aMZmE± h‘mao ‘Z ‘| JwXJwXr n¡Xm Zht H$aVr, ~pëH$ h‘| CZ gm‘m{OH$ dmñV{dH$VmAm|
Ho$ gm‘Zo I‹S>m H$aVr h¢& bJmVma ImoIbr hmoVr Om ahr h‘mar gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a amOZr{VH$
ì¶dñWm ‘| {ngVo ‘ܶ‘dJu¶ ‘Z H$s gƒmB¶m| H$mo BÝhm|Zo A˶ÝV {ZH$Q>Vm go
nH$‹S>m h¡& BZHo$ Ûmam a{MV H$hmZr g§J«h h¢ - h±gVo h¢ amoVo h¢, O¡go CZHo$ {XZ {’$ao,
^mobm am‘ H$m Ord& BZHo$ Ûmam a{MV Cnݶmg-amZr ZmJ’$Zr H$s H$hmZr, VQ> H$s
ImoO, Ádmbm Am¡a Ob h¡ & "{VaÔr aoImE±' g§ñ‘aU h¡ VWm BZHo$ Ûmam a{MV boI
g§J«hm| ‘| ‘w»¶ h¢-V~ H$s ~mV Am¡a Wr, ^yV Ho$ nm±d nrN>o, ~oB©‘mZr H$s naV, ‘mQ>r
H$ho Hw$åhma go, Vwbgr M§XZ {Kg¡, d¡îUd H$s {’$gbZ, gXmMma H$m Vm~rO, nJS>§{S>¶m|
H$m O‘mZm, {eH$m¶V ‘wPo ^r h¡, {dH$bm§J lÜXm H$m Xm¡a Am{X 10 AJñV, 1995
‘| nagmB© Or Ho$ {ZYZ Ho$ níMmV gm{h˶g§gma ‘| gyZmnZ N>m J¶m Wm&
5.1.2 gmam§e
"O¡go CZHo$ {XZ {’$ao' {hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ g’$b 춧½¶H$ma h[ae§H$a nagmB©Or
H$s aMZm h¡& Bg 춧½¶ H$mo BÝhm|Zo EH$ ~hþV amoMH$ H$hmZr Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go 춺$ H$aVo
hþE amOm AWm©V² àemg{ZH$ ì¶dñWm XoIZo dmbo ZoVmAm| A{YH$m[a¶m| Ho$ JwUm| H$mo 춧½¶mË‘H$
e¡br ‘| àñVwV {H$¶m h¡& Bg 춧½¶ ‘| {Z{hV H$Wm Hw$N> Bg àH$ma h¡&BH$mB© 5.1
O¡go CZHo$ {XZ {’$ao (춧½¶) - h[ae§H$a nagmB©5.1
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EH$ amOm H$s AZoH$ npËZ¶m± Am¡a Mma nwÌ Wo& ~‹‹S>r amZr Zo ~mH$s H$s am{Z¶m|
Ho$ nwÌm| H$mo Oha XoH$a ‘ma S>mbm Wm ³¶m|{H$ dh AnZo nwÌm| H$mo amOJÔr na ~¡R>mZm
MmhVr Wr& amOm Cggo Iwe Wo ³¶m|{H$ do MmU³¶ H$s Zr{V¶m| H$m AZwgaU H$aZo
dmbo Wo& MmU³¶ Ho$ AZwgma amOm H$mo AnZo nwÌm| H$mo ^o{‹S>¶m g‘PZm
Mm{hE& Am¡a gM ^r ¶hr Wm {H$ CZHo$ Mmam| nwÌ amOJÔr na ~¡R>Zm MmhVo Wo&
EH$ {XZ amOm Mmam| nwÌm| H$mo ~wbmH$a AnZo ~y‹T>o hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {H$gr EH$
H$mo amOJÔr na ~¡R>mZo hoVw CZH$s narjm {bE OmZo H$s ~mV H$hVm h¡& narjm ¶h Wr
{H$ CZHo$ Mmam| nwÌm| H$mo AnZo amÁ¶ H$s gr‘m go H$ht Xÿa OmH$a AnZr ¶mo½¶Vm {gÕ
H$aZr hmoJr, A{YH$ go A{YH$ YZ H$‘mZm hmoJm, Cgr Ho$ AmYma na amOm gw{ZpíMV
{H$¶m J¶m& Mmam| nwÌ {~Zm lÜXm Ho$ amOm H$mo àUm‘ H$aHo$ Mbo OmVo h¢ Am¡a R>rH$
EH$ gmb ~mX ’$mëJwZ H$s ny{U©‘m H$mo amOXa~ma ‘| hm{Oa hmoVo h¢& amOm Ho$ AmXoemZwgma
Mmam| nwÌ AnZr-AnZr ¶mo½¶Vm {gÜX H$aVo h¢&
amOm Ho$ nhbo nwÌ Ho$ AZwgma amOm Ho$ {bE B©‘mZXmar Am¡a n[al‘ ~hþV
Amdí¶H$ JwU h¡ AV… CgZo nyao EH$ gmb VH$ ì¶mnmar Ho$ ¶hm± n[al‘ Am¡a B©‘mZXmar
go ~moao T>moZo H$m H$m‘ {H$¶m h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ nmg gm¡ ñdU©‘wÐmE± h¢& Bg{bE dh amOm
~ZZo ¶mo½¶ h¡&
amOm Ho$ AmXoe na CZHo$ Xÿgao nwÌ Zo H$hm {H$ CgHo$ AZwgma amOm H$mo
gmhgr, bwQ>oam Am¡a AnZo ~mhþ~b na ^amogm hmoZm Mm{hE, V^r dh amÁ¶ H$m {dñVma
H$a gH$Vm h¡ Bgr{bE CgZo n‹S>mogr amÁ¶ ‘| OmH$a S>mHw$Am| H$m EH$ {Jamoh g§J{R>V
{H$¶m Am¡a Iy~ bwQ>‘ma H$aZo bJm, Cgo amÁ¶ Ho$ H$‘©Mm[a¶m| H$m gh¶moJ {‘bm&
CgHo$ ~‹S>o ^mB© Ho$ goR> Ho$ ¶hm± ^r CgZ| Xmo ~ma S>mH$m S>mbm Wm& Bg EH$ df© ‘|
CgZo nm°±M bmI ñdU© ‘wÐmE± H$‘mB© h¢ AV… dhr amOJÔr H$m A{YH$mar h¡&
amOm Ho$ g§Ho$V na CZHo$ Vrgao nwÌ Zo H$hm {H$ amOYmZr ‘| CgH$s ~hþV ~‹S>r
XþH$mZ h¡ {Og‘| dh Kr ‘| ‘y±J’$br H$m Vob Am¡a e¸$a ‘o aoV {‘bmH$a ~oMVm Wm&
CgZo amOm go boH$a ‘OXÿa VH$ H$mo gmb^a {‘bmdQ>r Kr-e¸$a {Ibm¶m& amOH$‘©Mmar
Cgo nH$‹S>Vo Zht Wo ³¶m|{H$ g~H$mo dh AnZo ‘wZm’o$ go {hñgm XoVm Wm& ~‹S>o ^mB© Ho$
goR>Or Am¡a ‘±Pbo ^mB© H$mo ^r CgZo {‘bmdQ>r gm‘mZ {Ibm¶m h¡& Vrgao nwÌ Ho$
AZwgma amOm H$mo ~oB©‘mZ Am¡a YyV© hmoZm Mm{hE V^r dh {Q>H$ gH$Vm h¡& grYo amOm
H$mo H$moB© EH$ {XZ Zht ahZo XoJm& Cg‘| ¶o gmao JwU h¡§ CgZo {nN>bo EH$ gmb ‘| Xg
bmI énE H$‘mE h¡§ AV… amOJÔr H$m dh A{YH$mar h¡&
amOm H$m g~go N>moQ>m nwÌ doe-^yfm, ^md-^§{J‘m ‘| VrZm| go {^Þ Wm gmXo-
‘moQ>o H$n‹S>o nhZo hþE Wm, Z {ga na nJ‹S>r Wr Z n¡am| ‘o§ I‹S>mD±$ ¶m Mßnb& naÝVw
CgHo$ ‘wI na ~‹S>r àgÞVm Am¡a Am±Im| ‘| ~‹S>r H$ê$Um Wr& amOm H$m g§Ho$V nmH$a
CgZo amOm H$mo ~Vm¶m {H$ O~ dh Xÿgao amÁ¶ ‘| J¶m Vmo Cgo g‘P Zht Am¶m {H$
dh ³¶m H$ao& dh H$B© {XZm| VH$ ^yIm-߶mgm ^Q>H$Vm ahm& MbVo-MbVo dh EH$munotes.in
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AÅ>m{bH$m ‘| nhþ±Mm, Cg na "godm Aml‘' {bIm Wm& A§Xa VrZ-Mma AmX‘r ~¡R>H$a
T>oa gmar ñdU© ‘wÐmE± {JZ aho Wo& N>moQ>o nwÌ Ûmam ~ma-~ma CZHo$ H$m‘ Y§Yo Ho$ ~mao ‘|
nyN>o OmZo na CZ‘| go EH$ X¶mdmZ ì¶{º$ Zo ~Vm¶m {H$ do ˶mJ Am¡a godm H$m Y§Ym
H$aVo h¢& amOm Ho$ N>moQ>o nwÌ Zo CZ g^r bmoJm| go Bg ˶mJ Am¡a godm Ho$ Y§Yo H$mo
{gImZo H$s àmW©Zm H$s& CZ‘| go EH$ X¶mbw ì¶{º$ Zo H$hm {H$ do bmoJ Cgo AnZo
{dÚmb¶ ‘| àdoe H$adm H$a ‘mÌ EH$ gámh ‘| Cgo ˶mJ Am¡a godm Ho$ Y§Yo ‘|
nma§JV H$a X|Jo, O~ CgH$m AnZm Y§Ym Mb n‹S>oJm V~ dh lÜXmZwgma Jwê$X{jUm Xo
XoJm& N>moQ>m nwÌ Cg godm Aml‘ ‘| {ejm àmá H$aZo bJm& godm Aml‘ H$m OrdZ
amOgr R>mQ>-~mQ> dmbm Wm gw§Xa dó, ñdm{Xï> ^moOZ Zm¡H$a-MmH$a g~ Hw$N>& Aml‘
Ho$ àYmZ Zo Cgo A§{V‘ {XZ ~wbmH$a ‘moQ>o gñVo dó XoVo hþE H$hm {H$ BZ dñÌm| H$mo
~mha nhZZm ³¶m|{H$ H$U© Ho$ H$dM Hw§$S>b H$s Vah ¶o ‘moQ>o gmXo dó ~XZm‘r go
CgH$s ajm H$a|Jo& dh A~ g~ H$bmE± grI J¶m h¡ B©ída H$m Zm‘ boH$a
Cgo AnZm H$m¶© Ama§^ H$a XoZm Mm{hE& O~ VH$ CgH$s AÅ>m{bH$m Zht ~Z OmVr
V~ VH$ dh dht ah gH$Vm h¡&
CgHo$ ~mX N>moQ>o nwÌ Zo "‘mZd-godm-g§K' ImobH$a Bg ~mV H$mo àMm[aV
{H$¶m {H$ ‘mZd ‘mÌ H$s godm, Jar~m|, ^yIm|, Z§Jm|, Anm{hOm|, Oê$aV‘§Xm| H$s godm
H$aZm hr h‘mam na‘ Y‘© h¡& Bg{bE Bg nwʶH$m¶© ‘| CgH$m hmW ~§°Q>mZo Ho$ {bE,
‘mZd godm, g‘mO Am¡a amï´> H$s CÞ{V Ho$ {bE IwbH$a XmZ H$a|& OZVm ~‹S>r ^mobr
h¡ CgZo Iy~ XmZ {H$¶m& ~‹S>o ^B©¶m Ho$ goR> Zo ^r {X¶m Am¡a ~‹S>o ^¡¶m Zo ^r noQ>
H$mQ>H$a Xmo ñdU© ‘wÐmE± XmZ ‘| Xr&
EH$ ~ma bwQ>oao ^mB© Ho$ Aݶ Mobo S>mHy$Am| H$mo amOm Ho$ g¡{ZH$ nH$‹S>Zo AmE&
Cg g‘¶ CZ S>mHy$Am| H$mo N>moQ>o ^mB© Ho$ Mobm| Zo "‘mZd godm g§K' Aml‘ ‘| Nw>nm
{b¶m Wm&
BgHo$ ~mX bwQ>oao ^mB© Zo ^r CgHo$ Mobm| H$mo EH$ ghó ‘wX«mE± Xr Wr& Bg
EH$ df© ‘| M§Xo go CZHo$ nmg ~rg bmI ñdU© ‘wÐmE± h¢& dh nwZ… amOm go H$hVm h¡
{H$ CgHo$ AZwgma amÁ¶ H$m AmYma YZ h¡& amOm H$mo àOm go àgÞVmnyd©H$ YZ
ItMZo, dgyb H$aZo H$s {dÚm AmZr Mm{hE, ¶h amOm H$m Amdí¶H$ JwU h¡ Bg{bE
dh Bg amOJÔr H$mo ¶mo½¶ h¡&
AnZo Mmam| nwÌm| Ho$ {df¶ ‘| amOm Zo AnZo ‘§Ìr go gbmh ‘m±Jr Vmo ‘§Ìr Zo
H$hm {H$ amOm Ho$ g^r nwÌm| ‘| N>moQ>o amOHw$‘ma hr gd©loð> h¢, g~go ¶mo½¶ h¢ ³¶m|{H$
CZ‘| AnZo JwUm| Ho$ {gdm¶ eof VrZm| amOHw$‘ma Ho$ JwU {dÚ‘mZ h¢& dh ~‹S>o ^mB© H$s
Vah n[al‘r h¡, Xÿgao Ho$ g‘mZ gmhgr Am¡a bwQ>oam h¡ Am¡a Vrgao Ho$ g‘mZ ~oB©‘mZ
Am¡a YyV© ^r h¡& CgZo EH$ gmb ‘| g~go A{YH$ YZ ~rg bmI ñdU© ‘wÐmE± ^r
BH$Q²>R>r H$s h¡ AV… amOm ~ZZo H$s ¶mo½¶Vm ‘mÌ Cgr ‘| h¡& ‘§Ìr H$s ~mV gwZH$a
g^r àgÞVm go Vmbr ~OmZo bJo& Xÿgao {XZ N>moQ>o amOHw$‘ma H$mo amOm ~Zm¶m J¶m,
Vrgao {XZ n‹S>mogr amÁ¶ H$s JwUd§Vr H$ݶm go CgH$m {ddmh hþAm Mm¡Wo {XZ Cgo ‘w{Z
H$s H¥$nm go nwÌ aËZ àmá hþAm Am¡a dh gwI go amO-H$mO MbmZo bJm&munotes.in
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H$hmZr ¶ht g‘má hmoVr h¡& O¡go amOm Ho$ N>moQ>o nwÌ H$m {XZ {’$am d¡go hr
g~Ho$ {XZ {’$ao&
5.1.3 g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m
""‘¢Zo {dMma {H$¶m {H$ amOm Ho$ {bE B©‘mZXmar Am¡a n[al‘ Amdí¶H$ JwU h¡&''
g§X^© …
àñVwV AdVaU h‘mao nmR>ç nwñVH$ JÚ {d{dYm ‘| {Z{hV 춧½¶ "O¡go CZHo$
{XZ {’$ao' Zm‘ Aܶm¶ go {b¶m J¶m h¡& Bg 춧½¶ Ho$ boIH$ gwà{gÜX 춧½¶H$ma
h[ae§H$a nagmB© Or h¢&
àg§J …
nagmB© Or Zo Bg 춧½¶ H$mo H$Wm-H$hmZr H$hZo H$s e¡br ‘| 춺$ {H$¶m h¡,
{Og‘| do amOm Ho$ JwUm| na 춧½¶mË‘H$ e¡br ‘| àH$me S>mbVo h¢&
ì¶m»¶m …
àñVwV 춧½¶ ‘| nagmB© Or amOm Ho$ Mma nwÌm| Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go AmYw{ZH$ emgH$m|
‘| {Z{hV {deofVmAm| na àH$me S>mbVo h¢& AdV[aV n§{º$¶m± amOm Ho$ ~‹S>o nwÌ H$s
Cp³V¶m± h¢ O~ dh amOm H$s Amkm nmH$a Xÿgao amÁ¶ ‘| AnZr ¶mo½¶Vm {gÜX H$aZo
OmVm h¡, V~ dh EH$ goR> ì¶mnmar Ho$ ¶hm± ‘ohZV go ~mo[a¶m± T>moZo H$m H$m‘ H$aZo
bJVm h¡, ³¶m|{H$ CgH$m ‘mZZm h¡ {H$ amOm Ho$ {bE B©‘mZXmar Am¡a n[al‘ Amdí¶H$
JwU h¡& Bg{bE dh Iy~ ‘ohZV Am¡a B©‘mZXmar go nyao EH$ gmb ‘| AnZo IM© H$mo
{ZH$mb H$a gm¡ ñdU©‘wÐmE± hr H$‘mVm h¡& Cgo bJVm h¡ {H$ Cg‘| gmao JwU h¡ Bg{bE
dh Bg JÔr H$m A{YH$mar h¡&
g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m hoVw Aݶ AdVaU …
1. ""O~ VH$ Voar AnZr AÅ>m{bH$m Zht ~Z OmVr, Vy Bgr ^dZ ‘| ah gH$Vm
h¡, Om, ^JdmZ VwPo g’$bVm Xo&''
2. ""‘mZd‘mÌ H$s godm H$aZo H$m ~r‹S>m h‘Zo CR>m¶m h¡& h‘| g‘mO H$s CÞ{V
H$aZr h¡, Xoe H$mo AmJo ~‹T>mZm h¡&''
3. ""‘oam {dídmg h¡ {H$ amOm H$mo gmhgr Am¡a bwQ>oam hmoZm Mm{hE, V^r dh
amÁ¶ H$m {dñVma H$a gH$Vm h¡&''
4. ""‘Ja ‘¢ XeaW garIr JbVr Zht H$ê±$Jm {H$ Vw‘ ‘| go {H$gr Ho$ gmW
njnmV H$ê±$&''
5. ""^Ðm|! ˶mJ Am¡a godm Vmo Y‘© h¡& ¶o Y§Yo H¡$go hþE?''munotes.in
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6. ""‘oam {dídmg h¡ {H$ amOm H$mo ~oB©‘mZ Am¡a YyV© hmoZm Mm{hE V^r CgH$m
amO {Q>H$ gH$Vm h¡&''
7. ""ewëH$ Hw$N> Zht {b¶m OmEJm, na O~ Voam Y§Ym Mb n‹S>o V~ lX²YmZwgma
Jwê$X{jUm Xo XoZm&''
5.1.4 XrKm}Îmar¶ àíZ
àíZ. "O¡go CZHo$ {XZ {’$ao' 춧½¶ H$WmË‘H$ e¡br ‘| {bIr hþB© 춧½¶H$ma h[ae§H$a
nagmB© Or H$s CËH¥$ï> aMZm h¡& H¡$go ? ñnï> H$s{OE&
CÎma.h[ae§H$a nagmB© Or AnZo Bg 춧½¶ ‘| XmXr ZmZr H$s H$hmZr H$s Vah EH$
Eogr H$hmZr H$m g¥OZ H$aVo h¢ Omo dV©‘mZ àemg{ZH$ ì¶dñWm na Aà˶j
én go H$Q>mj H$aVr h¡& ^maV H$s AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX BgHo$ ^{dî¶ H$mo g§dmaZo-gwYmaZo
Am¡a am‘amÁ¶ H$s ñWmnZm H$aZo H$m gwZham ñdßZ ^maVr¶ OZ‘mZg Zo XoIm Wm
Adí¶, bo{H$Z CZHo$ ñdßZ, ñdßZ ~Z H$a hr ah JE& ^maVr¶ amOZr{V Am¡a àemg{ZH$
ì¶dñWm Ho$ eãXH$moe go gƒmB©, B©‘mZXmar, ‘ohZV, bJZ, O¡go eãX Yrao-Yrao
{dbwá hmoZo bJo, BZH$m ñWmZ byQ>nmQ>, PyR>-IgmoQ>, {‘bmdQ>Imoar, ~oB©‘mZr, YyV©Vm,
dmømS>§~a, T>m|J-T>H$mogbo VWm OZ‘mZg Ho$ à{V CËnr‹S>Z Ho$ ^md Zo bo {b¶m& amOm
Ho$ g~go N>moQ>o nwÌ H$s Vah àm¶… g~Zo ImXr H$s Am‹S> ‘| AZ¡{VH$, Agm‘m{OH$,
{~Zm {H$gr AmXe© Am¡a {gÜXmÝV Ho$ ì¶{^Mma H$m ‘mJ© AnZm {b¶m& ^maVr¶ OZ-
‘mZg H$m gdmªJrU {dH$mg, CËWmZ H$aZo Ho$ ~Om¶ g^r AnZo {ZOr ñdmW© Am¡a
gwI Ho$ {bE {H$gr ^r gr‘m VH$ {JaZo H$mo VËna ahZo bJo& Hw$N> bmoJm| Zo {‘bmdQ>
Imoar H$mo Y§Ym ~ZmH$a, Hw$N> bmoJm| Zo bwQ>nmQ> J§wS>mJXu ‘MmH$a, Vmo Hw$N> bmoJm| Zo
AmXe© ‘¶m©{XV doe-^yfm H$s Am‹S> ‘| Am‘ OZVm H$mo ~odHy$’$ ~ZmH$a AnZm ñdmW©
{gÜX {H$¶m& ^maVr¶ amOZr{V ‘| hmoZo dmbo V‘m‘ KmoQ>mbo Bg V϶ H$mo à‘m{UV
~ZmVo h¢&
amOm ~ZZo Ho$ Amdí¶H$ JwUm| ‘| Z¡{VH$, Mm[a{ÌH$ Am¡a AmXe© AmMaU H$s
H$moB© ‘hÎmm Zht ahr& BgHo$ {bE g~go Amdí¶H$ JwU ~Zm {H$ H$m¡Z EH$ df© ‘|
{H$VZm A{YH$ YZ EH${ÌV H$aHo$ bm gH$Vm h¡& dV©‘mZ amOZr{V H$s ^r ¶hr pñW{V
h¡& MwZmd b‹S>Zo Am¡a OrVZo ‘| Bg YZ H$s g~go A{YH$ ^y{‘H$m hmo JB© h¡, ~mH$s
g~Hw$N> Jm¡U hmo J¶m h¡& 춧½¶ ‘| ¶h ^r Jm¡aVb~ h¡ {H$ amOm H$m ~‹S>m nwÌ ‘ohZV
Am¡a B©‘mZXmar go {H$gr goR> ì¶mnmar Ho$ ¶hm± ~moao T>moZo H$m H$m‘ H$aVm h¡& CgHo$
n[al‘ Am¡a B©‘mZXmar Ho$ ~mdOyX dh ‘mÌ gm¡ ñdU© ‘wÐmE± hr ~Mm nmVm h¡, H$‘m
nmVm h¡, naÝVw CgHo$ ~mH$s Ho$ VrZm| nwÌ AnZo OrdZ go B©‘mZXmar Am¡a AmXe©
{ZH$mb ’|$H$Vo h¢ Am¡a {‘bmdQ> Imoar, bwQ>nmQ>-Jw§S>mJXu VWm ‘moQ>o gñVo dó H$s Am‹S>
‘| A{YH$ go A{YH$ bmoJm| H$mo ~odHy$’$ ~ZmH$a YZ H$‘mZo H$m ‘mJ© AnZmVo h¢&
BgHo$ ~Xbo ‘| do nm±M, Xg, ~rg bmI ñdU© ‘wÐmAm| go IobVo h¢& Bg CXmhaU Ho$
‘mܶ‘ go 춧½¶H$ma B©‘mZXmar Am¡a n[al‘ Ho$ ~b na OrZo dmbo bmoJm| H$mo hVmemunotes.in
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Zht H$aZm MmhVo h¢ ~pëH$ g‘mO H$s Bg H$‹S>dr gƒmB© H$mo ~onXm© H$aZm MmhVo h¢,
CZ {‘bmdQ> Imoam|, Jw§S>mJXu bwQ>‘ma Ho$ ~b na amOZr{V H$aZo dmbm| VWm nmI§S>r
Mmobo H$s Am‹S> ‘|, ‘mZd godm g§K H$s Am‹S> ‘§o Am‘ bmoJm| H$mo ~odHy$’$ ~Zm H$a
M§Xm BH$Æ>m H$aZodmbo H$s H$bB© ImobZm MmhVo h¢, CZH$s nmob ImobZm MmhVo h¢&
^maV ‘| "‘mZd godm g§K' O¡go {OVZo Aml‘ IwbVo h¢ {H$ CZH$m CÔoí¶ Jar~m|,
^yIm|, Z§Jmo§ Anm{hOm|, OéaV‘§Xm| H$s ghm¶Vm H$a g‘mO H$mo {dH${gV ~ZmZm h¡,
Xoe H$mo AmJo ~‹T>mZm h¡ Am¡a BgHo$ {bE do AWmh M§Xm BH$Æ>m H$aVo h¢ bo{H$Z {’$a ^r
Bg Xoe go Jar~r, ^wI‘ar, A{ejm Hw$nmofU O¡gr {dH$amb g‘ñ¶mE± O¡gr H$s V¡gr
~Zr hþB© h¡§ Am¡a BZ M§Xm BH$Æ>m H$aZo dmbm| H$m OrdZ amOgr R>mQ>-~mQ>, Eoemo-
Amam‘ go ^aVm Om ahm h¡&
Bg àH$ma h‘ H$h gH$Vo h¢ {H$ 춧½¶H$ma h[ae§H$a nagmB© Or AnZo Bg
춧½¶ Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go ^maVr¶ amOZr{V Am¡a g‘mO ‘| ì¶má AZoH$ {dg§J{V¶m| {dH¥${V¶m|
Am¡a nmI§S>m| H$s nmob ImobZm MmhVo h¢, CZHo$ à{V OZ‘mZg H$mo OmJê$H$ ~ZmZm
Mmh aho h¢& ¶hr Bg 춧½¶ H$m ‘w»¶ CÔoí¶ h¡&
5.1.5 {Q>ßnUr
1. "O¡go CZHo$ {XZ {’$ao' 춧½¶ H$m gmam§e
2. "O¡go CZHo$ {XZ {’$ao' 춧½¶ H$m CÔoí¶
3. "O¡go CZHo$ {XZ {’$ao' 춧½¶ ‘| amOm H$m M[aÌ
4. "O¡go CZHo$ {XZ {’$ao' 춧½¶ ‘| amOm Ho$ N>moQ>o nwÌ H$m ì¶{º$Ëd
5. "O¡go CZHo$ {XZ {’$ao' 춧½¶ Ho$ amOm Ho$ Mmam| ~oQ>m| H$m {MÌU
6. "O¡go CZHo$ {XZ {’$ao' 춧½¶ H$s ‘yb g§doXZm
7. "O¡go CZHo$ {XZ {’$ao' 춧½¶ ‘| {Z{hV 춧½¶
5.1.6 dñVw{Zð> àíZ
1. "O¡go CZHo$ {XZ {’$ao' {H$g {dYm H$s aMZm h¡?
CÎma. 춧½¶ {dYm
2. "O¡go CZHo$ {XZ {’$ao' Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m¡Z h¢?
CÎma. h[ae§H$a nagmB©
3. amOm, AnZr amOJÔr ³¶m| N>mo‹S>Zm MmhVm Wm?
CÎma. OrdZ H$s Mm¡Wr AdñWm ‘| nhþ±MZo Ho$ ~mX amOm AnZr amOJÔr N>mo‹S>H$a
g§Ý¶mg boH$a Vnñ¶m H$aZm MmhVm h¡ Vm{H$ dh AnZo Cg bmoH$ H$mo
g§dma gHo$&munotes.in
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4. MmU³¶ Ho$ AZwgma amOm H$mo AnZo nwÌm| ³¶m g‘PZm Mm{hE?
CÎma. ^o{‹S>¶m
5. amOm Ho$ ~‹S>o nwÌ Zo amOm ~ZZo Ho$ {bE {H$Z JwUm| H$mo Amdí¶H$ g‘Pm?
CÎma. B©‘mZXmar Am¡a n[al‘ H$mo ‘mZm&
6. amOm Ho$ Xÿgao nwÌ H$mo amOJÔr nmZo Ho$ {bE H$m¡Z-gm JwU Amdí¶H$ bJm?
CÎma. gmhgr Am¡a bwQ>oam hmoZm Mm{hE&
7. amOm H$m Vrgam Hw$‘ma amOm ~ZZo Ho$ {bE {H$g JwU H$mo Amdí¶H$
‘mZVm h¡?
CÎma. ~oB©‘mZr Am¡a YyV©Vm H$mo&
8. amOm Ho$ Vrgao ~oQ>o Zo H$m¡Z gm Aml‘ Imobm Wm?
CÎma. "‘mZd-godm g§K' Aml‘ Imobm Wm&
9. amOm Am¡a ‘§Ìr Zo {H$go amOm ~Zm¶m Wm?
CÎma. N>moQ>o ~oQ>o H$mo amOm ~Zm¶m ³¶m|{H$ Cg‘| ~mH$s Ho$ VrZm| ~oQ>m| Ho$ JwU {dX²¶‘mZ
Wo&
10. Aml‘ Ho$ àYmZ Zo ‘moQ>o gñVo dó ~mha nhZZo H$mo ³¶m| H$hm?
CÎma. ‘moQ>o gñVo dó ~mha nhZZo na H$U© Ho$ H$dM-Hw§$S>b H$s Vah ¶o ~XZm‘r go
CgH$s ajm H$a|Jo&
5.1.7 Aݶ g§^m{dV XrKm}Îmar¶ àíZ
1. "O¡go CZHo$ {XZ {’$ao' 춧½¶ ‘| {Z{hV 춧½¶ ñnï> H$s{OE&
2. "O¡go CZHo$ {XZ {’$ao' 춧½¶ ‘| Mmam| ~oQ>m| H$m M[aÌ {MÌU H$s{OE&
3. "O¡go CZHo$ {XZ {’$ao' 춧½¶ Ho$ erf©H$ H$s gmW©H$Vm na àH$me S>m{bE&
4. "O¡go CZHo$ {XZ {’$ao' 춧½¶ ‘| amOm H$m M[aÌ {MÌU H$s{OE&
5. "O¡go CZHo$ {XZ {’$ao' 춧½¶ Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go boIH$ ³¶m H$hZm MmhVm h¡?
ñnï> H$s{OE&
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Hmunotes.in
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BH$mB © éna oIm
6.1 boIH$ n[aM¶
6.2 gmam§e
6.3 g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m
6.4 XrKm}Îmar¶ àíZ
6.5 {Q>ßnUr
6.6 dñVw{Zð> àíZ
6.1 boIH$ n[aM¶
^maV ^yfU AJ«dmb N>m¶mdmXmoÎma {hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ EH$ geº$ hñVmja
h¡|& H${d, boIH$, Am¡a g‘mbmoMH$ ^maV ^yfU H$m OÝ‘ 3 AJñV gZ² 1919 H$mo
Vwbgr O¶§Vr Ho$ {XZ ‘Wwam Ho$ gVK‹S>m ‘moh„o ‘| hþAm VWm {ZYZ 23 OyZ 1975
‘| gya O¶§Vr Ho$ {XZ hþAm Wm& AmJam VWm {X„r go Cƒ {ejm àmá H$aZo Ho$
CnamÝV BÝhm|Zo AmH$medmUr, AZoH$ gm{hp˶H$ g§ñWmAm| ‘| AnZr godm àXmZ
H$s& gZ² 1943 ‘| VmagáH$ Ho$ H${d¶m| ‘| BÝh| gpå‘{bV {H$¶m J¶m& BZH$s à‘wI
H¥${V¶m| ‘| N>{d Ho$ ~§YZ, OmJVo ahmo, Amo AàñVwV ‘Z, AZwnpñWV bmoJ, ‘w{º$‘mJ©,
EH$ CR>m hþAm hmW, CVZm dh gyaO h¡, Aqhgm, MbVo-MbVo n[aU{V, àíZ{Mh²Z,
’y$Q>m à^mV, {‘bZ, {dXm, g‘m{Y boI Am¡a {dXoh à‘wI h¢&
gZ² 1960 ‘| ¶o gm{h˶ AH$mX‘r Ho$ ¶o Cng{Md ~Zo Am¡a AH$mX‘r Ho$
àH$meZm| VWm H$m¶©H«$‘m| H$mo amï´>r¶ ñVa na à{V{ð>V H$aZo ‘| AnZr Ah²‘ ^y{‘H$m
{Z^mB© &
6.2 gmam§e
àñVwV EH$m§H$s "‘hm^maV H$s EH$ gm§P' EH$m§H$s ‘| EH$m§H$sH$ma ^maV ^yfU
AJ«dmb ‘hm^maV H$s b‹S>mB© Ho$ A§{V‘ MaU H$s EH$ gm±P H$m Ñí¶ àñVwV H$aVo
h¢ O~ Xþ¶m}YZ H$s namO¶ hmo MwH$s h¡ Am¡a dh ‘¥Ë¶w e¡¶m na AnZr A§{V‘ gm±go§
{JZ ahm h¡ V^r AMmZH$ ¶w{Y{ð>a Cggo {‘bZo AmVm h¡& Xþ¶m}YZ ¶w{Yð>a Ho$ AmZo
na Cggo H$hVm h¡ {H$ dh ¶hm± ³¶m CgH$s {ddeVm XoIZo Am¶m h¡? dh M¡Z
go ‘aZm MmhVm h¡ Am¡a CgH$s dhm± H$moB© Amdí¶H$Vm Zht h¡& ¶w{Y{ð>a Cggo H$hVmBH$mB© 6
"‘hm^maV H$s EH$ gm±P' EH$m§H$s - ^maV ^yfU AJ«dmb6
munotes.in
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h¡ {H$ CgZo gd©Xm AY‘© H$m gmW {X¶m& nm§S>dm| Ho$ {nVm amOm nm§Sy> H$mo amO H$m
A{YH$ma H$m¶©dmhH$ Ho$ ê$n ‘| {‘bm Wm, naÝVw amOm Vmo dhr Wo& Xþ¶m}YZ ^bo hr
¶w{Y{ð>a H$mo amOm Zht ~ZmVm, naÝVw nañna ~¡R>H$a amÁ¶ H$m {d^mOZ H$aHo$ XmoZm|
empÝVnyU© OrdZ Or gH$Vo Wo& naÝVw Xþ¶m}YZ Zo ¶wX²Y hr MwZm Am¡a AnZr {demb
goZm Ho$ gmW nm±M ^mB¶m| H$mo N>b-~b go hamZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m naÝVw {’$a ^r
namñV hmo J¶m& Xþ¶m}YZ h±gVo hþE H$hVm h¡ {H$ CgHo$ gmW g¥{ï> Ho$ nmbZhma lr
H¥$îU Wo daZm nm§S>d H$m¡adm| H$mo H$^r Zht ham gH$Vo Wo& D$na go ^rî‘ {nVm‘h,
ÐmoUmMm¶© ¶hm± VH$ {H$ lrH¥$îU H$s goZm ^r ¶wX²Y H$m¡adm| H$s Amoa go H$a aho Wo
naÝVw öX¶ go OrV nm§S>dm| H$s MmhVo Wo&
Xþ¶m}YZ, ¶w{Y{ð>a go ~ma-~ma AmJ«h H$aVm h¡ {H$ H$‘ go H$‘ ‘¥Ë¶w H$s
e¡¶m na Vmo ¶w{Y{ð>a Xþ¶m}YZ H$mo CgHo$ Agbr Zm‘ go nwH$mao Omo {H$ gw¶moYZ
h¡& Xþ¶m}©YZ Ho$ Bg AmJ«h H$mo Y‘©amO ¶w{Y{ð>a ñdrH$ma H$aVo hþE Cgo gw¶moYZ H$h
H$a g§~mo{YV H$aVo h¢, gmW hr ¶h ^r H$hVo h¢ {H$ H$m¡adm| Zo ha g§^d à¶mg
{H$¶m {H$ nm±S>dm| H$m {dZme hmo OmE& CZH$s Bg ~mV H$mo Xþ¶m}YZ ZH$maVo hþE H$hVm
h¡ CZ bmoJm| Zo nm§S>dm| Ho$ gmW H$moB© N>b Zht {H$¶m, ¶{X AOw©Z ~‹S>m YZwY©a hmoVm
Vmo Jwé ÐmoUmMm¶© Zo EH$bì¶ H$m A±JyR>m Zht H$mQ>m hmoVm, ^r‘ BVZm e{º$embr
hmoVm Vmo Xþ¶m}YZ H$mo hamZo ‘| N>b go lr H¥$îU Ho$ ghmao H$s Oê$aV Zht n‹S>Vr&
Agbr ¶moX²Ym H$U© Omo {H$ nm§S>dm| H$m gJm ^mB© Wm Cgo ewÐ nwÌ R>ham¶m, dh
gƒm {‘Ì Am¡a Agbr ¶moX²Ym Wm Cgo ^r nm§S>dm| Zo YmoIo go ‘mam, Xþ¶m}YZ Ho$
g^r ^mB¶m| H$m dY H$aZo Ho$ ~mX A§Yo ‘mVm-{nVm Ho$ EH$ ‘mÌ bmR>r Xþ¶m}YZ H$mo
^r N>b go ‘mam& AnZr nËZr Ðm¡nXr H$mo ^r OwE Ho$ Xmd na bJm {X¶m& Hw§$Vr
‘mVm Zo H$U© Ho$ g˶ H$mo nm§S>dm| go Zht ~Vm¶m O~ {H$ ¶h gM H$U© ^r OmZVm
Wm {H$ dh nm§S>dm| H$m gJm ^mB© h¡ dh Y‘©dra, XmZdra Am¡a Agbr ¶moX²Ym Wm&
V~ ¶w{Y{ð>a Xþ¶m}YZ go H$hVm h¡ {H$ ³¶m Cgo AnZo X²dmam {H$¶m Hw$H$‘©
{XImB© Zht Xo ahm h¡? ³¶m CgZo Omo Hw$N> ^r {H$¶m Cgna Cgo H$moB© AmË‘½bm{Z
¶m níMmVmn Zht h¡? Cgo AnZr PyR>r àe§gm H$aZo H$s AmXV h¡ & {’$a ^r dh
Xþ¶m}YZ go CgHo$ A§{V‘ g‘¶ ‘| H$hVm h¡ {H$ ¶{X CgZo Cgo H$moB© R>og nhþ±MmB©
hmo Vmo dh j‘m MmhVm h¡& Bg na gw¶moYZ (Xþ¶m}YZ) H$hVm h¡ {H$ ¶w{Y{ð>a H$mo
CgHo$ gm‘Zo H$moB© {XImdm H$aZo H$s Oê$aV Zht h¡, CgZo Omo Hw$N> ^r {H$¶m dh
AnZo Am¡a AnZo ^mB¶m| Ho$ {hV Ho$ {bE, A{YH$ma Ho$ {bE {H$¶m& gmar Xþ{Z¶m
Cgo CgHo$ Agbr Zm‘ "gw¶moYZ' Ho$ Zm‘ go Zht ~pëH$ Xþ¶m}YZ Ho$ Zm‘ go hr
nwH$maoJr, ¶w{Y{ð>a Am¡a nm§S>d dra H$hbmE±Jo& ¶o g¥{ï> Am¡a ¶wJ dhr OmZoJr Omo CÝh|
B{Vhmg ~VmEJm Am¡a B{Vhmg ¶w{Y{ð>a AnZr {ZJamZr ‘o§ hr {bIdmEJm& Cgo H$moB©
AmË‘½bm{Z ¶m níMmVmn Zht h¡& dh A~ ~hþV empÝV H$s {ZÐm ‘| brZ hmoZo, gmoZo
Om ahm h¡ ³¶m|{H$ dh ~MnZ go A~VH$ Zht gmo nm¶m h¡& AnZo OrdZ ‘| dh
~aJX Ho$ no‹S> Ho$ ZrMo nbZodmbm nm¡Ym ~ZH$a ah J¶m h¡ naÝVw A~ CgHo$ OrdZ
go A§YH$ma {‘Q> MwH$m h¡& A~ CgHo$ g‘j Z nm§S>d h¢, Z H$moB© amÁ¶-àOm-A{YH$mamunotes.in
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Y‘©-AY‘©, {Okmgm, bmbgm, PyR>-gM Hw$N> ^r Zht h¡& A§{V‘ dm³¶ Ho$ ê$n ‘|
dh ¶hr H$hVm h¡ {H$ Cgo gX¡d Bgr ~mV H$m XþI ahoJm {H$ CgHo$ {nVm A§Yo Wo&
EH$m§H$s ¶ht g‘má hmo OmVr h¡&
6.3 g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m
""OrdZ ^a ‘wPgo Ûof aIm, ‘¥Ë¶w na Vmo ‘wPo M¡Z àXmZ hmoZo XoVo, ³¶m
XoIZo AmE hmo ‘oar {ddeVm, ¶m A~ ^r Vwåhmar N>bnyU© {dO¶ ‘| H$moB© Ìw{Q>
ah JB© ?''
g§X^© …
àñVwV AdVaU h‘mao nmR²>¶ nwñVH$ JX²¶ {d{dYm ‘| {Z{hV EH$m§H$s "‘hm^maV
H$s EH$ gm±P' go AdV[aV h¡& BgHo$ EH$m§H$sH$ma ^maV ^yfU AJ«dmb Or h¢&
Bg EH$m§H$s ‘| BÝhm|Zo ‘hm^maV H$s EH$ gm±P H$m {MÌU H$a EH$ {ddm{XV
nhby H$mo COmJa {H$¶m h¡ Am¡a ¶h gmoMZo na {dde {H$¶m h¡ {H$ Xþ¶m}YZ H$m H$‘©
H$moB© AY‘© Zht Wm&
ì¶m»¶m …
àñVwV AdVaU ‘| CX²Y¥V dm³¶ Xþ¶m}YZ H$m h¡ O~ dh ‘¥Ë¶w e¡¶m na AnZr
A§{V‘ gm±g| {JZ ahm h¡ Am¡a Cggo {‘bZo Ho$ {bE nm§S>d loð> ¶w{Y{ð>a AmVm h¡ Vmo
Cgo XoIH$a Xþ¶m}YZ H$h CR>Vm h¡ {H$ CgZo d nm§S>dm| Zo AmOrdZ Cggo Ûof ^md
aIm, N>b nyd©H$ CÝh| ¶wX²Y ‘| ham¶m, A~ dh dhm± ³¶m| Am¶m h¡? ³¶m XoIZo Am¶m
h¡? ³¶m CgH$s {ddeVm d bmMmar XoIZo Am¶m h¡? ¶w{Y{ð>a Xþ¶m}YZ go H$hVm h¡
{H$ N>b d X²dof CÝhm§oZo Zht {H$¶m ~pëH$ H$m¡ad h‘oem AY‘© H$m gmW XoVo aho& do
¶{X MmhVo Vmo Amngr g‘P go amÁ¶ H$m ~±Q>dmam H$a empÝVnyd©H$ ah gH$Vo Wo bo{H$Z
Xþ¶m}YZ Zo empÝV Ho$ ñWmZ na ¶wX²Y MwZm Vmo A§V Vmo Bgr àH$ma hmoZm Wm& Bg na
Xþ¶m}YZ {Og àH$ma ¶w{Y{ð>a H$mo à˶wÎma XoVm h¡ dh nm§S>d Ho$ Y‘© H$s OrV na ^r
àíZ {Mh²Z bJmVm h¡& boIH$ Zo A˶ÝV g§OrXJr Ho$ gmW Xþ¶m}YZ Am¡a ¶w{Y{ï>a H$s
dmVm© H$mo AnZr EH$m§H$s Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go 춺$ {H$¶m h¡&
{deof …
EH$m§H$s "‘hm^maV H$s EH$ gm±P' ‘| EH$m§H$sH$ma Xþ¶m}YZ H$mo gw¶moYZ ~VmH$a
CgHo$ M[aÌ C^maZo-{ZImaZo H$m gmW©H$ à¶mg {H$¶m h¡ Omo nmR>H$mo§ Ho$ ‘Z ‘| Xþ¶m}YZ
Ho$ à{V ghmZw^w{V n¡Xm H$aVm h¡&
g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m hoVw Aݶ AdVaU
1. ""‘wPo gX¡d EH$ ~mV H$m XþI ahoJm {H$ ‘oao {nVm A§Yo Wo&''
2. ""‘¢Zo Omo {H$¶m, dmo ‘oao Am¡a ‘oao ^mB¶m| Ho$ A{YH$ma Ho$ {bE Wm-
-- ‘wPo nVm h¡ {H$ gmao ¶wJ "B{Vhmg' X²dmam N>bo OmE±Jo&''munotes.in
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3. ""‘¢ A~ gmo ahm h±ÿ Am¡a ~hþV empÝV H$s {Z§Ðm ‘| brZ hmo ahm
h±ÿ, ~MnZ go Zht gmo nm¶m h±ÿ, ~aJX Ho$ no‹S> Ho$ ZrMo nbZodmbm
nm¡Ym ~Z H$a ah J¶m h±ÿ&''
4. H$moB© amÁ¶ Zht h¡, H$moB© àOm Zht h¡, H$moB© A{YH$ma Zht h¡, H$moB©
Y‘©-AY‘© Zht h¡, {Okmgm Zht h¡, bmbgm Zht h¡, PyR> Zht h¡
Am¡a gM ^r Zht h¡&
5. ""‘¥Ë¶w Ho$ dº$ Vmo ‘wPo ‘oao Agbr Zm‘ go ~wbm bmo AJa ‘wPgo
BVZr hr gm§ËdZm h¡ Vmo ?''
6. ""g~ ¶wX²Y ‘oar Va’$ go b‹S> aho Wo na§Vw {dO¶ Vwåhmar
MmhVo Wo&''
7. ""¶o g¥{ï> Am¡a ¶o ¶wJ dhr OmZoJr Omo CÝh| B{Vhmg ~VmEJm, Am¡a
‘wPo kmV h¡ {H$ Vw‘ B{Vhmg AnZr XoIaoI ‘| hr {bIdmAmoJo&''
8. ""Eogo ³¶m H$‘© {H$E h¢? ‘¢Zo ³¶m AZw{MV {H$¶m? Vw‘ Vmo nm±M
^mB© Wo, ‘oao Vmo gm¡ ^mB© Wo& ³¶m CÎma XoVm g~H$mo?''
9. ""‘wPo H$Xm{n kmV Zht Wm {H$ Eogm CgHo$ gmW hmoJm, Cg MH«$ì¶yh
H$m Am¡{M˶ AOw©Z Ho$ {bE Wm- - ‘wPo nVm hmoVm, Vmo ‘¢ CgH$m
dY Zht hmoZo XoVm&''
6.4 XrKm}Îmar¶ àíZ
àíZ 1 "‘hm^maV H$s EH$ gm±P' EH$m§H$s H$m CX²Xoí¶ {b{IE&
CÎma … ^maV ^yfU AJ«dmb X²dmam a{MV EH$m§H$s "‘hm^maV H$s EH$ gm±P' H$m
‘w»¶ CX²Xoí¶ ‘hm^maV ‘| Xþ¶m}YZ Ho$ M[aÌ H$mo C^maZm Am¡a {ZImaZm h¡&
¶h EH$m§H$s AnZo nmR>H$m| Ho$ ‘Z ‘| Y‘©amO ¶w{Y{ð>a Am¡a nm§S>dm| Ho$ à{V AZoH$
gdmb CËnÞ H$aVr h¡ Vmo dht H$m¡adloð> Xþ¶m}YZ Ho$ à{V gX²^md d ghmZw^y{V OJmVr
h¡& EH$m§H$s ‘| H$m¡adm| H$m AJ«O Xþ¶m}YZ Omo {H$ ‘¥Ë¶w e¡¶m na n‹S>m h¡ dh H$m¡adm|
H$m nj aIVm h¡, dh ‘¥Ë¶w e¡¶m na n‹S>o hmoZo Am¡a ‘hm^maV Ho$ ¶wX²Y ‘| nam{OV
hmo OmZo Ho$ ~mdOyX nyao Jd© Am¡a AmË‘àe§gm Ho$ A§XmO ‘| ¶w{Y{ð>a go ~mV| H$aVm
h¡ VWm ‘aVo dº$ Cgo CgHo$ Agbr Zm‘ go nwH$maZo H$m AmJ«h H$aVm h¡& Vmo dht
¶w{Y{ð>a {OÝh| Y‘©amO H$hm OmVm h¡ dh Xþ¶m}YZ Ho$ g‘j nm§S>dm| Am¡a g˶ Y‘©
H$m nj aIVm h¡ & ¶w{Y{ð>a Xþ¶m}YZ H$mo CgHo$ Agbr Zm‘ "gw¶moYZ' H$h H$a g§~mo{YV
^r H$aVm h¡ Am¡a {H$gr ~mV Ho$ {bE R>og nhþ±MZo Ho$ {bE ‘m’$s ^r ‘m±JVm
h¡& Xþ¶m}YZ H$s g^r ~mVmo§, g^r àíZm| H$m CÎma ¶w{Y{ð>a XoVm h¡& naÝVw Xþ¶m}YZ,
Y‘©amO ¶w{Y{ð>a H$mo Omo AmBZm {XImVm h¡, {Og Vah go ~mV|§ CZHo$ g‘j aIVm
h¡, {OVZr Vm{H©$H$Vm go CZHo$ g‘j AZoH$ àíZ aIVm h¡, CgHo$ g‘j ¶w{Y{ð>amunotes.in
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~m¡Zm ZOa AmVm h¡ Am¡a Y‘©amO ¶w{Y{ð>a VWm nm§S>dm| H$s OrV na, AY‘© na Y‘©
H$s OrV na AZoH$ gdmb CR>mVm h¡ Omo {H$ AnZo Amn ‘| {ddm{XV ‘wÔm hmo
gH$Vm h¡&
Bg àH$ma H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ "‘hm^maV H$s EH$ gm±P' EH$m§H$s H$m CX²Xoí¶
Xþ¶m}YZ Ho$ M[aÌ H$mo ½bmo[a’$mB© H$aZm, C^maZm-{ZImaZm h¡ ³¶mo§{H$ Xþ¶m}YZ H$s ~mV|
gwZH$a ¶w{Y{ð>a ^r Wmo‹S>r Xoa Ho$ {bE emÝV hmo OmVm h¡ CgHo$ nmg Xþ¶m}YZ Ho$ BZ
àíZm§o H$m, ‘gbZ ¶w{Y{ð>a Zo AnZr nËZr H$mo OwE Ho$ Xm§d na ³¶mo§ bJm¶m? AnZo
gJo ^mB© H$U© H$m dY YmoIo go ³¶m| {H$¶m? ¶{X AOw©Z ~‹S>m YZwY©a Wm Vmo EH$bì¶
H$m A±JyR>m ³¶mo§ H$mQ>m J¶m, ^r‘ Zo Xþ¶m}YZ H$mo hamZo Ho$ {bE N>b go H¥$îU H$m
ghmam ³¶m| {b¶m? H¥$îU Zo Xþ¶m}YZ H$s ‘mVm H$mo ³¶m| N>bm? Hw§$Vr Zo H$U© H$m
gM nm§S>dm| go ³¶m| Zht ~Vm¶m? ¶w{Y{ð>a Ho$ AnZo nm±M ^mB¶mo§ H$mo CÎma XoZm Wm
bo{H$Z Xþ¶m}YZ AnZo gm¡ ^mB¶m| H$mo ³¶m Odm~ XoVm? BZ V‘m‘ àíZm| H$m CÎma
¶w{Y{ð>a Ho$ nmg Zhr§ Wm&
BZ V‘m‘ àíZm|-àg§Jm§o Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go EH$m§H$sH$ma ^maV ^yfU AJ«dmb ‘hm^maV
‘| d{U©V-{M{ÌV Xþ¶m}YZ Ho$ M[aÌ H$mo nwZamdbmoH$Z H$aZo hoVw ào[aV H$aVo h¢, Cgo
EH$ ZB© Ñ{ï> go ì¶m»¶m{¶V H$aZo H$m ^md nmR>H$m| Ho$ ‘Z ‘o§ OmJ¥V H$aVo h§¡& ¶hr
Bg EH$m§H$s H$m CÔoí¶ h¡&
6.5 {Q>ßnUr
1. "‘hm^maV H$s EH$ gm±P' H$s H$WmdñVw
2. "‘hm^maV H$s EH$ gm±P' ‘| {M{ÌV Xþ¶m}YZ H$m M[aÌ
3. "‘hm^maV H$s EH$ gm±P' ‘| {M{ÌV ¶w{Y{ð>a H$m M[aÌ
4. "‘hm^maV H$s EH$ gm±P' ‘| Xþ¶m}YZ Am¡a ¶w{Y{ð>a H$s ~mVMrV
5. "‘hm^maV H$s EH$ gm±P' EH$m§H$s ‘| K{Q>V-KQ>Zm.
6.6 dñVw{Zð> àíZ :
1. "‘hm^maV H$s EH$ gm±P' {H$g {dYm H$s aMZm h¡?-EH$m§H$s
2. "‘hm^maV H$s EH$ gm±P' EH$m§H$s Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m¡Z h¡?- ^maV ^yfU AJ«dmb
3. "‘hm^maV H$s EH$ gm±P' EH$m§H$s Ho$ ‘w»¶ nmÌ H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z h¡?--Xþ¶m}YZ
Am¡a ¶w{Y{ð>a
4. "‘hm^maV H$s EH$ gm±P' ‘| H$~ H$m¡Z {H$ggo {‘bZo AmVm h¡? "‘hm^maV H$s
EH$ gm±P' EH$m§H$s ‘| ‘hm^maV Ho$ ¶wX²Y Ho$ A§{V‘ MaU ‘| EH$ em‘ ¶w{Y{ð>a
‘¥Ë¶w e¡¶m na n‹S>o AnZr A§{V‘ gm±g§o {JZ aho Xþ¶m}YZ go {‘bZo AmVm h¡&munotes.in
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5. AnZr ‘¥Ë¶w Ho$ dº$ Xþ¶m}YZ ¶w{Y{ð>a go Cgo {H$g Zm‘ go nwH$maZo Ho$ {bE
H$hVm h¡?- CgHo$ Agbr Zm‘-gw¶moYZ Ho$ Zm‘ go&
6. Xþ¶m}YZ Ho$ AZwgma ¶w{Y{ð>a B{Vhmg H¡$go {bIdmEJm?- AnZr XoI-aoI
Am¡a {ZJamZr ‘| {bIdmEJm&
7. ‘aVo g‘¶ Xþ¶m}YZ H$mo {H$g ~mV H$m XþI Wm-{H$ CgHo$ {nVm A§Yo Wo&
8. Xþ¶m}YZ Ho$ AZwgma gƒm ¶moX²Ym, XmZdra Am¡a Y‘u H$m¡Z Wm?--H$U©
9. Jwê$ÐmoUmMm¶© Zo {H$gH$m A±JyR>m Am¡a ³¶m| H$mQ>m Wm?--CÝhm|Zo EH$bì¶ H$m
A±JyR>m H$mQ>m Wm Vm{H$ AOw©Z g~go ~‹S>m YZwY©a ~Z gHo$&
10. H$U© dmñVd ‘| {H$gH$m nwÌ Wm Am¡a g^r bmoJ Cgo ³¶m g‘PVo Wo? H$U©,
Hw§$Vr H$m nwÌ Wm naÝVw g^r Cgo ewÐ nwÌ g‘PVo Wo ³¶m|{H$ EH$ ewÐ n[adma
Zo CZH$m nmbZ nmofU {H$¶m Wm&
6.7 Aݶ g§^m{dV XrKm}Îmar¶ àíZ
1. "‘hm^maV H$s EH$ gm±P' EH$m§H$s ‘| K{Q>V KQ>Zm H$m dU©Z H$s{OE&
2. "‘hm^maV H$s EH$ gm±P' EH$m§H$s Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go boIH$ ³¶m H$hZm MmhVm
h¡? ñnï> H$s{OE&
3. "‘hm^maV H$s EH$ gm±P' EH$m§H$s ‘| Xþ¶m}YZ Am¡a ¶w{Y{ð>a H$s ~mVMrV na
àH$me S>m{bE&
4. "‘hm^maV H$s EH$ gm±P' EH$m§H$s Ho$ AZwgma ¶w{Y{ð>a H$m M[aÌ-{MÌU
H$s{OE&
5. "‘hm^maV H$s EH$ gm±P' EH$m§H$s Ho$ AZwgma Xþ¶m}YZ Ho$ M[aÌ na àH$me
S>m{bE&
6. "‘hm^maV H$s EH$ gm±P' EH$m§H$s ‘| boIH$ H$s 춺$ ^mdZm ñnï>
H$s{OE&
7. "‘hm^maV H$s EH$ gm±P' EH$m§H$s Ho$ CX²Xoí¶ na àH$me S>m{bE&
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Hmunotes.in
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BH$mB© H$s énaoIm
6.1.1 BH$mB© H$s énaoIm
6.1.2 boIH$ n[aM¶
6.1.3 g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m
6.1.4 XrKm}Îmar¶ àíZ
6.1.5 {Q>ßnUr
6.1.6 dñVw{Zð> àíZ
6.1.7 Aݶ g§^m{dV XrKm}Îmar¶ àíZ
6.1.1 boIH$ n[aM¶
’$UrídaZmW aoUw H$m OÝ‘ 4 ‘mM© gZ² 1921 H$mo {~hma Ho$ Aa[a¶m {Obo
‘o§ pñWV qhJZm Jm±d ‘| hþAm Wm& BZH$s {ejm-Xrjm ^maV Am¡a Zonmb Ho$ {damQ>ZJa
go g§nÞ hþB©& ¶o EH$ g’$b CݶmgH$ma, H$hmZrH$ma, [anmoVm©O boIH$ h¢& "‘¡bm Am±Mb'
BZHo$ X²dmam a{MV A˶ÝV à{gX²Y Cnݶmg h¡ {Og‘| BZH$s VwbZm ào‘M§X go H$s
JB©& BZH$s Aݶ gm{hp˶H$ H¥${V¶m± h¡§-
Cnݶmg- ‘¡bm Am±Mb, naVr H$Wm, Owbyg, XrK©Vnm, {H$VZo Mm¡amho, nbQy> am‘ amoS>
H$hmZr g§J«h- EH$ Am{X‘ am{Ì H$s ‘hH$, Rw>‘ar, A{¾Imoa, AÀN>o AmX‘r
[anmoVm©O- F$U Ob, YZ Ob, Zonmbr H«$m§{VH$Wm, dZVwbgr H$s J§Y, ^«wV-A^«wV nyd}
à{gX²Y H$hm{Z¶m±- ‘mao JE Jwbµ’$m‘$ (Vrgar H$g‘), EH$ Am{X‘ am{Ì H$s ‘hH$,
bmb nmZ H$s ~oJ‘, n§MbmBQ>, V~o EH$bm Mbmo ao, R>og, g§d{X¶m& BÝh| "‘¡bm Am±Mb'
Cnݶmg Ho$ {bE "nX²‘lr' gå‘mZ {‘bm Wm &
6.2.1 gmam§e
’$Urída ZmW aoUw [anmoVm©O boIZ Ho$ à‘wI hñVmja h¢& BÝhm|Zo AnZo Bg
"gahX Ho$ Cg nma' [anmoVm©O ‘| ^maV Ho$ n‹S>mogr {‘Ì Xoe Zonmb H$s amOZr{VH$,
gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ Am¡a àemg{ZH$ Xem H$m dU©Z {H$¶m h¡&BH$mB© 6.1
"gahX Ho$ Cgnma' ([anmoVm©O) - ’$UrídaZmW aoUw6.1
munotes.in
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[anmoVm©O aMZmH$ma aoUw Or Zo Bg [anmoQ>© ‘| ~Vm¶m h¡ {H$ {~hma pñWV
H${Q>hma {Obo go Xg JO H$s Xÿar na Zonmb amÁ¶ H$m {damQ> ZJa pñWV h¡& {damQ>ZJa
H$b-H$maImZm|, "{‘bm| H$m ZJa h¡&' {h‘mb¶ H$s JmoX ‘| ~gm Zonmb {h‘mb¶ H$s
gwZhar Mmo{Q>¶m| go {Kam hþAm, ‘Z‘mohH$ gwÝXa h¡, Ohm± OmZo Ho$ {bE {H$gr H$m
^r {Xb ‘Mb CR>Vm h¡& H${Q>hma go AnZr Vbmer XoH$a ¶{X AmnHo$ nmg go H$moB©
Amn{ÎmOZH$ MrO Zht {ZH$bVr Vmo Amam‘ go Om¶m Om gH$Vm h¡ daZm å¶w{Z{gnbQ>r
Ho$ Hw$‹S>m T>moZo dmbo Q´>H$ ‘| ^r OJh Zht {‘boJr& ¶{X JbVr go ^r H$moB© ñd¶§
H$mo gmoe{bñQ> H$h Xo ¶m {damQ>ZJa ‘| ‘OXÿa ¶y{Z¶Z ~ZmZo H$s ~mV H$h Xo ¶m
‘OXÿam| H$s, X{bV H$m Aܶ¶Z H$aZodmbm ~Vm Xo Vmo CgH$s gmar {H$Vm~|, gmar
MrO| OãV H$a br OmE±Jr, CgHo$ gm‘Zo AZoH$ ‘wpíH$b| I‹S>r H$a
Xr OmE±Jr&
Zonmb H$s àH¥${V H$s JmoX ‘| OyQ> {‘ëg, H$m°Q>Z {‘ëg Ho$ ‘m{bH$m|-gmh~m|
Ho$ {bE EH$ go ~‹T>H$a EH$ ñdJ©-gm AmZÝX XoZo dmbo gwÝXa-gwÝXa ~§Jbmo ~Zo hþE
h¡§ Ohm± ~‹S>o ~‹S>o ‘m{bH$-gmh~-A{YH$mar-ZoVm ~‹S>o Amam‘ go AmZÝX‘¶ OrdZ
OrVo h¢ Am¡a Zonmb gaH$ma CZ V‘m‘ ny±Orn{V¶m| ê$nr Oharbo gm±nm| H$mo ha Vah
H$s ghm¶Vm-ghÿ{b¶V§o àXmZ H$aVr h¡ & Zonmb gaH$ma Ho$ gh¶moJ go hr ¶o Oharbo
gm±n (ny±Orn{V dJ©) AnZr Am~mXr ~‹T>m aho h¢ ‘gbZ ‘¢M ’¡$³Q>ar, hmBS´>mo-Bb¡p³Q´>H$,
gyJa {‘ëg, nona {‘ëg Am¡a gr‘oÝQ> {‘ëg Y‹S>mY‹S> Iwb ahr h¢& BgHo$ gmW hr
A~moY Zonmbr OZVm H$s Jm‹T>r H$‘mB© H$s aH$‘ {dXoer ~¡H$m| Ho$ ImVo ‘| ^ar Om
ahr h¡& Zonmbr OZVm H$s {OÝXJr {XZ-à{V{XZ ~XVa hmoVr Om ahr h¡ ³¶m|{H$ Zonmb
amÁ¶ BZ ny±Orn{V¶m| Ho$ Ka H$m ~§YH$ Z ~Z OmE, Bgr ~mV H$s Ame§H$m h¡& hmbm±{H$
A~ Zonmb Ho$ M¡Vݶ g‘mO H$s Am±I| Iwb MwH$s h¢, bmoJ Yrao-Yrao OmJê$H$ hmo
aho h¢& A~ OZVm ^r g‘PZo bJr h¡ {H$ Zonmb Ho$ {Za§Hw$e emgH$m| Am¡a BZ ny±Orn{V¶m|
‘| Jhar gm§R>-Jm±R> h¡& Bg JR>~§YZ Ho$ {Ibm’$ A~ ¶hm± O~X©ñV g’$b H«$mpÝV
hmoJr&
boIH$ Zo Zonmb H$s n[apñW{V¶m| H$m Jham Aܶ¶Z {H$¶m h¡& CgZo Zonmb
Ho$ O§Jbm| ‘| amOZr{V Am¡a gm{h˶ H$s {ejm àmá H$s h¡, Zonmb H$s H$mR> H$s H$moR>ar
‘| g‘mOdmX H$mo g‘Pm, nhm‹S> H$s H§$XamAm| ‘| ~¡R>H$a ê$g H$s amÁ¶H«$mpÝV H$m
Zonmbr ^mfm ‘| AZwdmX H$aVo hþE Cg Zonmbr nmJb Zm¡OdmZ H$s M‘H$Vr hþB© Am±Im§o
H$mo AnZr {OÝXJr ‘| ‘emb Ho$ ê$n ‘| J«hU {H$¶m h¡&
gZ² 1942 ‘| Zonmb Ho$ ~mny Zo dhm± àOmV§Ì H$m¶‘ H$aZo H$m gnZm XoIm
Wm naÝVw CÝh| Zonmb gaH$ma Zo ‘ma S>mbm &
CZHo$ OmZo Ho$ ~mX {e{jV OmJê$H$ ¶wdH$m| Zo CZH$o Bg ‘emb H$mo ObmE
aIm& ¶o g^r g‘mOdmX Ho$ {h‘m¶Vr Wo& {hÝXþñVmZ ‘| Zonmbr H$m±J«og H$m OÝ‘ Am¡a
à{gX²Y g‘mOdmXr lr {dídoída àgmX H$moBambm H$s ahZw^mB© ‘| boIH$ Ho$ Bg
H$WZ H$s g˶Vm H$mo Om±Mm naIm Om gH$Vm h¡& A§J«oOmo§ Ho$ OmZo Ho$ ~mX Zonmbmunotes.in
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Ho$ JwaIm| Zo H$^r JbVr go ^r EH$ amC§S> Jmobr {hÝXþñVmZr ZmJ[aH$m| na Mbm Xr
Vmo Zonmb H$s EH$ {VhmB© Am~mXr AmË‘-½bm{Z go {ga PwH$m boJr& ^maV H$s AJbr
H«$mpÝV ‘| Zonmb O~X©ñV {hñgm boJm& na h‘mao Xoe Ho$ ZoVmAm| H$s {ZJmh ‘| Xþ{Z¶m
^a Ho$ {bE XX© h¡ naÝVw Zonmb H$s emo{fV OZVm Ho$ {bE CZHo$ ‘w±h go EH$ eãX
Zht {ZH$bVm&
A~ Zonmb ‘| àJ{Verb gm{h˶H$mam|, H$bmH$mam| H$s g§»¶m ~‹T> ahr h¡&
Zonmbr gm{h˶ "{gnmhr', "H¡$H$¶r', "nambmo H$mo AmJ' Am{X aMZmAm| H$mo boH$a
Zonmb H$s gm{hp˶H$ ‘§S>br Xþ{Z¶m H$s {H$gr ^r gm{hp˶H$ à{V¶mo{JVm ‘| gå‘mZ
àmá H$a gH$Vr h¡& àH¥${V-gwf‘m go g§~§{YV gmW hr ¶WmW©dmXr aMZmAm| H$s ^r
¶hm± H$‘r Zht h¡& Zonmb Iy~gyaV Xoe h¡ naÝVw g‘¶ Ho$ gmW ¶h {nN>‹S>Vm Om
ahm h¡& ~agmV ‘| g‹S>H$mo§ na KwQ>Zo-KwQ>Zo ^a H$sM‹S>, J{‘©¶m| ‘| Yyb, Jar~r, ^«ï>mMma
A{ejm O¡gr V‘m‘ g‘ñ¶mE± Eogr h¢, {OgH$m g‘mYmZ H$a Zonmb H$mo Am¡a gwÝXa
~Zm¶m Om gH$Vm h¡ naÝVw emgH$ dJ© Am¡a R>oHo$Xmam| H$s {‘br ^JV go J‹S>~‹S>-
KmoQ>mbmo§ H$mo g‘PZm AmgmZ Zht h¡ ³¶m|{H$ Bg H$m¡‘ H$mo ¶hm± H$s gaH$ma Zo g{X¶m|
go ‘yI©-AZn‹T>> ~ZmH$a A§J«oOr gaH$ma H$s godm Ho$ {bE [aOd© aIm h¡& naÝVw A~
BZ‘| g‘P AmZo bJr h¡ OmJê$H$Vm ~‹T>Zo bJr h¡, emgH$ dJ© H$s Mmb g‘P ‘|
AmZo bJr h¡&
6.1.3 g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m
""H$‘ go H$‘ à˶oH$ nm±M gmb Ho$ ~mX ^r, Jar~ OZVm Ho$ n¡gmo§ H$m n§M‘m§e
hr BZ g‹S>H$m| na IM© {H$E OmVo Vmo, Mm±Xr H$s M‘M‘mVr hþB© g‹S>H$ Ho$ {H$Zmao
gmoZo Ho$ ‘mBbñQ>moZ J‹S>o hmoVo&''
g§X^© …
àñVwV JX²¶m§e h‘mao nmR²>¶ nwñVH$ JX²¶ {d{dYm ‘| {Z{hV [anmoVm©O "gahX
Ho$ Cg nma' go AdV[aV h¡& Bg [anmoVm©O Ho$ boIH$ ’$Urída ZmW aoUw Or h¢&
BÝhmo§Zo Bg [anmoVm©O ‘| Zonmb H$s amOZr{VH$, gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$, gm{hp˶H$ pñW{V¶m|
H$m aoIm{MÌ ItMm h¡&
ì¶m»¶m …
àñVwV AdVaU ‘| ’$Urída ZmW aoUwOr Zo Zonmb H$s g‹S>H$m| na àH$me S>mbVo
hþE {bIm h¡ {H$ Zonmb Xoe H$s ~mH$s g‹S>H$mo§ H$s pñW{V {H$VZr OO©a Am¡a IVaZmH$
h¡ ¶h Vmo Xÿa H$s ~mV h¡& ¶hm± H$m amOnW Omo {H$ dr.AmB©.nr. g‹S>H$ h¡ CgH$s pñW{V
Eogr h¡ {H$ dhm± Yyb hr Yyb h¡& ~agmV ‘| BZ g‹S>H$m| na KwQ>Zm| VH$ H$sM‹S> ^am
hmoVm h¡& gaH$ma, Am‘ Jar~ OZVm go {OVZm Q>¡³g dgyb H$aVr h¡ H$‘ go H$‘
à˶oH$ nm±M df© Ho$ ~mX ^r Cg YZ H$m nm±Mdm {hñgm ^r ¶{X g‹S>H$m| H$mo gwYmaZo,
BÝ’$mñQ´>³Ma na IM© H$aVr Vmo g‹S>H|$ Mm±Xr-gr M‘M‘mZo bJVt, g‹S>H$m| Ho$ {H$Zmaomunotes.in
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gwZhao ‘mBbñQ>moZ J‹S>o ahVo, n¶m©á amoeZr ahVr Am¡a Zonmb Ho$ amOnW H$s g‹S>H$m§o
H$s emZ Hw$N> Am¡a hr ahVr&
{deof …
Bg [anmoVm©O ‘| Zonmb Xoe H$s dV©‘mZ Xem H$m ~hþV ¶WmW©naH$ dU©Z hþAm
h¡& gmW hr àemgZ H$s VQ>ñWVm, CXmgrZVm H$m ^r gOrd {MÌU
hþAm h¡&
Aݶ g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m
1. ""‘¢ gmoe{bñQ> h±ÿ Am¡a {damQ>ZJa ‘| ‘OXÿa ¶y{Z¶Z H$m¶‘ H$aZo Am¶m h±ÿ
AWdm ‘OXÿam| H$s hmbV H$m Aܶ¶Z H$aZo Am¶m hÿ±&''
2. ""~g, Amn {Zame hmo JE? ‘¢ H$hVm h±ÿ, gw{Z¶o- ~hþV erK« hr ¶hm± O~X©ñV
H«$mpÝV hmoJr Am¡a g’$b H«$mpÝV hmoJr''
3. ""Bg H$m¡‘ H$mo ¶hm± H$s gaH$ma Zo g{X¶m| go ‘yI© Am¡a AZn‹T> ~ZmH$a A§J«oOr
gaH$ma H$s godm Ho$ {bE [aOd© aIm h¡&''
4. ""¶h amOnW h¡& BgH$s Yyb go Amn naoemZ h¢& ~agmV ‘| Vmo BZ g‹S>H$m|
na KwQ>Zm| VH$ H$sM‹S> hmoVo h¢&''
5. ""{H$ÝVw ¶hm± Ho$ R>oHo$Xmam| Am¡a emgH$ dJ© Ho$ J‹S>~‹S> KmoQ>mbm|§ H$mo Amn Zht
g‘P gH|$Jo&''
6. ""‘m¡gr Or, ¶h ‘ñHo$ H$s {IM‹S>r {H$g MrO Ho$ gmW ImD±$ ? Ka ‘| Z‘H$
^r Zht h¡ - - O¡gr öX¶ H$mo {dJ{bV H$a XoZodmbr "[a¶{bpñQ>H$' aMZmAm|
H$s ^r dhm± H$‘r Zht& H$me! àOm H$s AnZr nÌ-n{ÌH$mE±
hmoVr§! ....''
6.1.4 XrKm}Îmar¶ àíZ
àíZ 1 "gahX Ho$ Cg nma' [anmoVm©O H$m CX²Xoí¶ {b{IE&
CÎma … "gahX Ho$ Cg nma' ’$UrídaZmW aoUw X²dmam {b{IV EH$ ¶WmW©naH$ [anmoVm©O
h¡& Bg [anmoVm©O H$m CX²Xoí¶ h¡ Zonmb H$s amOZr{VH$, gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$
Xem H$m gOrd aoIm{MÌ ItMZm, dhm± H$s pñW{V go OZ‘mZg H$mo ê$~ê$ H$admZm&
Bg [anmoVm©O ‘| Xem©¶m J¶m h¡ {H$ Zonmb H$s amOZr{VH$, gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$
Xem OO©a h¡& ¶hm± H$m {damQ> ZJa "{‘bm| H$m ZJa' H$hbmVm h¡& ¶hm± ny±Orn{V¶m|
H$m dM©ñd {XZm|{XZ ~‹T>Vm Om ahm h¡ ³¶m|{H$ Zonmb gaH$ma CZ V‘m‘ ny±Orn{V¶m§o
H$mo V‘m‘ Vah H$s ghm¶Vm-ghÿ{b¶V| àXmZ H$aVr h¡ naÝVw ¶hm± H$s Am‘ OZVm
‘yb^yV Oê$aVm| Ho$ {bE Vag ahr h¡& g‘mO ‘| A{ejm, ~oamoOJmar, Jar~r, {~Obr,munotes.in
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nmZr, g‹S>H$ O¡gr g‘ñ¶mE± ‘w±h ~mE I‹S>r h¢ naÝVw gaH$ma H$s BZ‘| H$moB© {XbMñnr
Zht, Zm hr Hw$N> H$aZo MmhV h¡& Zonmbr Am‘ OZVm H$s {OÝXJr ~X go ~XVa
hmoVr Om ahr h¡ naÝVw gaH$ma Ho$ H$mZm| na Oy± Zht a|J ahr h¡&
g‘¶ Ho$ gmW-gmW A~ OZVm gMoV, OmJê$H$ hmoZo bJr h¡& A~ dh Zonmb
Ho$ {Za§Hw$e emgH$m| Ho$ gmW ny±Orn{V¶m| H$s Jhar gm±R>-Jm±R> Ho$ nrN>o Ho$ fS>¶§Ì H$mo
^br ^m±{V g‘PZo bJr h¡& A~ dh ¶hm± g‘mOdmX H$m Zmam ~wbÝX H$aZo hoVw H«$mpÝV
H$aZo go ^r nrN>o Zht hQ>oJr&
Bg [anmoVm©O H$m CX²Xoí¶ ¶h ~VmZm ^r h¡ {H$ Zonmb H$s AnZr g§ñH¥${V
h¡ & ¶o ^maVdm{g¶m| Ho$ {‹Ibmµ’$ H$^r h{W¶ma Zht CR>mVo {’$a ^r h‘mao ZoVmJU
BZHo$ {dH$mg Ho$ go à{V CXmgrZ h¡, CZHo$ {df¶ ‘| AnZm ‘w±h Zht ImobVo h¢&
¶hm± Ho$ gm{h˶H$mam| H$s boIZr go {ZH$bZo dmbr aMZmAm| ‘| "H¡$Ho$¶r', "{gnmhr',
"nambmo H$s AmJ' O¡gr aMZmE± gpå‘{bV h¢ {OZHo$ nmÌ ^maVr¶ hr h¢& XaAgb
gahX Ho$ Bg nma Am¡a gahX Ho$ Cg nmg H$s gä¶Vm, g§ñH¥${V, gmoM-{dMma {H$gr
^r n[aàoú¶ ‘| XoIZo na ñnï> hmoJm {H$ XmoZm| Xoem| ‘| H$m’$s hX VH$ g‘mZVm h¡&
¶hr Bg [anmoVm©O H$m CX²Xoí¶ h¡&
6.1.5 {Q>ßnUr
1. Zonmb H$s Am{W©H$, gm‘m{OH$ Xem
2. "gahX Ho$ Cg nma' [anmoVm©O H$m gmam§e
3. Zonmb H$m àmH¥${VH$ gm¡ÝX¶©
4. Zonmb Am¡a ny±Orn{V dJ©
5. Zonmb ‘| ny±Orn{V¶m| Am¡a emgH$ dJ© H$m JR>~§YZ
6. Zonmb H$s Xem Am¡a {Xem
7. "gahX Ho$ Cg nma' [anmoVm©O ‘| {M{ÌV Zonmb
6.1.6 dñVw{Zð> àíZ
1. "gahX Ho$ Cg nma' {H$g {dYm H$s aMZm h¡?- [anmoVm©O
2. "gahX Ho$ Cg nma' Ho$ boIH$ H$mo¡Z h¢?-’$UrídaZmW aoUw
3. "gahX Ho$ Cg nma' [anmoVm©O ‘| {H$g Xoe H$m dU©Z h¡?- Zonmb H$m&
4. H${Q>hma {Obo go Zonmb H$s Xÿar {H$VZr h¡?- Xg JO
5. {damQ>ZJa H$mo Aݶ {H$g Zm‘ go OmZm OmVm h¡?--{‘bm| H$m ZJamunotes.in
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6. Zonmb ‘| {H$gH$m à^md ~‹T>Vm Om ahm h¡?- ny±Orn{V¶m| H$m
7. boIH$ H$mo amOZr{V Am¡a gm{h˶ H$s {ejm H$hm± {‘br?- Zonmb Ho$ O§Jbm| ‘|&
8. boIH$ Zo g‘mOdmX H$s àma§{^H$ nwñVH$mo§ H$moo H$hm± n‹T>m?-EH$ Zonmbr H$s
H$mR> H$s H$moR>ar ‘|&
9. Zonmbr ^mfm ‘| {H$g H«$m§{V H$m AZwdmX {H$¶m J¶m?- ê$g H$s amÁ¶ H«$mpÝV H$m
10. {H$Ýht Xmo Zonmbr aMZmAmo§ Ho$ Zm‘ {b{IE&
(1) H¡$Ho$¶r (2) {gnmhr (3) nambmo H$s AmJ
6.1.7 Aݶ g§^m{dV XrKm}Îmar¶ àíZ
1. "gahX Ho$ Cg nma' [anmoVm©O H$m CX²Xoí¶ {b{IE&
2. "gahX Ho$ Cg nma' [anmoVm©O ‘| {Z{hV Zonmb H$s pñW{V na àH$me S>m{bE&
3. "gahX Ho$ Cg nma' Am¡a "gahX Ho$ Bg nma' ‘| ³¶m A§Va Am¡a ³¶m g‘mZVmE±
h¡ ? ñnï> H$s{OE&
4. "gahX Ho$ Cg nma' [anmoVm©O ‘| {M{ÌV amOZr{VH$, gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ Xem
H$m {MÌU H$s{OE&
5. Zonmb Ho$ {df¶ ‘| boIH$ ’$UrídaZmW aoUw Ho$ Aܶ¶Z na àH$me S>m{bE&
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
munotes.in
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BH$mB© H$s ê$naoIm
7.1 BH$mB© H$s ê$naoIm
7.2 boIH$ n[aM¶
7.3 gmam§e
7.4 g§X^©g{hV ì¶m»¶m
7.5 AmË‘H$Wm H$m CX²Xoí¶
7.6 g§^m{dV XrKm}Îmar¶ àíZ
7.7 {Q>ßnUr
7.8 bKwÎmar¶ àíZ
7.2 boIH$ n[aM¶
gwà{gÜX g‘H$mbrZ H$hmZrH$ma, CnݶmgH$ma d ZmQ>H$H$ma ^rî‘ gmhZr AnZo
g‘¶ Am¡a g‘mO H$mo àJ{Verb Ñ{ï> go àñVwV H$aZo dmbo aMZmH$ma h¢& BZH$m OÝ‘
8 AJñV 1915 H$mo amdbqnS>r ‘| hþAm& BÝhm|Zo A§J«oOr gm{h˶ ‘| E‘.E. d nr-
EM.S>r.H$s& 1947 ‘| Xoe-{d^mOZ Ho$ Xm¡amZ ¶o {X„r Am JE& Bg KQ>Zm H$m CZHo$
{Xb d {X‘mJ na H$m’$s Jham Aga n‹S>m& Bgr{bE {d^mOZ H$s ÌmgXr CZHo$ H$Wm-
gm{h˶ H$m EH$ ‘m{‘©H$ n‹S>md h¡& do Hw$N> g‘¶ ~å~B© ‘| aho Am¡a {’$a H«$‘e…
A§~mbm Am¡a {X„r ‘| A§J«oOr Ho$ àmܶmnH$ aho& bJ^J gmV dfm} VH$ do "{dXoer
^mfm àH$meZ J¥h' ‘mñH$mo go Ow‹So> aho AnZo Bg àdmgH$mb Ho$ Xm¡amZ CÝhm|Zo {g’©$
ê$gr ^mfm H$m Aܶ¶Z hr Zht {H$¶m ~pëH$ AZoH$ ê$gr nwñVH$m| H$m AZwdmX
^r {H$¶m&
BZHo$ H$hm{Z¶m| Ho$ {df¶ gm‘m{OH$ d amOZr{VH$ {dg§J{V¶m| go g§~§{YV hmoVo
h¢& BZH$s Ñ{ï> ¶WmW©dmXr h¡ BÝhm|Zo AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ H$s {dg§J{V¶m| na H$amam 춧½¶
{H$¶m h¡& BZH$s H$hm{Z¶m| Ho$ H$WmZH$ ‘mZdr¶ g§doXZmAm| H$mo boH$a MbVo h¢& AnZr
ñnï>dm{XVm Ho$ H$maU do gm{h˶ OJV ‘| H$m’$s M{M©V aho h¢& BZH$s à‘wI H$hmZr
g§J«hm| ‘|- - "^m½¶ aoIm', "nQ>[a¶m±', "dmS²>My', "nhbm nmR>', "^Q>H$Vr amI', "emo^m¶mÌm',
"à{V{Z{Y H$hm{Z¶m±' VWm "M{M©V H$hm{Z¶m±', Am{X h¢& CZHo$ à{gÜX Cnݶmgm| ‘|-
- "PamoIo', "H${‹S>¶m±', "V‘g', "~g§Vr' VWm "Zrby Zr{b‘m Zrbmo’$a', Am{X h¢& ZmQ>H$m|
Ho$ A§VJ©V-- "H${~am I‹S>m ~mOma ‘|', "hmZye' VWm "Amb‘Jra' Am{X à‘wI h¢&BH$mB© 7
"AmO Ho$ AVrV' (AmË‘H$Wm) - ^rî‘ gmhZr7
munotes.in
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^rî‘ gmhZr Zo H$hm{Z¶m| Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go AnZo ¶wJ Ho$ ¶WmW© H$mo A{^ì¶{º$
Xr h¡& BÝhm|Zo ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ níMmV Xoe ‘| ì¶mnH$ ñVa na ’¡$b aho ^«ï>mMma, emofU,
^mB©-^VrOmdmX d AdgadmX Am{X H$mo H$hm{Z¶m| Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go ~oZH$m~ H$aZo H$m
à¶mg {H$¶m h¡, {OÝhm|Zo h‘mao gm‘m{OH$ ‘yë¶m| H$s Ztd {hbm Xr h¢& Bg àH$ma
h‘ XoIVo h¢ {H$ gmhZr Or H$s H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| dV©‘mZ pñW{V Ho$ à{V Ag§Vmof Ho$
gmW-gmW n[adV©Zerb g‘mO H$s AnojmE± ^r n[ab{jV hmoVr h§¡&
"AmO Ho$ AVrV' go AmË‘H$϶ H$m gmam§e …
"AmO Ho$ AVrV' go ^rî‘ gmhZr H$m A˶§V hr ‘m{‘©H$ AmË‘H$϶ h¡&
Bg‘| AmYw{ZH$ g‘¶ H$s {~S>å~ZmAm| H$mo ~‹S>r JhamB© go aoIm§{H$V {H$¶m J¶m h¡&
boIH$ H$mo ¶mX AmVm h¡ {H$ {Og g‘¶ CgZo "V‘g' Cnݶmg {bIZo H$s ewê$AmV
H$s Wr& Cg Xm¡amZ O~ do AnZo {‘Ì ~bamO Or Ho$ Ka ‘wå~B© nhþ±Mo Vmo CÝh| nVm
Mbm Xmo {XZ nhbo hr ‘wå~B© go gQ>o {^d§S>r ‘o§ X§Jm hþAm Wm& CZHo$ {‘Ì ~bamO
Or AnZo Hw$N> gm{W¶m| »dmOm Ah‘X Aã~mg Am¡a AmB©.Eg. Om¡har Ho$ gmW dhm±
Om aho Wo& ‘moQ>a H$ma ‘| EH$ AmX‘r H$s OJh Imbr Wr Bgr{bE ‘¢ ^r gmW
hmo {b¶m&
{^d§S>r ~wZH$am| H$m ZJa Wm& {Ogo byQ>oam| H$s ZOa bJ JB©& O~ h‘ dhm±
nhþ±Mo Vmo X§Jo Ho$ ~mX Ho$ ‘§Oa H$mo XoIH$a h¡amZ ah JE& OJh-OJh nw{bg Ho$
g§V[a¶m| Ho$ V§~y bJo Wo& g‹S>H$ na {g’©$ Amdmam Hw$Îmo {XImB© Xo aho h¢& OJh-
OJh ^m§S>m-qQ>S>a {~Iao hþE Wo& AnZo Kam| Ho$ ~am‘Xo d N>Vm| go Pm±H$Vo bmoJ ‘y{V©dV
{XImB© Xo aho Wo& Mmam| Amoa gÞmQ>m N>m¶m hþAm Wm& no‹S>m| na ~¡R>o {JÔ Am¡a Mrb
AnZm ^moOZ Vbme aho Wo& J{b¶m± bm±KVo hþE AnZo H$X‘m| H$s AmdmO, AnZo
H$mo hr gwZmB© Xo ahr Wr& J¥h{U¶m± AnZo Kam| H$s XhbrO na I‹S>r AnZm| Ho$ AmZo
H$m B§VOma H$a ahr Wt&
Bg ZJa H$s EH$ {deofVm ¶h ^r Wr {H$ ¶hm± na gmPo-H$mamo~ma, gmPo boZ-
XoZ d gmPo AmXmZ-àXmZ Ho$ CXmhaU {‘b OmVo h¢& {OZ‘| {hÝXÿ Am¡a ‘wgb‘mZ H$m {‘bH$a
XþH$mZ MbmZm d ~wZH$am| Ho$ H$m‘ ‘| {hÝXÿ-‘wgb‘mZm| H$s {eaH$V em{‘b Wr&
boIH$ A~ {X„r dmng Am JE Wo& AMmZH$ CÝho§ amdbqnS>r Ho$ X§Jm| H$m
ñ‘aU hmo AmVm h¡& dhm± Ho$ H$m±J«og Ho$ CZHo$ gmWr ¶moJr am‘ZmW, ~»er Or, ~mbr
Or, hH$s‘Or, AãXþb AOrX, ‘ohaM§X AmhÿOm, AOrO, OaZ¡b.... ‘mñQ>a AOw©ZXmg...
Am{X AmIm| Ho$ gm‘Zo Ky‘Zo bJVo h¢& ¶moJr Or BZ X§Jm| H$mo boH$a H$m’$s qM{VV
{XImB© Xo aho Wo& do H$‘ríZa go H$h aho Wo {H$ ’$gmX H$mo {OVZm OëXr hmo gHo$
amoH$Zm A{Zdm¶© h¡& Zht Vmo eha na Mrb| C‹S>|Jr& H$‘ríZa Bg ~mV H$mo boH$a
qM{VV h¢ {H$ ’$m¡O na CgH$m hþ³‘ Zht MbVm AݶWm dh ’$m¡O H$mo V¡ZmV H$a
XoVm& CÝh| Jm±Yr Ho$ do dm³¶ ¶mX AmVo h¢- ""nm{H$ñVmZ ‘oar bme na&'' ñd¶§ H$m
n§{S>V Zohê$ Ho$ gmW H$m¡‘r PÊS>o ‘| ZrMo ZmMZm Am{X& V~ boIH$ H$mo Eohgmg hmoVmmunotes.in
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h¡ {H$ ""{H$gr Cnݶmg H$s aMZm boIH$ H$s H$b‘ Zht H$aVr, CgH$m ‘pñVîH$
Zht H$aVm, CgH$m ^md{dhdb öX¶ H$aVm h¡&''
V^r boIH$ Ho$ gm‘Zo Wmohm Imbgm H$s ¶mÌm Ho$ Ñí¶ Ky‘Zo bJVo h¢& Cgo
Cg Hw$E§ H$s ¶mX AmVr h¡ Ohm± na X{g¶m| {gI {ó¶m± AmnZr Ag‘V ~MmZo Ho$
{bE Hw$E§ ‘o§ Hy$X ‘ar Wt& ~mX ‘| bme| ’y$bH$a D$na VH$ Am JB© Wr& CZ na
g’o$X nmCS>a {N>‹S>H$m Om ahm Wm& Vm{H$ bme| EH$-Xÿgao go Z CbP|& Hw$E§ Ho$ Amg-
nmg I‹S>o gaXma AnZr Kadmbr, ~ƒm| d gJo g§~§{Y¶m| H$mo XoIH$a ’$’$H$ CR>Vo
Wo& boIH$ H$hVm h¡ {H$ Bg Cnݶmg H$m H$WmZH$ ^bo hr dmñV{dH$ OrdZ go
CR>m¶m J¶m hmo, BgHo$ nmÌ dmñV{dH$ OrdZ go CR>mE JE nmÌ hm| {’$a ^r H$mën{ZH$
nmÌ CgHo$ ghJm‘r hmoZo bJVo h¢& dh ~VmVo h¢ [H$ Bg Cnݶmg ‘| gyAa ‘maZo
dmbm ZËWy Am¡a CgH$s nËZr XmoZm| hr H$mën{ZH$ h¢& boIH$ H$m ‘mZZm h¡ {H$ Cnݶmg
Ho$ nmÌ ¶{X {dídgZr¶ hmo Vmo CZHo$ H$mën{ZH$ d dmñV{dH$ hmoZo go H$moB© ’$H©$
Zht n‹S>Vm&
H$mën{ZH$ d dmñV{dH$ OrdZ go CR>mB© JB© KQ>Zm Ho$ g§~§Y ‘o§ ~mV H$aVo
hþE boIH$ H$hVm h¡ {H$ H$ënZm H$s C‹S>mZ go ‘Vb~ ‘ZJ‹T>§V {MÌU Zht h¡ ~pëH$
H$WmZH$ Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ AZwê$n hr H$mën{ZH$ nmÌmo§ H$m ì¶dhma d ZB©-ZB© pñW{V¶m|
H$m Am{dîH$ma ^r hmoZm Mm{hE& V^r dmñV{dH$ OrdZ Ho$ A§Xa nmB© OmZo dmbr
gƒmB© H$m CX²KmQ>Z H$ënZm X²dmam hmoJm& daZm Amn n‹T>Vo a{hE, {OVZm V϶ Am±H$‹S>mo§
H$s ‘XX go {bI|Jo CVZr hr aMZm H$‘Omoa hmoVr OmEJr&
boIH$ H$mo {‘eZ AñnVmb Ho$ ~mam‘Xo H$m Ñí¶ ¶mX Am OmVm h¡& Omo O»‘r
eaUm{W©¶m| go ^am h¡& O»‘r {ÌbmoH$ qgh H$hVm h¡ {H$ ""aã~ PyR> Z ~wbdmE,
‘wPo h‘rXo Zo Zht ‘mam& ‘oao {ga na J§‹S>mgm {nN>br T>mob go AmE {H$gr AZOmZ
AmX‘r Zo ‘mam Wm&'' Bg àH$ma ñ‘¥{V¶m| Ho$ AmYma na {Z{‘©V Cnݶmg H$m H$moB©
~±Ym-~Ym¶m H$WmZH$ Zht hmoVm Bg{bE ¶mXm| Ho$ X~md ‘| {bIo Cnݶmg, JR>Z
H$s Ñ{ï> go {e{Wb hmoVo h¢&
AmJo Bgr Cnݶmg na Jmo{dÝX {ZhbmZr Zo Bg na {’$ë‘ V¡¶ma H$s& {’$ë‘m|
Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| boIH$ ~VmVm h¡ {H$ {’$ë‘H$ma {Og aMZm H$mo boH$a {’$ë‘ ~ZmVm
h¡& Cg‘| AmE nmÌm| go g§~§{YV n[adoe H$mo A{^ì¶{º$ XoVm h¡& O¡go Kam| H$m nyam
H$m nyam ‘wh„m V¡¶ma H$aZm, {’$ë‘ ñQy>{S>¶m| Ho$ A§Xa nyam H$m nyam JwéX²dmam V¡¶ma
{H$¶m J¶m& bo{H$Z Bg {’$ë‘ ‘| boIH$ eaUm{W©¶m| dmbo Ñí¶ na Omoa XoVm h¡&
boIH$ H$s nËZr erbm Hw$N> [aâ¶yOr Am¡aVm| go ~mV H$a ahr Wr Omo {’$ë‘ ‘| E³ñQ´>m
H$m‘ H$a ahr Wr& V~ erbm Zo ~Vm¶m Vw‘ bmoJ [aâ¶y{O¶m| H$m grZ {XIm aho hmo
dh {OZgo ‘| ~mV| H$a aht Wr do gM H$s [aâ¶yOr h¢& O~ nm{H$ñVmZ AbJ hþAm
Wm V~ ¶o bmoJ Ka N>mo‹S>H$a ^mJVo hþE ¶hm± Am nhþ±Mo&
Bg àH$ma boIH$ Zo Cnݶmg aMVo g‘¶ àmá H$s OmZo dmbr gm‘J«r Ho$
{d{dY Am¶m‘m| H$mo h‘mao g‘j aIZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m h¡& boIH$ Zo ñ‘¥{V¶m| H$smunotes.in
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^r Cnݶmg aMZo ‘o§ ‘hËdnyU© ^y{‘H$m H$mo ñdrH$ma {H$¶m h¡& CÝhm|Zo ¶WmW© Ho$ gmW-gmW
H$ënZm H$mo ^r g‘mZ ‘hÎd {X¶m ~eV} KQ>ZmAm| H$s {dídgZr¶Vm ñI{bV Z hmo&
{XE JE AZwÀN>oX H$s g§X^©g{hV ì¶m»¶m { b { I E &
AZwÀN>oX …
""Cnݶmg H$s gƒmB© Ho$ ‘mZX§S> Bg ~mV na {Z^©a Zht hmoVo {H$ A‘wI
KQ>Zm dmñVd ‘| KQ>r Wr ¶m Zht, ~pëH$ Bg ~mV na {H$ OrdZ Ho$ g‘yMo ¶WmW©
Ho$ n[aàoú¶ ‘| ¶h KQ>Zm {dídgZr¶ ~Z nmB© h¡ ¶m Zht&''
g§X^© …
àñVwV JX²¶m§e h‘mar nmR²>¶ nwñVH$ JX²¶-{d{dYm Ho$ "AmO Ho$ AVrV' Zm‘H$
"AmË‘H$϶' go {b¶m J¶m h¢ {Ogo ^rî‘ gmhZr Zo {bIm h¡&
àg§J …
Bg JX²¶m§e ‘| Cnݶmg H$s {dígZr¶Vm H$mo ~Zm¶o aIZo Ho$ n¡‘mZm| H$s MMm©
H$s JB© h¡&
ì¶m»¶m …
boIH$ ^rî‘ gmhZr Or Cº$ JX²¶m§e Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go Bg ~mV H$mo A{^춳V
H$aVo h¢ {H$ Cnݶmg H$s aMZm H$aVo g‘¶ CnݶmgH$ma H$mo Bg ~mV H$m ܶmZ aIZm
Mm{hE {H$ Cnݶmg ‘| CX²Y¥V gm‘J«r ì¶{³V Ho$ g§nyU© OrdZ Ho$ AZw^dm| H$s ¶WmW©Vm
go ‘ob Im aho h¢ ¶m Zht& ¶{X ¶o ì¶{³V Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ AZw^dm| go ‘ob ImVo {XImB©
XoVo Vmo bmoJm| H$m OrdZ H$mo boH$a {dídmg ~‹T> OmVm h¡& bmoJm| H$mo Cnݶmg ‘| AmB©
KQ>Zm AnZo OrdZ H$s KQ>ZmE± bJZo bJVr h¢& Omo aMZm H$mo g‘mO ‘| ñdrH¥${V
{XbmVr h¢& BgHo$ níMmV Bg ~mV H$m H$moB© ‘hÎd Zht ah OmVm h¡§ {H$ Cnݶmg
H$s KQ>ZmE± gƒmB© na Ho$pÝÐV h¢ ¶m H$ënZm na& AWm©V g‘mO ‘| do hr Cnݶmg
AWdm aMZmE± H$mbO¶r ~Z nmVr h¢ Omo ì¶{º$ Ho$ OrdZ H$mo g‘yMo ê$n ‘| CHo$aZo
‘| gj‘ hm|&
{deof …
1. Cnݶmg H$s gm‘J«r Ho$ g§X^© ‘| {dMmam| H$mo aIm J¶m h¡&
2. H$ënZm Ho$ ‘hÎd H$mo A{^ì¶{º$ Xr JB© h¡&
3. Cnݶmg ‘| KQ>Zm H$s {dídgZr¶Vm H$mo àmW{‘H$Vm Xr JB© h¡&
àíZ 1 "AmO Ho$ AVrV' Zm‘H$ AmË‘H$϶ H$m CÔoí¶ ñnï> H$s{OE&
CÎma … ^rî‘ gmhZr X²dmam {b{IV AmË‘H$϶ H$m CÔoí¶ boIH$ X²dmam g‘mO H$mo
Xr OmZodmbr H$mbO¶r aMZmAm| Ho$ g§X^© ‘| h¡& Bg‘| boIH$ AnZr ¶mXm|munotes.in
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H$mo gOm§oH$a "V‘g' Zm‘H$ Cnݶmg H$mo {bIVm h¡& boIH$ ~VmVm h¡ {H$ {H$g Vah
go CgZo AnZo OrdZ Ho$ {d{dY AZw^dm| H$mo ¶mX H$a eãX~ÜX H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee
H$s h¡& gmW hr g‘mO H$mo EH$ CËH¥$ï> aMZm ^r {‘b gHo$ Bg ~mV H$m ܶmZ
^r aIm J¶m h¡&
boIH$ Cnݶmg H$m àma§^ H$ënZm go H$aVm h¡& boIH$ H$m ‘mZZm h¡ {H$ ¶{X
H$ënZm OrdZ Ho$ ¶WmW© H$m ~moY H$amZo ‘| Am¡a bmoJm| Ho$ {dídmg H$mo ~ZmE aIZo
‘| gj‘ h¡ Vmo ¶h Cnݶmg ‘| CVZm hr ‘hÎd aIVm h¢ {OVZm ¶WmW© KQ>ZmE±& {OgH$m
à¶moJ boIH$ Zo ñd¶§ AnZo Cnݶmg V‘g ‘| {H$¶m h¡& boIH$ H$m ¶h Cnݶmg
ñ‘¥{V¶m| na Ho$pÝÐV h¡& Bg AmË‘H$϶ H$s ewê$AmV ‘| CÝhm|Zo ‘wå~B© go gQ>o {^d§S>r
‘| hþE X§Jm| Ho$ H$maU dhm± H$s ì¶dñWm Ho$ Ma‘amZo H$s pñW{V H$mo A{^ì¶{º$ Xr
h¡& CÝhm|Zo ~Vm¶m h¡ {H$ {H$g àH$ma ~wZH$am| Ho$ Zm‘ go OmZr OmZo dmbr ¶h ZJar
Ohm± g^r Y‘m} Ho$ bmoJ {‘bOwbH$a H$m‘ H$aVo Wo& Eogm bJVm h¡ {H$ CZH$s Bg
{XZM¶m© na {H$gr H$s ZOa bJ JB© hmo& Bgr{bE g‘mO Ho$ Hw$N> AamOH$ VÎdm|
Zo CZHo$ ~rM H$Qw>Vm H$m ~rO ~moZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m h¡&
CgHo$ níMmV amdbqnS>r Ho$ X§Jm| H$m C„oI {H$¶m h¡ VWm dhm± H$s pñW{V
H$mo XoIH$a A§J«oO {S>ßQ>r H${‘íZa ^r qM{VV hmo OmVo h¢& do em§{Vì¶dñWm H$mo H$m¶‘
aIZo Ho$ ha g§^d à¶mg H$aZo H$s VaH$s~ gmoMVo ahVo h¢& Wmohm Imbgm H$s ¶mÌm
Ho$ Xm¡amZ H$r KQ>Zm ^r boIH$ Ho$ gm‘Zo AmZo bJVr h¡ Ohm± X{g¶m| {gI {ó¶m|
Zo AnZr Ag‘V ~MmZo Ho$ {bE Hw$E§ ‘| Hy$X ‘mar Wr& Ohm± ~mX ‘| g^r bme|
’y$b-’y$b H$a Hw$E± go ~mha {ZH$b ahr Wt&
boIH$ BZ ¶WmW© pñW{V¶m| H$mo Ho$ÝÐ ‘| aIH$a Cnݶmg H$s aMZm H$aVm
h¡& gmW H$s Hw$N> H$mën{ZH$ ~mVm| H$mo ^r aMZm go Omo‹S>Vm h¡ Omo H$hmZr H$mo gH$mamË‘H$Vm
àXmZ H$aVo hþE AmJo ~‹T>o & dh BZ X§Jm| Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go bmoJm| H$mo grI XoZm MmhVm
h¡ {H$ X§Jo ‘Zwî¶ Ho$ OrdZ ‘| {H$g àH$ma {~Iamd bmVo h¢& Cº$ ñ‘¥{V¶m| Ho$ ‘mܶ‘
go boIH$ AmOmXr Ho$ Xm¡amZ A§J«oOm| X²dmam aMr JB© gm{Oem| H$m nXm© ’$mg ^r H$aVm
h¡& ~mX ‘| Bg na {’$ë‘ ^r V¡¶ma H$s JB© {Og‘| ñd¶§ boIH$ d CgH$s nËZr
Zo A{^Z¶ {H$¶m h¡& Bgr A{^Z¶ Ho$ Xm¡amZ boIH$ H$s nËZr H$s ‘wbmH$mV CZ
E³ñQ´>m eaUm{W©¶m| go hmoVr h¢ Omo dmñVd ‘| eaUmWu Wo& CÝhm|Zo ~Vm¶m {H$ {H$g
àH$ma CÝhm|Zo nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ AbJ hmoZo na AnZm g~ Hw$N> dht N>mo‹S>H$a Xa-Xa
^Q>H$Vo hþE ‘wå~B© ‘| eaU br Am¡a AmO E³ñQ´>m eaUmWu Ho$ ê$n ‘| A{^Z¶ H$a
AnZo Am¡a AnZo n[adma H$m noQ> nmbZo Ho$ {bE A{^eá h¢&
Bg àH$ma boIH$ BZ g^r X§Jm| Ho$ CËnÞ ÌmgX pñW{V¶m| H$mo A{^ì¶{º$
XoH$a g‘mO H$mo AmJmh H$aVm h¡ {H$ B§gm{Z¶V H$mo ~MmE aIZo Ho$ {bE h‘| Eogr
pñW{V¶m| go ~Mo ahZo H$s Amdí¶H$Vm h¡&munotes.in
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7.6 g§^m{dV XrKm}Îmar àíZ …
1. "AmO Ho$ AVrV' go Zm‘H$ AmË‘H$϶ H$s g§doXZm H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE&
2. "AmO Ho$ AVrV' go Zm‘H$ AmË‘H$϶ H$m gmam§e AnZo eãXm| ‘| {b{IE&
3. "AmO Ho$ AVrV' go Zm‘H$ AmË‘H$϶ H$s H$Wm-dñVw H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE&
7.7 {Q>ßn{U¶m± {b{IE …
àíZ 1 {^d§S>r ‘| X§Jm &
CÎma … "AmO Ho$ AVrV' go ^rî‘ gmhZr H$m A˶§V hr ‘m{‘©H$ AmË‘H$϶ h¡&
Bg‘| AmYw{ZH$ g‘¶ H$s {~S>å~ZmAm| H$mo ~‹S>r JhamB© go aoIm§{H$V {H$¶m
J¶m h¡& boIH$ H$mo ¶mX AmVm h¡ {H$ {Og g‘¶ CgZo "V‘g' Cnݶmg {bIZo H$s
ewê$AmV H$s Wr& Cg Xm¡amZ O~ do AnZo {‘Ì ~bamO Or Ho$ Ka ‘wå~B© nhþ±Mo
Vmo CÝh| nVm Mbm Xmo {XZ nhbo hr ‘wå~B© go gQ>o {^d§S>r ‘| X§Jm hþAm Wm& CZHo$
{‘Ì ~bamO Or AnZo Hw$N> gm{W¶m| »dmOm Ah‘X Aã~mg Am¡a AmB©.Eg. Om¡har
Ho$ gmW dhm± Om aho Wo& ‘moQ>a H$ma ‘| EH$ AmX‘r H$s OJh Imbr Wr Bgr{bE
do ^r gmW hmo {bE Wo&
{^d§S>r ~wZH$am| H$m ZJa Wm& {Ogo byQ>oam| H$s ZOa bJ JB©& O~ h‘ dhm±
nhþ±Mo Vmo X§Jo Ho$ ~mX ‘§Oa H$mo XoIH$a h¡amZ ah JE& OJh-OJh nw{bg Ho$ g§V[a¶m|
Ho$ V§~y bJo Wo& g‹S>H$ na {g’©$ Amdmam Hw$Îmo {XImB© Xo aho Wo& OJh-OJh ^m§S>m-
qQ>S>a {~Iao hþE Wo& AnZo Kam| Ho$ ~am‘Xo d N>Vm| go Pm±H$Vo bmoJ ‘y{V©dV {XImB©
Xo aho Wo& Mmam| Amoa gÞmQ>m N>m¶m hþAm Wm & no‹S>m| na ~¡R>o {JÔ Am¡a Mrb AnZm
^moOZ Vbme aho Wo& J{b¶m± bm±KVo hþE AnZo H$X‘m| H$s AmdmO; AnZo H$mo hr
gwZmB© Xo ahr Wr& J¥h{U¶m± AnZo Kam| H$s XhbrO na I‹S>r AnZm| Ho$ AmZo H$m
B§VOma H$a ahr Wr§&
Bg ZJa H$s EH$ {deofVm ¶h Wr {H$ ¶hm± na gmPo-H$mamo~ma, gmPo boZ-
XoZ d gmPo AmXmZ-àXmZ Ho$ CXmhaU {‘b OmVo h¢& {OZ‘| {hÝXÿ Am¡a ‘wgb‘mZ
H$m {‘bH$a XþH$mZ MbmZm d ~wZH$am| Ho$ H$m‘ ‘| {hÝXÿ-‘wgb‘mZm| H$s {eaH$V em{‘b
Wr& bo{H$Z g‘mO Ho$ Hw$N> AamOH$ VÎdm| Zo BZH$s em§V qOXJr ‘| EH$-Xÿgao Ho$
à{V H$‹S>dmhQ> ^aZo Ho$ BamXo go X§Jo H$mo A§Om‘ {X¶m& boIH$ Zo AnZo Cnݶmg
Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go X§Jo Ho$ H$maU bmoJm| Ho$ ~rM H$s Amngr Xÿar H$mo nmQ>Zo H$m à¶mg
{H$¶m h¡&
7.6 g§^m{dV {Q>ßn{U¶m± …
1. amdbqnS>r Ho$ X§Jo&
2. {’$ë‘ Ho$ E³ñQ´>m eaUmWu&
3. Cnݶmg ‘| H$mën{ZH$ d dmñV{dH$ Ñí¶&munotes.in
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àíZ … {Zå‘{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma EH$ dm³¶ ‘| Xr{OE &
(H$) ~å~B© Ho$ {H$g ZJa ‘| {hÝXÿ-‘wpñb‘ X§Jo hþE Wo?
CÎma … { ^ d § S > r &
(I) Pw½Jr Ho$ ~mha {H$gH$m qnOam Wm?
CÎma … V m o V o H $ m &
(J$) boIH$ H$m {‘Ì ~bamO H$hm± ahVm Wm?
CÎma … ~ å ~ B © &
(K$) {^d§S>r {H$ZH$m ZJa Wm&
CÎma … ~ w Z H $ a m | H $ m &
(S>$) bmem| na ³¶m {N>‹S>H$m Om ah Wm?
CÎma … g ’ o $ X n m C S > a
(M>$) gaXma H$s ‘ar hþB© nËZr H$s H$bmB© ‘| ³¶m h¡&
CÎma … g m o Z o H $ m J m o I S y > &
(N>$) boIH$ Ho$ Cnݶmg Ho$ H$mën{ZH$ nmÌ H$m¡Z h¢?
CÎma … Z Ë W y A m ¡ a C g H $ s n Ë Z r &
(O$) V‘g na {’$ë‘ H$m¡Z ~Zm ahm Wm?
CÎma … J m o q d X { Z h b m U r &
(P$) {’$ë‘ ‘| gaXma H$s ^y{‘H$m {H$gZo {Z^mB© Wr?
CÎma … b o I H $ Z o
(Äm) pñ‘Vm nm{Q>b {’$ë‘ ‘| A{^Z¶ ³¶m| Zht H$a nmB© Wr?
CÎma … ³ ¶ m | { H $ d h J ^ © d V r W r &
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Hmunotes.in
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BH$mB© 7.1
^mfm ~hVm Zra ({Z~§Y) - Hw$~oaZmW am¶7.1
7.1.1 BH$mB© H$s ê$naoIm
7.1.2 {Z~§Y H$m gmam§e
7.1.3 {Z~§Y H$m CX²Xoí¶
7.1.4 g§^m{dV XrKm}Îmar àíZ
7.1.5 {Q>ßnUr
7.1.6 bKwÎmar¶ àíZ
7.1.1 boIH$ n[aM¶
gwà{gÜX gm{h˶H$ma Hw$~oaZmW am¶ H$m OÝ‘ 26 ‘mM© 1933 H$mo CÎma
àXoe Ho$ JmOrnwa {Obo Ho$ ‘Vgm± J«m‘ ‘| hþAm& CZHo$ {nVmOr H$m Zm‘ ñd. ~¡Hw$ÊR>
Zmam¶U am¶ Ed§ ‘mVmOr H$m Zm‘ ñd. bú‘r am¶ Wm& CÝhm|Zo H$mer {hÝXÿ {díd{dX²¶mb¶,
dmamUgr Am¡a H$bH$Îmm {díd{dX²¶mb¶ go {ejm àmá H$s& CZH$s nËZr H$m Zm‘
‘hmamZr Xodr Wm& AnZo godmH$mb Ho$ Amaå^ ‘| CÝhm|Zo {dH«$‘ {dX²¶mb¶ H$mobH$mVm
‘| AܶmnZ {H$¶m& CgHo$ ~mX 1959 ‘| do Zb~mar H$m°boO, Zb~mar, Ag‘ ‘|
AܶmnH$ Ho$ nX na {Z¶wº$ hþE& ¶hm± CÝhm|Zo bJ^J AÆ>mBg dfm} VH$ godm àXmZ
H$s& Zm¡H$ar Ho$ ApÝV‘ AmR>-Zm¡ dfm} ‘| Ag‘ ‘| ì¶má Aem§{V Ho$ H$maU CÝh| JmOrnwa
bm¡Q> AmZm n‹S>m& ¶hm± AmH$a CÝhm|Zo ghOmZÝX ‘hm{dX²¶mb¶, JmOrnwa, CÎma àXoe
‘| àmMm¶© H$m nX ^ma g§^mbm& CZH$m nhbm b{bV {Z~ÝY "ho‘ÝV H$s g§Ü¶m' Y‘©¶wJ
Ho$ 15 ‘mM© 1964 Ho$ A§H$ ‘| N>nm& ¶h CZH$m nhbm {Z~§Y g§J«h "{à¶m ZrbH§$R>r'
H$m nhbm {Z~ÝY h¡& CZH$m XohmdgmZ 5 OyZ 1996 H$mo hþAm&
CZHo$ {Z~§Y g§J«hm| ‘| {à¶m ZrbH§$R>r, J§Y‘mXZ, ag AmIoQ>H$, {dfmX ¶moJ,
{ZfmX ~m±gwar, nU© ‘wHw$Q>, ‘hmH${d H$s VO©Zr, H$m‘YoZw, ‘amb, AJ‘ H$s Zmd, am‘m¶U
‘hmVrW©‘, {MÝ‘¶ ^maV… Amf© qMVZ Ho$ ~w{Z¶mXr gyÌ, {H$amV ZXr ‘| M§Ð‘Yw, Ñ{ï>
A{^gma, dmUr H$m jragmJa, CÎmaHw$é& H${dVm g§J«h…H§$R>‘{U& CÝh| g‘¶-g‘¶ na
AZoH$ gå‘mZ d nwañH$am| go gå‘m{ZV {H$¶m J¶m h¡ {OZ‘| kmZnrR> H$m ‘y{V© Xodr
nwañH$ma, AmMm¶© am‘M§Ð ew³b gå‘mZ 1971, CÎma àXoe {hÝXr g§ñWmZ H$m "gm{h˶
^yfU' 1975 Am¡a AmMm¶© ‘hmdra àgmX X²{ddoXr nwañH$ma 1987 go gå‘m{ZV {H$¶m
J¶m&
7.1.2 gmam§e
"^mfm ~hVm Zra' Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go Hw$~oaZmW am¶ Zo ^mfmAm| H$s pñW{V d
^mfmAm| H$mo boH$a {dX²dmZm| Ho$ EH$mH$s gmoM na qMVm 춺$ H$s h¡& do ‘hmZ Xme©{ZH$munotes.in
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H${d H$~ra Ho$ ^mfm g§~§Yr Hw$N> {dMmam| O¡go ^mfm EH$ àdmh‘mZ ZXr h¡, ^mfm
~hVm hþAm Ob Am{X H$mo boH$a H$m’$s à^m{dV h¡& bo{H$Z H$~ra H$s Bg C{º$
""g§ñH¥$V Hy$n Ob h¡, na ^mfm ~hVm Zra'' H$m I§S>Z H$aVo h¢&
CZH$m ‘mZZm h¡ {H$ "Zra' H$mo ì¶mnH$ g§X^© ‘| XoIZo H$r Amdí¶H$Vm h¡&
do H$hVo h¢ {H$ g§ñH¥$V ‘mÌ Hy$n Ob H$^r Zhr§ Wm& CZH$m ‘mZZm h¡ {H$ ¶{X H$~ra
O¡gm ì¶{º$ Eogm H$hVm h¡ Vmo Cgo ¶m Vmo B{Vhmg H$m ~moY Zht Wm Am¡a Wm ^r Vmo
AYyam Wm& AݶWm do A˶mMmar d A˶mMmaJ«ñV XmoZm| H$mo EH$ hr bmR>r go Zht
nrQ>Vo& AV… {Z~§YH$ma H$hVm h¡ {H$ g§ñH¥$V H$s ^y{‘H$m ^maVr¶ ^mfmAm| Am¡a gm{h˶
Ho$ g§X^© ‘| "Hy$nOb' go H$ht Á¶mXm {dñV¥V h¡& {Z~§YH$ma H$hVm h¢ {H$ H$~ra Ho$
dm³¶m§e "g§ñH¥$V ^mfm Hy$n Ob' H$m g§~§Y ^mfm gm{h˶ go h¡ hr Zht& ¶h dm³¶m§e
nwamo{hV V§Ì Ho$ {Ibm’$ T>obo~mOr ^a h¡ {OgH$m àVrH$ Wr g§ñH¥$V ^mfm&
AmJo {Z~§YH$ma H$hVm h¡ {H$ g§ñH¥$V ‘oK d {h‘dmh Ho$ g‘mZ h¢ Omo Aݶ
^maVr¶ ^mfm ê$nr Z{X¶m| H$mo AnZm ñZoh go gZmW H$aVr h¡& Cgo Or{dV aIVr
h¡& AV… H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ g§ñH¥$V EH$ àmUdmZ òmoV Ho$ ê$n ‘| ^mfm-g§ñH¥${V
Am¡a AmMma-{dMma H$mo hñVm§V[aV H$aVr ahr h¡&
"boIZ ‘| ~mobMmb H$s ^mfm H$m à¶moJ boIZ H$mo g~b Am¡a ñdñW aIVm
h¢&' boIH$ H$~ra Ho$ Bg ~mV H$m eV-à{VeV g‘W©Z H$aVo h¢& bo{H$Z O~ Bgr
~mV H$m Cn¶moJ {hÝXr H$mo O‹S>-‘yb go AbJ (ê$Q>bog) H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$¶m OmVm
h¡ Vmo ~mV Amn{ÎmOZH$ hmo OmVr h¡& H$~ra Zo ñd¶§ AnZr ^mfm ‘| g§ñH¥$V H$m
Cn¶moJ {H$¶m h¡& na§Vw H$ht Z H$ht OmH$a do ^r Am‘ AmX‘r hr R>haVo h¢ Am¡a
"g§ñH¥$V ^mfm Hy$nOb' dmbr ~mV Cgr "Am‘ AmX‘r' H$s IrP h¡&
{Z~§YH$ma H$hVm h¡ {H$ H$~ra H$s gmd©^m¡‘ g˶ "^mfm ~hVm Zra' Ho$ gmao
A§V{Z©{hV nQ>bm| H$mo Iy~ g‘PH$a hr h‘| Bgo ñdrH$ma H$aZm Mm{hE& boIH$ H$hVm
h¡ {H$ CgZo H$~ra Ho$ ^mfm-{gÜXm§V H$mo AnZo boI ‘| "gVhr AW©' ‘| hr Zht
~pëH$ "gdmªJ AW©' ‘| ñdrH$ma {H$¶m h¡& Bgr{bE CZHo$ boI ‘| ~mOmê$ {hÝXr,
^moOnwar, Am{X H$m à¶moJ {XImB© XoVm h¡& CÝhm|Zo AnZr nwñVH$ bmoH$-g§ñH¥${V na
Ho$pÝÐV nwñVH$ "{ZfmX ~m±gwar' ‘| ^maV H$s nwZ©ì¶m»¶m H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s h¡&
{Og‘| Am¶}ËÎma VËdm| na Omoa XoVo hþE Jm±d-XohmV H$s eãXmdbr H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m
h¡& Omo eãX OZ-g‘mO Ho$ H§$R> go {ZH$bo hmoVo h¢ & do H$ht ^r, H$^r ^r An{dÌ
¶m Aíbrb Zht hmoVo& Aíbrb ¶m An{dÌ Vmo g§X^© ¶m CÔoí¶ hmoVo h¢&
{Z~§YH$ma Bg ~mV H$mo boH$a qM{VV h¡ {H$ 1981 Ho$ ~mX H$~ra Ho$ "^mfm
~hVm Zra' H$m J§^ra qMVZ {H$E {~Zm ñWyb Am¡a gVhr Ñ{ï> go gmoMZm H$~ra Ho$
EH$ ‘hmH$mì¶ H$mo nwZ… b§J‹S>m Am¡a ~m¡Zm H$a XoZm hmoJm& "^mfm ~hVm Zra' h¡ Vmo
^r ^mfm Ho$ Hw$N> eVm} H$mo ܶmZ ‘| aIVo hþE hr {H$gr ¶wJ d joÌ Ho$ eãXm| H$momunotes.in
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em{‘b {H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¡& 1981 Ho$ ~mOma ‘| Ho$db Mmby eãXm| Ho$ à¶moJ go
hr h‘mam H$m‘ Zht Mb gH$Vm ³¶m|{H$ boIH$ {’$ë‘H$ma hr Zht ~pëH$ dh {ejH$
^r h¡& CgH$m Xm{¶Ëd {’$ë‘-{Z‘m©Vm Ho$ ì¶mdgm¶r Xm{¶Ëd go ~‹S>m h¡&
{Z~§YH$ma Bg ~mV H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aVm h¡ {H$ ^mfm H$mo AH$maU Xÿê$h ¶m H${R>Z
Zht ~ZmZm Mm{hE& gH$maU H$moB© Xmof Zht h¡& O¡go Jmoñdm‘r VwbgrXmg Zo ‘mZg H$s
^mfm ‘| ¶o n{º$¶m± {bIr h¢- "hmo‹S> KwUmja ݶm¶ {O‘, nw{Z à˶yh AZoH$&' Am¡a
H$~ra ^r Oê$aV n‹T>Zo na ¶moJemó Am¡a doXm§V H$s eãXmdbr H$m à¶moJ H$aVo h¢&
O¡go-bwH$mR>r Am¡a ‘moVr ‘mZg MyZ Am{X& gmW hr boIH$ ñd¶§ H$s aMZm ‘| à¶wº$
dm³¶ H$m C„oI H$aVm h¡- ""‘¢Zo ZXr H$s Amoa A{Z‘of bmoMZ Ñ{ï> go XoIm&''
{Z~§YH$ma H$hVm h¡ {H$ gm{h˶H$ma nmR>H$ H$s C±Jbr nH$‹S>H$a Zht MbVm, ~pëH$
nmR>H$ gm{h˶H$ma H$s C±Jbr nH$‹S>H$a MbVm h¡& boIH$ d nmR>H$ Ho$ Bg g§~§Y
H$mo OZdmXr¶wJ H$m gñVm Zmam n[ad{V©V Zht H$a gH$Vm h¡&
{Z~§YH$ma H$hVm h¡ {H$ AmO {hÝXr H$s ^y{‘H$m ~hþV ~‹S>r hmo JB© h¡& Cgo
A~ dhr H$m‘ H$aZm h¡ Omo H$^r g§ñH¥$V {H$¶m H$aVr Wr Omo AmO I§{S>V ê$n ‘|
A§J«oOr H$a ahr h¡& {hÝXr H$mo AmO {e{jV dJ© Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go g§nyU© kmZ {dkmZ
H$m ‘mܶ‘ ~ZZm h¡& AV… "^mfm ~hVm Zra' H$mo EH$ gVhr AW© ‘| Z boH$a Cgo
ì¶mnH$ n[aàoú¶ ‘| XoIZm hmoJm& g§ñH¥$V Ho$ Omo eãX n¶©¶mdmMr ê$n ‘| AmE h¢& do
g^r H$ht Z H$ht OZ^mfm Ho$ gm‘mݶ eãX hr h¢& {OÝh| {hÝXr ‘| à¶moJ H$a àMbZ
‘| bmZm hmoJm&
{XE JE AZwÀN>oX H$s g§X^©g{hV ì¶m»¶m {b{IE &
AZwÀN>oX …
"g§ñH¥$V ^mfm Hy$nOb' H$m g§~§Y ^mfm, gm{h˶ go h¡ hr Zht ¶h dm³¶m§e
nwamo{hV V§Ì Ho$ {Ibm’$ T>obo~mOr ^a h¡& {OgH$m àVrH$ Wr g§ñH¥$V ^mfm&'
g§X^© …
àñVwV {Z~§Y h‘mar nmR²>¶ JX²¶-{d{dYm Ho$ "^mfm ~hVm Zra' Zm‘H$ {Z~§Y
go {b¶m J¶m h¡ {Ogo Hw$~oaZmW am¶ Zo {bIm h¡&
àg§J …
Bg {Z~§Y ‘| nwamo{hV V§Ì Ho$ {Ibm’$ AmH«$moe {XImB© XoVm h¡&
ì¶m»¶m …
{Z~§YH$ma H$m ‘mZZm h¡ [H$ "Zra' H$mo ì¶mnH$ g§X^© ‘| XoIZo H$s Amdí¶H$Vm
h¡& do H$hVo h¢ {H$ g§ñH¥$V ‘mÌ Hy$n Ob H$^r Zhr§ Wm& CZH$m ‘mZZm h¡ {H$ ¶{X
H$~ra O¡gm ì¶{º$ Eogm H$hVm h¡ Vmo Cgo ¶m Vmo B{Vhmg H$m ~moY Zht Wm Am¡amunotes.in
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Wm ^r Vmo AYyam Wm& AݶWm do A˶mMmar d A˶mMmaJ«ñV XmoZm| H$mo EH$ hr bmR>r
go Zht nrQ>Vo& AV… {Z~§YH$ma H$hVm h¢ {H$ g§ñH¥$V H$s ^y{‘H$m ^maVr¶ ^mfmAm|
Am¡a gm{h˶ Ho$ g§X^© ‘| "Hy$nOb' go H$ht Á¶mXm {dñV¥V h¡& {Z~§YH$ma H$hVm
h¡ {H$ H$~ra Ho$ dm³¶m§e "g§ñH¥$V ^mfm Hy$n Ob' H$m g§~§Y ^mfm gm{h˶ go h¡
hr Zht& ¶h dm³¶m§e nwamo{hV V§Ì Ho$ {Ibm’$ T>obo~mOr ^a h¡ {OgH$m àVrH$ Wr
g§ñH¥$V ^mfm& do CZ n§{S>Vm| H$m {damoY H$a aho Wo, Omo ^mobr-^mbr OZVm H$mo emóm|
H$s Am‹S> ‘| R>J aho Wo&
{deof …
1. {Z~§YH$ma Zo g§ñH¥$V ^mfm H$s ì¶m{á H$mo A{^ì¶{º$ Xr h¡&
2. Bg‘| nm|Jm n§{S>Vm| H$s nmob ImobH$a aI Xr h¡&
3. B{Vhmg H$s OmZH$mar H$mo àYmZVm Xr h¡&
àíZ … "^mfm ~hVm Zra' Zm‘H$ {Z~§Y H$m CÔoí¶ ñnï> H$s{OE&
CÎma … Bg {Z~§Y Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go Hw$~oaZmW am¶ Zo ^mfmAm| H$s pñW{V d ^mfmAm|
H$mo boH$a {dX²dmZm| Ho$ EH$mH$s gmoM na qMVm 춺$ H$s h¡& do ‘hmZ Xme©{ZH$ H${d
H$~ra Ho$ ^mfm g§~§Yr Hw$N> {dMmam| O¡go ^mfm EH$ àdmh‘mZ ZXr h¡, ^mfm ~hVm
hþAm Ob Am{X H$mo boH$a H$m’$s à^m{dV h¢& bo{H$Z H$~ra H$s Bg C{º$ ""g§ñH¥$V
Hy$n Ob h¡, na ^mfm ~hVm Zra'' H$m I§S>Z H$aVo h¢&
CZH$m ‘mZZm h¡ {H$ "Zra' H$mo ì¶mnH$ g§X^© ‘| XoIZo H$s Amdí¶H$Vm h¡&
do H$hVo h¢ {H$ g§ñH¥$V ‘mÌ Hy$n Ob H$^r Zht Wm & CZH$m ‘mZZm h¡ {H$ ¶{X
H$~ra O¡gm ì¶{º$ Eogm H$hVm h¡ Vmo Cgo ¶m Vmo B{Vhmg H$m ~moY Zht Wm Am¡a
Wm ^r Vmo AYyam Wm& AݶWm do A˶mMmar d A˶mMmaJ«ñV XmoZm| H$mo EH$ hr bmR>r
go Zht nrQ>Vo& AV… {Z~§YH$ma H$hVm h¢ {H$ g§ñH¥$V H$s ^y{‘H$m ^maVr¶ ^mfmAm|
Am¡a gm{h˶ Ho$ g§X^© ‘| "Hy$nOb' go H$ht Á¶mXm {dñV¥V h¡& {Z~§YH$ma H$hVm
h¡ {H$ H$~ra Ho$ dm³¶m§e "g§ñH¥$V ^mfm Hy$n Ob' H$m g§~§Y ^mfm gm{h˶ go h¡
hr Zhr§& ¶h dm³¶m§e nwamo{hV V§Ì Ho$ {Ibm’$ T>obo~mOr ^a h¡ {OgH$m àVrH$ Wr
g§ñH¥$V ^mfm&
"boIZ ‘| ~mobMmb H$s ^mfm H$m à¶moJ boIZ H$mo g~b Am¡a ñdñW aIVm
h¡&' booIH$ H$~ra H$s Bg ~mV H$m eV-à{VeV g‘W©Z H$aVo h¢ & bo{H$Z O~ Bgr
~mV H$m Cn¶moJ {hÝXr H$mo O‹S>-‘yb go AbJ (ê$Q>bog) H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$¶m OmVm
h¡ Vmo ~mV Amn{ÎmOZH$ hmo OmVr h¡& H$~ra Zo ñd¶§ AnZr ^mfm ‘| g§ñH¥$V H$m
Cn¶moJ {H$¶m h¡& na§Vw H$ht Z H$ht OmH$a do ^r Am‘ AmX‘r hr R>haVo h¢ Am¡a
"g§ñH¥$V ^mfm Hy$nOb' dmbr ~mV Cgr "Am‘ AmX‘r' H$s IrP h¡&
{Z~§YH$ma Bg ~mV H$mo boH$a qM{VV h¡ {H$ 1981 Ho$ ~mX H$~ra Ho$ "^mfm
~hVm Zra' H$m J§^ra qMVZ {H$E {~Zm ñWyb Am¡a gVhr Ñ{ï> go gmoMZm H$~ra Ho$munotes.in
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EH$ ‘hmH$mì¶ H$mo nwZ… b§J‹S>m Am¡a ~m¡Zm H$a XoZm hmoJm& "^mfm ~hVm Zra' h¡ Vmo
^r ^mfm Ho$ Hw$N> eVm} H$mo ܶmZ ‘| aIVo hþE hr {H$gr ¶wJ d joÌ Ho$ eãXm| H$mo
em{‘b {H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¡& 1981 Ho$ ~mOma ‘o§ Ho$db Mmby eãXm| Ho$ à¶moJ go
hr h‘mam H$m‘ Zht Mb gH$Vm ³¶m|{H$ booIH$ {’$ë‘H$ma hr Zht ~pëH$ dh {ejH$
^r h¡& CgH$m Xm{¶Ëd {’$ë‘-{Z‘m©Vm Ho$ ì¶mdgm¶r Xm{¶Ëd go ~‹S>m h¡&
{Z~§YH$ma g§ñH¥$V ^mfm H$s XÿéhVm H$mo boH$a ^«{‘V bmoJm| H$mo AmJmh H$aVo
hþE H$hVo h¢ {H$ ^mfm H$mo AH$maU Xÿê$h ¶m H${R>Z Zht ~ZmZm Mm{hE& gH$maU
H$moB© Xmof Zht h¡& O¡go Jmoñdm‘r VwbgrXmg Zo ‘mZg H$s ^mfm ‘| ¶o nqº$¶m± {bIr
h¢- "hmo‹S> KwUmja ݶm¶ {O‘, nw{Z à˶yh AZoH$&' R>rH$ Bgr Vah H$~ra ^r Oê$aV
n‹T>Zo na ¶moJemó Am¡a doXm§V H$s eãXmdbr H$m à¶moJ H$aVo h¢& O¡go-bwH$mR>r Am¡a
‘moVr ‘mZg MyZ Am{X& gmW hr {Z~§YH$ma ñd¶§ H$s aMZm ‘| à¶wº$ dm³¶ H$m C„oI
H$aVm h¡- ""‘¢Zo ZXr H$s Am¡a A{Z‘of bmoMZ Ñ{ï> go XoIm&'' {Z~§YH$ma H$hVm h¡
{H$ gm{h˶H$ma nmR>H$ H$s C±Jbr nH$‹S>H$a Zht MbVm, ~pëH$ nmR>H$ gm{h˶H$ma
H$s C±Jbr nH$‹S>H$a MbVm h¡& {Z~§YH$ma d nmR>H$ Ho$ Bg g§~§Y H$mo OZdmXr¶wJ
H$m gñVm Zmam n[ad{V©V Zht H$a gH$Vm h¡&
Bg àH$ma {Z~§YH$ma ^mfm H$mo boH$a g‘mO H$mo VQ>ñW ahZo Ho$ CÔoí¶ go
Bg {Z~§Y H$mo {bIVm h¡& gmW hr dh OZ gm‘mݶ H$mo AmJmh H$aVm h¡ {H$ ì¶{º$
AnZr {damgV go H$Q>H$a {dH$mg Zht H$a gH$Vm& AV… h‘ {Og àH$ma AnZo nyd©Om|
H$s g§n{Îm H$m g§ajU gm{YH$ma H$aVo h¢ R>rH$ Cgr Vah h‘| AnZo nyd©Om| H$s ^mfm
g§ñH¥$V H$mo g§ajU àXmZ H$aZm Mm{hE& CgHo$ ^rVa g§{MV kmZ H$mo AmË‘gmX H$a
CgHo$ n¶m©¶dmMr gab eãXm| Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go AmJm‘r nr‹T>r H$m ‘mJ© Xe©Z H$aZo hoVw
ê$naoIm V¡¶ma H$aZr Mm{hE&
g§^m{dV XrKm}Îmar àíZ
1. "^mfm ~hVm Zra' Zm‘H$ {Z~§Y H$s g§doXZm H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE&
2. "^mfm ~hVm Zra' Zm‘H$ {Z~§Y H$m gmam§e AnZo eãXm| ‘| {b{IE&
3. "^mfm ~hVm Zra' Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go boIH$ H$s qMVm H$mo A{^춺$ H$s{OE&
{Q>ßn{U¶m± {b{IE …
àíZ 1 H$~ra H$m ^mfm {gÜXm§V&
CÎma … {Z~§YH$ma H$hVm h¡ {H$ H$~ra H$s gmd©^m¡‘ g˶ "^mfm ~hVm Zra' Ho$ gmao
A§V{Z©{hV nQ>bm| H$mo Iy~ g‘PH$a hr h‘o§ Bgo ñdrH$ma H$aZm Mm{hE& boIH$ H$hVm
h¡ {H$ CgZo H$~ra Ho$ ^mfm-{gÜXm§V H$mo AnZo boI ‘| "gVhr AW©' ‘o§ hr Zht
~pëH$ "gdmªJ AW©' ‘o§ ñdrH$ma {H$¶m h¡& Bgr{bE CZHo$ boI ‘| ~mOmê$ {hÝXr,
^moOnwar, Am{X go ^r ‘whmdao d ^§{J‘mAm| H$s A{^ì¶{º$ H$mo ‘m±J Ho$ AZwgma ~o{hMH$munotes.in
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J«hU {H$¶m h¡& CÝhm|Zo bmoH$-g§ñH¥${V na Ho$pÝÐV AnZr nwñVH$ "{ZfmX ~m±gwar' ‘|
^maV H$s nwZ©ì¶m»¶m H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s h¡& {Og‘| Am¶}Îma VËdm| na Omoa XoVo
hþE Jm±d-XohmV H$s eãXmdbr H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡&
AS²>S>m~mOr, Mmoar, Zm¡H$m¶Z Ho$ eãXm| go boH$a Jm±d XohmV Ho$ AZoH$ ‘whmdao
Cg‘| Am JE h¢& Omo eãX OZ-g‘mO Ho$ H§$R> go {ZH$bo hmoVo h¡§& do H$ht ^r,
H$^r ^r An{dÌ ¶m Aíbrb Zht hmoVo& Aíbrb ¶m An{dÌ Vmo g§X^© ¶m CÔoí¶
hmoVo h¢&
Bg àH$ma {Z~§YH$ma H$~ra Ho$ ^mfm {gÜXm§V H$mo ñd¶§ ^r ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¢&
{Z~§YH$ma H$s qMVm ¶hr h¡ {H$ ^mfm H$s ZdrZVm H$mo J«hU H$aVo hþE ^mfm Ho$ àmMrZ
ñdê$n H$m ˶mJ Zht H$aZm Mm{hE& h‘| ^mfm H$s ‘¶m©Xm H$m ^r ܶmZ aIVo hþE;
AnZo {X‘mJ H$mo Iwbm aIH$a C{MV eãX H$mo J«hU H$aZm Mm{hE& Cg g‘¶ h‘|
¶h qMVm Zht hmoZr Mm{hE {H$ do {H$gr H$mb d {H$g ^mfm Ho$ eãX h¡§&
g§^m{dV {Q>ßn{U¶m± …
(H$) g§ñH¥$V H$s ^y{‘H$m
(I) boIH$ H$m Xm{¶Ëd
àíZ… { Z å Z { b { I V à í Z m | H o $ C Î m a EH$ dm³¶ ‘| Xr{OE&
(1) H$~ra H$m {Xb H¡$gm Wm?
CÎma … ~‹S>m gm’$ Wm&
(2) g§ñH¥$V H$mo boH$a H$m¡Z gr ~mV ^«m‘H$ h¡?
CÎma … Hy$nOb dmbr&
(3) ~hVo Zra dmbr ZXr ‘| OrdZ-g§Mma H$~ hmoVm h¡?
CÎma … {h‘dmh Ho$ JbZo na&
(4) {h‘dmh Ho$ A{V[aº$ ZXr Ho$ ~hVo Zra H$m Xÿgam òmoV ³¶m h¡?
CÎma … ‘oK h¢&
(5) boIH$ H$m Xm{¶Ëd {H$gHo$ Xm{¶Ëd go ~‹S>m h¡?
CÎma … {’$ë‘-{Z‘m©Vm Ho$ ì¶dgm¶r Xm{¶Ëd go&
(6) ^mfm H$mo AH$maU H¡$gm Zht ~ZmZm Mm{hE?
CÎma … Xþê$h Am¡a H${R>Z&
(7) H$~ra Zo Oê$aV n‹S>Zo na {H$g eãXmdbr H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡?
CÎma … ¶moJemñÌ d doXm§V H$s&
(8) ~wÜX Zo nhbr ~ma "A{Z‘of bmoMZ Ñ{ï>' go {H$go {Zhmam Wm?
CÎma … ~mo{Yd¥j H$mo&
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Hmunotes.in
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BH$mB© H$s ê$naoIm
8.1 boIH$ n[aM¶
8.2 "ga¶y ^¡¶m' H$m gmam§e
8.3 "ga¶y ^¡¶m' Zm‘H$ g§ñ‘aU H$m CX²Xoí¶
8.4 g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m
8.5 Mm[a{ÌH$ {deofVmE±
8.6 g§^m{dV XrKm}Îmar àíZ
8.7 g§^m{dV {Q>ßn{U¶m±
8.8 bKwÎmar¶ àíZ
8.1 OrdZ n[aM¶
lr am‘d¥j ~oZrnwar H$m OÝ‘ gZ² 1902 B©. ‘|. {~hma Ho$ ‘wOâ’$anwa {ObmÝVJ©V
J«m‘ ~oZrnwa ‘| hþAm Wm& gm‘mݶ H¥$fH$ - n[adma ‘o OÝ‘o am‘d¥j Ho$ öX¶ ‘|
Xoe-ào‘ H$m ^md Amaå^ go hr ^am Wm& gZ² 1920 ‘| Agh¶moJ AmÝXmobZ ‘|
Hy$X n‹S>Zo go AmnH$m {ejm-H«$‘ ^§J hmo J¶m& ~mX ‘| AmnZo {hÝXr gm{h˶ gå‘obZ,
à¶mJ go "{demaX' narjm CÎmrU© H$s& do ñdVÝÌVm Ho$ XrdmZo Wo& nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm|
‘| {bIH$a Am¡a ñd¶§ CZH$m gånmXZ H$aHo$ Xoedm{g¶m| ‘| Xoe-^{º$ H$s Ádmbm
^‹S>H$mZo Ho$ Amamon ‘| CÝh| AZoH$ ~ma Oob-¶mÌm H$aZr n‹S>r& na CZH$s ñdVÝÌVm
Am¡a gañdVr H$s AmamYZm Zht éH$s& AmOrdZ do ‘yH$ gmYH$ hr ~Zo aho Am¡a
gZ² 1968 B©. ‘| Bg g§gma go {dXm hmo JE&
~oZrnwar Or Ho$ H«$mpÝVH$mar ì¶{º$Ëd ‘| CËH$Q> Xoe-^{º$, ‘m¡{bH$ gm{hp˶H$
à{V^m, AZWH$ g‘mO-godm Am¡a Mm[a{ÌH$ nmdZVm H$m AX²^wV {‘lU Wm& AmnZo
AmR>-Xg nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| H$m gånmXZ H$aHo$ Am¡a AZoH$ ZmQ>H$m|, {Z~ÝYm|, H$hm{Z¶m|,
aoIm{MÌmo§ Am{X H$s aMZm H$aHo$ {hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ ^§S>ma ‘| lrd¥pÜX H$s& ^maV H$s
ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX nXmo Am¡a Cn{Y¶m| go Xÿa ahH$a CÝhm|Zo Xoe ‘| nZnVr nX-bmobwám
Am¡a ^moJdmXr àd¥{Îm na AnZr aMZmAm| ‘| VrIo àhma H$aHo$ geº$ ^maV Ho$ {Z‘m©U
H$m ‘§Jb‘¶ à¶mg {H$¶m&BH$mB© 8
"ga¶y ^¡¶m' (g§ñ‘aU) - am‘d¥j ~oZrnwar8
munotes.in
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H¥${V¶m± - ~hþ‘wIr à{V^m gånÞ lr ~oZrnwar H$s à‘wI H¥${V¶m± {ZåZ{b{IV h¢-
"Joh±ÿ Am¡a Jwbm~', "‘mQ>r H$s ‘yaV|', "bmb Vmam', Am{X AmnHo$ {Z~ÝYm|
Am¡a aoIm{MÌm| Ho$ g§J«h h¢& "O§Ora§o' Am¡a Xrdmao§', VWm "‘rb Ho$ nËWa' ‘| ^mdnyU©
g§ñ‘aU h¢& "grVm H$s ‘m±', "Aå~mnmbr', "am‘amÁ¶' Am{X AmnHo$ amï´> ào‘ H$mo
COmJa H$aZodmbo ZmQ>H$ h¢& "n{VVm| Ho$ Xoe ‘|' Cnݶmg Am¡a "{MÝVm Ho$ ’y$b' H$hmZr
g§J«h h¢& "H$mb© ‘m³g©' "O¶ àH$me Zmam¶U', "‘hmamUm àVmnqgh' AmnHo$ Ûmam
{b{IV Ord{Z¶m± h¢& AmnHo$ gwb{bV ¶mÌm d¥VmÝVm| Ho$ g§J«h h¢ - - "n¡am| ‘| n§I ~m±YH$a'
VWm "C‹S>Vo Mb|'"{dÚmnVr nXmdbr' VWm "{~hmar gVgB© H$s gw~moY Q>rH$m' AmnHo$
AmbmoMH$ ê$n H$m n[aM¶ XoVr h¢&
do ¶eñdr nÌH$ma aho h¢& "Vê$U ^maV', "H$‘©dra ¶wdH$', "{h‘mb¶', "Z¶r
Ymam', "~mbH$', "{H$gmZ {‘Ì', Am{X AZoH$ nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| H$m AmnZo ~‹S>r g’$bVm
go Hw$eb gånmXZ {H$¶m Wm&
8.2 "ga¶y ^¡¶m' H$m gmam§e
"ga¶y ^¡¶m' boIH$ Ho$ n‹S>mog ‘| ahVo h¢& CZH$m H$moB© ^mB©-~hZ Z hmoZo
Ho$ H$maU do boIH$ H$mo hr AnZm N>moQ>m ^mB© ‘mZVo Wo& Ka go gånÞ Wo& bo{H$Z
{nVm H$s ‘¥Ë¶w Ho$ gmW hr CZHo$ D$na g‘ñ¶mAm| H$m H$ha ~ag n‹S>m& ¶o AnZo
{nVm H$s boZ-XoZ dmbr na§nam H$mo Zht g§^mb nmE& ~m‹T> Zo IoVr ~a~mX H$s Am¡a
^yH§$n Zo Ka H$m g˶mZme H$a {X¶m&
¶{X ga¶y ^¡¶m H$s H$X-H$mR>r H$s ~mV H$a| Vmo BZH$s {JZVr Jm±d Ho$ g~go
bå~o Am¡a Xþ~bo AmX{‘¶m| ‘| H$s OmVr h¡& CZH$m a§J Jwbm~r, ~Jwbo gr ~‹S>r-
~‹S>r Q>m±J|, qMnmOr H$s Vah ~‹S>r-~‹S>r ~m±h| h¢& do h‘oem YmoVr nhZo, Am¡a H§$Yo
na A§JmoN>m S>mbo ahVo h¢& CZH$s ZmH$ I‹S>r bå~r, ^d| gKZ, ~‹S>r-~‹S>r AmI|,
Jmb {nMHo$, M‘H$sbo n§{º$~ÜX N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o Xm±V Am¡a ng{b¶m± Eogr {OÝh| Amn AmgmZr
go {JZ gH$Vo hmo& CZHo$ eara H$s Zg| Eogr {XImB© XoVr h¢ ‘mZmo eara H$mo H$moB©
añgr CbPmE hþE h¡& CÝh| XoIZo na do ^yI‘ao ¶m ‘Zhÿg AmX‘r àVrV hmoVo h¢&
CZH$s nm±M g§VmZ| hþB©& {OZ‘| {g’©$ ~o{Q>¶m± hr ~o{Q>¶m± Wr& Am¡a CZH$s nËZr bå~mB©
‘| CZgo R>rH$ AmYr Wr& hmb hr ‘| ~oQ>m nmZo Ho$ Aa‘mZ H$mo {bE Bg Xþ{Z¶m go
Mb ~gr& CZHo$ nmg BVZr g§n{Îm h¡ {H$ AnZo n[adma H$m noQ> ^aZo Ho$ A{V[aº$
AmJV A{V{W¶m| H$s godm gËH$ma ^r ‘Oo ‘| H$a gH$Vo h¢&
ga¶y ^¡¶m EH$ ZoH$ {Xb B§gmZ h¡§& do Jm±d Ho$ M§X qOXm{Xb bmoJm| ‘| {JZo
OmVo h¢& CÝhm|Zo AnZm OrdZ namonH$ma hoVw g‘{n©V H$a {X¶m h¡ {OgHo$ MbVo CZH$m
eara Vmo gyI hr J¶m h¡ gmW hr gån{ËÎm H$m ^r ~‹S>m ZwH$gmZ hmo J¶m& Jm±d
Ka ‘| g^r Ho$ AÀN>o-~wao H$m‘m| ‘| ga¶y ^¡¶m H$s CnpñW{V g~go nhbo ahVr Wr& bmoJ
CZHo$ Bg ì¶dhma H$m Xþn©¶moJ H$aZo go Zht H$VamVo Wo& CZHo$ nmg Omo ^r ì¶{º$munotes.in
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AnZr g‘ñ¶m boH$a nhþ±MVm dh {Zame hmoH$a Zht OmVm Am¡a O~ XoZo H$s ~mV
AmVr Wr Vmo gyX H$s ~mV Vmo Xÿa ‘ybYZ ^r Zht bm¡Q>mVo Wo&
EH$ ~ma do ~‹S>o hr XþIr AdñWm ‘| boIH$ H$o nmg AmE& CÝhm|Zo XoIm
H$s CZH$s hmbV ~hþV Iam~ Wr Am¡a Am±Im| go Am±gy ~h aho Wo& ‘mby‘ n‹S>m CZHo$
Ka ‘| EH$ N>moQ>r gr KQ>Zm KQ>r Wr& CÝhm| Zo ~Vm¶m {H$ EH$ gyXImoa ‘hmOZ go
CÝhm|Zo Hw$N> én¶o {bE Wo g‘¶ na Z bm¡Q>m nmZo Ho$ H$maU A~ dh Zm{be H$aZo
H$s Y‘H$s Xo ahm h¡& bo{H$Z bmoJm| Zo CZH$s g‘ñ¶m H$m g‘mYmZ H$aZm Vmo Xÿa
CëQ>o CÝh| CëPmZo ‘| H$moB© H$moa H$ga Zht H$s& ‘¢Zo CÝh| AmídmgZ {X¶m bo{H$Z
bmoJm| H$s H¥$V¿ZVm Zo boIH$ H$s amV ^a ZrX C‹S>m Xr&
Bg àH$ma boIH$ Zo g‘mO Ho$ bmoJm| H$s bmbMr, MmQw>H$mar d ñdmWu àd¥{Îm
H$mo CHo$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m& Am¡a namonH$ma H$s gr‘mAm| na {Z¶§ÌU aIZo H$s Amoa
g§Ho$V {H$¶m h¡&
{XE JE AZwÀN>oX H$s g§X^©g{hV ì¶m»¶m { b { I E &
AZwÀN>oX …
""{d³Q>a h¶yJmo Zo AnZr A‘a H¥${V "bm {‘Oaoãb' ‘| H$hm h¡- S>m°³Q>a H$m
XadmOm H$^r ~§X Zht ahZm Mm{hE Am¡a nmXar H$m ’$mQ>H$ h‘oem Iwbm hmoZm Mm{hE-
ga¶y ^¡¶m H$mo {Z…gÝXoh BZ XmoZm| H$m éV~m AHo$bo hm{gb h¡&''
g§X^© …
àñVwV g§ñ‘aU h‘mar nmR²>¶ nwñVH$ "JX²¶-{d{dYm' Ho$ "ga¶y ^¡¶m' Zm‘H$
g§ñ‘aU go {b¶m J¶m h¡ {Ogo am‘d¥j ~oZrnwar Zo {bIm h¡&
àg§J …
BgHo$ ‘mܶ‘ go namonH$ma H$s ^mdZm H$mo A{^ì¶{º$ Xr JB© h¡&
ì¶m»¶m …
Bg JX²¶m§e Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go boIH$ AnZo n‹S>mogr ga¶y ^¡¶m Ho$ namonH$ma H$s
^mdZm H$mo A{^춺$ H$aVm h¡& boIH$ ~VmVm h¡ {H$ ga¶y ^¡¶m Ho$ Jm±d Ho$ {H$gr
Ka ‘| H$moB© ~r‘ma n‹S> OmE Am¡a d¡X²¶ H$mo ~wbmZm hmo Vmo Vwa§V ga¶y ^¡¶m H$s ImoO
ewê$ hmo OmVr h¡& {H$gr ~wOwJ© ì¶{º$ H$m ~mOma go gm¡Xm bmZm hmo Vmo ga¶y ^¡¶m,
{H$gr H$m [aíVoXma {H$gr Xÿgao Jm±d ‘| ¶{X ~r‘ma hmo Am¡a I~a bmZr hmo, {H$gr
H$s a{OñQ´>r H$aZr hmo, {eZm»V Ho$ {bE gaOy ^¡¶m, {H$gr Ho$ Ka emXr ì¶mh ¶m
‘w§S>Z Am{X hmo Vmo ga¶y ^¡¶m AñV ì¶ñV ahVo& {H$gr Ho$ Ka na AmYr amV ‘|
{H$gr H$s ‘¥Ë¶w hmo OmVr h¡ Vmo H$’$Z bmZo Ho$ {bE ga¶y ^¡¶m H$mo hr Ty>±T>m OmVm
Wm& Bg àH$ma Jm±ddmbm| Ho$ {bE g‘{n©V ga¶y ^¡¶m IwX AnZo Ka Am¡a IoV Zht
~Mm nmVo h¢ ³¶mo§{H$ BÝh| Jm±ddmbm| Ho$ H$m‘m| go ’w$agV hr Zht {‘b nmVrmunotes.in
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Wr& Bg àH$ma d¡X H$m XdmImZm Am¡a nmXar Ho$ ’$mQ>H$ H$s Vah hr ga¶y ^¡¶m Ho$
godm ê$nr X²dma Jm±ddmbm| Ho$ {bE Mm¡~rgm| K§Q>o Iwbo hr ahVo h¢&
{deof …
1. namonH$ma H$s ^mdZm H$mo 춺$ {H$¶m J¶m h¡&
2. g‘mO ‘| ~‹T>Vo Om aho ñdmWu àd¥{Îm H$s Amoa g§Ho$V {H$¶m h¡&
àíZ 1 "ga¶y ^¡¶m' Zm‘H$ g§ñ‘aU H$m CÔoí¶ ñnï> H$s{OE&
CÎma … "ga¶y ^¡¶m' boIH$ Ho$ n‹S>mog ‘| ahVo h¢& CZH$m H$moB© ^mB©-~hZ Z hmoZo
Ho$ H$maU do boIH$ H$mo hr AnZm N>moQ>m ^mB© ‘mZVo Wo& Ka go gånÞ Wo&
bo{H$Z {nVm H$s ‘¥Ë¶w Ho$ gmW hr CZHo$ D$na g‘ñ¶mAm| H$m H$ha ~ag n‹S>m& ¶o
AnZo {nVm H$s boZ-XoZ dmbr na§nam H$mo Zht g§^mb nmE& ~m‹T> Zo IoVr ~a~mX
H$s Am¡a ^yH§$n Zo Ka H$m g˶mZme H$a {X¶m&
ga¶y ^¡¶m H$s JUZm Jm±d Ho$ g~go bå~o Am¡a Xþ~bo AmX{‘¶m| ‘| H$s OmVr
h¡& CZH$m a§J Jwbm~r, ~Jwbo gr ~‹S>r-~‹S>r Q>m±Jo, qMnmOr H$s Vah ~‹S>r-~‹S>r ~m±h|
h¢& do h‘oem YmoVr nhZo, Am¡a H§$Yo na A§JmoN>m S>mbo ahVo h¢& CZH$s ZmH$ I‹S>r
bå~r, ^d| gKZ, ~‹S>r-~‹S>r Am±Io§, Jmb {nMHo$, M‘H$sbo n§{º$~ÜX
N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o Xm±V Am¡a ng{b¶m± Eogr {OÝh| Amn AmgmZr go {JZ gH$Vo hmo& CZHo$
eara H$s Zg| Eogr {XImB© XoVr h¢ ‘mZmo eara H$mo H$moB© añgr CbPmE hþE h¡& CÝh|
XoIZo na do ^yI‘ao ¶m ‘Zhÿg AmX‘r àVrV hmoVo h¢& CZH$s nm±M g§VmZ| hþB©& {OZ‘|
{g’©$ ~o{Q>¶m± hr ~o{Q>¶m± Wr& Am¡a CZH$s nËZr bå~mB© ‘| CZgo R>rH$ AmYr Wr& hmb
hr ‘| ~oQ>m nmZo Ho$ Aa‘mZ H$mo {bE Bg Xþ{Z¶m go Mb ~gr& CZHo$ nmg BVZr
g§n{Îm h¡ {H$ AnZo n[adma H$m noQ> ^aZo Ho$ A{V[aº$ A{V{W¶m| H$s godm gËH$ma
^r ‘Oo ‘| H$a gH$Vo h¢& BVZm g~Hw$N> hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX do gmXJr ^am OrdZ ì¶VrV
H$aVo Wo&
ga¶y ^¡¶m EH$ ZoH$ {Xb B§gmZ h¡§& do Jm±d Ho$ M§X qOXm{Xb bmoJm| ‘| {JZo
OmVo h¢& CÝhm|Zo AmnZm OrdZ namonH$ma hoVw g‘{n©V H$a {X¶m h¡ {OgHo$ MbVo CZH$m
eara Vmo gyI hr J¶m h¡ gmW hr gån{Îm H$m ^r ~‹S>m ZwH$gmZ hmo J¶m& Jm±d
Ka ‘| g^r Ho$ AÀN>o-~wao H$m‘m| ‘| ga¶y ^¡¶m H$s CnpñW{V g~go nhbo ahVr Wr& bmoJ
CZHo$ Bg ì¶dhma H$m Xþn©¶moJ H$aZo go Zht H$VamVo Wo& CZHo$ nmg Omo ^r ì¶{º$
AnZr g‘ñ¶m boH$a nhþ±MVm dh {Zame hmoH$a Zht OmVm Am¡a O~ XoZo H$s ~mV
AmVr Wr Vmo gyX H$s ~mV Vmo Xÿa ‘ybYZ ^r Zhr§ bm¡Q>mVo Wo&
EH$ ~ma do ~‹S>o hr XþIr AdñWm ‘o§ boIH$ Ho$ nmg AmE& CÝhm|Zo XoIm
H$s CZH$s hmbV ~hþV Iam~ Wr Am¡a Am±Im| go Am±gy ~h aho Wo& ‘mby‘ n‹S>m CZHo$
Ka ‘| EH$ N>moQ>r gr KQ>Zm KQ>r Wr& CÝhm| Zo ~Vm¶m {H$ EH$ gyXImoa ‘hmOZ go
CÝhmo|Zo Hw$N> én¶o {bE Wo g‘¶ na Z bm¡Q>m nmZo Ho$ H$maU A~ dh Zm{be H$aZomunotes.in
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H$s Y‘H$s Xo ahm h¡& bo{H$Z bmoJm| Zo CZH$s g‘ñ¶m H$m g‘mYmZ H$aZm Vmo Xÿa
CëQ>o CÝh| CëPmZo ‘| H$moB© H$moa H$ga Zht H$s& ‘¢Zo CÝh| AmídmgZ {X¶m bo{H$Z
bmoJm| H$s H¥$V¿ZVm Zo boIH$ H$s amV ^a ZrX C‹S>m Xr&
Bg àH$ma boIH$ Zo g‘mO Ho$ bmoJm| H$s bmbMr, MmQw>H$mar d ñdmWu àd¥{Îm
H$mo CHo$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m& Am¡a namonH$ma H$s gr‘mAm| na {Z¶§ÌU aIZo H$s Amoa
g§Ho$V {H$¶m h¡&
8.6 g§^m{dV XrKm}Îmar àíZ
1. "ga¶y ^¡¶m' Zm‘H$ g§ñ‘aU H$s g§doXZm H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE&
2. "ga¶y ^¡¶m' Zm‘H$ g§ñ‘aU H$m gmam§e AnZo eãXm| ‘| {b{IE&
3. "ga¶y ^¡¶m' Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go boIH$ H$r qMVm H$mo A{^춺$ H$s{OE&
8.7 {Q>ßn{U¶m± {b{IE …
ga¶y ^¡¶m H$m M[aÌ-{MÌU …
ga¶y ^¡¶m H$s JUZm Jm±d Ho$ g~go bå~o Am¡a Xþ~bo AmX{‘¶m| ‘| H$s OmVr
h¡& CZH$m a§J Jwbm~r, ~Jwbo gr ~‹S>r-~‹S>r Q>m±Jo, qMnmOr H$s Vah ~‹S>r-~‹S>r ~m±ho
h¢& do h‘oem YmoVr nhZo, Am¡a H§$Yo na A§JmoN>m S>mbo ahVo h¢& CZH$s ZmH$ I‹S>r
bå~r, ^d| gKZ, ~‹S>r-~‹S>r Am±I|, Jmb {nMHo$, M‘H$sbo n§{º$~ÜX N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o Xm±V
Am¡a ng{b¶m± Eogr {OÝh| Amn AmgmZr go {JZ gH$Vo hmo& CZHo$ eara H$s Zg| Eogr
{XImB© XoVr h¢ ‘mZmo eara H$mo H$moB© añgr CbPmE hþE h¡& CÝh| XoIZo na do ^yI‘ao
¶m ‘Zhÿg AmX‘r àVrV hmoVo h¢& CZH$s nm±M g§VmZ| hþB©& {OZ‘| {g’©$ ~o{Q>¶m± hr
~o{Q>¶m± Wr & Am¡a CZH$s nËZr bå~mB© ‘| CZgo R>rH$ AmYr Wr& hmb hr ‘| ~oQ>m
nmZo Ho$ Aa‘mZ H$mo {bE Bg Xþ{Z¶m go Mb ~gr& CZHo$ nmg BVZr g§n{Îm h¡ {H$
AnZo n[adma H$m noQ> ^aZo Ho$ A{V[aº$ A{V{W¶m| H$s godm gËH$ma ^r ‘Oo ‘| H$a
gH$Vo h¢& BVZm g~Hw$N> hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX do gmXJr ^am OrdZ ì¶VrV H$aVo Wo&
ga¶y ^¡¶m Ho$ Jm±d Ho$ {H$gr Ka ‘| H$moB© ~r‘ma n‹S> OmE Am¡a d¡X²¶ H$mo
~wbmZm hmo Vmo Vwa§V ga¶y ^¡¶m H$s ImoO ewê$ hmo OmVr h¡& {H$gr ~wOwJ© ì¶{º$ H$m
~mOma go gm¡Xm bmZm hmo Vmo ga¶y ^¡¶m, {H$gr H$m [aíVoXma {H$gr Xÿgao Jm±d ‘|
¶{X ~r‘ma hmo Am¡a I~a bmZr hmo, {H$gr H$mo a{OñQ´>r H$aZr hmo, {eZm»V Ho$ {bE
ga¶y ^¡¶m, {H$gr Ho$ Ka emXr ì¶mh ¶m ‘w§S>Z Am{X hmo Vmo ga¶y ^¡¶m AñV ì¶ñV
ahVo& {H$gr Ho$ Ka na AmYr amV ‘| {H$gr H$s ‘¥Ë¶w hmo OmVr h¡ Vmo H$’$Z bmZo
Ho$ {bE ga¶y ^¡¶m H$mo hr Ty>±‹T>m OmVm Wm& Bg àH$ma Jm±ddmbm| Ho$ {bE g‘{n©V
ga¶y ^¡¶m IwX AnZo Ka Am¡a IoV Zht ~Mm nmVo h¢ ³¶m|{H$ BÝh| Jm±ddmbm| Ho$ H$m‘m|
go ’w$agV hr Zht {‘b nmVr Wr& Bg àH$ma d¡X H$m XdmImZm Am¡a nmXar Ho$ ’$mQ>H$munotes.in
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117
H$s Vah hr ga¶y ^¡¶m Ho$ godm ê$nr X²dma Jm±d dmbm| Ho$ {bE Mm~rgmo| K§Q>o Iwbo
hr ahVo h¢&
EH$ ~ma do ~‹S>o hr XþIr AdñWm ‘| boIH$ Ho$ nmg AmE& CÝhm|Zo XoIm
H$s CZH$s hmbV ~hþV Iam~ Wr Am¡a Am±Im| go Am±gy ~h aho Wo& ‘mby‘ n‹S>m CZHo$
Ka ‘| EH$ N>moQ>r gr KQ>Zm KQ>r Wr& CÝhm| Zo ~Vm¶m {H$ EH$ gyXImoa ‘hmOZ go
CÝhm|Zo Hw$N> én¶o {bE Wo g‘¶ na Z bm¡Q>m nmZo Ho$ H$maU A~ dh Zm{be H$aZo
H$s Y‘H$r Xo ahm h¡& bo{H$Z bmoJm| Zo CZH$s g‘ñ¶m H$m g‘mYmZ H$aZm Vmo Xÿa
CëQ>o CÝh| CëPmZo ‘| H$moB© H$moa H$ga Zht H$s& ‘¢Zo CÝh| AmídmgZ {X¶m bo{H$Z
bmoJm| H$s H¥$V¿ZVm Zo boIH$ H$s amV ^a ZrX C‹S>m Xr&
8.7 g§^m{dV {Q>ßn{U¶m± …
1. namonH$ma H$s ^mdZm
2. ñdmWu bmoJm| H$s àd¥{Îm
3. boIH$ H$s qMVm&
8.8 bKwÎmar¶ àíZ …
àíZ … {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma EH$ dm³¶ ‘| Xr{OE&
(H$) "ga¶y ^¡¶m' Ho$ {H$VZo ~ƒo Wo&
CÎma … nm±M
(I) "ga¶y ^¡¶m' H$s ~m±h| {H$gH$s Vah Wr?
CÎma … qMnmOr
(J) "ga¶y ^¡¶m' Jm±d Ho$ {H$Z bmoJm| ‘| {JZo OmVo Wo?
CÎma … qOXm{Xb
(K) "ga¶y ^¡¶m' Ho$ {nVm {H$g Zm‘ go OmZo OmVo Wo?
CÎma … Jw‘meVm Or
(S>) {H$gHo$ Ka na ~ƒm ~r‘ma Wm?
CÎma … J§Jmo^mB©&
(M) amOHw$‘ma Ho$ ~r‘ma ‘m‘mOr H$s ImoO I~a bmZo H$m¡Z J¶m?
CÎma … ga¶y ^¡¶m&
(N>) "ga¶y ^¡¶m' H$s nËZr H$m Aa‘mZ ³¶m Wm ?
CÎma … ~oQ>m nmZm&
(O) a{OñQ´>r {H$go H$aZr Wr ?
CÎma … na‘oga H$s&
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Hmunotes.in
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नमूना प
बी. ए. थम वष
हंद (ऐछक)
समय (३ घंटे) कुल अंक :१००
- १ िन,न िलखत अवतरण1 क2 संदभ -सहत 4या5या क2जए :- 24
(क) "जहाँ बाल - बचे और घर-बार होता है सौ क>म क2 झंझटे ह ोती ह है| कभी बचे को तकलीफ है , तो
कभी जचा को| ऐसे वA मB कज क2 जCरत कैसे न हो ? घर-बार हो तो कज होगा ह"
अथवा
" आप >वीकार Fय1 नहं कर लेते क जीवन क2 वा>तGवकता कसी भी काHपिनक साहIयक कहानी से
Jयादा हैरत अंगेज होती है |
(ख) जब तक तेर अपनी अKटािलका नहं बन जाती , तू इसी भवन मB रह सकता है , जा भगवान तुझे सफलता
दे|"
अथवा
" सं>कृत भाषा कूपजल का संबंध भाषा , साहIय से है ह नहं यह वाFयांश पुरोहत तं के खलाफ
ढेलेबाजी भर है| जसका तीक थी सं>कृत भाषा |"
- २ िन,न िलहकत ो के उSर िलखए :- 30
(प) बाकर के माTयम से लेखक समाज को Fया संदेश देना चाहते है ?
अथवा
' टेपचु ' कहानी मB िचGत सम>याओं पर काश डािलए |
(फ) ' महाभारत क2 एक सांझ ' एकांक2 मB घटत घटना का वणन क2जए |
अथवा
' आज के अतीत 'नामक आIम कWय क2 संवेदना को >पX क2जए |
- ३ िन,न िलखत मB से कसी एक का उSर दजए :- 15
(ग) ' ितशोध' कहानी मB िचGत पा1 का चYर िचण क2जए |
अथवा
' सरहद के उस पार' Yरपोताज मB िचGत राजिनितक ,सामाजक आिथक दशा का िचण क2जए |
- ४ िन,न िलखत Gवषय1 पर ट[पणयाँ क2जए | 16
(ट) ' भेड़ए' कहानी क2 समी]ा
अथवा
कुलदप और भैरो पांडे का संबंध
(ठ) ' जैसे उनके दन फरे ' 4यं_य का सारांश
अथवा
रावल Gपंड के दंगे
- ५ िन,न िलखत 1 के एक वाFय मB उSर िलखए | 15
१. रजया कसक2 बेट थी ?
२. मु5तार साहब ने कसे नौकर पर रखा था ?
३. यशपाल क2 कौनसी रचना पाaयbम मB है ?
४. ' भेड़ए' कहानी मB िचGत नटिनय1 क2 उc Fया थी ? munotes.in
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५. कु लदप के बड़े भाई का Fया नाम था ?
६. ' टेपचू' कहानी मB कस गाँव का िचण है ?
७. ' ितशोध कहानी कस Gवषय पर आधाYरत है ?
८. ' महाभारत क2 एक सांझ ' एकांक2 के रचनाकार कौन है ?
९. ' जैसे उनके दन फरे ' कस Gवधा क2 रचना है ?
१०. कटहार जले से नेपाल क2 द ुर कतनी है ?
११. ' तमस' कहानी मB कस शहर के दंगो का वणन है ?
१२. बहते नीर वाली नद मB जीवन संचार कब होता है ?
१३. सरयू भैया के कतने बचे है ?
१४. दो जून क2 रोट कसके नाम पर नहं िमलती |
१५. ' कला शुbवार ' कहानी क2 लेखका कौन है ?
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