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CIR No UG20_1 Syllabus Mumbai University by munotes
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Copy to : -
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M.Sc. Part II (Semester III and Semester IV): Zoology ( Animal Physiology )
Syllabus Committee Members
Dr. Nisar Shaikh
Chairman,
G. M. Momin Women’s College, Bhiwandi
Dist. Thane, Maharashtra Dr. Vasanti Katchi
Mentor,
Former Board of Chairperson in Zoo logy,
University of Mumbai, Mumbai
Dr. Smita Durve
Mentor,
Former Board of Chairperson in Zoology,
University of Mumbai,
Mumbai Dr. Kalpana Pai
Mentor,
Centre of Advanced Study, Department of
Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University,
Ganeshkhind, Pune – 411007
Dr. G. Gyananath
Mentor,
Former Director,
School of Life Sciences,
SRTM University,
Nanded. Dr. Arthur Frank
Mentor,
Professor and Chair Emeritus, Department of
Environmental and Occupational health
Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel
University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Dr. P. G. Kale
Former Head and Professor,
Department of Zoology
R. J. College, Ghatkopar (w),
Mumbai Dr. Bhavita Chavan
Convener,
Government of Maharashtra’s
Ismail Yusuf College, Hardevi Society, Natwar
Nagar, Jogeshw ari (E),
Mumbai – 400 060
Dr. Asha Rao
Head and Associate Professor,
Department of Zoology,
Bhavan’s College, Andheri (W),
Mumbai – 400058 Dr. Vaishali T. Phusate
Head and Associate Professor, Department of
Zoology, Ruia College,
Matunga,
Mumbai - 400 019
Dr. Rupali Vaity
Assistant Professor,
Department of Zoology, S. I. E. S. College,
Sion, Mumbai – 400 022 Dr. Shailesh Anaji Tawade
Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology,
Patkar College, Goregaon (W),
Mumbai - 400 062
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CONTENTS
1. Prefac e
2. Preamble
3. Pedagogy
4. Tables of Courses, Topics, Credits and Workload
5. Theory Syllabus for Semester III
(Course codes: PSZO PHY301 – PSZO PHY304)
6. Practical Syllabus for Semester III
(Course code s: PSZO PHY3P1 – PSZO PHY3P4)
7. Theory Syllabus for Semester IV
(Course codes: PSZO PHY401 – PSZO PHY404)
8. Practical Syllabus for Semester IV
(Course code s: PSZO PHY4P1 – PSZO PHY4P4)
9. References ( Semester III and Semester IV)
10. Marking Scheme of Examination (Theory and Practical)
11. Skeleton Practical Papers: Semester II I and Semester IV
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PREFACE
The main objective of reconstructing the Post G raduate syllabus of Zoology for Semester III and
Semester IV is to provide global level advanced and skill oriented deep knowledge to the
stakeholders which is currently needed for their survival. The current research and teaching in
Zoology includes div erse aspects with a balance of organismic and reductionist biology. It offers
teaching and research progr ams in the diverse areas, such as, Animal Physiology, Entomology,
Fish Biology , Immunology, Developmental Biology, Cell Signaling, Cell Biology, Radiation Biology,
Reproductive Biology, Endocrinology, Genomics, Metagenomic, Cancer Biology, etc. Our vision is
to provide Global Knowledge in education, training & research in the field of Zoology where
teaching and research encrust detailed understanding from microbes to human. The broad skills
and deeper knowledge in the field would make them highly successful and excellent researcher in
advanced areas of research in the Biological sciences.
Therefore, the Board of Studies in Zoology aims to impart holistic understanding of Zoology by
“redefining Zoology” to students of every age so that they develop interest in Science. It also aims
to develop teaching and research programs that have r elevance to society and employability.
The M.Sc. program is being revised under CBCS scheme of UGC to meet the expectations of
students.
To keep all of the above factors in mind, this syllabus was developed by the curriculum committee
of Mentors, subjec t experts from other Universities and dedicated teachers. Their major role was
to abridge, grow, augment and give a forward bearing to Zoology taught in undergraduate
curriculum, with projections to future requirements. They have successfully completed thi s
colossal task. I congratulate them.
Dr. Deelip L. Bharmal
Chairman Board of Studies in Zoology University of Mumbai
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PREAMBLE
I am extremely happy to present this new syllabus of Semester III and Semester IV to the
teachers and students of Post Graduat e Course in Zoology of the specializations, Oceanography
and Fishery Technology, Entomology, Endocrinology, Animal Physiology and Environmental
Science. While constructing the syllabus, the relevant inputs have been considered from Mentors,
subject experts from various fields of other Universities, teachers and stakeholders to make it
more effective.
An attempt has been made to make post graduate courses competitive and on par with global
standards, as per the directives of University Grant Commission for the implementation of choice
based credit system. Hence as per the guideline of UGC the present syllabus is made more
interesting with new, innovative topics as per need of the current situation of the world and
stakeholders.
The M.Sc. Zoology program pro vides an appropriate blend of classical and applied aspects of the
subject. This newly designed curriculum will allow students to acquire skills in handling scientific
instruments planning and performing in the laboratory and exercising critical judgment,
independent thinking and problem solving skills.
The utmost care has been taken to declare the final syllabus well in advance to enable the
teachers to make preparations before commencement of the academic year and facilitating
students to execute their r ight to know the details before admissions.
The draft of Syllabus was approved in meeting of the Board of Studies in Zoology held on 10th
March 2020, and it was unanimously resolved to implement the revised syllabus of Zoology at
M.Sc. Semester ‐III and IV and make it effective from the Academic Year 2020 ‐2021 after approval
from concerned authorities of the University.
The success of this revamped syllabus will depend totally on the enthusiasm and interest shown
by the stakeholders.
Dr. Nisar Shaikh
Chairman, M.Sc. Part II
Syllabus Committee
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PEDAGOGY
PSZOPHY301 deals with ‘System s’ Physiology (Invertebrates) I’. Any life process could be
better understood, if the concept of cell physiology is clear, hence the course starts with the topic
on cell physiology followed by physiological processes like Nutrition, Respiration, Circulation and
Excretion with respect to invertebrates. Use of animated videos (ICT) will be a good help for the
learner in understanding the concepts of membrane physiology. The students will get a clear
insight and understand these topics with the help of lectures, demonstrations as well as
observation of permanent slides or specimens and comparing the structures with that of the
function.
PSZOPHY302 cover s topics with resp ect to ‘System s’ Physiology (Vertebrates) II’. Life
processes like Nutrition, Respiration, Circulation and Excretion in the vertebrates will be covered in
this course. All the physiological processes that are to be studied in this unit will focus on struct ure
and function analysis. The analytical skills of the students will be developed if the topics are taught
by correlating the habitat and behaviour of the organism with that of the structure involved in
maintenance of physiological processes. Life process es studied in the syllabus also include
various disorders associated with it. These topics can be made more effective by indulging class
room discussion, paper presentations and seminars wherein the recent studies and treatments
involved with respect to a particular disorder can be understood by the students.
PSZOPHY303, ‘ Biochemical adaptations and Instrumentation ’ covers topics Biochemical
adaptations, Oxygen and Environmental radiations, Water, Temperature and Pressure,
Instrumentation I and II. The co ncepts of environmental stress with respect to oxygen,
temperature, pressure, and water can be elucidated with the help of simple laboratory experiments
along with classroom teaching. The knowledge of instruments being essential in research, hence
the lear ners should be encouraged to visit research institutes in order to understand the working
and principles of various instruments that are used in research. Learners should be motivated to
participate in workshops for hands on training in research institute s so that they can handle the
instruments confidently and at the same time their interaction with the scientists and research
scholars would enhance their analytical and reasoning skills
PSZOPHY304, ‘ Applied Physiology ’ deals with Cellular physiology, Hu man Immune response
and Medical applications, Cancer cell biology, Exercise physiology. Learners have already
comprehended the basics of Cell biology and immunology at the undergraduate level. Hence at
post graduate level the syllabus involves various asp ects of cell signaling , cell communication,
immune response and related medical applications in healthcare. This topic will be well perceived
by the students as the theoretical part of this topic is supported enough with the practical
component. Cell signa ling and communication can be explained with the aid of ICT, visit to
pathology laboratory wherein medical tests involving immune responses are conducted will further
help the learners in understanding the diagnostic tests. The learners being familiar with the
concepts of cell cycle, the topic of Cancer cell biology will help them to relate the role of variations
in cell cycle with that of the development of cancer. Recent advances in cancer treatment can be
effectively understood by the learners with empha sis on reference of recent research papers.
Exercise physiology a newly introduced topic in the syllabus highlights the basic physiology related
to exercise. The learner will understand the importance of exercise though much needed in our
present lifestyle . Learners can comprehend this concept easily as most of them enjoy strength
training and they will be more conscious about the physiological changes that take place during
and due to work outs. Avenues are available as fitness trainers and the knowledge o f exercise
physiology may benefit and allow the learner an added career option.
PSZOPHY401 , ‘System s’ Physiology III ’ deals with Locomotor system, Physiology of motility,
Neurophysiology, and Sensory and Effector Physiology in animals. Locomotion is one o f the
characteristic features of the a nimal kingdom. The locomotor y structures vary in different animals
depending upon their habitat. Hence, study of locomotor y structures and the mechanism of their
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working may to be explained by conducting field visits. Neurophysiology and Sensory & effector
physiology man be best elucidated with the help of ICT enabled teaching learning methodology
along with regular class room teaching.
PSZOPHY402 , ‘System s’ Physiology IV ’ includes Endocrine Physiology I & II in inver tebrates
and the vertebrates respectively, Biological rhythms and Physiology of migration. Endocrine
Physiology both in invertebrates and vertebrates may be made interesting to the learner not only
by chalk and board or ICT method but also with the help of simple laboratory experiments. In
2017, Nobel Prize in Physiology was awarded to Hall, Rosbash and Young for their discoveries in
molecular mechanisms controlling circadian rhythm. Such great discoveries and research work
should be discussed in the class to motivate and encourage the learners to understand biological
rhythms in animals. Having already studied the concept of migration at undergraduate level the
learner can comprehend physiology of migration and adaptation in animals not only by lectures but
more effectively by screening of various documentaries based on migratory routes of animals with
geographical distribution.
PSZOPHY403 , ‘Recent Trends in Physiology ’ introduces the learners to the topics of Drug
Designing & Modelling, Clinical trials, Clinical trial management & Guidelines and Stem Cell
physiology. Drug designing, an integrated developing discipline in an era of tailored drug, involves
the study of effects of biologically active compounds in animals whereas the topic on Clinical trials
will make the learners understand various types and phases of clinical trials. The syllabus also
focuses upon the guidelines to be followed during clinical trials and the management of clinical
trials. The topics of this course being newly introduced woul d require the learner to understand the
basic concepts aided with ICT tools, animation, video clips and visits to industry and
pharmaceutical company. The concepts of stem cell physiology may be better comprehended by
the learners with the help of class ro om discussions, review of recent research papers and invited
talks from expertise of the subject.
PSZO PHY404 consists of ‘Instrumentation and Presentation of Scientific data ’ which help the
students to choose suitable measuring instruments for their appli cations and understanding of
limitations, principles and measurement errors. The students will aware the efficiency of the
instruments. Similarly the course also has the unit of presentation of scientific data. Text, tables,
and graphs for data and informa tion presentation are very powerful communication tools. They
can make scientific report easy to understand, attract and sustain the interest of beneficiary.
Convener and Committee Members
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M. Sc. II Zoology Syllabus
Choice Based Credit System
To be imple mented from the Academic Year 2020 -2021
Animal Physiology : Semester III
Course Name
and Code Unit Topic Headings Credit Lecture/
Week College
Assessment
Internal University
Assessment
External
Paper I: Systems’ Physiology (Invertebrates) I
PSZOPHY301 1 Nutritive System
4 1
40
60 2 Respiratory System 1
3 Circulatory System 1
4 Osmoregulation and Excretory
System 1
Paper II: Systems’ Physiology (Vertebrates) II
PSZOPHY302 1 Nutritive System
4 1
40
60 2 Respiratory System 1
3 Circulatory System 1
4 Osmoregulation and Excretory
System 1
Paper III: Biochemical adaptation and Instrumentation
PSZOPHY303 1 Biochemical adaptation, Oxygen
and Environmental Radiation
4 1
40
60 2 Water, Temperature and
Pressure 1
3 Instrumentation I 1
4 Instrumentation II 1
Paper IV: Applied Physiology
PSZOPHY304 1 Cellular Physiology
4 1
40
60 2 Human Immune Response and
Applications 1
3 Cancer Cell Biology 1
4 Exercise Physiology 1
Total 16 16 160 240
Practicals
PSZOPHY3P1 Practicals based on PSZOPHY301 2 4 – 50
PSZOPHY3P2 Practicals based on PSZOPHY302 2 4 – 50
PSZOPHY3P3 Practicals based on PSZOPHY303 2 4 – 50
PSZOPHY3P4 Practicals based on PSZOPHY304 2 4 – 50
Total 8 16 – 200
Grant Total 24 32 160 440
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Animal Physiology: Semester IV
Course Name
and Code Unit Topic Headings Credit Lecture/
Week College
Assessment
Internal University
Assessment
External
Paper I: Systems’ Physiology III
PSZOPHY401 1 Locomotor System
4 1
40
60 2 Physiology of Motility 1
3 Neurophysiology 1
4 Sensory and Effectors
Physiology 1
Paper II: Systems’ Physiology IV
PSZOPHY402 1 Endocrine Physiology - I
4 1
40
60 2 Endocrine Physiology - II 1
3 Biological R hythms 1
4 Physiology of Migration 1
Paper III: Recent Trends in Physiology
PSZOPHY403 1 Drug Designing & modelling
4 1
40
60 2 Clinical trials 1
3 Clinical Trial Management and
Guidelines 1
4 Stem Cell Physiology 1
Paper IV: Instrumentation and Presentation of Scientific data
PSZOPHY404 1 Instrumentation
2 1
40
60 2 Presentation of Scientific data 1
3 Project 2 2
Total 16 16 160 240
Practicals
PSZOPHY4P1 Practicals based on PSZOPHY401 2 4 – 50
PSZOPHY4 P2 Practicals based on PSZOPHY402 2 4 – 50
PSZOPHY4P3 Practicals based on PSZOPHY403 2 4 – 50
PSZOPHY4P4 Practicals based on PSZOPHY404 2 4 – 50
Total 8 16 – 200
Grant Total 24 32 160 440
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M. SC. PART 2: SEMESTER III (THEORY)
PAPER 1: PSZOPHY301
SYSTEMS ’ PHYSIOLOGY (INVERTEBRATE S) I
Unit 1: Nutritive System (15 L)
Objectives:
To familiarize the learner with nutritional physiology at various structural levels from
membranes to systems.
Desired Outcome :
The learner shall comprehend the molecular processes at membrane level and their
significance in nutrition, food capture and processing, nutritive types and their correlation to
variety of structures of nutritional apparatus in invertebrates.
1.1 Nutritional Physiology at Cellular level
1.1.1 Membrane physiology
Functional consequences of mo lecular composition a nd arrangement of cell
membrane
1.1.2 Transport across cell membrane
Diffusion, active transport, pump; uniports, symports and antiport, co -transport by
symporters and ani tporters
1.2 Physiology of Food Capture and Processing in Invertebrate
1.2.1 Nutritive Patterns – Origin of Nutritive types
1.2.2 Feeding patterns
a) Large particle feedin g
b) Surface nutrient absorption
1.2.3 Modifications in the digestive system of inve rtebrates
a) Arthropoda
b) Mollu sca
1.3 Dietary toxins and chemical defense strategies nematocyst, milk weed in monarch butterfly
Unit 2: Respiratory System (15 L)
Objectives:
To familiarize the learner to different structural elements in respiratory process and their
operational mechanism.
Desired outcome :
The learner shall discern relationship of respiratory pigments, organization of membranes
into structures like gills and trachea, mechanism of operation, patterns of respiration and
their relationship to the h abitat of invertebrates.
2.1 Invertebrate transition from water to land
2.2 Respiratory mechanisms in aquatic invertebrates
2.2.1 Respiration across the cell membrane
2.2.2 Ostia
2.2.3 Gills – Crustacean and Echinoderms
2.2.4 Plastron
2.2.5 Aquatic insects
2.3 Tracheal system
2.3.1 Millipedes, Centi pedes and insects
2.3.2 Trachea l ventilation
2.3.3 Gas e xchange across tracheolar walls
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2.3.4 Spiracle and its movement
2.4 Discontinuous or cyclic respiration
2.5 Regulation of respiration
2.6 Respiratory pigments
a) Chlorocruorin
b) Haemerythrin
c) Haemocyanin
Unit 3: Circulatory System (15 L)
Objectives:
To familiarize the learner to circulat ion of body fluids and types of circulation in various
phyla of invertebrates
Desired outcome :
The learner shall study variety of circulatory fluids, patterns of circulation and physiological
types of hearts in invertebrates.
3.1 Evolution of Invertebrate circulatory system
3.2 Circulating Fluids
3.2.1 Cytoplasm
3.2.2 Hydrolymph
3.2.3 Haemolymph
3.2.4 Lymph
3.2.5 Blood
3.3 Circulation of external fluid through an open body cavity – Sponge
3.4 Circulatio n of internal fluid through an open circulatory system – Cockroach
3.5 Open circulatory system in Mollusca
3.6 Circulatory mechanism and fluid compartments, movements of body fluids by somatic muscle
3.7 Physiological types of hearts with special reference to Arthrop ods, Annelids, Mollusca
3.8 Circulation in Cnidarians , Nemertean worms, Nematods, Annelids, Echinoderms, Molluscs,
Arachnids
Unit 4: Osmoregulation and Excretory System (15 L)
Objectives:
To familiarize the learner to organizational levels of osmo -regulatory and excretory
structures in invertebrates and types of molecules generated as excretory product .
Desired outcome:
The learner shall appreciate the relationship between increasing complexity of structure of
excretory systems, the metabo lic pathways generating the excretory waste products and
the habitat of the invertebrates.
4.1 Invertebrate excr etory organs and physiology
4.1.1 Epithelial exchange
4.1.2 Coelom
4.1.3 Coelomoducts
4.1.4 Malphighian tubules
4.1.5 Protonephridia and metanephridia
4.1.6 Molluscan kidney
4.1.7 Antenna l gland in crustacean
4.2 Multifunctional aspects of nitrogen excretory pathways in the Molluscs
4.3 Channelling of the flow of nitrogen towards uric acids or urea in the Molluscs
4.4 Significance of ammonia production in crustaceans ,
4.5 Ammonotelic -Uricotelic transition in insects, formation of urine in insects
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PAPER 2: PSZOPHY302
SYSTEMS ’ PHYSIOLOGY (VERTEBRATES) I
Unit 1: Nutritive System (15 L)
Objectives:
To familiarize the learner to different feeding patterns, variety of nutrition al apparatus,
process of digestion in the vertebrates and digestive system in human beings.
Desired outcome :
The learner shall comprehend the comparative and specialized aspects of nutritional type,
digestive systems, digestion as a metabolic process an d neuro -hormonal regulation of
nutrition.
Role of microbes in digestion, balanced diet and disorders of digestive function are applied
aspects of nutrition, the study of which is an important take away for learners, which will
help them in healthcare.
1.1. Feeding mechanism in vertebrates
1.1.1 Filter feeding
a) Pisces
b) Flamingoes
c) Tadpoles of frog
1.1.2 Reptiles ( Jacobson ’s organ)
1.2. Specialized compartmentalization of digestive system in vertebrates
1.2.1 Intestinal modification in herbivore and carnivore
1.2.2 Intestine in fish, bi rd and mammal
1.3. Comparative study of mechanical or physiol ogical digestion – gill rakers, Dentition in Pisces,
Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals
1.4. Comparative study of Chemical digestion
1.5. Absorptive adaptation of the Gut
1.6. Micro -biome of human gut and its significance
1.7. Metab olic transition between meals
1.7.1 Hormonal control postprandial regulation of nutrient stores
1.7.2 Effect of prolonged food deprivation
1.8. Balanced diet - a human perspectives
1.9. Disorders of digestive system:
1.9.1 Acid reflux
1.9.2 Gall stones
1.9.3 Haemorrhoids
1.9.4 Dental Acidity
1.9.5 Acidity and its impact
1.9.6 Stress and hunger drive
Unit 2 : Respiratory System (15 L)
Objectives:
To introduce the learner to physico -chemical parameters of respiration in the vertebrates .
Desired outcome :
The lear ner shall comprehend change in physiology as an adaptive process in transition of
vertebrates between aquatic and terrestrial mode of life.
The learners shall realize the clinical significance of simple diagnostic tests for estimation of
blood parameters.
2.1 Transition of vertebrates from water to land
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2.2 Comparative study of Respiratory system in vertebrates:
2.2.1 Aquatic, terrestrial, gas exchange in terrestrial eggs
2.2.2 Respiration in lungfish
2.3 Chemistry of respiration
2.3.1 Composition of atmospheric and expired air
2.3.2 Aerodynamic Sub-division of air in the lungs
2.3.3 Regulation of lung breathing
2.3.4 Transport of gases in the blood
2.3.5 Diffusion of gases in the lungs
2.3.6 Transport of CO 2 in the blood
2.3.7 Haldane effect - Partial pressure of gases
2.4 Dissociation of Oxyhaemoglobin and factors affecting it (temperature, electrolytes, CO 2 and
Carboxyhaemoglobin)
2.5 Acid-base balance:
2.5.1 Measurements
2.5.2 Causes of disturbances
2.5.3 Metabolic Acidosis
2.5.4 Respiratory Acidosis
2.5.5 Metabolic, Alkalosis
2.5.6 Respiratory Alkalosis
2.6 Role of medulla oblongata in respiration
2.6.1 Chemoreceptor
2.6.2 Mechanoreceptor and Ventilation reflexes
2.6.3 Chemical factors regulating respiration
2.6.4 Oxygen equilibrium curve and its significance
2.7 Manifestation of vari ation in haemoglobin saturation
2.7.1 Oxygen toxicity
2.7.2 Carbon monoxide poisoning
2.7.3 Clinical signifi cance
Unit 3: Circulatory System (15 L)
Objectives:
To introduce the learner to functional dynamics of circulatory systems in the vertebrates.
Desired outcome :
The learner shall gauge the evolutionary adaptations of the circulatory system and
understand the control and coordination of circulation in the vertebrates.
The learner shall comprehend the applied aspects of circulatory system in the context of
human health.
3.1 Rheology:
3.1.1 Viscosity, Poisuille
3.1.2 Hagen flow fo rmula
3.1.3 Laminar and turbul ent flow Resistance
3.1.4 Pressure , velocity and gravity
3.2 Chordate circulatory system:
3.2.1 Arterial system
3.2.2 Venous System
3.2.3 Lymphatic System
3.3 Circulatory patterns in Vertebrates
3.3.1 Lung fish
3.3.2 Amphibians
3.3.3 Reptiles
3.3.4 Birds
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3.3.5 Mammals
3.4 Regulation of cardiovascular system
3.4.1 Heart
3.4.2 Cardiac output
3.4.3 Blood pressure
3.5 The buffer system of the blood
3.5.1 Haemoglobin buffer
3.5.2 The Chloride shift
3.6 Selective distribution of blood flow
3.7 Circulatory disorders in humans – Varicose veins
Unit 4: Osmoregulation and Excretory System (15 L)
Objectives:
To enable the learner to become well versed with patterns of nitrogen metabolism,
excretion of wastes, osmoregulation and applied aspects renal function in human beings.
Desired outcome :
The learner shall discern the variations in metabolic waste products and their relationship to
habitat, metabolic pathways of nitrogen metabolism in the vertebrates, role of renal
functions in electrolyte balance, blood pressure and acid -base balance.
The learner shall be introduced health effects of comprom ised kidney functions.
4.1 Variation in vertebrate kidneys
4.2 Nitrogen Metabolism: Formation of nitrogenous excretory products
4.2.1 Amino -N Metabolism
4.2.2 Nucleic Acid Metabolism
4.2.3 Other nitrogenous waste products
4.3 Regulation of U rine formation
4.3.1 Urine concentration,
4.3.2 Micturition,
4.3.3 Relationship of regulation of water balance with reference to blood volume, blood
pressure, electrolyte balance, acid -base balance.
4.4 Kidney failure and diseases in human:
4.4.1 Acute kidney injury,
4.4.2 Causes of kidney failure,
4.4.3 Chronic kidney disease
a) Causes,
b) Kidney stone
c) Dialysis (renal and peritoneal dialysis)
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PAPER 3: PSZOPHY303
BIOCHEMICAL ADAPTATION AND INSTRUMENTATION
Unit 1: Biochemical Adaptation, Oxygen and Environmental Radiation (15 L)
Objectives:
Learner shall reinforc e concepts of homeostasis and understand environmental stress and
physiological adaptations to withstand the stress.
Desired outcome :
The learner shall comprehend metabolic strategies and physiological adaptations to
withstand environmental stress in th e form of ambient oxygen availability and environmental
radiation.
1.1 Environmental Stress, Homeostasis and strategies of biochemical adaptations:
1.1.1 Basic concept of environmental stress
a) Plastic and elastic strain
b) Stress resistance, stress avoidance a nd stress tolerance
1.1.2 Homeostasis and biochemical adaptation:
a) External and internal environment
b) Multiple control system
c) Strategies of biochemical adaptations
1.2 Oxygen as an environmental factor:
1.2.1 Oxygen and Origin of life
1.2.2 Oxygen dependencies in living org anism
1.2.3 Anoxia adaptations in invertebrates
1.2.4 Adaptations of vertebrates during prolonged diving
1.2.5 Oxygen debt in vertebrate muscle
1.3 Radiati on as an environmental factor:
1.3.1 Biomolecules involved in perception and trapping of solar radiations:
a) Chlorophyll
b) Bacterio -rhodopsin
c) Rhodopsin
d) Vitamin A
1.3.2 Adaptations of animals to absence of solar radiations
Unit 2: Water, Temperature and Pressure (15 L)
Objectives:
Learner shall reinforce concepts of homeostasis and understand environmental str ess and
physiological adaptations to withstand the stress.
Desired outcome :
The learner shall comprehend metabolic strategies and physiological adaptations to
withstand stress in the form of water, temperature and pressure as environmental factors.
2.1 Water and Solute problem:
2.1.1 Preservation of intracellular solvent capacity
2.1.2 ATPase the model regulatory enzyme
2.1.3 Key role of GDH reaction
2.2 Temp erature as environmental factor
2.2.1 Thermal limits of survival
2.2.2 Temperature and Structural effects with response to Biologi cal molecules and
biological membranes
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2.2.3 Temperature and rate effects:
a) Temperature dependent E~S affinity
b) Lipoprotein enzymes
2.3 Thermal resistance of dormant and active cells
2.3.1 Ectothermy and endothermy
2.3.2 Endothermy in invertebrates
2.3.3 Biochemical adaptations of Ectothermy:
a) Antifreeze substances
b) Heat shock proteins
2.4 Pressure as an environmental factor:
2.4.1 Fundamental effects of pressure on biological system
2.4.2 Effect of pressure on weak bonds and the consequences for higher or ders of
molecular structu res and process ( transcription, translation and gene regulation)
2.4.3 Strategies of enzyme adaptations to pressure in marine organisms:
a) FDPase
b) PK
Unit 3: Instrumentation – I (15 L)
Objectives:
To familiarize the learner with various tools and tech niques required to study animal
physiology .
Desired outcome :
The learner will be acquainted with principles and procedures necessary to prepare
samples for physiological studies and learn experientially through observing demonstration
or hands on experi ence of instruments.
1.1 Histochemical and Immunotechniques
1.1.1 Detection of molecules using
a) ELISA
b) RIA
c) Western blot
d) Immunoprecipitation
e) Fluocytometry
f) Immunofluoresc ence microscopy
1.1.2 Detection of molecules in living cells, in situ localization by techniques s uch as FISH
and GISH
3.2 Chromatographic techniques: Principles and applications
3.2.1 Column Chromatography
3.2.2 Ion exchange chromatography
3.2.3 HPTLC
3.2.4 HPLC
3.2.5 Gas chromatography
Unit 4: Instrumentation – II (15 L)
Objectives:
To familiarize the le arner with various tools and techniques required to study animal
physiology .
Desired outcome :
The learner will be acquainted with principles and protocols necessary to operate
instruments for estimations and analyses of samp les for physiological studies and learn
experientially through observing demonstration or hands on experience of analytical
instruments.
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4.1 Biophysical Method: Molecular analysis
4.1.1 UV/visible
4.1.2 Fluorescence,
4.1.3 Circular dichroism
4.1.4 NMR
4.2 ESR spectroscopy Molecular structure determination u sing X-ray diffraction and NMR
4.3 Molecular analysis using light scattering
4.4 Different types of mass spectrometry and s urface plasma resonance methods
4.5 Radiolabeling techniques:
4.5.1 Detection and measurement of different t ypes of radioisotopes normally used in
biolo gy
4.5.2 Incorporation of radioisotopes in biological tissues a nd cells
4.5.3 Molecular imaging of radioactive material, safety guidelines
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PAPER 4: PSZOPHY304
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
Unit 1: Cellular Physiology (15 L)
Objectiv es:
To initiate the learner in the process of cellular signaling and communication as well as
protein sorting .
Desired outcome :
The learner shall envisage molecular processes involved in cellular signaling and
communication.
The learner shall be able to trace the transport of proteins from their site of synthesis to the
site of their action.
1.1 Cell signaling :
1.1.1 Hormones and their receptors
1.1.2 Cell surface receptor,
1.1.3 Signaling through G -protein coupled receptors
1.1.4 Signal transduction pathways
1.1.5 Second messeng ers
1.1.6 Regulation of signalling pathways
1.2 General pr inciples of cell communication
1.2.1 Cell adhesion and roles of different adhesion molecules
1.2.2 Gap junctions
1.2.3 Extracellular matrix
1.2.4 Integrins
1.2.5 Neurotransmission and its regulation
1.3 Protein sorting and transportatio n
Unit 2: Human Immune Response and Medical Application (15 L)
Objectives:
To familiarize the learner to immune response and defence mechanisms in human
systems.
Desired outcome :
The learner shall comprehend various molecular defenc e mechanisms and immune
response and their applications in healthcare in terms of therapeutics and organ
transplantation.
2.1 Major Histocompatibility complex , antigen processing and presenting cells
2.2 Tolerance and Autoimmunity
2.3 Immunity to pathogens and vacc ines
2.4 The Complement System
2.4.1 Functions
2.4.2 Components
2.4.3 Activation an d regulation of the complement
2.4.4 Biological consequences of the complement activation
2.5 Lymphocyte Ontogeny and Membrane Markers
2.6 Transplantation Immunology
2.6.1 basis of graft rejection
2.6.2 Clinical mani festation of graft rejection
2.6.3 General and spe cific immunosuppressive therapy
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2.6.4 Immune tolerance to allograph
2.6.5 Clinical transplantation
2.7 Organ -Specific Autoimmune Diseases
2.7.1 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
2.7.2 Rheumatoid Arthritis
2.7.3 General account of Immunodeficie ncy diseases
Unit 3: Cancer Cell Biology (15 L)
Objectives:
To introduce the learner to development of cancer in terms of cell cycle and apoptosis.
Desired outcome :
The learner shall comprehend factors responsible for apop tosis, variations in cell
cycle and their role in development of cancer.
3.1 Components of cell cycle and control system , Mitotic catastrophe
3.2 Extracellular control of cell division
3.2.1 Cell growth and apoptosis
3.2.2 Morphological and biochemical features of apopto sis
3.2.3 Necroptosis
3.3 Caspases (effector molecules)
3.3.1 Executioners of the apoptosis process
3.3.2 Extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathway
3.4 Role of mitochondria in cell death
3.4.1 Mechanism of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP)
3.4.2 Cell death effectors re leased from mitochondria
3.5 Poly – ADP –ribose Polymerase (P ARP) proteolysis as an indicator of cell death
3.6 Senescence and cancer
3.7 Chemoresistance and cancer
3.8 Immunogenicity of cancer cell death
3.9 Autophagy and Role of autophagy in tumour survival , oncogenic ge nes that regulate
Autophagy
3.10 Cancer treatment: Immunotherapy
Unit 4: Exercise P hysiology (15 L)
Objectives:
To initiate the learner to fundamentals of exercise physiology .
Desired outcome :
The learner shall comprehend effect of exercise on various physiological parameters for
molecular to systems level.
4.1 Exercise and Immune system:
4.1.1 Exerci se and resistance to infections
4.1.2 Risks of infections due to high intensity workout and environmental extremes
4.2 Cell signaling and Hormonal resp onse to exercise:
4.2.1 Blood hormone concentration
4.2.2 Hormone receptor interaction
4.2.3 Muscle glycogen utilization
4.2.4 Blood gluc ose homeostasis during exercise
4.2.5 Hormone substrate interaction
4.3 Circulatory responses to exercise:
4.3.1 Organization of circulatory system
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4.3.2 Cardiac cycle
4.3.3 Changes in oxygen delivery to muscles during exercise
4.4 Role of nervous system exercise:
4.4.1 Control and coordination of movements during exercise
4.4.2 Joint and muscle proprioceptors
4.4.3 Muscle chemoreceptors
4.4.4 Motor functions of the spinal cord
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M. Sc. Part 2: Semester III Practical
Practical 1: PSZO PHY3P1
1. Study of Mouth parts in different insects, observe the modifications and write the adaptations
– Biting, chewing, p iercing and sucking .
2. Study of digestive system of earthworm .
3. Study of nephridia of earthworm and Malpighian tubules of cockroach .
4. Study of Digestive system of cockroach , earthworm / crab .
5. Study of Nervous system of cockroach.
6. Study of heartbeat in Daphnia , effect of heavy metals / nicotine on heartbeat of Daphni a.
7. Study of Respiratory quotient (R.Q.) of cockroach.
8. Study of transport of glucose across a semi -permeable membrane (egg membrane) .
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Practical 2: PSZO PHY3P2
1. Determination of activities of digestive enzymes viz. amylase, trypsin etc. in different animals
(human saliva for amylase, Intestine of goat or chicken for trypsin) .
2. Study of effect on activity of salivary/ pancreatic amylase enzyme on various factors substrate
concentration, pH, temperature, activator, inhibitor (enzyme) and determination of Km of a
given enzyme.
3. Study of pathological report and interpretation of report with respect to human physiology
a. Renal function test
b. Liver function test
c. Stress test
d. Polycythemia
e. Various scans – X rays / CT Scan or any other scan images interpretation
4. Effect of different concentrations of sodium chloride on the diameter of RBCs and
determination of concentration isotonic to blood.
5. Determination of urea, uric acid and creatinine in blood – human / goat.
6. Determination of blood cholesterol content – human / goat.
7. Routine urine tests. Prepare a report as provided by pathological laboratory .
8. Influence of sub lethal concentration (50 -60ppm) ammonia (as liquor ammonia / ammonium
hydroxide / ammonium chloride ) on a suitable fish exposed to ammonia stress for 3 / 7 / 15
days with reference to the following parameters:
a. Level of excretory ammonia
b. Level of activity of hepatic and brain glutamate dehydrogenase
c. Level of amino acid content of muscle, gill, brain and liver
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Practical 3: PSZO PHY3P3
1. Observation of decreasing PO 2 of water on the respiratory rate of a fish .
2. Effect of decreasing PO 2 of water on lactic acid in the fish muscle.
3. Estimation of salt loss and gain in an aquatic animal when transferred to a salt free medium
and to natural medium.
4. Effect of temperature o n opercula movement of suitable fish .
5. Study of effect of temperature on development of chick embryo .
6. Study of effect of electrolyte stress on angiogenesis using chick embryo .
7. Separation of plasma proteins by PAGE electrophoresis .
8. Separation of serum glob ulins by PAGE electrophoresis .
9. Immobilize Yeast cells in calcium alginate and prepare a bioreactor column to demonstrate
invertase ac tivity in the bioreactor column .
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Practical 4: PSZO PHY3P4
1. Performance of Ouchterlony technique to demonstrate immune -diffus ion.
2. Demonstration of single radical immune -diffusion of antibody and antigen.
3. Study of counter -current immune -electrophoresis.
4. Study of Agglutination Reaction:
a) Tube Agglutination Reaction
b) Slide Agglutination Reaction
c) Indirect Agglutination Inhibition R eaction
5. Separation of Lymphocytes .
6. Study of Phagocytosis .
7. Identification of histological slides of lymphoid tissue :
a) Spleen
b) Thymus
c) Lymph node
d) Bone marrow
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M. SC. PART 2: SEMESTER IV (THEORY)
PAPER 1: PSZOPHYN401
SYSTEMS ’ PHYSIOLOGY III
Unit 1: Locomoto r System (15 L)
Objectives:
To familiarize the learner with various types of locomotory structures in invertebrates.
Desired outcome :
The learner shall understand the functional and operating mechanisms of various
locomotory struc tures and organs in invertebrates .
1.1 Functions of locom otory organs
1.1.1 Pseudopodia
Lobopodia
Reticulopodia
Filopodia
Axopodia
1.1.2 Cilia
1.1.3 Flagella
1.1.4 Tentacles
1.1.5 Foot
1.1.6 Tube feet
1.1.7 Setae
1.2 Locomotion in Arthropods
1.2.1 Legs
1.2.2 Wings
1.3 Pyloric rhythm of the crustacean
1.4 Comparati ve physiology of invertebrate muscles
1.4.1 Polyneural innervation in arthropod muscle
1.4.2 Insect non -oscillatory postural muscle
1.4.3 Resonant flight and tymbal muscle in insects
1.4.4 Catch muscle and delayed relaxation
Unit 2: Physiology of Motility (15 L)
Objectives:
To familiarize the learner to intracellular and extracellular processes involved in movement
and locomotion in the vertebrates.
Desired outcome :
The learner shall discern molecular and supra -molecular structures and processes
responsible for movement and locomotion in the vertebrates.
2.1 Physiology of movement and locomotion:
2.1.1 Bioch emistry of contractile proteins
2.1.2 Physiology of non -muscular contractile elements:
a) Axoplasmic movement
b) Chromosome involvement
2.1.3 Physiology of skeletal muscle fibre:
a) Actomyosin complex
b) Source of energy for muscle contraction
c) Sliding filament theory
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d) Excitation of contraction and mechanism of regulation of contraction by calcium
ions
e) Mechanism of relaxation
Unit 3: Neuro Physiology (15 L)
Objectives:
To familiarize the learner to structural and functional aspects of neurophysiology.
Desired outcome :
The learner shall comprehend molecular, structural and functional dimensions of
neurophysiology in the animal kingdom.
3.1 Excitable membra nes
3.1.1 Membrane potential
3.1.2 Ions as current carriers
a) Protons
b) Calcium
c) Potassium
3.1.3 structure of Cation
a) Permeable channels
b) Chloride channels
3.2 Primitive nervous system
3.2.1 Nerve nets
3.2.2 Central pattern generators in invertebrates
3.2.3 Motor control in Arthropods
3.3 Nervous ti ssue
3.3.1 Neurons
3.3.2 Glial cells
3.4 Integrative neurophysiology:
3.4.1 Interneurons
3.4.2 Neural circuits
3.5 Neurotransmitters
3.5.1 Acetylcholine
3.5.2 Dopamine
3.5.3 Catecholamine
3.5.4 GABA
3.5.5 ATP
3.5.6 Adrenaline
3.5.7 Noradrenaline
3.5.8 FMRF amide family
3.5.9 Neuropeptide
3.6 Central Nervous system processing
3.7 Memory and learning
3.8 Neurophysiological disorders
3.8.1 Alzheimer
3.8.2 Parkinson
3.8.3 Dementia
Unit 4: Sensor y and Effector Physiology (15 L)
Objectives:
To familiarize the learner to sensory and effector systems in the animal kingdom.
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Desired outcome :
The learner shall understand the organizational aspects of sensory structures at the
molecular, membrane and organ level and their functioning as transducers in reception of
sensory stimuli.
The learner shall understand physiology of effectors.
4.1 Sens ory and eff ector system in invertebrates
4.1.1 Specificity, membrane bound receptor system, cytosolic receptor system
4.1.2 Mechanisms of insect olfactory reception
4.1.3 Organs of Equilibrium – statocyst , insect ear
4.1.4 Habituation and sensitization in Aplysia
4.1.5 Physiological e ffectors – Cnidoblast, Chromatophores, Bioluminescent system
4.2 Sensory and effector system in the vertebrates :
4.2.1 Organs of Equilibrium – statocyst, internal ear of vertebrate
4.2.2 Sensory modalities of animals: Sensory coding and transduction of sensory stimuli :
a) Chemorecep tion (Gustation and olfaction)
b) Hygroreception
c) Thermoreception
d) Mechanoreception
e) Echolocation
f) Electroreception
g) Magnetoreception
h) Photoreception
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PAPER 2: PSZOPHY402
SYSTEMS ’ PHYSIOLOGY I V
Unit 1: Endocrine Physiology – I (15 L)
Objectives: To introduce to the learner various Endocrine systems in Invertebrates.
Desired outcome : The learner shall understand var ious molecular and structural aspects of
invertebrate endocrine systems, the effect of endocrine secretions on various life -processes and
development as well as the mechanism of action of hormones in invertebrates.
1.1 Invertebrate endocrine system
1.1.1 Lower invertebrates in general
1.1.2 Annelids
1.1.3 Arthropods
1.1.4 Molluscs
1.1.5 Echinoderms
1.2 Hormonal action in invertebrates
1.2.1 Feed -back substance (pol ychetes)
1.2.2 Prothoracicotropic hormone
1.2.3 Juvenile hormone
1.2.4 Ecdysone
1.2.5 Trypsin modulating oostatic factor (TMOF)
1.2.6 Allomones
1.2.7 X and Y Organs
1.2.8 Epitracheal glands (Inka cells)
1.2.9 Methyl farnesoate (MF)
1.2.10 Gonadotropic hormone in gastropods and cephalopods
1.2.11 1- Methyl – adenine (meiosis inducing substance) endocrine disru ptors
1.2.12 Gamete shedding substance (GSS) in Star fish
1.3 Mechanism of hormone action in invertebrates
Unit 2 : Endocrine Physiology II (15 L)
Objectives:
To familiarize the learner to vertebrate endocrine cellular structures, organs and glands and
types of their secretions.
Desired outcome :
The learner shall comprehend various types of endocrine organs, glands, types of their
secretions, neurohormones; and effects of these hormones on life processes including
reproduction and development.
2.1 Introduction to Endocrine systems (Neurosecretion and classical endocrine glands) – an
overview
2.2 Synthesis and Release of Hormone, Transport and Metabolism of Hormones, M echanism of
endocrine diseases
2.3 Mechanism of Hormone action in the vertebrates
2.4 Chordate endocrine systems
2.4.1 Hypothalamo -hypophyseal axis
2.4.2 Pineal gland
2.4.3 Thyroid gland
2.4.4 Parathyroid gland
2.4.5 Ultimobranchial gland
2.4.6 Corpuscles of stannous
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2.4.7 Gastroenteropancreatic cell s
2.4.8 Maunthner cells
2.4.9 Chromaffin tissues
2.4.10 Steroid hormones
2.5 Endocrine disorders due to alteration in receptor number and functions
2.6 Endocrine regulation during sex differentiation
Unit 3 : Biological rhythms (15 L)
Objectives:
To intr oduce the learner to temporal aspects of biological systems.
Desired outcome :
The learner shall understand the various types of rhythms encountered in biological
systems and their manifestations through various activities.
3.1 Physiology of Biological Rhyth ms and timings:
3.1.1 Temporal organization of the cells
3.1.2 Circadian Rhythms. Synchronization of circadian rhythms
3.1.3 Dormancy in fresh water and terrestrial animals
a) Preparatory phases
b) Induction of dormancy
c) Arousal from dormancy Entrainment and dormancy
3.1.4 Diapause in insects
a) Induction
b) Factors affecting and termination of diapause,
c) Diapause and endocrine functions
3.1.5 Photoperiodism
3.1.6 Biological clocks (circadian rhythms, lunar rhythms and circanual rhythms)
Unit 4: Physiology of Migration (15 L)
Objectives:
To familiarize the learner to various aspects of animal migration.
Desired outcome :
The learner shall be able to discern causative, temporal, spatial, energetic and metabolic
aspects of animal migration and its adaptive value to the migratin g animal species.
4.1 Physiological stimulus of Migration
4.2 Orientation and Navigation
4.3 Energetic
4.4 Timing
4.5 Synthesis
4.6 Migration for food, reproduction, territory
4.7 Migration as factor in life cycle
4.8 Adaptations for Migration
4.9 Communication during Migration
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PAPER 3: PSZOPHY403
RECENT TRENDS IN PHYSIOLOGY
Unit 1: Drug Designing & Modelling (15 L)
Objectives:
To introduce the learner to the fundamental concept of drug discovery and designing.
Desired outcome:
The learner will comprehend steps involved in discovery and identification of new potential
therapeutic molecules using combination of computational and experimental processing
drug development.
1.1 Introduction to Drug Design and Development
1.1.1 Drug Discovery as a Process
1.1.2 Target Identifi cation and Validation
1.1.3 Target Validation and Drug Validation Practical
1.2 Drug targets
1.3 Targets: Membr ane Proteins, DNA, RNA, Enzymes
1.4 Lead Identification and Modification:
1.4.1 Lead Identificatio n and High Throughput Screening
1.4.2 Sources of active compounds, Biologi cs
1.5 Computer -Aided Drug Design:
1.5.1 Molecular Modelling
1.5.2 Ligand -based Drug Design
1.5.3 Structure Determination
1.5.4 Structure -based Drug Design
1.6 Drug Delivery: Bioavailability, Pro -drugs and Drug Delivery
Unit 2: Clinical trials (15 L)
Objectiv es:
To introduce the learner to different steps involved in clinical trials .
Desired outcome:
The learner will comprehend types of clinical trials, designing of clinical trials, ethics in
clinical trials and its application in health care.
2.1 Pre-clinical Toxicology: In vivo
2.2 Pre-clinical Toxicology: In vitro
2.3 Clinical Trials: Clinical Trial Design
2.4 Ethics of Human and Animal Experimentation
2.5 Commercial Considerations in Drug Development
2.6 Introduction to artificial intelligence and its application
2.6.1 Clinical trials
2.6.2 Toxicology
2.6.3 Healthcare
Unit 3: Clinical Trial Management and Guidelines (15 L)
Objectives:
To introduce the learner to operation and management in clinical trials.
Page 35
Desired outcomes:
The learner will comprehend the monito ring and regulatory affairs with defined guidelines
used in clinical trials.
3.1 Project Management; protocol in clinical research; quality assurance & clinical data
management
3.2 Informed consent; Case report form; investigator’s brochure (Ib)
3.3 Ethical and regu latory submission; roles and responsibilities of clinical research professionals
3.4 Retention of Clinical trial subjects; monitoring visits; Documentation of clinical trials
3.5 Introduction to OECD
3.5.1 Guidelines for the testing of chemicals
3.5.2 Description of the met hod
3.5.3 Selection of animal species
3.5.4 Housing and feeding conditions, preparation of animals for experiment, preparation of
doses
3.5.5 Administration of doses
3.5.6 Limit test and main test
3.5.7 Observations:
a) Body weight
b) Pathology
c) Data and Reporting
d) Calculation of LD50 for the main test
e) Test report
Unit 4: Stem Cell Physiology (15 L)
Objectives:
To introduce the learner to the fundamentals of stem cell physiology.
Desired outcome :
The learners shall comprehend the physiological aspects of st em cells and their functions in
homeostasis of tissues, embryonic and somatic stem cells, cancer stem cells and stem cell
therapy.
4.1 Introduction to stem cell
4.2 Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation
4.3 Wnt Signaling pathway
4.4 Orchestrating Wnt / B-catenin signaling
4.5 Somatic and cancer stem cells
4.6 Role of stem cells in physiology, pathophysiology and therapy
4.7 Future of stem therapy as an alternative to organ transplant
Page 36
PAPER 4: PSZOPHY404
INSTRUMENTATION AND PRESENTATION OF SCIENTIFIC DATA
Unit 1: Instrumentation (15 L)
Objective
To learn how to design and build instruments for laboratory measurement.
To understand fundamental principles of operation .
Desired Outcome
The learner will understand methods for operation of instruments and data analysis.
The learner will understand how instrumentation can advance scientific research.
1.1 Centrifugation:
Principle and applications of Centrifugation
Differential and density gradient Centrifugation
1.2 Electrophoresis:
Principle
Structural components
Applications
1.3 Chromatography:
Principle and applications
Adsorption
Ion exchange
Gel permeation
Affinity
1.4 Spectrophotometer:
Principle
Applications
1.5 pH meter
Principle
Applications
1.6 Microscopy
Binocular
Trinocular
Unit 2: Presentation of Scientific data (15 L)
Objective
To aware the students for good practice in data presentation.
To aware the students to use different data presentation formats .
Desired Outcome
The students will familiarize to explain their rese arch data by using different techniques for
presenting their scientific data.
Page 37
2.1 Types of presentation:
Oral
Poster
Written
Audio -visual
Aids for presentation
2.2 Preparing the manuscript
Guidelines for authors
The IMRAD format
2.3 Title, Byline , Abstract and Summary, Keywords
2.4 Introduction:
Defining the problem
Literature survey
Justification of study
2.5 Materials and Methods:
Contents
Sources
Procedures
Techniques
Reproducibility
Significance
2.6 Results:
Text
How to present data
Tables and illustrations
Writing captions
Labels and legends
2.7 Discussion:
Components and Sequence
Analysis, Comparison and Integration of Data
Likely Sources of Errors in Results
2.8 Conclusions and significance
Unit 3: Project (30 L)
Objective
To familiarize learner for analyzing a scientific occurrence with an investigation or to solve
a problem with an invention .
Desired Outcome
Research expands the current state of knowledge (at a certain cost) of the learners.
Experimental findings that may yield new insights or lead to other research among the
learners.
1. Dissertation 60 Marks
2. Examination 50 Marks
Page 38
Guidelines to the Project:
1. The Project shall include:
Title of the Project
Aims, Objectives and Rationale
Materials and Methods
Observati on and / Results
Interpretation of Observation / Results and Discussion
Conclusion and / Recommendation
Relevance of Work / Justification of Work with Project title
Relevant References
2. The project must be type -written using computer and printed for bindin g.
3. No minimum or maximum limit of the number of pages is defined since the volume
of the proposal is dependent on the scope of the selected topic.
4. Name of the mentor may be reflected on the first page of the project along with the
student’s names.
5. The h ard copy of proposal must be retained and submitted along with the
dissertation in the examination for the reference of the external examiner/s.
6. Student should prepare individual power point presentation (PPT) on the project and
must present it in front o f examiners at the time of examination.
7. The project will be prepared individually by students.
Page 39
M. Sc. Part 2: Semester IV Practical
Practical 1: PSZOPHY4P1
1. Water and ionic regulation of freshwater animal in different osmotic media.
2. Estimation of sugar from blood plasma.
3. Extraction of glycogen from muscle and liver .
4. Estimation of liver glycogen content .
5. Preparation of glycerinated muscle fibre and study of its properties.
6. Study of n erve cells and neurosecretory cells of cockroach .
7. Study of various typ es of invertebrate physiological effectors.
8. Study of irritability in Param oecium .
9. Study of different sense organs in the vertebrates.
Practical 2: PSZO PHY4P2
1. Study of hormones in invertebrates .
2. Study of endocrine gland of vertebrates .
3. Effect of insul in /adrenalin on fish scales .
4. Effect of insulin/ adrenaline on rate of heart beat in Daphnia and chick embryo .
5. Effect of light and dark phase on Drosophila .
6. Study of X and Y organs in crab.
7. Study of estrous cycle of rat using histological slides or pho tographs .
8. Study of menstrual cycle .
9. Study of migration in animals in relation to food , reproduction and environment .
10. Study of migratory routes in birds and fishes .
Page 40
Practical 3: PSZO PHY4P3
1. Estimation of LC 50 or LD 50 of an o rgano -phosphorous pesticide on Artemia cysts.
2. Designing protocols for toxicity experiments such as acute, sub-acute toxicity, reproduction
toxicity, dermal toxicity.
3. Determination of pesticide residues in soil or water.
4. Effect of administration of car bon tetra chloride in rat/mice with reference to the following
parameters:
a) Total lipid and free fatty acid content of liver
b) Free fatty acid content of plasma
c) Level of activity of the following enzymes:
i. AspAT
ii. AlaAT
iii. AICP
iv. ACP
v. LDH
vi. SDH
5. Study of stem cells in animals.
6. Visit to an animal house/clinical trial laboratory. Prepare a report on its role and
significance .
Practical 4: PSZO PHY4P4
The practical of Semester 4 paper 4 comprises the Research Project for which students will have
to take up a particula r topic based on which they will be doing research applying the ethics of
research, methods and methodology, etc. They are expected to abide rules of Scientific Research
and if possible derive at a conclusion for the same. This will help the learners to bu ild a strong
foundation for pursuing research. Learners will acquaint about preparation of lay out, structure and
language of typical reports, illustrations and tables. Learners will gain l knowledge about how to
write bibliography, referencing and footnot es in reports and thesis or in research articles.
Further, learners will be oriented to presentation of data through effective communication with the
help of advanced visual technology. In addition to that they will be aware about the application of
resul ts, environmental impacts, conservation of biodiversity, ethical issues and ethical committees.
The practical should be organized in such a manner that learners can be trained to manage large
data sets generated via multiple observations, arrange them in a proper format and present them
in relevant graphs/charts by adopting a hands -on in silico approach.
Page 41
References
1) A. G. Giese: “Cell Physiology” (3rd Ed) Saunders, Toppan
2) Gerald Karp: “Cell Biology” McGraw Hill Kogakusha Ltd.
3) Biology of Animals --- Cleveland P. Hickman JR Larryds. Roberts
4) Darnell, Loddish, Baltimore: “Molecular Cell Biology” Scientific American Books.
5) C. A. Keil, E. Neil & E.N. Joeb (1982): “Samson Wright, Applied Physiology” Oxford Univ. \
Press.
6) R. Eckert & D. Randall (1982): “Anim al Physiology: 2nd Ed.” W. H. Freeman & Co.
7) W. A. Hoar (1982): “General & Comparative Animal Physiology 3rd Ed.” Prentice Hall Inc.
8) C. L. Prosser (1973): “Comparative Animal Physiology” W. B. Saunders.
9) C. Ladd Prosser Ed. (1991): “Neural & Integrative Ani mal Physiology” “Comparative Animal
Physiology”, 4th Ed. Wileg – Liss Publ.
10) C. Ladd Prosser Ed. (1991): “Environmental & Metabolic Animal Physiology” “Comparative
Animal Physiology” 4th Ed. Wileg – Liss Publ.
11) Withers, P.C. (1983): “Comparative Animal Phys iology” International Ed. Saunders College
Publishing.
12) K. Schmidt – Niel (1983): “Animal Physiology: Adaptation & Environmental” 3rd Ed.
Cambridge Univ. Press.
13) R. W. Hill (1978): “Comparative Physiology of Animals – An Environmental Approach” Harper
& Ro w Publ.
14) P. W. Hochachka& G. M. Somero (1973): “Strategies of Biochemical Adaptation”.
15) J. G. Philips (1975): “Environmental Physiology” Blackwell Scientific Publ.
16) J. R. Bernstein (1972): “Biochemical Responses to Environmental Stress” Academic Press
17) Harold Harper: “Review of Physiology Chemistry” 4th Ed. Maruzen Asian Ed. Lang Medical
Publ
18) OECD guideline for testing of chemicals - https://www.oecd -ilibrary.org/environment/test -no-
425-acute -oral-toxicity -up-and-down -procedure_9789264071049 -en
19) Kerns, E.H.; Di, L. Drug -Like Properties: Concepts, Structure Design and Methods: from
ADME to Toxicity Optimization, Academic Press, Oxford, 2008
20) Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, 5th Edition, Vol. 1. Principles and
21) Practice, edited by M. E. Wolff, John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1995.
22) Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, 4th Edition, edited by W.O. Foye, T.L. Lemke, and
23) D. A. William s, Williams and Wilkins: Philadelphia, 1995
24) Artificial intelligence – a modern approach, third edition, Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig,
Pearson India Education services pvt. Ltd. 2015
25) Animal Physiology ----- Samson &Writy
26) Animal Physiology ----- Nelsio n&Nelsion
27) Animal Physiology ----- Medical Physiology -Guiton
28) Text book of Animal Physiology ----- Nagbhushenen
29) Text book of Animal Physiology ----- Geise
30) Text book of Animal Physiology ----- A.K. Berry
31) Essentials Of Research Methodology and Dissertation Wri ting” by Yelikar
32) A Practical Approach to Pg Dissertation” by B Gitanjali and R Raveendran
33) Synopsis Dissertation And Research To Pg Students” by Prabhakara
34) A Practical Approach to Postgraduate Dissertation” by Raveendran
35) Exercise Physiology – Theory and App lications to fitness and performance, Scott K. Powers
and Edward T. Howley, 10th edition, McGraw Hill Publication, 2015
36) Textbook of Endocrine Physiology -----James E. Griffin and Sergio R. Ojeda, Oxford
University
37) Handbook of Neuroendocrinology --- Manda l A.(1994). EMKY Publication
38) Comparative Endocrinology of the Invertebrates -- Kenneth C. Highnam
39) Invertebrate Endocrinology ----- Tambhare D.B. (2012), Himalaya Publication
40) Invertebrate Endocrinology ----- Tombes, Academic Press.
41) Insect Endocrinology --- Lawrence I Gilbert, Academic Press
42) Sharma V.K. (1991) - Techniques in microscopy and cell biology, Tata-McGrawHill.
Page 42
43) Bisen & Mathew - Tools and Techniques in Life Sciences – CBS Publishers &
distributors.
44) Robert Braun - Introduction to Instrumental Analys is. McGraw Hill International Editions
45) Wilson and Walker – Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry.
Cambridge Univ.Press.
46) C. R. Kothari – Research Methodology, Methods and Techniques. Wiley Eastern Ltd.
Mumbai.
Page 43
University of Mumbai
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY ( Animal Physiology ) Semester III and
Semester IV EXAMINATIONS
Modality of Assessment
A. Internal Assessment 40%
Sr. No. Evaluation type Total Marks
1 One Assignments / Case study 25
2 Active participation in routine class instructional deli veries 05
3 Attendance – (0-25% = 0 marks, 25 -50% = 1mark, 50 -75% =
3 marks and 75 -100%= 5 marks) 05
4 Overall conduct as a respons ible student, manners, skill in
articulation, leadership qualities demonstrated through
organizing co ‐curricular, etc. 05
B. External Assessment 60%
a. Semester End Examination 60 Marks
Duration – These examinations shall be of two and half hours duration for each
paper.
Theory Question Paper Pattern:
There shall be five questions each of 12 marks. On each un it there will be one
question and the first one will be based on entire syllabus.
All questions shall be compulsory with internal choice within the questions.
Each question will be of 18 to 30 marks with options.
Question may be subdivided into sub questio ns a, b, c… and the allocation of
marks depend on the weightage of the topic.
b. Practicals: 50 Marks
c. Project in Semester IV: Internal Examination 40 Marks
Dissertation: 60 Marks
External Evaluation: 50 Marks
Page 44
*Note - The practicals may be conducted by using specimens authorized by the wild life
and such other regulating authorities though it is strongly recommended that the same
should be taught by using photographs / audio -visual aids / simulations / models etc. as
recommended by the UGC and as envisaged in the regulation of the relevant monitoring
bodies. No new specimens, however, shall be procured for the purpose of conducting
practicals mentioned here -in above.
N.B:
I) It is pertinent to note that we have to adhere strictly to the directions as given in the UGC
Circular F14 -4/2006 (CPP -II).
II) Apart from the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) and any other Committee
appointed by a Competent Authority / Body from time to time, every college should constitute the
following Committees:
1) A Committee for the Purpose of Care and Supervision of Experimental Animals
(CPCSEA) and
2) A Dissection Monitoring Committee (DMC) to ensure that no dissections are done.
Composition of DMC shall be as follows:
i) Head of the Concerned Department (Conve ner / Chairperson)
ii) Two Senior Faculty Members of the concerned Department
iii) One Faculty of related department from the same College
iv) One or two members of related department from neighbouring colleges.
Use of animals for any experiment / dissection /m ounting is banned. Simulations,
authorized permanent specimens / slides, charts, models and other innovative
methods are encouraged.
Page 45
University of Mumbai
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY (Oceanography and Fishery Technology)
Paper Pattern of
Semester III (Papers 1, 2, 3, 4) / IV (Papers 1, 2, 3) Examination
Maximum Marks: 60 Duration: 2.5 Hours Marks Option: 90
Question 1. Based on Unit I to IV (Mixed Questions)
Question 2. Based on Unit I
Question 3. Based on Unit II
Question 4. Based on Unit III
Question 5. Based on Unit IV
Instructions:
a. All questions are compulsory.
b. All questions carry equal marks.
c. Draw neat and labelled diagrams wherever necessary.
1. Answer any four questions from the following: (Based on all 4 Units ) (12)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
2. Answer any two questions from the following: (Based on Unit I) (12)
a)
b)
c)
3. Answer any two questions from the following: (Based on Unit II) (12)
a)
b)
c)
4. Answer any two questions from the following: (Based on Unit III) (12)
a)
b)
c)
5. Answer any two questions from the following: (Based on Unit IV) (12)
a)
b)
c)
Page 46
Semester IV Examination
Paper IV: Instrumentation and Presentation of Scientific data
Internal (Theor y) Paper Pattern of PSZOOCN404
Maximum Marks: 40 Duration: 1.15 Hours Marks Option: 60
Instructions:
a. All questions are compulsory.
b. Draw neat and labeled diagrams wherever necessary.
1. Fill in the blank by cho osing the correct option given in the brackets (Based on both Units) Four
sub-questions from each unit. (08)
2. Answer any two questions from the following: (Based on Unit I) (16)
a)
b)
c)
3. Answer any two questions from the following: (Based on Unit II) (16)
a)
b)
c)
Page 47
Skeleton of Practical Examination Question Paper
Practical Paper 1: PSZO PHY3P1
Time: 10:00 am to 3:00 pm Total Marks: 50
1. Major Question 18
Dissect Earthworm / Crab / Cockroach so as to expose its digestive system.
OR
Dissect Cockroach so as to expose its Nervous system .
2. Minor question
Demonstrate the transport of glucose across semi -permeable membrane (egg membrane).
09
OR
Demonstrate the effect of suitable toxicant (heavy metal / nicotine) on the heartbeat of
Daphnia . 09
OR
Calculate the respiratory quotient of cockroach with the help of respirometer. 09
3. Identify and mention the parts of invertebrate excretory organs. (Any two) 07
4. Identific ation
Identify the insect mouth parts with respect to their modifications and adaptations. (Two spots) .
06
5. Viva- voce . 05
6. Journal . 05
Page 48
Practical 2: PSZO PHY3P2
Time: 10:00 am to 3:00 pm Total Marks: 50
1. Major question 18
Determination of activities of Amylase / Trypsin from suitable source (human saliva for
amylase, Inte stine of goat or chicken for trypsin) and Determination of Km of a given enzyme.
OR
Determination of effect of pH / Temperature / Activator / Inhibitor on the activity of salivary /
pancreatic amylase enzyme.
OR
Determination of isotonic concentration to blood by studying the effect of different
concentrations of sodium chloride on the diameter of RBCs.
OR
Show the influence of sublethal concentration of ammonia (50 -60 ppm) on suitable fish
exposed to ammonia stress for 3/7 day s with reference the following parameters:
i. Level of excretory ammonia 08
ii. Level of activity of hepatic and brain glutamate dehydrogenase . 10
OR
ii. Level of amino acid content of muscle / gill / brain / liver . 10
2. Determine the cholesterol / urea / uric acid / creatinine content in the given blood sample. 08
3. Prepare a report from the given
Parameters of routine test: renal function/liver function/ Stress test/Polycythemia / urine . 12
OR
X-ray / CT scan images . Interpret the result and submit the report. 12
4. Viva- voce . 05
5 Journal . 05
Page 49
Practical 3: PSZO PHY3P3
Time: 10:00 am to 3:00 pm Total Marks: 50
1. Major question 18
Set up an experiment to demonstrate the effect of decreasing PO 2 of water on the respiratory
rate of a fish / lactic acid content of fish muscle. Compare it with control fish and submit the
report.
OR
Estimate the salt loss and salt gain in an aquatic animal when it is transferred to a salt free and
natural medium.
2. Minor question
a) Separate from the given sample serum globulin / plasma proteins by PAGE electrophoresis.
12
b) Demonstrate the effect of temperature on development of chick embryo / opercula
movement of fish. 10
3. Viva-voce . 05
4. Journal. 05
Page 50
Practical 4: PSZOPHY3P4
Time: 10:00 am to 3:00 pm Total Marks: 50
1. Major question 18
Demonstration of immune -diffusion by Ouchterlony technique.
OR
Demonstration of single radial immune -diffusion of antigen and antibody.
OR
Demonstration of counter current immune electrophoresis.
2. Minor question
a) Study of phagocytosis / Separation of lymphocytes. 09
b) Perform Agglutination Reaction: Tube Agglutination Reaction / Slide Agglutination Reaction
/ Indirect Agglutination Inhibition Reaction. Submit a report. 07
3. Identify lymphoid tissue and lymph node/bone marrow. (Any two slides) 06
4. Viva- voce . 05
5. Journal . 05
Page 51
Practical 4: PSZOPHY4P1
Time: 10:00 am to 3:00 pm Total Marks: 50
1. Major question 18
a) Demonstrate water and ionic regulation in the given freshwater fish in different osmotic
media. (Any 3 media).
OR
b) Estimate the blood sugar level / liver glycogen in the given sample. Interpret the result and
submit the report.
2. Prepare a setup to show the properties of glycerinated muscle fibre. 10
3. Identification : 12
a) Sense organs (vertebrates)
b) Physiological effectors (invertebrates)
4. Viva- voce . 05
5. Journal . 05
Page 52
Practical 4: PSZOPHY4P2
Time: 10:00 am to 3:00 pm Total Marks: 50
1. Major Question 18
Set up an experiment to demonstrate the effect of insulin / adrenaline on rate of heartbeat In
Daphnia . Compare with control Daphnia and submit the report.
OR
Set up an experiment to show the effect of light and dark phase on Drosophila . Submit the
report.
2. Identification : 12
a) The endocrine glands (vertebrates) and
b) The hormones (invertebrates)
OR
From the given data identify the migratory routes birds / fishes. Interpret the reason for
migration.
3. Identify stage of: 10
a) estrous cycle
b) menstrual cycle
4. Viva voce . 05
5. Journal . 05
Page 53
Practical 4: PSZOPHY4P3
Time: 10:00 am to 3:00 pm Total Marks: 50
1. Major Question
Show the toxicity effect of carbon tetra chloride in rat / mice with reference to the following
parameters: 18
Level of enzyme activity:
i. AspAT and AlA T
ii. ACP / ALP, SDH, LDH
OR
a) Total lipid and free fatty acid content of liver . 09
b) Free fatty acid content of plasma . 09
2. Design protocol for toxicity experiment from the data provided. 12
a) Acute and sub-acute toxicity
b) Reproduction toxicity
c) Dermal toxicity
3. Submit a report of visit to animal house/clinical trial laboratory and viva based on it. 10
4. Viva voce . 05
5. Journal . 05
Page 54
Practical 4: PSZO PHY4P4
Evaluation of Project : 60 Marks
1. Title of the Project (01)
2. Aim, Objectives and Rationale (04)
3. Materials and Methods (05)
4. Observations and / Results (10)
5. Interpretation of Observations / Results and Discussion (10)
6. Conclusion and / Recommendation (10)
7. Relevant work / Justification of work with Project title (10)
8. Relevant References (05)
9. Certified Dissertation (05)
External Evaluation: 50 Marks
1. Content of Presentation (10)
2. Quality of Presentation (10)
3. Presentation Skill (10)
4. Quality of Work (10)
5. Viva based on Proposal / Question Answer Session (10)