Advanced-Web-Programming-munotes

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91 AWP  HtmlInputRadioButton -The HtmlInputRadioButton control is used to control an element.  HtmlSelect control - The HtmlSelect control is used to control element  HtmlTable control - The HtmlTable control is used to control <table> element. HTML Control Events Events Controls ServerClick HtmlAnchor, HtmlButton, HtmlInputButton, <br>HtmlInput Image, HtmlInputReset ServerChange HtmlInputText, HtmlInputCheckB ox, <br>HtmlInputRadio Button, HtmlInputHidden, <br>HtmlS elect, HtmlTextArea For example:- This example has one button and one textbox. When user clicks the Button the result is shown in textbox htmlcontrolsexample.aspx <%@ Page Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="true" CodeBehind="htmlcontrolsexample.aspx.cs" Inherits="asp.netexample.htmlcontrolsexample" %> <!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head runat="server"> <title></title> </head> <body> <form id="form1" runat="server"> <div> <input id="Text1" type="text" runat="server"/> <asp:Button ID="Button1" runat="server" Text="Button" OnClick="Button1_Click"/> </body> </html> // htmlcontrolsexample.aspx.cs using System; namespace asp.netexample { munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 92</h2> <p> <br> 92 Advanced Web Programming <br>92 public partial class htmlcontrolsexample : System.Web.UI.Page { protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { } protected void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { string a = Request.Form["Text1"]; Response.Write(a); } } } OUTPUT :- <br> When we click the button after entering text, it responses back to client. <br> 4.4.2 View State View State is used to store user data on page at the time of post back of web page. It does not hold the controls, it holds the values of controls. It does not restore the value to control after page post back. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 93</h2> <p> <br> 93 AWP View State can hold the value on single web page, if we go to other page using response.redirect then View State will be null. Syntax:- Store the value in viewstate ViewState[“name”]=”ASP.NET Programming”; Retrieve information from viewstate string value=ViewState[“name”].ToString(); Example of viewstate //aspprogramming.aspx protected void Button1_click(Object sender,EventArgs e) { //value of Textbox1 and TextBox2 is assigned on Viewstate Viewstate[“name”]=TextBox1.Text; Viewstate[“password”]=TextBox2.Text; //after clicking on Button TextBox Value will be cleared TextBox1.Text-TextBox2.Text=string.Empty; } protected void Button3_Click(object sender,EventArgs e) { //If Viewstate value is not null then value of viewstate is assign to TextB If (Viewstate[“name”] != null) { TextBox1.Text=Viewstate[“name”].ToString(); } If(Viewstate[“password’’] != null) { TextBox2.Text=Viewstate[“password”].ToString(); } } Output:- <br> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 94</h2> <p> <br> 94 Advanced Web Programming <br>94 <br> 4.4.3 Using Page Class Every web Page is a custom class that inherits from the system. web.UI.Page control. By inheriting form this class, your page class acquires a number of properties that our code can use. These include properties for enabling caching, validation and tracing. Some fundamental properties of page class are as follows:- Properties Description Application Instance of the HttpApplicationStat e class; represents <br>the state of the application. It i s functi onally <br>equivalent to the ASP intrinsic Application object. Cache Instance of the Cache class; implements the cache for <br>an ASP.NET application. More efficient and powerful <br>than Application, it support s item priority an d <br>expiration. Request Instanc e of the HttpRequest class ; represents the <br>current HTTP request. It is functionally equivalent to <br>the ASP intrinsic Request object. Response Instance of the HttpResponse class; sends HTTP <br>response data to th e client. It is fu nctionally equivalent <br>to the A SP intri nsic Response object. Server Instance of the HttpServerUtility class; provides <br>helper methods for processing Web requests. It is <br>functionally equivalent to the ASP <br>intrinsic Server object. Session Instance of the HttpSessionState class; manages u ser-<br>specific data. It is f unctionally equivalent to the ASP <br>intrinsic Session object munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 95</h2> <p> <br> 95 AWP Trace Instance of the TraceContext class; performs tracing <br>on the page. User the Principal object that represents the use r making <br>the reque st. IsPostBack Indicates whet her the page is being load ed in response <br>to a client postback or whether it is being loaded for <br>the first time. Sending the User to the New page Sending the user to the new page means page navigation. It is the technique to navigate between webforms in asp.net 1. Hyperlink control – It is used to navigate to another page. Using hyperlink, you can navigate to another page within same application or to an external website. The hyperlink control is rendered as an HTML anchor<a> tag. The Hyperlink control does not expose server side events, so when the user clicks on a hyperlink there is no server side event to intercept the click. Example:- <a href=”adds.aspx”>Accounting</a> 2. Response.Redirect - It provides a method Redirect() which is used to redirects the user to another webpage which may or may not be on the same server. It can redirect the user to an external website on different server. This method updates the address bar and adds the updated URL to the browser history. Syntax:- Response.Redirect(path) Here the path is required which is the location of the ASP file to which control should be transferred. 3. Server.Transfer – The Server object provides method Transfer() which cause to quit current execution of web page and redirects the user to another web page on the same server. It reduces the server request and conserves server resources. Synatx :- Server.Transfer(path) Here the path is required which is the location of the ASP file to which control should be transferred. 4.4.4 Using Application Events Application events are important in an ASP.NET application as the events are fired by server controls, we use them to perform additional processing tasks. For example, by using application events, we can write logging code that runs every time a request is received, no matter what page is being requested. Basic ASP.NET features such as session state and authentication use application events to plug into the ASP.NET processing pipeline. Global.asax allows us to write event handlers that react to global events in web applications. Global.asax files are never called directly by the user, rather they are called automatically in response to application events. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 96</h2> <p> <br> 96 Advanced Web Programming <br>96 Some points to remember about global.asax:- 1. They do not contain any HTML or ASP.NET tags. 2. Contain methods with specific predefined names. 3. They defined methods for a single class, application class. 4. They are optional, but a web application has no more than one global.asax file. How to add global.asax file: Select Website >>Add New Item (or Project >> Add New Item if you're using the Visual Studio web project model) and choose the Global Application Class template. <br> After you have added the global.asax file, you will find that Visual Studio has added Application Event handlers: The Event Handling Methods are as follows:- Event Handling Met hod Description Application_Start() This event is fired when the first instance <br>of the HTTP Application class is created. <br>It allows us to create objects that are <br>accessible by all HT TP Application <br>instances Application_End() This event is fired when the last instance <br>of an HTTP Application class is <br>destroyed. It’s fired only once during an <br>application lifetime. Application_BeginRequest() This event is fired when an application <br>reque st is received. It ’s first event fired <br>for a req uest wh ich is often a pag e request munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 97</h2> <p> <br> 97 AWP (URL) that a user enters Application_EndRequest() This is the last Event fired for an <br>application request Session_Start() This event is fired when a new user visits <br>the ap plication Website Session_End() This event is f ired wh en a user’s sessio n <br>times out, ends, or they leave the <br>application website Application_Error() Application_Error() event occurs in <br>response to an unhandled error 4.4.5 Configuring in ASP.NET Application A configuration file (web.config) is used to manage various settings that define a website. The settings are stored in XML files that are separate from your application code. In this way you can configure settings independently from your code. Generally a website contains a single Web.config file stored inside the application root directory. However there can be many configuration files that manage settings at various levels within an application. There are number of important settings that can be stored in the configuration file. Some of the most frequently used configurations, stored conveniently inside Web.config file are:  Database connections  Caching settings  Session States  Error Handling  Security Configuration file looks like this <configuration> <connectionStrings> <add name=”myCon” connectionstring=”server=MyServer; database=apeksha;uid=apekshashirke;pwd=mydata1223" /> </connectionStrings> </configuration/> Different types of configuration files 1) Machin.config :- Server or machine-wide configuration file. 2) Web.config :- Application configuration files which deal with a single application. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 98</h2> <p> <br> 98 Advanced Web Programming <br>98 Example :- Program to display the number of visitors currently browsing your website To Create a website and adding a webform to it Adding a Global.asax to web applications Add New Item>Global Application Class >Add <br> Global.asax <%@ Application Language="C#" %> <script runat=”server”> void Application_Start(object sender, EventArgs e) { Application[“OnlineUsers’]=0; //application variable } void Application_End(object sender, EventArgs e) { //Code that runs on application shutdown } Void Application_Error(object sender, EventArgs e) { //Code that runs when an unhandled error occurs } Void Session_Start(object sender, EventArgs e) { Application.Lock(); Application[“OnlineUsers’]=(int) Application[“OnlineUsers’]-1; Application.UnLock(); munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 99</h2> <p> <br> 99 AWP } </script> Web.config <?xml version=“1.0”> <configuration> <system.web> <sessionState mode=”InProc” cookieless=”false” timeout=”1”/> <compilation debug=”true” targetFramework=”4.5.2”/> <httpruntime targetFramework=”4,5.2”/> </system.web> </configuration> Default.aspx <%@ Page Language=”C#” AutoEventWireup=”true” CodeFile=”Default.aspx.cs” Inherits=”_Default” %> <html xmlns=http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml> <head runat=”server”> <title></title> </head> <body> <form id=”form1” runat=”server”> <div> Visitors Count :<%=Application[“OnlineUsers”].ToString()%> </div> </form> </body> </html> Where  Mode :- The mode setting supports three options : inproc, sqlserver and stateserver.ASP.NET supports two modes : in process and out of process.  Cookieless :- The cookieless option for ASP.NET is configured with this simple Boolean setting(true/false)  Timeout :- This option controls the length of time a session is considered valid. The session timeout is a sliding value, on each request the timeout period is set to the current time plus the timeout value. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 100</h2> <p> <br> 100 Advanced Web Programming <br>100 4.5 QUESTIONS:- 1. What is Code behind class in ASP.Net? 2. How to add Event Handlers in ASP.Net? 3. What are different types of ASP.Net files? 4. What are ASP.Net Folders? 5. Write a short note on Debugging. 6. Explain in detail the concept of HTMLServer Controls. 7. What do you mean by View state? 8. What are the Properties of Page class? 9. What are Event handling methods in ASP.Net? 10. Explain in detail Web Control hierarchy. 4.6 REFERENCES https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Your_first_form https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/designing-web-navigation/9780596528102/ch01.html https://flylib.com/books/en/2.370.1.28/1/ (Anatomy of ASP.NET application) https://flylib.com/books/en/2.321.1.16/1/ (ASP.Net File Types) https://www.c-sharpcorner.com/uploadfile/puranindia/special-folders-in-asp-net/ (ASP.Net Web folders) https://www.tutorialspoint.com/asp.net/asp.net_debugging.htm (Debugging) https://www.wideskills.com/aspnet/html-server-controls https://www.c-sharpcorner.com/UploadFile/225740/what-is-view-state-and-how-it-works-in-Asp-Net53/  munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 101</h2> <p> 101 5 FORM CONTROLS Unit Structure 5.0 Form Controls 5.1 Stepping Up to Web Controls 5.2 Web Control Classes 5.2.1 Units 5.2.2 Enumerations 5.2.3 Colors 5.2.4 Fonts 5.2.5 Default Button 5.3 List Controls 5.4 Table Controls 5.5 Web Control Events and AutoPostBack 5.6 Validation Controls 5.7 Rich Controls 5.7.1 The Calendar 5.7.2 The AdRotator 5.7.3 Pages with Multiple Views 5.8 User Controls and Graphics 5.8.1 User Controls 5.8.2 Dynamic Graphics 5.8.3 The Chart Control 5.9 Website Navigation 5.9.1 The SiteMapPath Control 5.9.2 The Menu Control 5.9.3 The TreeView Control 5.10 Questions 5.11 References 5.0 FORM CONTROLS ASP.NET is Fully Based on Controls. the use of controls can easily make any Application without any problem in Asp.Net.There are some Types of controls which are used in Asp.Net. 1. Web Forms Standard controls. 2. Navigation Controls munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 102</h2> <p> <br> 102 Advanced Web Programming <br>102 3. Validation Controls 4. Web Parts controls 5. HTML Controls 5.1 STEPPING UP TO WEB CONTROLS Controls are building blocks in web form. Server controls are tags that are understood by the server. Web server controls are special ASP.NET tags understood by the server. Web server controls are also created on the server and they require runat=”server” attribute to work. Basic Web control include additional methods, events and properties 5.2 WEB CONTROL CLASSES Web control classes are the basic control classes used in ASP.Net. Web control classes are defined in System.Web.UI.WebControls namespace. The following diagram shows the web control hierarchy <br> Webserver controls can be divided into following categories 1) Validation controls - These are used to validate user input and they work by running client-side script. 2) Data source controls - These controls provides data binding to different data sources. 3) Data view controls - These are various lists and tables, which can bind to data from data sources for displaying. 4) Personalization controls - These are used for personalization of a page according to the user preferences, based on user information. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 103</h2> <p> <br> 103 AWP 5) Login and security controls - These controls provide user authentication. 6) Master pages - These controls provide consistent layout and interface throughout the application. 7) Navigation controls - These controls help in navigation. For example, menus, tree view etc. 8) Rich controls - These controls implement special features. For example, AdRotator, FileUpload, and Calendar control. The syntax for creating web server control is: <asp:control_name id=”some_id” runat=”server” /> Example :- <asp:Button id=”btn1” Text=”Click Here” runat=”server”/> Properties of web controls 1. AccessKey- Pressing this key with the Alt key moves focus to the control. 2. BackColor, ForeColor – Used to change the color of the background (BackColor) and text (ForeColor) of the control 3. BorderColor, BorderStyle, BorderWidth – Used to change the border of control in the browser. Each of these three ASP.NET properties maps directly to its CSS counterpart 4. CssClass – It is used to define the HTML class attribute for the control in the browser. 5. Enabled - Indicates whether the control is grayed out. 6. Font – Used to define different font related settings such as Font-Size, Font-Names and Font-Bold 7. Height, Width – It determines the height and width of the control in the browser 8. TabIndex - Gets or sets the tab index of the Web server control. 9. ToolTip - Gets or sets the text displayed when the mouse pointer hovers over the web server control. 10 Visible - It indicates whether a server control is visible. 11. UniqueID - Unique identifier. 12. SkinID - Gets or sets the skin to apply to the control. 13. Style - Gets a collection of text attributes that will be rendered as a style attribute on the outer tag of the Web server control. 5.2.1 Units Many properties of the controls use measurements such as Border width, Height and Width. The values here requires the unit structure which combines a numeric value with a type of measurement(pixels, percentage and so on) Example :- <asp:Label ID=”Label1” runat=”server” Height=”10px” Text=”Label”> </asp:Label> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 104</h2> <p> <br> 104 Advanced Web Programming <br>104 5.2.2 Enumerations Enumerations are used in heavily in the .NET class library to group a set of related constants, which may use for collection type values for the controls such as font names, colours or styles. For example, When you set a controls BorderStyle property, we can choose one of the several predefined values from the Borderstyle enumeration Example :- Button1.BorderStyle=BorderStyle.Dashed; //C# <asp:Label BorderStyle=”Dashed” Text=”Border Test” ID=”lbl” runat=”server” /> 5.2.3 Colors The color property refers to a color object from System.Drawing namespace. we can create color objects in several ways:-  ARGB(alpha,red,gren,blue) color value : we specify each value as an integer from 0 to 255. The alpha component represents the transparency of a color.  predefined .NET color name : we choose the corresponding name read-only property from color structure. These properties include the 140 HTML color names.  HTML color name : we specify this value as a string by using the ColorTranslator class. Example :- Label1.ForeColor=System.Drawing,Color.Red Label1.ForeColor=System.Drawing.ColorTranslator.FromHtml(“#FF0000”) Label1.ForeColor=Color.Red Label1.ForeColor= ColorTranslator.FromHtml(“#FF0000”) 5.2.4 Fonts The Font Property actually references a full Font Info Object which defines in the System. Web. UI. Web Controls namespace Property Description Name A String indicating the font name (such <br>as Verdana) Names An arr ay of strings with font n ames i n <br>the order of preference. The browser will <br>use the first matching font that’s <br>installed on the user ’s computer. Size The size of the font as a FontUnit obj ect. <br>This can represent an absolute or relative <br>size Bold , Italic, Overline, <br>Strikeout, Underline Bool ean properties that apply the given <br>style attribute. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 105</h2> <p> <br> 105 AWP 5.2.5 Default Button Default Button property ensures that whenever user presses Enter key the button that is set as default will be triggered. we can set the default button at the form level meaning of all the buttons in the form the one that is set as default will be triggered whenever user presses Enter key. Example :- <form id="form1" runat="server" defaultbutton="Button1"> <asp:Button ID="Button1" runat="server" Text="Button" OnClick = "Button1_Click" /> <asp:Button ID="Button2" runat="server" Text="Button" OnClick = "Button2_Click" /> <asp:Button ID="Button3" runat="server" Text="Button" OnClick = "Button3_Click" /> <asp:TextBox ID="TextBox1" runat="server"></asp:TextBox> </form> 5.3 LIST CONTROLS These controls are used to display the list with some list items in the page. These controls include List Box, Drop Down List, Check Box List, Radio Button List and Bulleted List. To add items to the list we have to define <asp:ListItem> elements between the opening and closing tags of the control. 1. ListBox We can select multiple items from ListBox at a time. Basic syntax of list box control: <asp:ListBox ID="ListBox1" runat="server" AutoPostBack="True" OnSelectedIndexChanged="ListBox1_SelectedIndexChanged"> </asp:ListBox> 2. DropDownList DropDownList control is used select single option from multiple listed items. Basic syntax of DropDown List : <asp:DropDownList ID="DropDownList1" runat="server" AutoPostBack="True" OnSelectedIndexChanged="DropDownList1_SelectedIndexChanged"> </asp:DropDownList> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 106</h2> <p> <br> 106 Advanced Web Programming <br>106 Common properties of List Box and Drop Down List are as follows Properties Description Selected Value Get the value of the selected item from the <br>dropdown list . Selecte dIndex Gets the index of the se lected item from the <br>dropdown box. Selected Item Gets the text of selected item from the list. <br> Items Gets the collection of items from the <br>dropdown list. DataText Field Name of the data source field to supply the <br>text of th e items. Generally this field c ame <br>from the data source. DataValue Field Name of the data source field to supply the <br>value of the items. This is not visible field <br>to list controls, but you can use it in the <br>code. DataSource ID ID of the data sour ce control to provide <br>data. <br> Common properties of each list item objects:  Text :- The text displayed for the item.  Selected :- Indicates whether the item is selected.  Value :- A string value associated with the item. 3. CheckBoxList The CheckBox control allows the user to set true/false or yes/no type options. The user can select or deselect it. When a check box is selected it has the value True, and when it is cleared, it holds the value False. Properties of CheckBox Control Properties Description Appea rance Gets or sets a value determining th e appearance of the <br>check box. AutoCheck Gets or sets a value indicating whether the Checked or <br>CheckedState value and the appearance of the control <br>automa tically change when the check box is selected. CheckAlign Gets or s ets the horizontal and vertical alignment of <br>the check mark on the check box. Checked Gets or sets a value indicating whether the check box munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 107</h2> <p> <br> 107 AWP is selected. CheckState Gets or sets the state of a check box. Text Gets or sets the caption of a check box. ThreeState Gets or sets a value in dicating whether or not a check <br>box should allow three check states rather than two. 4. RadioButtonList Radio Button List Control is same as Drop Down List but it displays a list of radio buttons that can be arranged either horizontally or vertically. We can select only one item from the given Radio Button List of options. Properties of Radio Button List Properties Description RepeatColumns It displays the nu mber of columns of radio <br>buttons. RepeatDirection It pacifies the d irection in which the <br>controls to b e repeated. The values <br>available are Horizontal and Vertical. <br>Default value is vertical. RepeatLayout Determines whether the radio buttons <br>display in an HTML table. 5. Bulleted List The bulleted list control creates bulleted lists or numbered lists. Prop erties Description Bulletstyle Determines the type of list. We can choose from <br>Numbered(1,2,3 …);Lower Alpha (a, b, c,…); Upper <br>Alpha(A,B,C,…);Lower Roman(i, ii, iii….)and Upper <br>Roman(I.II,III, …) and the bulle t symbols Disc, Circle, <br>Square or Cust om Imag e BulletImageUrl If the Bullet Style is set to Custom Image, this points <br>to the image that is placed to the left to each item as a <br>bullet. FirstBulletN umber In a ordered list (using (using Numbered, Lower <br>Alph a, Upper Alpha, Lower Roman and Upper <br>Rom an) this sets the first value. For example if you <br>set First Bullet Number to 3, the list might read <br>3,4,5… DisplayMode It determines whether the text of eac h item is rendered <br>as a text or hyperlink munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 108</h2> <p> <br> 108 Advanced Web Programming <br>108 5.4 TABLE CONTROLS In .NET Framework the Table class enables us to build an HTML Table. The System.Web.UI Controls namespace defines the Table class along with other web controls Control Code Description Table <asp:table> Parent control for Table <br>Row controls. <br>The Rows property of <br>the Table object is a <br>collect ion of Table <br>Row objects. TableRow <asp:TableRow> Parent control for Table <br>Cell controls. <br>The Cells property of <br>the Table Row object <br>contains a collection o f Table <br>Cell objects. TableCell <asp:TableCell> Contains content to be <br>displayed. The Text propert y <br>contains HTML text. <br>The Controls collection can <br>contain other controls. TableRow <br>Collection <asp:TableRowCollection> It encapsulates Table Row <br>Collection and is used to <br>manage a collection of table <br>or removing a row from i t. TableCell <br>Collection <asp:T ableCellCollection> It manages collection of table <br>cells such as adding a cell to <br>a row or removing a cell <br>from it. TableHeader <br>Collection <asp:TableHeaderc ell> It encapsulates a table header <br>cell. Properties of Table class Property Description BackImag eUrl An URL to an image is use d as background <br>for the table Caption The caption of the table. CaptionAlign The alignment of the caption text. CellPadding The space between the cell walls and content. CellSpacin g The spac e between cells. GridLines The gridline format in the Table. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 109</h2> <p> <br> 109 AWP Horizontal Align The horizontal alignment of the table in the page Rows A collection of rows in the table Runat Specifies th at the control is a server control. <br>Must be set to “server ” 5.5 WEB CONTROL EVENTS AND AUTO POST BACK The following diagram shows the order of event in ASP.NET page processing: <br> Sometimes we need to write the server code that will react immediately to an event that occurs on the client. Some events, such as Click event of a button take place immediately, because when clicked, the button posts back the page. However, other actions do cause events but don’t trigger a post back. For example when user chooses a new item in a list (which triggers SelectedIndexChanged event) or changes the text in a text box (the TextChangedevent ). In these cases without post back your code has no way to run. ASP.NET handles this by giving you two options: – To wait until the next post back to react to the event. For example imagine you want to react to the SelectedIndexChanged event in a list. If the user selects an item in a list, nothing happens immediately. But, if the user clicks a button to post back the page, two events fire: ButtonClick followed by ListBox.SelectedIndexChanged. And if you have several munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 110</h2> <p> <br> 110 Advanced Web Programming <br>110 controls, it’s quite possible for a single post back to result in several change events, which fire one after the other, in an undetermined order. – To use the automatic post back feature to force a control to post back the page immediately when it detects a specific user action. In this scenario, when the user clicks a new item in the list, the page is posted back, your code executes, and a new version of the page is returned. Event Web controls AlwaysPost Back Click Button, Imag eButton True TextChanged TextBox False Chec kedChanged CheckBox, RadioButton False SelectedIndexChanged DropDownList, ListBox, <br>CheckBoxList, <br>RadioButtonList False If you want to capture a change event (such as TextChanged, CheckedChanged, or SelectedIndexChanged) immediately, by setting the control’s AutoPostBack property to true. This way the page will be submitted automatically when the user interacts with the control. When the page is posted back, ASP.NET examines the page, loads all the current information, and then allows your code to perform some extra processing before returning the page back to the user. The next picture illustrates this: <br> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 111</h2> <p> <br> 111 AWP AutoPostBack in ASP.NET  AutoPostback or Postback is nothing but submitting page to server.  AutoPostback is webpage going to server, Server processes the values and sends back to same page or redirects to different page What is AutoPostBack Property in ASP.NET? The web Pages with one or more web controls are configured to use AutoPostBack, the ASP.NET adds a special JavaScript function to the rendered HTML page. This function is named _doPostBack(). When called, it triggers a PostBack sending data back to the web server. The _doPostBack() function has the responsibility for setting these values with the appropriate information about the event and submitting the form. The _doPostBack() function is shown below: <script language= “text/javascript”> Function _doPostBack (event Target, event Argument) { If (!theForm.onsubmit || (theForm.onsubmit()!=false)) the Form._EVENTTARGET.value=eventTarget; theForm._EVENTTARGET.value=eventTarget; theForm.submit(); } </script> ASP.NET generates the _doPostBack() function automatically provided atleast one control on three page uses automatic postbacks. Life Cycle of a Web Page To work with ASP.NET web Controls events, we need to understand the webpage lifecycle. The following actions will be taken place when a user changes the control that has Auto Post Back property set to true: 1 On the client side the Javascript_doPostBack function is invoked and the page is submitted to the server. 2. ASP.NET recreates the Page object using the .aspx file. 3. ASP.NET retrieves state information from the hidden view state field and updates the control accordingly. 4. The Page Load event is fired. 5. The appropriate change event is fired for the control. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 112</h2> <p> <br> 112 Advanced Web Programming <br>112 6. The Page.PreRender event fired and the page is rendered. 7. Finally, the Page.Unload event is fired. 8. The new page is sent to the client. 5.5 VALIDATION CONTROLS Validation controls are used to implement presentation logic, to validate user input data and it is also used for data format, data type and data range. Validation consist of two types client side and server side. Client Side – Dependent on browser and scripting language support. Sever Side – It is not dependent on browser and scripting language support. Validation controls in ASP.NET There are six types of validation controls in ASP.NET 1. Required Field Validation Control 2. Compare Validator Control 3. Range Validator Control 4. Regular Expression Validator Control 5. Custom Validator Control 6. Validation Summary 1. RequiredFieldValidator Control The RequiredFieldValidator control is simple validation control, which checks to see if the data is entered for the input control. We can have a RequiredFieldValidator control for each form element on which you wish to enforce Mandatory Field rule. Syntax:- <asp:RequiredFieldValidator ID=”RequiredFielsdValidator3” runat=”server” Style=”top: 98px;left: 367px; position: absolute; height: 26px;width: 162px” ErrorMessage=”password required” ControlToValidate=”TextBox2” > </asp: RequiredFieldValidator> Example:- Your Name : <br/> <asp:TextBox runat=”server” id=”txtName”/> <asp:RequiredFieldValidator runat=”server” id=”reqName” ForeColor=”Red” controltovalidate”txtName” errormessage=”Please enter your name !”/> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 113</h2> <p> <br> 113 AWP 2. CompareValidator Control The CompareValidator control allows us to make comparison to compare data entered in an input control with a constant value or a value in a different control. Syntax:- <asp:RequiredFieldValidator ID=”RequiredFieldValidator3” runat=”server” Style=”top: 145px; left: 367px; position: absolute; height: 26px; width: 162px” ErrorMessage=”password required” ControlToValidate=”TextBox3” ></asp: RequiredFieldValidator> Example :- Password:<br /> <asp:TextBox runat=”server” id=”txt11” TextMode=”Password”/> <br/>ReEnter password :<br/> <asp:TextBox runat=”server” id=”txt11” TextMode=”Password”/><br/> <asp:CompareValidator runat=”server” id=”cmpNumbers” ForeColor=”Red” Controltovalidate=”txt12” controltocompare=”txt11” operator=”LessThan” type=”Integer” errormessage=”Password should match !”> Password should match!</asp:CompareValidator> 3. RangeValidator Control The RangeValidator control verifies that the input value falls within a predetermined range. Syntax:- <asp:RangeValidatorID=”rvclass” runat=”server” ControlToValidate=”txtclass” Errormessage=”Enter your class (6-12)” Maximum Value=”12” Minimum Value=”6” Type=”Integer”/> Example:- Enter age :<br/> <asp:TextBox runat=”server” id=”txt1”/> <asp:RangeValidator ID=”RangeValidator2” Type=”Integer” runat=”server” ForeColor=”Red” ControlToValidate=”txt1” MinimumValue=”18” MaximumValue=”100” Error Message=”Not valid age”>Not valid age</asp:RangeValidator> Property Descrip tion Type It specifies the data type ControlT oCompare It specifies the value of the input control to compare <br>with. ValueToCompare It specifies constant value to compare with. Operator It specifie s the comparison operator the available <br>values are Equal , NotEqual , GreaterThanEqual, <br>LessThan, LessTha nEqual and DataTypeCheck. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 114</h2> <p> <br> 114 Advanced Web Programming <br>114 4. Regular Expression Validator Control The RequiredExpressionValidator allows validating the input text by matching against a pattern of regular expression. The regular expression is set in the ValidationExpression property. The following table summarizes the commonly used syntax construct for regular expressions. Character Escapes Description \b Matches a backspace. \t Matches a tab. \r Matches a carriage return. \v Matches a verti cal tab \f Matches a form feed \n Matche s a new line \ Escape character Apart from single character match, class of characteristics could be specified that can be matched called the meta characters. Meta characters Description . Matches any character except \n [abcd] Matches any character in the set [^abcd] Excludes any character in the set [2-7a-mA-M] Matches any character specified in the range \w Matches any alphanumeric character and <br>under score \W Matches any non -word character \s Matches whi tespace ch aracters like space, tab, new <br>line et c. \S Matches any non -whitespace character \d Matches any decimal character \D Matches any non -decimal character Syntax:- <asp:RegularExpressionValidator ID="string" runat="server" ErrorMessage="string" ValidationExpression="string" ValidationGroup="string"> </asp:RegularExpressionValidator> Example :- Email ID :<br/> <asp:TextBox runat=”server” id=”txtnumber”/> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 115</h2> <p> <br> 115 AWP <asp:RegularExpressionvalidator runat=”server” ForeColor=”Red” id=”rexNumber” controlToValidate =”txtnumber” errormessage=”Please enter valid email address!” ValidationExpression=”\w=([-+.’]\w+)*@\w+([-.]\w+)*\.\w+([-.]\w+)*”>Please enter valid email address!</asp:regularExpressionValidator> 5. CustomValidator The CustomValidator control allows writing application specific custom validation routines for both the client side and the server side validation. The client side validation routine should be written in a scripting language, such as JavaScript or VBScript, which the browser can understand. The server side validation routine must be called from the control's ServerValidate event handler. The server side validation routine should be written in any .Net language, like C# or VB.Net. Syntax:- <asp:CustomValidator ID="CustomValidator1" runat="server" ClientValidationFunction=.cvf_func.ErrorMessage="CustomValidator> </asp:CustomValidator> Example:- Custom text :<br> <asp:TextBox runat=”server” id=”txtCustom”/> <asp:CustomValidator id=”CustomValidator1” ControlToValidate=”txtCustom” ClientValidationFunction=”ServerValidation” Display=”Static” ForeColor=”Red” runat=”server”/> 5.7 RICH CONTROLS Rich controls are built with multiple HTML elements and contain rich functionality. Examples of rich controls are the calendar control and AdRotator. 5.7.1 The Calendar Control The calendar control is used to display a calendar in the browser. This control displays a one month calendar that allows the user to select dates and move to the next and previous months. It is a functionality rich web control which provides displaying one month at a time, selecting a day, a week or a month, selecting a range of days moving from month to month and controlling the display of the days programmatically. Syntax:- <asp:Calendar ID=”Calendar1” runat=”server”> </asp:Calendar> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 116</h2> <p> <br> 116 Advanced Web Programming <br>116 Properties and events of calendar control Properties Description Caption Gets or sets the caption for the c alendar control. CaptionAlign Gets or sets the alignme nt for the caption. CellPadding Gets or s ets the number of spaces between the <br>data and the cell border CellSpacing Gets or sets the space between cells. DayHeaderStyle Gets the style propertie s for the section that <br>displays the day of the week. DayName Format Gets or sets format of days of the week. DayStyle Gets the style properties for the days in the <br>displayed month. FirstDayOfWeek Gets or sets the day of week to display in the first <br>colum n. NextMonthText Gets or sets the text for next month naviga tion <br>contr ol. The default value is >. NextPrevFormat Gets or sets the format of the next and previous <br>month navigation control. OtherMonthDayStyle Gets the style properties for the days on the <br>Calend ar control that are not in the displayed <br>month. PrevMo nthText Gets or sets the text for previous month navigation <br>control. The default value is <. SelectedDate Gets or sets the selected date. SelectedDates Gets a collection of Date Time objects <br>represen ting the selected dates. SelectedDayStyle Gets the sty le propert ies for the selected dates. SelectionMode Gets or sets the selection mode that specifies <br>whether the user can select a single day, a week or <br>an entire month. SelectMonthText Gets or s ets th e text for the month selection <br>element in the selector column. SelectorStyle Gets the style prop erties for the week and month <br>selector column. SelectWeekText Gets or sets the text displayed for the week <br>selection element in the selector column. ShowDayH eader Gets or sets the value indicating whether the <br>heading for t he days of the week is displayed . ShowGridLines Gets or sets the value indicating whether the <br>gridlines would be shown. ShowNextPrevMonth Gets or sets a value indicating whether next and <br>previous month navigation elements are shown in munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 117</h2> <p> <br> 117 AWP the titl e section. ShowTitle Gets or sets a value indicating whether the title <br>section is displayed. TitleFormat Gets or sets the format for the title section. Titlestyle Get the style properties of t he tit le heading for the <br>Calendar control. TodayDayStyle Gets or sets the value for today's date. UseAccessibleHeader Gets or sets a value that indicates whether to <br>render the table header <th> HTML element for <br>the day headers instead of the table data < td> <br>HTML element. VisibleDate Gets or sets the date that spe cifies the month to <br>display. WeekendDaySt yle Gets the style properties for the weekend dates on <br>the Calendar control. The calendar control has the following three most important events that allow the developers to program the calendar control. They are Events Desc ription SelectionChanged It is raised when a day, a week or an entire month <br>is selected. DayRender It is raised when each data cell of the calendar <br>control is rendered. VisibleMonthC hanged It is raised when user changes a month. 5.7.2 The AdRotator The AdRotator is to provide a graphic on a page that is chosen randomly from a group of possible images. Every time the page is requested an image is selected at random and displayed which is the “rotation” indicated by the name Adrotator. One use of Adrotator is to show banner-style advertisements on a page but we can use it any time we want to vary an image randomly. The Advertisment file The AdRotator stores its list of image files in an XML file. This file uses the format shown here: <Advertisements> <Ad> <ImageUrl>proetech.jpg<ImageUrl> <NavigateUrl>http://www.prosetech.com<NavigateUrl> <AlternateText><ProseTech Site</Alternate text> <Impressions>1</Impressions> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 118</h2> <p> <br> 118 Advanced Web Programming <br>118 <Keyword>Computer</Keyword> </Ad> </Advertisements> Advertisement File Elements 1. ImageUrl - The path of image that will be displayed. 2. NavigateUrl - The link that will be followed when the user clicks the ad. 3. AlternateText - The text that will be displayed instead of the picture if it cannot be displayed. 4. Keyword - Keyword identifying a group of advertisements. This is used for filtering. 5. Impressions - The number indicating how often an advertisement will appear. The AdRotator class The actual AdRotator class provides a limited set of properties 1. _blank :- The link opens a new unframed window. 2. _parent :- The link opens in the parent of the current frame. 3. _self :- The link opens in the current frame 4. _top :- The link opens in the topmost frame of the current window. 5.7.3 Pages with Multiple Views MultiView and View controls allow you to divide the content of a page into different groups, displaying only one group at a time. Each View control manages one group of content and all the View controls are held together in a MultiView control. The MultiView control is responsible for displaying one View control at a time. The View displayed is called the active view. Syntax of Multiview <asp:Multview ID=”MultiView1” runat=”server”> </asp:MultiView> Syntax of View <asp:View ID=“View1” runat=”server”> </asp:View> Properties of View and MultiView Controls Both View and MultiView controls are derived from Control class and inherit all its properties, methods, and events. The most important property of the View control is Visible property of type Boolean, which sets the visibility of a view. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 119</h2> <p> <br> 119 AWP The MultiView control has the following important properties: Properties Description Views Collection of View controls within the Multi View. ActiveViewIndex A zero based index that denotes the active vie w. If <br>no view is active, then the index is -1. The Command Name attribute of the button control associated with the navigation of the MultiView control are associated with some related field of the MultiView control. For example, if a button control with CommandName value as NextView is associated with the navigation of the multi view, it automatically navigates to the next view when the button is clicked. The following table shows the default command names of the above properties: Properties Description NextView CommandName Next View PreviousViewCommandName Prev View SwitchV iewByIDCommandName Switch View By ID SwitchViewByIndexCommandName Switch View By Index The important methods of the multi view control are: Methods Description SetActive View Sets t he activ e view GetActive View Retrieves the active view Every time a view is changed, the page is posted back to the server and a number of events are raised. Some important events are: Events Description ActiveViewChanged Raised when a view is changed Activate Raised by the active view Deactivate Raised by the i nactive vi ew 5.8 USER CONTROLS AND GRAPHICS User controls are used to have code which is used multiple times in an application. The user control can then be reused across the application. The user control needs to be registered on the ASP.Net page before it can be used. To use user control across all pages in an application, register it into the web. 5.8.1 User Controls User controls behaves like a miniature ASP.NET pages and webforms which could be used by many other pages. These are derived from the munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 120</h2> <p> <br> 120 Advanced Web Programming <br>120 System.Web.UI.UserControl Class. These controls have the following characteristics:  They have an .ascx extension.  They may not contain any <html>, <body>, or <form> tags.  They have a Control directive instead of a Page directive. To understand the concept, let us create a simple user control, which will work as footer for the web pages. To create and use the user control, take the following steps:  Create a new web application.  Right click on the project folder on the Solution Explorer and choose Add New Item. <br>  Select Web User Control from the Add New Item dialog box and name it footer.ascx. Initially, the footer.ascx contains only a Control directive. footer.ascx <%@ Control Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="true" CodeBehind="footer.ascx.cs" Inherits="customcontroldemo.footer" %> <table> <tr> <td align="center"> Copyright ©2010 TutorialPoints Ltd.</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> Location: Hyderabad, A.P </td> </tr> </table> To add the user control to your web page, you must add the Register directive and an instance of the user control to the page. The following code shows the content file: munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 121</h2> <p> <br> 121 AWP <%@ Page Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="true" CodeBehind="Default.aspx.cs" Inherits="customcontroldemo._Default" %> <%@ Register Src="~/footer.ascx" TagName="footer" TagPrefix="Tfooter" %> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" > <head runat="server"> <title> Untitled Page </title> </head> <body> <form id="form1" runat="server"> <div> <asp:Label ID="Label1" runat="server" Text="Welcome to ASP.Net Tutorials "></asp:Label> <br /> <br /> <asp:Button ID="Button1" runat="server" onclick="Button1_Click" Text="Copyright Info" /> </div> <footer:footer ID="footer1" runat="server" /> </form> </body> </html> When executed, the page shows the footer and this control could be used in all the pages of your website. <br> 5.8.2 Dynamic Graphics Graphics device interface resides in System.Drawing.dll assembly. Graphics classes are System.Drawing, System.Text, System.Printing, System.Internal, System.imaging, System.Drawing2D and System.Design name spaces. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 122</h2> <p> <br> 122 Advanced Web Programming <br>122 The Graphics Class The Graphics class encapsulates Graphics Device interface drawing surfaces. Before drawing any object we have to create surface using Graphics class Methods Description DrawArc Draws an arc from the specified ellipse DrawBeizer Draws a cu bic beizer curve DrawBeizers Draws a series of cubic Beizer curves DrawClosedCurve Draw closed curve defined by array of points DrawCurve Draws a curve defined by an array of points DrawEll ipse Draws an ellipse DrawImage Draws an Image Draw Line Draws a line DrawPath Draws the line s and curves defined by a <br>GraphicsPath DrawPie Draws the outline of a pie section FillEllipse Fills the interior of an ellipse defined by <br>bounding rect angle. FillPath Fills the interior of a path FillPie Fills the interi or of a pie section FillPolygon Fills the interior of a polygon defined by an <br>array of points. FillRectangle Fills the interior of a series of rectangles with a <br>Brush FillRegion Fills the in terior of a Region Graphics Objects After creating a Graphics object, You can use it draw lines, fill shapes and draw text so on, The major objects are as follows:- Methods Description Brush Used to fill enclosed surfaces with patterns, colors <br>or bitmaps Pen Used to draw lines and polygons including <br>recta ngles, arc s and pies Font Used to describ e the font to be used to render text Color Used to describe the color used to render a <br>particular object munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 123</h2> <p> <br> 123 AWP 5.8.3 The Chart control The chart control can create chart images of different types with many formatting options and labels. It can create standard charts like area charts, bar charts, column charts, line charts and pie charts along with more specialized charts like stock charts with the provided data. To fill the data for chart we can use datasource option for the database values with the help of visual studio or we can provide the data from file or collection. The Chart.Series collection contains all data series(Series objects) in the chart control. Each series is assigned the following:  A chart type(the Series.ChartType property)  A chart area(the Series.ChartArea property)  A legend(the Series.Legend property),if applicable  An X axis(the Series.XaxisType property)  A Y axis(the Series.XaxisType property) Each series contains a collection of Datapoint objects(the Series.Points collection property). Each data point contains :  An X value(the DataPoint.Xvalue property)  One or more Y values(the DataPoint.Yvalues property)  Chart Properties and Methods  New Chart - Creates a new chart object and sets its width and height.  AddTitle() – This method specifies the chart title  AddSeries() – This method adds data to the chart  chartType – This parameter defines the type of chart  xValues – This parameter defines x-axis names  yValues - This parameter defines the y-axis values  Write() - method displays the chart munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 124</h2> <p> <br> 124 Advanced Web Programming <br>124 5.9 WEBSITE NAVIGATION Maintaining the menu of a large web site is difficult and time consuming. In ASP.NET the menu can be stored in a file to make it easier to maintain. This file is normally called web.sitemap, and is stored in the root directory of the web. Different Navigation Controls in ASP.NET 5.9.1 SiteMapPath Control:- Site maps are XML files which are mainly used to describe the logical structure of the web application. It defines the layout of all pages in web application and how they relate to each other. Whenever you want you can add or remove pages to your site map there by managing navigation of website efficiently. Site map files are defined with .sitemap extension. <sitemap> element is the root node of the sitemap file. It has three attributes:  Title: It provides textual description of the link.  URL: It provides the location of the valid physical file.  Description: It is used for tooltip of the link. Properties of SiteMapPath Control:  PathSeparator: This property is to get or set the out separator text.  NodeStyle: This property is used to set the style of all nodes that will be displayed.  RootNodeStyle: This property is used to set the style on the absolute root node.  PathDirection: This property is used to set the direction of the links generated in the output.  CurrentNodeStyle: This property is used to set the style on node that represent the current page.  ShowToolTips: This property is used to set the tooltip for the control. Default value is true.  PathSeparatorStyle: This property is used to set the style of path separator.  pathSeparator: This property is to get or set the out separator text.  NodeStyle: This property is used to set the style of all nodes that will be displayed.  RootNodeStyle: This property is used to set the style on the absolute root node. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 125</h2> <p> <br> 125 AWP  PathDirection: This property is used to set the direction of the links generated in the output.  CurrentNodeStyle: This property is used to set the style on node that represent the current page.  ShowToolTips: This property is used to set the tooltip for the control. Default value is true.  PathSeparatorStyle: This property is used to set the style of path separator. Creation of Site Map Below is the HTML Markup of the Master Page Main.Master that contains the SiteMapPath control as well as the SiteMapDataSource control. <asp:SiteMapDataSource ID="SiteMapDataSource1" runat="server" ShowStartingNode="true" /> <asp:SiteMapPath ID="SiteMapPath1" runat="server" PathSeparator=">" RenderCurrentNodeAsLink="false"> </asp:SiteMapPath> <hr /> <asp:ContentPlaceHolder ID="ContentPlaceHolder1" runat="server"> </asp:ContentPlaceHolder> Sitemap can be added using AddNewItemDialog of Visual Studio as shown below. <br> 5.9.2 The Menu Control The Menu control is used to create a menu of hierarchical data that can be used to navigate through the pages. The Menu control conceptually contains two types of items.  StaticMenu that is always displayed on the page  DynamicMenu that appears when opens the parent item. Its properties like BackColor, ForeColor, BorderColor, BorderStyle, BorderWidth, Height etc. are implemented through style properties of <table, tr, td/> tag. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 126</h2> <p> <br> 126 Advanced Web Programming <br>126 Following are some important properties that are very useful. Properties Description DataSourceID Indicates the data sourc e to be us ed (You can use <br>.sitemap file as da tasource). Text Indicates the text to display in the menu. Tooltip Indicates the tooltip of the menu item when you <br>mouse over. Value Indicates the non displayed value (usually unique id to <br>use in server side e vents NavigateUrl Indicates the target locat ion to send the user when <br>menu item is clicked. If not set you can handle <br>MenuItemClick event to decide what to do. Target If NavigationUrl property is set, it in dicates where to <br>open the target location (in ne w window o r same <br>window). Selectable true/fa lse. If false, this item can't be selected. Usually <br>in case of this item has some child. ImageUrl Indicates the image that appears next to the menu <br>item. ImageTo olTip Indicates the tooltip text to display for image next to <br>the item. PopOutImageUrl <br> Indicates the image that is displayed right to the <br>menu item when it has some subitems Target If NavigationUrl property is set, it indicates where to <br>open t he target location (in new window or same <br>window). Styles of Menu Control Properties Description StaticMenuStyle Sets the style of the parent box in which all <br>menu items appears. DynamicMenuStyle Sets the style of the parent box in which <br>dynamic menu i tems appear s. StaticMenuItemStyle Sets the style of the i ndividual static menu items. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 127</h2> <p> <br> 127 AWP DynamicMenuItem Style Sets the style of the individual dynamic menu <br>items StaticSelectedStyle Sets the style of the selected static items. DynamicSelectedStyle Sets th e style of the selec ted dynamic items. StaticHoverStyle Sets the mo use hovering style of the static it ems. DynamicHoverStyle Sets the mouse hovering style of the dynamic <br>items (subitems). 5.9.3 The Tree Control The TreeView control is used to display hierarchical representations of items similar to the ways the files and folders are displayed in the left pane of the Windows Explorer. Each node may contain one or more child nodes. Let's click on a TreeView control from the Toolbox and place it on the form. <br> Now we have to set Data Source property of this control to SiteMapdataSource1. Properties of Tree View Control Properties Description Back Color Gets or sets the background color for <br>the control. Background Image Gets or set the background image for <br>the TreeView con trol. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 128</h2> <p> <br> 128 Advanced Web Programming <br>128 BackgroundImageLayout Gets or sets the l ayout of t he <br>background image for the TreeVi ew <br>control. Border Style Gets or sets the border style of the tree <br>view control. Check Boxes Gets or sets a value indicating whether <br>check boxes are disp layed next t o the <br>tree nodes in the tree view control. DataBindings Gets the data bindings for the con trol. Font Gets or sets the font of the text <br>displayed by the control. FontHeight Gets or sets the height of the font of <br>the control. ForeColor The cu rrent foregr ound color for this <br>control, which is the color the contr ol <br>uses to draw its text. 5.10 QUESTIONS:- 1. What are different types of WebServer controls? 2. Write short notes on a) Units b) Enumeration c) Colors d) Fonts 3. Explain in detail List controls. 4. What are Table controls? 5. What is an Autopostback method in ASP.Net? 6. What is Life Cycle of a Web Page? 7. Write a short note on Validation Controls. 8. Explain in detail Calendar control. 9. What are User Controls? 10. Explain in detail Graphic Class . 11. What are different Navigation controls in ASP.Net? munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 129</h2> <p> <br> 129 AWP 5.11 REFERENCES https://www.tutorialride.com/asp-net/list-controls-in-asp-net.htm https://w3schools.sinsixx.com/aspnet/control_table.asp.htm https://www.tutorialspoint.com/asp.net/asp.net_multi_views.htm https://www.dotnetfunda.com/tutorials/controls/menu.aspx  munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 130</h2> <p> <br> 130 Advanced Web Programming <br>130 6 ERROR HANDLING, LOGGING AND TRACING Unit Structure 6.0 Objective 6.1 Introduction 6.2 An Overview 6.3 Avoiding Common Errors 6.4 Understanding Exception Handling 6.4.1 The Exception Class 6.4.2 The Exception Chain 6.5 Handling Exceptions 6.5.1 Catch Specific Exceptions 6.5.2 Using Nested Exception Handlers 6.5.3 Exception Handling in Action 6.5.4 Mastering Exceptions 6.6 Throwing your own Exceptions 6.7 User-Defined Exceptions 6.8 Page Tracing 6.8.1 Enabling Tracing 6.8.2 Application Level Tracing 6.9 List of References 6.10 Unit End Exercise 6.0 OBJECTIVE  To learn about errors and how to handle the errors.  To learn about exceptions and how to handle the exceptions. Error handling refers to the anticipation, detection, and resolution of programming errors. Exception Handling in C# is a process to handle runtime errors. We perform exception handling so that normal flow of the application can be maintained even after runtime errors. In C#, exception is an event or object which is thrown at runtime. All exceptions the derived from System.Exception class. It is a runtime error which can be handled. If we don't handle the exception, it prints exception message and terminates the program. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 131</h2> <p> <br> 131 Error Handling, <br>Logging and Tracing 6.1 INTRODUCTION  Handling mechanism consists of try-catch blocks.  A try statement specifies a code block subject to error-handling or cleanup code.  The try block must be followed by a catch block, a finally block, or both. The catch block executes when an error occurs in the try block.  The finally block executes after execution leaves the try block (or if present, the catch block), to perform cleanup code, whether or not an error occurred.  A catch block has access to an Exception object that contains information about the error. You use a catch block to either compensate for the error or rethrow the exception.  You rethrow an exception if you merely want to log the problem, or if you want to rethrow a new, higher-level exception type.  A finally block adds determinism to your program, by always executing no matter what. It’s useful for cleanup tasks such as closing network connections. 6.2 AN OVERVIEW An exception is a problem that arises during the exception of a program. A C# exception is a response to an exceptional circumstance that arises while a program is running, such as an attempt to divide by zero. Exceptions provide a way to transfer control from one part of a program to another. C# exception handling is built upon four keywords: try, catch, finally and throw. –  try - A try block identifies a block of code for which particular exceptions is activated. It is followed by one or more catch blocks.  catch - A program catches an exception with an exception handler at the place in a program where you want to handle the problem. The catch keyword indicates the catching of an exception.  finally - The finally block is used to execute a given set of statements, whether an exception is thrown or not thrown. For example, if you open a file, it must be closed whether an exception is raised or not.  throws - A program throws an exception when a problem shows up. This is done using a throw keyword. 6.3 AVOIDING COMMON ERRORS  Errors can occur in a variety of situations. Some of the most common causes of errors include attempts to divide by zero (usually caused by invalid input or missing information) and attempts to connect to a limited resource such as a file or a database (which can munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 132</h2> <p> <br> 132 Advanced Web Programming <br>132 fail if the file doesn’t exist, the database connection times out, or the code has insufficient security credentials)  One infamous type of error is the null reference exception, which usually occurs when a program attempts to use an uninitialized object. As a .NET programmer, you’ll quickly learn to recognize and resolve this common but annoying mistake.  The following code example shows the problem in action, with two SqlConnection objects that represent database connections: // Define a variable named conOne and create the object. private SqlConnection conOne = new SqlConnection(); // Define a variable named conTwo, but don't create the object. private SqlConnection conTwo; public void cmdDoSomething_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { // This works, because the object has been created with the new keyword. conOne.ConnectionString = "..."; // The following statement will fail and generate a null reference exception. // You cannot modify a property (or use a method) of an object that doesn't exist! conTwo.ConnectionString = "..."; } When an error occurs in your code, .NET checks to see whether any error handlers appear in the current scope. If the error occurs inside a method, .NET searches for local error handlers and then checks for any active error handlers in the calling code. If no error handlers are found, the page processing is aborted. <br> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 133</h2> <p> <br> 133 Error Handling, <br>Logging and Tracing  Even if an error is the result of invalid input or the failure of a third-party component, an error page can shatter the professional appearance of any application.  The application users end up feeling that the application is unstable, insecure, or of poor quality—and they’re at least partially correct. 6.4 UNDERSTANDING EXCEPTION HANDLING  Most .NET languages support structured exception handling. Essentially, when an error occurs in your application, the .NET Framework creates an exception object that represents the problem.  You can catch this object by using an exception handler. If you fail to use an exception handler, your code will be aborted, and the user will see an error page.  If you catch the exception, you can notify the user, attempt to resolve the problem, or simply ignore the issue and allow your web page code to keep running. Structured exception handling provides several key features:  Exceptions are object-based: Each exception provides a significant amount of diagnostic information wrapped into a neat object, instead of a simple message and error code. These exception objects also support an Inner Exception property that allows you to wrap a generic error over the more specific error that caused it. You can even create and throw your own exception objects.  Exceptions are caught based on their type: This allows you to streamline error-handling code without needing to sift through obscure error codes.  Exception handlers use a modern block structure: This makes it easy to activate and deactivate different error handlers for different sections of code and handle their errors individually.  Exception handlers are multilayered: You can easily layer exception handlers on top of other exception handlers, some of which may check for only a specialized set of errors. As you’ll see, this gives you the flexibility to handle different types of problems in different parts of your code, thereby keeping your code clean and organized.  Exceptions are a generic part of the .NET Framework: This means they’re completely cross-language compatible. Thus, a .NET component written in C# can throw an exception that you can catch in a web page written in VB. 6.4.1 The Exception Class Every exception class derives from the base class System.Exception. The .NET Framework is full of predefined exception classes, such as NullReferenceException, IOException, SqlException, and so on. The munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 134</h2> <p> <br> 134 Advanced Web Programming <br>134 Exception class includes the essential functionality for identifying any type of error. Exception Properties Members Description HelpLink A link to a help document, which can be a relative or fully qualified uniform resource locator (URL) or uniform resource name (URN). The .NET Framework doesn’t use this property, but you can set it in your custom exceptions if you want to use it in your web page code InnerException A nested exception. For example, a method might catch a simple file input/output (IO) error and create a higher-level “operation failed” error. The details about the original error could be retained in the InnerException property of the higher-level error. Message A text description with a significant amount of information describing the problem. Source The name of the application or object where the exception was raised. StackTrace A string that contains a list of all the current method calls on the stack, in the order of most recent to least recent. This is useful for determining where the problem occurred. TargetSite A reflection object (an instance of the System.Reflection.Method Base class) that provides some information about the method where the error occurred. This information includes generic method details such as the method name and the data types for its parameter and return values. It doesn’t contain any information about the actual parameter values that were used when the problem occurred. GetBaseException () A method useful for nested exceptions that may have more than one layer. It retrieves the original (deepest nested) exception by moving to the base of the InnerException chain.  When you catch an exception in an ASP.NET page, it won’t be an instance of the generic System.Exception class. Instead, it will be an object that represents a specific type of error.  This object will be based on one of the many classes that inherit from System.Exception.  These include diverse classes such as DivideByZeroException, ArithmeticException, IOException, SecurityException, and many more. Some of these classes provide additional details about the error in additional properties.  Visual Studio provides a useful tool to browse through the exceptions in the .NET class library.  Click on Debug ➤ Exceptions from the menu.  The Exceptions dialog box will appear. Expand the Common Language Runtime Exceptions group, which shows a hierarchical munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 135</h2> <p> <br> 135 Error Handling, <br>Logging and Tracing tree of .NET exceptions arranged by namespace (see in following figure). <br> Figure: Visual Studio’s Exception Viewer 6.4.2 The Exception Chain <br> <br> Figure: Exception chain  In the above scenario, FileNotFoundException led to a NullReferenceException, which led to a custom Update Failed Exception.  Using an exception-handling block, the application can catch the UpdateFailedException.  It can then get more information about the source of the problem by following the InnerException property to the NullReferenceException, which in turn references the original FileNotFoundException. 6.5 HANDLING EXCEPTIONS The first line of defense in an application is to check for potential error conditions before performing an operation. For example, a program can explicitly check whether the divisor is 0 before performing a calculation or whether a file exists before attempting to open it: munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 136</h2> <p> <br> 136 Advanced Web Programming <br>136 if (divisor != 0) { // It's safe to divide some number by divisor. } if (System.IO.File.Exists("myfile.txt")) { // You can now open the myfile.txt file. // However, you should still use exception handling because a variety of // problems can intervene (insufficient rights, hardware failure, etc.). } Best way to handle the exceptions is by implementing try catch block which is structured exception handling. try { // Risky code goes here (opening a file, connecting to a database, and so on). } catch { // An error has been detected. You can deal with it here. } finally { // Time to clean up, regardless of whether or not there was an error. }  The try statement enables error handling. Any exceptions that occur in the following lines can be “caught” automatically.  The code in the catch block will be executed when an error is detected. And either way, whether a bug occurs or not, the finally block of the code will be executed last.  This allows you to perform some basic cleanup, such as closing a database connection. The finally code is important because it will execute even if an error has occurred that will prevent the program from continuing.  In other words, if an unrecoverable exception halts your application, you’ll still have the chance to release resources. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 137</h2> <p> <br> 137 Error Handling, <br>Logging and Tracing A try statement looks like this: try { ... // exception may get thrown within execution of this block } catch (ExceptionA e) { ... // handle exception of type ExceptionA } catch (ExceptionB e) { ... // handle exception of type ExceptionB } finally { ... // cleanup code } Example FileStream s = null; try { s = new FileStream(curName, FileMode.Open); ... } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { Console.WriteLine("file {0} not found", e.FileName); } catch (IOException) { Console.WriteLine("some IO exception occurred"); } catch { Console.WriteLine("some unknown error occurred"); } finally { if (s != null) s.Close(); } munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 138</h2> <p> <br> 138 Advanced Web Programming <br>138 6.5.1 Catch Specific Exceptions  Structured exception handling is particularly flexible because it allows you to catch specific types of exceptions.  To do so, you add multiple catch statements, each one identifying the type of exception (and providing a new variable to catch it in), as follows: try { // Risky database code goes here. } catch (System.Data.SqlClient.SqlException err) { // Catches common problems like connection errors. } catch (System.NullReferenceException err) { // Catches problems resulting from an uninitialized object. } catch (System.Exception err) { // Catches any other errors. } 6.5.2 Using Nested Exception Handlers  When an exception is thrown, .NET tries to find a matching catch statement in the current method.  If the code isn’t in a local structured exception block or if none of the catch statements matches the exception, .NET will move up the call stack one level at a time, searching for active exception handlers.  Consider the example shown here, where the Page.Load event handler calls a private DivideNumbers() method: protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { try { DivideNumbers(5, 0); munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 139</h2> <p> <br> 139 Error Handling, <br>Logging and Tracing } catch (DivideByZeroException err) { // Report error here. } } private decimal DivideNumbers(decimal number, decimal divisor) { return number/divisor; } 6.5.3 Exception Handling in Action <br> <br> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 140</h2> <p> <br> 140 Advanced Web Programming <br>140 Output <br> 6.5.4 Mastering Exceptions Remember these points when working with structured exception handling:  Break down your code into multiple try/catch blocks: If you put all your code into one exception handler, you’ll have trouble determining where the problem occurred. You have no way to “resume” the code in a try block. The rule of thumb is to use one exception handler for one related task (such as opening a file and retrieving information).  Report all errors: During debugging, portions of your application’s error-handling code may mask easily correctable mistakes in your application. To prevent this from happening, make sure you report all errors, and consider leaving out some error handling logic in early builds.  Don’t use exception handlers for every statement: Simple code statements (assigning a constant value to a variable, interacting with a control, and so on) may cause errors during development testing but will not cause any future problems once perfected. Error handling should be used when you’re accessing an outside resource or dealing with supplied data that you have no control over. 6.6 THROWING YOUR OWN EXCEPTIONS  You can also define your own exception objects to represent custom error conditions.  All you need to do is create an instance of the appropriate exception class and then use the throw statement. protected void Page_Load(Object sender, EventArgs e) { try { DivideNumbers(5, 0); } munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 141</h2> <p> <br> 141 Error Handling, <br>Logging and Tracing catch (DivideByZeroException err) { // Report error here. } } private decimal DivideNumbers(decimal number, decimal divisor) { if (divisor == 0) { DivideByZeroException err = new DivideByZeroException(); throw err; } else { return number/divisor; } } Alternatively, you can create a .NET exception object and specify a custom error message by using a different constructor: private decimal DivideNumbers(decimal number, decimal divisor) { if (divisor == 0) { DivideByZeroException err = new DivideByZeroException( "You supplied 0 for the divisor parameter. You must be stopped."); throw err; } else { return number/divisor; } } munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 142</h2> <p> <br> 142 Advanced Web Programming <br>142 <br> Example of Exception handling using Try Catch block <br> Output: Exception occurred Result is 0 6.7 CUSTOM EXCEPTION / USER-DEFINED EXCEPTION  We have seen built-in exception classes however; we often like to raise an exception when the business rule of our application gets violated. So, for this we can create a custom exception class by deriving Exception or Application Exception class.  C# allows us to create user-defined or custom exception. It is used to make the meaningful exception.  Custom exception classes should always inherit from System. Application Exception, which itself derives from the base Exception class. This allows .NET to distinguish between two broad classes of exceptions—those you create and those that are native to the .NET Framework munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 143</h2> <p> <br> 143 Error Handling, <br>Logging and Tracing public class CustomDivideByZeroException : ApplicationException { // Add a variable to specify the "other" number. // This might help diagnose the problem. public decimal DividingNumber; } You can throw this custom exception like this: private decimal DivideNumbers(decimal number, decimal divisor) { if (divisor == 0) { CustomDivideByZeroException err = new CustomDivideByZeroException (); err.DividingNumber = number; throw err; } else { return number/divisor; } } To perfect the custom exception, you need to supply it with the three standard constructors. This allows your exception class to be created in the standard ways that every exception supports:  On its own, with no arguments  With a custom message  With a custom message and an exception object to use as the inner exception public class CustomDivideByZeroException : ApplicationException { // Add a variable to specify the "other" number. private decimal dividingNumber; public decimal DividingNumber { get { munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 144</h2> <p> <br> 144 Advanced Web Programming <br>144 return dividingNumber; } set { dividingNumber = value; } } public CustomDivideByZeroException() : base() {} public CustomDivideByZeroException(string message) : base(message) {} public CustomDivideByZeroException(string message, Exception inner) : base(message, inner) {} } One more Example of User-defined Exception For example, create InvalidStudentNameException class in a school application, which does not allow any special character or numeric value in a name of any of the students. class Student { public int StudentID { get; set; } public string StudentName { get; set; } } class InvalidStudentNameException : Exception { public InvalidStudentNameException() {} public InvalidStudentNameException (string name) : base(String.Format("InvalidStudentName: {0}", name)) { } } class Program { static void Main(string[] args) munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 145</h2> <p> <br> 145 Error Handling, <br>Logging and Tracing { Student newStudent = null; try { newStudent = new Student(); newStudent.StudentName = "James007"; ValidateStudent(newStudent); } catch(InvalidStudentNameException ex) { Console.WriteLine(ex.Message ); } Console.ReadKey(); } private static void ValidateStudent(Student std) { Regex regex = new Regex("^[a-zA-Z]+$"); if (!regex.IsMatch(std.StudentName)) throw new InvalidStudentNameException(std.StudentName); } } 6.8 PAGE TRACING  Visual Studio’s debugging tools and ASP.NET’s detailed error pages are extremely helpful when you’re testing an application. However, sometimes you need a way to identify problems after you’ve deployed an application, when you don’t have Visual Studio to rely on.  When you don’t have Visual Studio to rely on. You could try to identify these errors by recording diagnostic information in an event log, but this assumes that someone will actually review the log regularly.  Otherwise, your website users could see strange debugging messages when they least expect it.  ASP. NET provides a feature called tracing that gives you a far more convenient and flexible way to report diagnostic information. 6.8.1 Enabling Tracing To use tracing, you need to explicitly enable it. There are several ways to switch on tracing. One of the easiest ways is by adding an attribute to the Page directive in the .aspx file: munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 146</h2> <p> <br> 146 Advanced Web Programming <br>146 <%@ Page Trace=”true” ….. %> You can also enable tracing by using the built-in Trace object (which is an instance of the System.Web.TraceContext class). Here’s an example of how you might turn on tracing in the Page.Load event handler: protected void Page_Load(Object sender, EventArgs e) { Trace.IsEnabled = true; } This technique is useful because it allows you to enable or disable tracing for a page under specific circumstances that you test for in your code. Tracing Information  ASP.NET tracing automatically provides a lengthy set of standard, formatted information.  This information allows you to monitor several important aspects of your application, such as the contents of the current session and the time taken to execute portions of code. <br> Output <br>  Request Details  This section includes some basic information such as the current session ID, the time the web request was made, and the type of web request and encoding munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 147</h2> <p> <br> 147 Error Handling, <br>Logging and Tracing <br>  Trace Information  Trace information shows the stages of processing that the page went through before being sent to the client <br>  Control Tree  The control tree shows you all the controls on the page, indented to show their hierarchy (which controls are contained inside other controls). <br>  Session State and Application State  These sections display every item that is in the current session or application state. Each item in the appropriate state collection is listed with its name, type, and value. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 148</h2> <p> <br> 148 Advanced Web Programming <br>148  If you’re storing simple pieces of string information, the value is straightforward—it’s the actual text in the string. If you’re storing an object, .NET calls the object’s ToString() method to get an appropriate string representation. <br>  Request Cookies and Response Cookies  These sections display the cookies that were sent by the web browser with the request for this page and display the cookies that were returned by the web server with the response.  ASP.NET shows the content and the size of each cookie in bytes. <br>  Headers Collection  This section lists all the HTTP headers. Technically, the headers are bits of information that are sent to the server as part of a request.  They include information about the browser making the request, the types of content it supports, and the language it uses. In addition, the ResponseHeadersCollection lists the headers that are sent to the client as part of a response. <br> <br> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 149</h2> <p> <br> 149 Error Handling, <br>Logging and Tracing  Form Collection <br>  Query String Collection  This section lists the variables and values submitted in the query string. You can see this information directly in the web page URL in the address box in the browser. <br> Server Variable <br> <br> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 150</h2> <p> <br> 150 Advanced Web Programming <br>150  Writing Trace Information  In addition to the standard trace information, you can generate your own tracing messages.  To write a custom trace message, you use the Write() method or the Warn() method of the built-in Trace object. These methods are equivalent.  The only difference is that Warn() displays the message in red lettering, which makes it easier to distinguish from other messages in the list. <br> <br> 6.8.2 Application Level Tracing  Application-level tracing allows you to enable tracing for an entire application.  However, the tracing information won’t be displayed in the page. Instead, it will be collected and stored in memory for a short amount of time. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 151</h2> <p> <br> 151 Error Handling, <br>Logging and Tracing  You can review the recently traced information by requesting a special URL.  To enable application-level tracing, you need to modify settings in the web.config file. <br> Attribute Values Description enabled true, false Turns application -level <br>tracing on or off. request Limit Any integer <br>(for example, 10) Stores tracing information <br>for a maximum number of <br>HTTP requests. page Output true, false Determines whethe r <br>tracing information will be <br>the displayed on the page. traceMode SortBy Time, <br>SortByCategory. Determines the sort order <br>of trace messages The <br>default is SortBy Time local Only true, false Determines whether <br>tracing information will be <br>shown only to local clients <br>or to remote clients also. mostRecent true, false Keeps only the most recent <br>trace messages if true. <br>When the request Limit <br>maximum is reached the <br>information for the oldest <br>request is abandoned every <br>time a new request is <br>received. 6.9 REFERENCES  Beginning ASP.NET 4.5 in C# by Mathew MacDonald – Apress Publication (2012)  Murach‟s ASP.NET 4.6 Web Programming in C#2015 by Anne Bohem and Joel Murach – Murach Publication (2016)  ASP.NET 4.0 Programming by J. Kanjilal - Tata MsGrawhill Publication (2011) munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 152</h2> <p> <br> 152 Advanced Web Programming <br>152 6.10 UNIT END QUESTIONS Answer the following questions 1) Explain different types of exceptions in .Net. 2) Write a shot note on Exception class and explain the properties of Exception class? 3) What is Exception chaining? Explain with examples. 4) Write a program to implement exception handling. 5) Explain DivideByZero Exception with an example. 6) Explain with examples try, catch and finally blocks in exception. 7) Explain Nested Exceptions with examples. 8) Write in detail about custom exceptions and explain with an example. 9) What is tracing? Explain page tracing in detail with examples Explain in detail Application level tracing. Explain its properties.  munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 153</h2> <p> 153 7 STATE MANAGEMENT Unit Structure 7.0 Objectives 7.1 Understanding the Problem of State 7.2 Using View State 7.3 Transferring Information between Pages 7.4 Using Cookies 7.5 Managing Session State 7.6 Configuring Session State 7.7 Using Application State 7.8 Using QueryString 7.9 Comparing State Management Options 7.10 List of References 7.11 Unit End Exercise 7.0 OBJECTIVE After going through this unit, you will be able to,  Create a Web Application with Session Tracing.  Create the Application using different types Session Management Methods.  Know about Cookies and Session State Management.  Create Web Application with View State Management. 7.1 UNDERSTANDING THE PROBLEM OF STATE  A web application is stateless. That means that a new instance of a page is created every time when we make a request to the server to get the page and after the round trip our page has been lost immediately.  It only happens because of one server; all the controls of the Web Page are created and after the round trip the server destroys all the instances. So, to retain the values of the controls we use state management techniques.  In this method we will trace the user activity when user visits multiple pages. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 154</h2> <p> <br> 154 Advanced Web Programming <br>154 7.2 USING VIEW STATE The State Management techniques are classified into two categories <br>View State View State is the method to preserve the Value of the Page and Controls between round trips. It is a Page-Level State Management technique. View State is turned on by default and normally serializes the data in every control on the page regardless of whether it is actually used during a post-back. Features of View State These are the main features of view state:  Retains the value of the Control after post-back without using a session.  Stores the value of Pages and Control Properties defined in the page.  Creates a custom View State Provider that lets you store View State Information in a SQL Server Database or in another data store. Advantages of View State  Easy to Implement.  No server resources are required: The View State is contained in a structure within the page load.  Enhanced security features: It can be encoded and compressed or Unicode implementation. <br>munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 155</h2> <p> <br> 155 State Management Disadvantages of View State Security Risk: The Information of View State can be seen in the page output source directly. We can manually encrypt and decrypt the contents of a Hidden Field, but it requires extra coding. If security is a concern, then consider using a Server-Based State Mechanism so that no sensitive information is sent to the client. Performance: Performance is not good if we use a large amount of data because View State is stored in the page itself and storing a large value can cause the page to be slow. Device limitation: Mobile Devices might not have the memory capacity to store a large amount of View State data. It can store values for the same page only. Example: <br>If we want to add one variable in View State, <br>ViewState["Var"]=Count; <br>For Retrieving information from View State <br>string Test=ViewState["TestVal"]; 7.3 TRANSFERRING INFORMATION BETWEEN PAGES  These are the Response objects of Asp.Net which are used to redirect page from one page to another page and true and false are the optional parameters of the Redirect methods which decides whether the current page response terminate or not. Response.Redirect method takes the following parameter 1. Url (string) 2. EndResponse (Boolean) In the above image you have seen that Redirect method takes the two parameters  Url: This is a string parameter in which url or page name is given that helps to navigate from one page to another page. Syntax 1. Response.Redirect("Default.aspx");  EndResponse: EndResponse is the optional parameter of the Redirect method having true and false values, when you false value then it does not terminate the execution of the current page, the default is true. Syntax 1. Response.Redirect("Default.aspx", false); munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 156</h2> <p> <br> 156 Advanced Web Programming <br>156 2. Response.Redirect("Default.aspx", true); Difference between Response.Redirect() and Server.Transfer() Both Response.Redirect and Server.Transfer methods are used to transfer a user from one web page to another web page. Both methods are used for the same purpose but still there are some differences as follows. The Response.Redirect method redirects a request to a new URL and specifies the new URL while the Server.Transfer method for the current request, terminates execution of the current page and starts execution of a new page using the specified URL path of the page. Both Response.Redirect and Server.Transfer has the same syntax like: 1. Response.Redirect("UserDetail.aspx"); 2. Server.Transfer("UserDetail.aspx"); 7.4 USING COOKIES 1. A cookie is a small piece of information stored on the client machine. 2. This file is located on client machines "C:\Document and Settings\Currently_Login user\Cookie" path. 3. It is used to store user preference information like Username, Password, City and Phone No etc. on client machines. 4. We need to import namespace called Systen.Web.HttpCookie before we use cookie Types of Cookies: Persist Cookie - A cookie has not had expired time which is called as Persist Cookie Non-Persist Cookie - A cookie has expired time which is called as Non-Persist Cookie Creation of cookies: It’s really easy to create a cookie in the Asp.Net with help of Response object or HttpCookie Example 1: <br>HttpCookie userInfo = new HttpCookie("userInfo"); <br>userInfo["UserName"] = "abc"; <br>userInfo["UserColor"] = "Black"; <br>userInfo.Expires.Add(new TimeSpan(0, 1, 0)); <br>Response.Cookies.Add(userInfo); <br>Example 2: <br>Response.Cookies["userName"].Value = "abc"; <br>Response.Cookies["userColor"].Value = "Black"; munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 157</h2> <p> <br> 157 State Management Retrieve from cookie <br>Its easy way to retrieve cookie value form cookies by help of Request <br>object. <br>Example 1: <br>string User_Name = string.Empty; <br>string User_Color = string.Empty; <br>User_Name = Request.Cooki es["userName"].Value; <br>User_Color = Request.Cookies["userColor"].Value; <br>Example 2: <br>string User_name = string.Empty; <br>string User_color = string.Empty; <br>HttpCookie reqCookies = Request.Cookies["userInfo"]; <br>if (reqCookies != null) <br>{ <br> User_name = req Cookies["UserName"].ToString(); <br> User_color = reqCookies["UserColor"].ToString(); <br>} 1. When we make request from client to web server, the web server process the request and give the lot of information with big pockets which will have Header information, Metadata, cookies etc., Then repose object can do all the things with browser. Cookie's common property: Domain: This is used to associate cookies to domain. Secure: We can enable secure cookie to set true (HTTPs). Value: We can manipulate individual cookie. Values: We can manipulate cookies with key/value pair. Expires: Which is used to set expire date for the cookies. Advantages of Cookie:  Its clear text so user can able to read it.  We can store user preference information on the client machine.  Its easy way to maintain.  Fast accessing. Disadvantages of Cookie  If user clears cookie information we can't get it back.  No security.  Each request will have cookie information with page. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 158</h2> <p> <br> 158 Advanced Web Programming <br>158 7.5 MANAGING SESSION STATE  ASP.NET maintains a unique id which is called as "session id" for each session. This id is generated using a custom algorithm and it is unique always.  Session id will be sent to the client as a cookie and the browser resends this upon each request.  ASP.NET uses this session id to identify the session object. string sessionId = Session.SessionID Session State  Session state is user and browser specific.  Session state can be stored in memory on the server as well as client's cookies.  If client has disabled cookies in his browser then session state will be stored in URL.  Session state has scope to the current browser only. If we change the browser session id is changed.  The following code shows storing a string value in session. Session["name"] = "Value"; Values stored in sessions can be removed by several methods. Session.Abandon() : Cancels the session and fires end event. This is used when you are done with the session. Session.Clear()/Session.RemoveAll() : Clears all contents of the session. This will not end the session Session.Remove(string) : Removes the session name supplied. 7.6 CONFIGURING SESSION STATE  ASP.NET session state supports several different storage options for session data. Each option is identified by a value in the SessionStateMode enumeration.  The following list describes the available session state modes:  InProc mode, which stores session state in memory on the Web server. This is the default.  StateServer mode, which stores session state in a separate process called the ASP.NET state service. This ensures that session state is preserved if the Web application is restarted and also makes session state available to multiple Web servers in a Web farm. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 159</h2> <p> <br> 159 State Management  SQLServer mode stores session state in a SQL Server database. This ensures that session state is preserved if the Web application is restarted and also makes session state available to multiple Web servers in a Web farm.  Custom mode, which enables you to specify a custom storage provider.  Off mode, which disables session state.  You can specify which mode you want ASP.NET session state to use by assigning a SessionStateMode enumeration values to the mode attribute of the sessionState element in your application's Web.config file. Modes other than InProc and Off require additional parameters, such as connection-string values. You can view the currently selected session state by accessing the value of the HttpSessionState.Mode property. 7.7 USING APPLICATION STATE  If the information that we want to be accessed or stored globally throughout the application, even if multiple users access the site or application at the same time, then we can use an Application Object for such purposes.  It stores information as a Dictionary Collection in key - value pairs. This value is accessible across the pages of the application / website. There are 3 events of the Application which are as follows Application_Start Application_Error Application_End Example - Just for an example, I am setting the Page title in the Application Start event of the Global.asax file. Code for setting value to the Application Object - "PageTitle" is the Key and "Welcome to State Management Application" is the value. <%@ Application Language="C#" %> <br><script runat="server"> <br> void Application_Start(object sender, EventArgs e) <br> { <br> // Code that ru ns on application startup <br> } <br> void Application_End(object sender, EventArgs e) <br> { <br> // Code that runs on application shutdown <br> } <br> void Application_Error(object sender, EventArgs e) <br> { munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 160</h2> <p> <br> 160 Advanced Web Programming <br>160 // Code that runs when an unhandled err or occurs <br> } <br> void Session_Start(object sender, EventArgs e) <br> { <br> // Code that runs when a new session is started <br> } <br> void Session_End(object sender, EventArgs e) <br> { <br> // Code that runs when a session ends. <br> // Note: Th e Session_End event is raised only when the sessionstate <br>mode is set to InProc in the Web.config file. If session mode is set to <br>StateServer or SQLServer, the event is not raised. <br> } <br></script> 7.8 USING QUERYSTRING  Query String is the most simple and efficient way of maintaining information across requests.  The information we want to maintain will be sent along with the URL. A typical URL with a query string looks like www.somewebsite.com/search.aspx?query=foo  The URL part which comes after the ? Symbol is called a QueryString.  QueryString has two parts, a key and a value. In the above example, query is the key and foo is its value.  We can send multiple values through querystring, separated by the & symbol. The following code shows sending multiple values to the foo.aspx page. Response.Redirect("foo.aspx?id=1&name=foo"); The following code shows reading the QueryString values in foo.aspx String id = Request.QueryString["id"]; String name = Request.QueryString["name"];  The HtmlEncode() method is particularly useful if you’re retrieving values from a database and you aren’t sure if the text is valid HTML.  We can use the HtmlDecode() method to revert the text to its normal form if we need to perform additional operations or comparisons with it in your code.  The UrlEncode() method changes text into a form that can be used in a URL, escaping spaces and other special characters. This step is usually performed with information we want to add to the query string. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 161</h2> <p> <br> 161 State Management Label1.Text = Server.HtmlEncode("To bold text use the <b> tag."); Advantages  Query string is lightweight and will not consume any server resources.  It is very easy to use, and it is the most efficient state management technique. Disadvantages  We can pass information only as a string.  URL length has limitations. So, we can't send much information through URL.  Information passed is clearly visible to everyone and can be easily altered. 7.9 COMPARING STATE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS <br> <br> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 162</h2> <p> <br> 162 Advanced Web Programming <br>162 7.10 REFERENCE  Beginning ASP.NET 4.5 in C# by Mathew MacDonald – Apress Publication (2012)  Murach‟s ASP.NET 4.6 Web Programming in C#2015 by Anne Bohem and Joel Murach – Murach Publication (2016)  ASP.NET 4.0 Programming by J. Kanjilal - Tata MsGrawhill Publication (2011) 7.11 UNIT END QUESTION Answer the following questions 1. How to manage states in ASP .Net? 2. What are the different types of State Management techniques? 3. Explain Client Side Management technique with its types. 4. Explain Viewstate with an example. 5. Explain Query string with an example. 6. Explain Cross page posting with an example. 7. Explain cookies with an example. 8. Explain session state with an example. 9. Explain application state with an example.  munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 163</h2> <p> 163 8 STYLES, THEMES AND MASTER PAGES Unit Structure 8.0 Objectives 8.1 Styles 8.1.1 What is CSS? 8.1.2 Types of CSS 8.1.3 Types of CSS Selectors 8.2 Themes 8.3 Master Pages 8.4 List of References 8.5 Unit End Exercise 8.0 OBJECTIVE After going through this unit, you will be able to,  Create a Web Application with better design.  Create the Application using different types CSS.  Know about Master Pages and Themes.  Create Web Application with Master Pages and Styles. 8.1 STYLES A style sheet is a file or form that is used in word processing and desktop publishing to define the layout style of a document. A style sheet contains the specifications of a document's layout, such as the page size, margins, fonts and font sizes 8.1.1 What is CSS? CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple web pages all at once. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is used to format the layout of a webpage. With CSS, you can control the color, font, size of text, the spacing between elements, how elements are positioned and laid out, what background images or background colors are to be used, different displays for different devices and screen sizes, and much more! munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 164</h2> <p> <br> 164 Advanced Web Programming <br>164 8.1.2 Types of CSS There are three types of CSS as follows:  External CSS  Internal CSS or Embedded CSS  Inline CSS External Style Sheet The first way to add CSS style sheets to your web pages is through the <link> element that points to an external CSS file. For example the following <link> shows what options you have when embedding a style sheet in your page: <link href=”StyleSheet.css” rel=”Stylesheet” type=”text/css” media=”screen” /> The href property points to a file within our site when we create links between two pages. The rel and type attributes tell the browser that the linked file is in fact a cascading style sheet. The media attribute enables us to target different devices, including the screen, printer, and handheld devices. The default for the media attribute is screen. Embedded style sheet The second way to include style sheets is using embedded <style> elements. The <style> element should be placed at the top of your ASPX or HTML page, between the <head> tags. For example, to change the appearance of an <h1> element in the current page alone, we can add the following code to the <head> of our page: <head runat=”server”> <style type=”text/css”> h1 { color: Blue; } </style> </head> Inline style sheet The third way to apply CSS to your HTML elements is to use inline styles. Because the style attribute is already applied to a specific HTML element, we don’t need a selector and we can write the declaration in the attribute directly: <span style=”color: White; background-color: Black ;”> This is white text on a black background. </span> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 165</h2> <p> <br> 165 Styles , Themes and Master <br>Pages 8.1.3 Types of CSS Selectors 1) Universal Selector The Universal selector, indicated by an asterisk (*), applies to all elements in your page. The Universal selector can be used to set global settings like a font family. The following rule set changes the font for all elements in our page to Arial: * { font-family: Arial; } 2) Type Selector The Type selector enables us to point to an HTML element of a specific type. With a Type selector all HTML elements of that type will be styled accordingly. h1 { color: Green; } This Type selector now applies to all <h1> elements in your code and gives them a green color. Type Selectors are not case sensitive, so you can use both h1 and H1 to refer to the same heading. 3) ID Selector The ID selector is always prefixed by a hash symbol (#) and enables us to refer to a single element in the page. Within an HTML or ASPX page, we can give an element a unique ID using the id attribute. With the ID selector, we can change the behavior for that single element, for example: #IntroText { font-style: italic; } Because we can reuse this ID across multiple pages in our site (it only must be unique within a single page), you can use this rule to quickly change the appearance of an element that you use once per page, but more than once in our site, for example with the following HTML code: <p id=”IntroText”>I am italic because I have the right ID. </p> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 166</h2> <p> <br> 166 Advanced Web Programming <br>166 4) Class Selector The Class selector enables us to style multiple HTML elements through the class attribute. This is handy when we want to give the same type of formatting to several unrelated HTML elements. The following rule changes the text to red and bold for all HTML elements that have their class attributes set to highlight: .Highlight { font-weight: bold; color: Red; } The following code snippet uses the Highlight class to make the contents of a <span> element and a link (<a>) appear with a bold typeface: This is normal text but <span class=”Highlight”>this is Red and Bold.</span> This is also normal text but <a href=”CssDemo.aspx” class=”Highlight”>this link is Red and Bold as well</a> The link tag The HTML <link> tag is used for defining a link to an external document. It is placed in the <head> section of the document. The <link> tag defines a link between a document and an external resource. The <link> tag is used to link to external style sheets. Syntax: <head><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="theme.css"></head> Example: <html> <head> <title>HTML link Tag</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="default.css" /> </head> <body> <div> <p>Welcome to our website. We provide tutorials on various subjects.</p> </div> </body> </html> Where, munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 167</h2> <p> <br> 167 Styles , Themes and Master <br>Pages rel-can be used to specify the relationship of the target of the link to the current page. type-This attribute Provides information about the content type of the destination resource, telling whether it's an HTML document, a JPG image, an Excel document, etc. href(uri)-The "href" attribute specifies the destination resource, which the element is linking to. It may specify a resource in the same website or in an external one. 8.2 THEMES A theme decides the look and feel of the website. It is a collection of files that define the looks of a page. It can include skin files, CSS files & images. We define themes in a special App_Themes folder. Inside this folder is one or more subfolders named Theme1, Theme2 etc. that define the actual themes. The theme property is applied late in the page's life cycle, effectively overriding any customization we may have for individual controls on our page. There are 3 different options to apply themes to our website: 1. Setting the theme at the page level: The Theme attribute is added to the page directive of the page. <%@PageLanguage="C#"AutoEventWireup="true"CodeFile="Default.aspx.cs "Inherits="Default" Theme="Theme1"%> 2. Setting the theme at the site level: to set the theme for the entire website we can set the theme in the web.config of the website. Open the web.config file and locate the <pages> element and add the theme attribute to it: <pagestheme="Theme1"> .... .... </pages> 3. Setting the theme programmatically at runtime: here the theme is set at runtime through coding. It should be applied earlier in the page's life cycle ie. Page_PreInit event should be handled for setting the theme. The better option is to apply this to the Base page class of the site as every page in the site inherits from this class. Page.Theme = Theme1; Uses of Themes 1. Since themes can contain CSS files, images and skins, you can change colors, fonts, positioning and images simply by applying the desired themes. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 168</h2> <p> <br> 168 Advanced Web Programming <br>168 2. We can have as many themes as we want, and we can switch between them by setting a single attribute in the web.config file or an individual aspx page. Also, we can switch between themes programmatically. 3. Setting the themes programmatically, we are offering our users a quick and easy way to change the page to their likings. 4. Themes allow us to improve the usability of our site by giving users with vision problems the option to select a high contrast theme with a large font size. 1. "Start" - "All Programs" - "Microsoft Visual Studio 2010" 2. "File" - "New Website" - "C# - Empty website" (to avoid adding a master page) 3. Provide the web site a name, such as Using Skins or whatever you wish and specify the location 4. Then right-click on the solution in the Solution Explorer then select "Add New Item" - "Default.aspx page" . Skin file ASP.Net skins can only be used to apply the styles to the ASP.Net controls. So in this article let us see the procedure for using ASP.Net Skins. First create the web application as in the following: Add an ASP.Net Themes Folder To use the themes in the web site, we need to add an ASP.Net Themes folder by right-clicking on Solution Explorer as in the following: <br> After adding the theme folder, add the SkinFile.skin file by right-clicking on the ASP.Net theme folder. The Solution Explorer will then look as follows: munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 169</h2> <p> <br> 169 Styles , Themes and Master <br>Pages <br> Now add the ASP.Net controls inside the SkinFile. Skin and assign the Style to the controls using their properties as in the following: <br> 1. A control Id cannot be assigned to ASP.Net controls inside the SkinFile.skin. 2. SkinId must be assigned to the ASP.Net controls inside the SkinFile.skin. 3. The SkinId should be uniquely defined because duplicate SkinId's per control type are not allowed in the same theme. 4. Only one default control skin per control type is allowed in the same theme. To use existing ASP.Net Skins in an ASP.Net page we need to assign the existing theme at page level as in the following. <br> In the preceding source code, we are assigning the existing ASP.Net Skin File at page level, the existing ASP.Net Skin automatically appears in the box after using the Themes property in the page header. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 170</h2> <p> <br> 170 Advanced Web Programming <br>170 Assigning the Skin to the ASP.Net Controls To assign the skin to the ASP.Net controls, you need to assign it to the control's SkinId Property as in the following: <br> 8.3 MASTER PAGE ASP.NET master pages allow us to create a consistent layout for the pages in our application.  A single master page defines the look and feel and standard behavior that we want for all of the pages (or a group of pages) in our application.  We can then create individual content pages that contain the content we want to display.  When users request the content pages, they merge with the master page to produce output that combines the layout of the master page with the content from the content page.  Master pages actually consist of two pieces, the master page itself and one or more content pages. <br>  A centralized way to change the above created set of controls which will effectively change all the web pages.  To some extent, a master page looks like a normal ASPX page.  It contains static HTML such as the <html>, <head>, and <body> elements, and it can also contain other HTML and ASP.NET server controls. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 171</h2> <p> <br> 171 Styles , Themes and Master <br>Pages  Inside the master page, you set up the markup that you want to repeat on every page, like the general structure of the page and the menu.  However, a master page is not a true ASPX page and cannot be requested in the browser directly it only serves as the template that real web pages called content pages  One difference is that while web forms start with the Page directive, a master page starts with a Master directive that specifies the same information. Use of Master Pages The master pages can be used to accomplish the following: Creating a set of controls that are common across all the web pages and attaching them to all the web pages. <br> Content page and Master page  Master page provides a framework (common content as well as the layout) within which the content from other pages can be displayed.  It provides elements such as headers, footers, style definitions, or navigation bars that are common to all pages in your web site.  So the Content Pages need not have to duplicate code for shared elements within your Web site.  It gives a consistent look and feel for all pages in your application.  The master page layout consists of regions where the content from each content page should be displayed.  These regions can be set using ContentPlaceHolder server controls.  These are the regions where you are going to have dynamic content in your page  A derived page also known as a content page is simply a collection of blocks the runtime will use to fill the regions in the master.  To provide content for a ContentPlaceHolder, you use another specialized control, called Content.  The ContentPlaceHolder control and the Content control have a one-to-one relationship.  For each ContentPlaceHolder in the master page, the content page supplies a matching Content control  ASP.NET links the Content control to the appropriate ContentPlaceHolder by matching the ID of the ContentPlaceHolder with the Content ContentPlaceHolderID property of the corresponding Content control. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 172</h2> <p> <br> 172 Advanced Web Programming <br>172 <br> 8.4 REFERENCE  Beginning ASP.NET 4.5 in C# by Mathew MacDonald – Apress Publication (2012)  Murach‟s ASP.NET 4.6 Web Programming in C#2015 by Anne Bohem and Joel Murach – Murach Publication (2016)  ASP.NET 4.0 Programming by J. Kanjilal - Tata MsGrawhill Publication (2011) 8.5 UNIT END QUESTIONS 1. What is CSS? Explain with its advantages and disadvantages. 2. What are different types of CSS? 3. Explain different CSS selectors. 4. Explain Theme and Global Theme. 5. How to create and add skin files in a web form? 1. Give the uses of master page. How master pages work?  munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 173</h2> <p> 173 9 <br>ADO.NET FUNDAMENTALS <br>Unit Structure <br>9.1 Objectives <br>9.2 Understanding Databases <br>9.2.1 Relational Table Design <br>9.2.2 Types of relationships among the table <br>9.3 Introduction to ADO.NET <br>9.3.1 ADO.NET Architecture <br>9.4 Understanding Data Provider Model <br>9.5 Understanding SQL Basics <br>9.5.1 SQL Server Data Types <br>9.6 Configuring Database <br>9.7 Using Direct data access <br>9.8 Using Indirect data access <br>9.9 Summary <br>9.10 References <br>9.11 Unit End Exercises <br>9.1 OBJECTIVES: <br>This chapter would make you understand the follow ing concepts: <br>• Concept of database and its configuration. <br>• Basic of SQL <br>• Data Provider model <br>• Direct and indirect way of accessing the data <br>9.2 UNDERSTANDING THE DATABASE: <br>• A database is a collection of information which is structured for <br>storing, managing and retrieving information. <br>• In relational database approach , data is stored in different tables <br>instead of placing all data in one large table. <br>• A table is a collection of related data entities and it consists of <br>columns and rows. <br>• It allows defining relationshi ps between different tables. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 174</h2> <p> <br> 174 Advanced Web Programming <br>174  The relationship allows merging of data from several tables for querying and reporting.  This is accomplished by the use of keys which are used to uniquely identify specific records in a table. 9.2.1 Relational table design: <br>  Primary key: Each table must have a column which uniquely identifies every record of the table which is called as Primary Key. For example, CustomerID.  Foreign key: The column in a table which is used to reference a Primary key in another table is called as Foreign key. 9.2.2 Types of Relationships among tables: One to One :  Each record in Table A relates to one, and only one, record in Table B, and each record in Table B relates to one, and only one, record in Table A.  Look at the following example of tables from a company's Employees database: PERSONAL Employee <br>ID First <br>Name Last <br>Name Address City State Zip EN1-10 Carol Schaaf 2306 Palisade <br>Ave. Union City NJ 07087 EN1-12 Gayle Murray 1855 Broadway New York NY 12390 EN1-15 Steve Baranco 742 Forrest St . Kearny NJ 07032 EN1-16 Kristine Racich 416 Bloomfield <br>St. Hoboken NJ 07030 EN1-19 Barbara Zumbo 24 Central Ave. Ritchfield <br>Park NJ 07660 EN1-20 Daniel Gordon 2 Angelique St. Weehawken NJ 07087 munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 175</h2> <p> <br> 175 ADO.NET Fundamentals PAYROLL EmployeeID PayRate EN1-10 $25.00 EN1-12 $27.50 EN1-15 $20.00 EN1-16 $19.00 EN1-19 $22.75 EN1-20 $23.00 From above, each record in the Personal table is about one employee. That record relates to one, and only one, record in the Payroll table. One to Many :  It means a record in Table A can relate to zero, one, or many records in Table B. Many records in Table B can relate to one record in Table A.  Look at the following tables about a company's Customers and Orders. CUSTOMERS Customer <br>ID Customer <br>Name Address City State Zip 20151 Engel's Books 19 International <br>Dr Ryebrook NY 10273 -9764 20493 Jamison Books 396 Apache Ave Fountain Valley CA 92708 -4982 20512 Gardening <br>Galore 79 Gessner Pk Houston TX 77024 -6261 20688 Books Abound 51 Ulster St Denver CO 80237 -3386 ORDERS Order Num Customer ID Order Date Ship Date Shipper 76654 20151 2/1/00 2/6/00 USPS 74432 20151 6/30/99 7/2/99 Federal Express 75987 20151 11/10/99 11/12/99 UPS 62922 20493 9/5/99 9/6/99 UPS 65745 20493 10/1/99 10/3/99 USPS From above, the Customers table holds a unique record for each customer. Each customer can (and, we hope, does) place many orders. Many records in the Orders table can relate to only one record in the Customers table. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 176</h2> <p> <br> 176 Advanced Web Programming <br>176 Many to many :  It means a record in Table A can relate many records in Table B and records in Table B can relate to many record in Table A.  Look at the following tables about Employees and Projects. EMPLOYEES EmployeeID Last Name First Name ProjectNum EN1-26 O'Brien Sean 30-452-T3 EN1-26 O'Brien Sean 30-457-T3 EN1-26 O'Brien Sean 31-124-T3 EN1-33 Guya Amy 30-452-T3 EN1-33 Guya Amy 30-482-TC EN1-33 Guya Amy 31-124-T3 PROJECTS ProjectNum ProjectTitle EmployeeID 30-452-T3 Woodworking Around The House EN1-26 30-452-T3 Woodworking Around The House EN1-33 30-452-T3 Woodworking Aroun d The House EN1-35 30-457-T3 Basic Home Electronics EN1-26 30-482-TC The Complete American Auto Repair Guide EN1-33 31-124-T3 The Sport Of Hang Gliding EN1-26 Above, tables with a many-to-many relationship. 9.3 INTRODUCTION TO ADO.NET:  ADO (ActiveX Data Object) is the database access technologies including components for retrieving data, storing data in memory and binding data to controls.  It is an Object Oriented set of libraries that allows us to interact with data source.  The data source can be a database, text file, Excel spreadsheet or an XML file.  We can use the ADO.NET libraries with several types of database systems like Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Access, Oracle etc. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 177</h2> <p> <br> 177 ADO.NET Fundamentals 9.3.1 ADO.NET Architecture: <br> Fig. ADO.NET Architecture Let us understand each of the components in detail. Connection: The first important component is the connection object. The connection object is required to connect with your backend database which can be SQL Server, Oracle, MySQL, etc. To create a connection object, you need at least two things. The first one is where is your database located i.e. the Machine name or IP Address or someplace where your database is located. And the second thing is the security credentials i.e. whether it is a windows authentication or user name and password-based authentication. So, the first is to create the connection object and the connection is required to connect to the backend data source. Command: The second important component is the command object. When we talk about databases like SQL Server, Oracle, MySQL, then understand SQL. The command object is the component where you go and write your SQL queries. Later you take the command object and execute it over the connection. Then you can fetch data or send data to the database using the command object and SQL queries. Data Reader: Data Reader is a read-only connected record set that helps us to read the records only in the forward mode. Here, you need to understand three things i.e. read-only, connected, and forward mode. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 178</h2> <p> <br> 178 Advanced Web Programming <br>178 DataSet: It is a disconnected recordset that can be browsed in both i.e. forward and backward. It is also possible to update via dataset. DataSet gets filled by somebody called DataAdapter. DataAdapter: The DataAdapter acts as a bridge between the command object and the dataset. What the DataAdapter does, it takes the data from the command object and fills the data set. DataView: A DataView enables you to create different views of the data stored in a DataTable, a capability that is often used in data-binding applications. Using a DataView, you can expose the data in a table with different sort orders, and you can filter the data by row state or based on a filter expression. 9.4 UNDERSTANDING DATA PROVIDER MODEL:  ADO.NET provides common way to interact with data sources, but comes in different sets of libraries for each we can talk to a data source.  These libraries are called Data Providers and usually named for the protocol or data source type they allow us to interact with.  Following table shows some well known data providers, the API prefix they use. Provider Name API Prefix Data Source Description ODBC Data Provider Odbc Data Sources with an ODBC <br>interface. Normally older data <br>bases. OleDb Data Provider OleDb Data Sources that expose an <br>OleDb interface i.e. Access o r <br>Excel. Oracle Data Provider Oracle For Oracle Databases. SQL Data Provider Sql For interacting with Microsoft <br>SQL Server munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 179</h2> <p> <br> 179 ADO.NET Fundamentals 9.5 UNDERSTANDING SQL BASICS: We are going to study the connection of ASP.NET website to SQL Server in this unit. a. Create Command: CREATE DATABASE database-name; The CREATE DATABASE command is used is to create a new SQL database. The following SQL creates a database called "testDB": CREATE DATABASE testDB; CREATE TABLE The CREATE TABLE command creates a new table in the database. The following SQL creates a table called "Persons" that contains five columns: PersonID, LastName, FirstName, Address, and City: CREATE TABLE Persons ( PersonID int, LastName varchar(255), FirstName varchar(255), Address varchar(255), City varchar(255) ); CREATE VIEW The CREATE VIEW command creates a view. A view is a virtual table based on the result set of an SQL statement. The following SQL creates a view that selects all customers from Brazil: CREATE VIEW [Brazil Customers] AS SELECT CustomerName, ContactName FROM Customers WHERE Country = "Brazil"; b. Inserting the data: INSERT INTO The INSERT INTO command is used to insert new rows in a table. The following SQL inserts a new record in the "Customers" table: INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName, ContactName, Address, City, PostalCode, Country) VALUES ('Cardinal', 'Tom B. Erichsen', 'Skagen 21', 'Stavanger', '4006', 'Norway'); munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 180</h2> <p> <br> 180 Advanced Web Programming <br>180 c. Selecting the data: The SELECT command is used to select data from a database. The data returned is stored in a result table, called the result set. The following SQL statement selects the "CustomerName" and "City" columns from the "Customers" table: SELECT CustomerName, City FROM Customers; The following SQL statement selects all the columns from the Customers" table: SELECT * FROM Customers; d. Updating the data: UPDATE The UPDATE command is used to update existing rows in a table. The following SQL statement updates the first customer (CustomerID = 1) with a new contact person and a new city. UPDATE Customers SET ContactName = 'Alfred Schmidt', City= 'Frankfurt' WHERE CustomerID = 1; e. Deleting the data: DELETE The DELETE command is used to delete existing records in a table. The following SQL statement deletes the customer "Alfreds Futterkiste" from the "Customers" table: DELETE FROM Customers WHERE CustomerName='Alfreds Futterkiste'; f. Altering the table: ALTER TABLE The ALTER TABLE command adds, deletes, or modifies columns in a table. The ALTER TABLE command also adds and deletes various constraints in a table. The following SQL adds an "Email" column to the "Customers" table: ALTER TABLE Customers ADD Email varchar(255); The following SQL deletes the "Email" column from the "Customers" table: ALTER TABLE Customers DROP COLUMN Email; munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 181</h2> <p> <br> 181 ADO.NET Fundamentals g. Drop: The DROP COLUMN command is used to delete a column in an existing table. The following SQL deletes the "ContactName" column from the "Customers" table: ALTER TABLE Customers DROP COLUMN ContactName; The DROP TABLE command deletes a table in the database. The following SQL deletes the table "Shippers": DROP TABLE Shippers; The DROP DATABASE command is used to delete an existing SQL database. The following SQL drops a database named "testDB": DROP DATABASE testDB; 9.5.1 SQL Server Data Types : String Data Types Data type Description char(n) Fixed width ch aracter string varchar(n) Variable width character string varchar(max) Variable width character string text Variable width character string nchar Fixed width Unicode string nvarchar Variable width Unicode string nvarchar(max) Variable width Unicode s tring ntext Variable width Unicode string binary(n) Fixed width binary string varbinary Variable width binary string varbinary(max) Variable width binary string image Variable width binary string munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 182</h2> <p> <br> 182 Advanced Web Programming <br>182 Numeric Data Types Data type Description bit Intege r that can be 0, 1, or NULL tinyint Allows whole numbers from 0 to 255 smallint Allows whole numbers between -32,768 and 32,767 int Allows whole numbers between -2,147,483,648 and <br>2,147,483,647 bigint Allows whole numbers between -<br>9,223,372,036,854,775 ,808 and <br>9,223,372,036,854,775,807 decimal(p,s) Fixed precision and scale numbers. <br>Allows numbers from -10^38 +1 to 10^38 –1. <br>The p parameter indicates the maximum total number of <br>digits that can be stored (both to the left and to the right of <br>the decimal point). p must be a value from 1 to 38. Default <br>is 18. <br>The s parameter indicates the maximum number of digits <br>stored to the right of the decimal point. s must be a value <br>from 0 to p. Default value is 0 numeric(p,s) Fixed precision and scale numbers. <br>Allows numbers from -10^38 +1 to 10^38 –1. <br>The p parameter indicates the maximum total number of <br>digits that can be stored (both to the left and to the right of <br>the decimal point). p must be a value from 1 to 38. Default <br>is 18. <br>The s parameter indicates the ma ximum number of digits <br>stored to the right of the decimal point. s must be a value <br>from 0 to p. Default value is 0 smallmoney Monetary data from -214,748.3648 to 214,748.3647 money Monetary data from -922,337,203,685,477.5808 to <br>922,337,203,685,477.5807 float(n) Floating precision number data from -1.79E + 308 to 1.79E <br>+ 308. <br>The n parameter indicates whether the field should hold 4 <br>or 8 bytes. float(24) holds a 4 -byte field and float(53) holds <br>an 8-byte field. Default value of n is 53. real Floating pr ecision number data from -3.40E + 38 to 3.40E <br>+ 38 munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 183</h2> <p> <br> 183 ADO.NET Fundamentals Date and Time Data Types Data type Description datetime From January 1, 1753 to December 31, <br>9999 with an accuracy of 3.33 milliseconds datetime2 From January 1, 0001 to December 31, <br>9999 with an accura cy of 100 nanoseconds smalldatetime From January 1, 1900 to June 6, 2079 with <br>an accuracy of 1 minute date Store a date only. From January 1, 0001 to <br>December 31, 9999 time Store a time only to an accuracy of 100 <br>nanoseconds datetimeoffset The same as datetime2 with the addition of <br>a time zone offset timestamp Stores a unique number that gets updated <br>every time a row gets created or modified. <br>The timestamp value is based upon an <br>internal clock and does not correspond to <br>real time. Each table may have o nly one <br>timestamp variable 9.6 CONFIGURING DATABASE Requirements  Visual Studio 2015 Update 3  ASP.NET 4.5.2  SQL Server If you want to connect to the SQL database into ASP.NET, using C#, it should follow the steps given below. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 184</h2> <p> <br> 184 Advanced Web Programming <br>184 Step 1 Now, Open Visual Studio 2015 Update 3, go to the File >> New >> Project or use the shortcut key "Ctrl+Shift +N". <br> Step 2 Here, select Visual C# >> Web >> ASP.NET Web Application. Finally, click "OK" button. <br> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 185</h2> <p> <br> 185 ADO.NET Fundamentals Step 3 Here, you can select the template for your ASP.NET Application. We are choosing "Empty" here. Now, click OK button. <br> Step 4 Now, open the project and look for the Solution Explorer. <br> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 186</h2> <p> <br> 186 Advanced Web Programming <br>186 Here, open the default .aspx. If you want a Webform, you can add the page (Web Form). Add+New item (Ctrl+Shift+A). <br> Now, we can create a login page, using ASP.NET code. You need to follow the drag and drop method. Here, we already created the login page. <br> Step 5 Now, open the project. If you want a SQL Server database, you can add the page (SQL Server database). Add+New item (Ctrl+Shift+A). Here, you can select Visual C# and choose SQL Server database. Afterwards, click "OK" button. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 187</h2> <p> <br> 187 ADO.NET Fundamentals <br> Here, open the new Window and click YES button. <br> <br> Now, add this to the database in our project. <br> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 188</h2> <p> <br> 188 Advanced Web Programming <br>188 Step 6 Now, we can go to the Server Explorer and add your database. You can click the Tables and afterwards, click Add New Table. <br> Now, open the new table and you can fill the data, which is like (studentname, password) and afterwards, you click the Update. <br> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 189</h2> <p> <br> 189 ADO.NET Fundamentals Here, click database in update and subsequently click update the database. <br> Here, the database is updated. <br> Here, the database and data are added. <br> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 190</h2> <p> <br> 190 Advanced Web Programming <br>190 Now, we can click on the right click and click Show Table Data. <br> Now, the data is stored. <br> Step 7 Now, you can add SQL Data Source. Drag and drop method. Here, click Configure Data Source <br> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 191</h2> <p> <br> 191 ADO.NET Fundamentals Now, we can choose your database and click NEXT button. <br> <br> Now, you can select the ConnectionString and Click NEXT button <br> Now, we can choose Specify columns from a table or view and afterwards, click Next button. <br> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 192</h2> <p> <br> 192 Advanced Web Programming <br>192 Now, click Test Query. <br> Here, add the data and click Finish button. <br> 9.7 USING DIRECT DATA ACCESS:  It is also known as connected architecture refers to the fact that the connection is established for the full time between the database and application. For e.g. we make a program in C# that is connected with the database for the full time, so that will be connected architecture.  Connected architecture is forward only and read-only. This means the connected mode will work only in one particular direction i.e. forward and that too for read-only purpose. Application issues query then read back results and process them. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 193</h2> <p> <br> 193 ADO.NET Fundamentals  For connected architecture, we mainly use the object of the DataReader class.  DataReader is used to retrieve the data from the database and it also ensures that the connection is maintained for the complete interval of time.  In connected architecture, the application is directly linked with the Database. <br> DataReader in Connected architecture:  DataReader class is used to read the data from the database. It works in forward only and reads the only mode and requires the connection for the complete time. That is why we use it in connected architecture.  The forward only feature makes it an efficient way to read data. Thus we can say, DataReader is connection-oriented and requires an active connection while reading the data. <br> In order to make an object of the DataReader class, we never use the new keyword instead we call the ExecuteReader() of the command object. For e.g. SqlCommand cmd= new SqlCommand(“Select * from Table”); SqlDatareader rdr=cmd.ExecuteReader(cmd); munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 194</h2> <p> <br> 194 Advanced Web Programming <br>194 Here cmd.ExecuteReader() executes the command and creates the instance of DataReader class and loads the instance with data. 9.8 USING INDIRECT DATA ACCESS:  Disconnected architecture refers to the mode of architecture in Ado.net where the connectivity between the database and application is not maintained for the full time. Connectivity within this mode is established only to read the data from the database and finally to update the data within the database.  This means during the processing of the application, we need data so that data is fetched from the database and kept in temporary tables. After that whenever data is required, it is fetched from the temporary tables. And finally, when the operations were completed, the connection was established to update the data within the database from the temporary tables.  In this mode, application issues query then retrieves and store results for processing. For this purpose, we use objects of SqlDataAdapter and DataSet classes.  In disconnected architecture, a Dataset is used for retrieving data from the database. This way there is no need to establish a connection for the full time because DataSet acts as temporary storage. All the operations can be performed on the data using the Dataset and finally modified at the database. DataAdapter in Disconnected architecture  DataAdapter class acts as an interface between application and database. It provides the data to the Dataset which helps the user to perform the operations and finally the modifications are done in the Dataset which is passed to the DataAdapter which updates the database. DataAdapter takes the decision for the establishment and termination of the connection. <br>  DataAdapter is required for connectivity with the database. DataAdapter established a connection with the database and fetches the data from the database and fill it into the Dataset. And finally, when the task is completed it takes the data from the DataSet and updates it into the database by again establishing the connection. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 195</h2> <p> <br> 195 ADO.NET Fundamentals  It can be said that DataAdapter acts as a mediator between the application and database which allows the interaction in disconnected architecture. For example:- public DataTable GetTable(string query) { SqlDataAdapter adapter = new SqlDataAdapter(query, ConnectionString); DataTable Empl = new DataTable(); adapter.Fill(Empl); return Empl; } In the above lines of code, the object of the SqlDataAdapter is responsible for establishing the connection. It takes query and ConnectionString as a parameter. The query is issued on the database to fetch the data. ConnectionString allows connectivity with the database. The fill() of the SqlDataAdapter class adds the Table. 9.9 SUMMARY:  A database is a collection of information which is structured for storing,managing and retrieving information.  Primary key: Each table must have a column which uniquely identifies every record of the table which is called as Primary Key. For example, CustomerID.  Foreign key: The column in a table which is used to reference a Primary key in another table is called as Foreign key.  Types of Relationships among tables : One to One, One to Many, Many to Many  ADO (ActiveX Data Object) is the database access technologies including components for retrieving data, storing data in memory and binding data to controls.  ADO.NET provides common way to interact with data sources, but comes in different sets of libraries for each we can talk to a data source. These libraries are called Data Providers  Direct data access or connected architecture refers to the fact that the connection is established for the full time between the database and application  Indirect data access or Disconnected architecture refers to the mode of architecture in Ado.net where the connectivity between the database and application is not maintained for the full time. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 196</h2> <p> <br> 196 Advanced Web Programming <br>196 9.10 REFERENCES : Reference Books:  Beginning ASP.NET 4.5 in C# by Apress.  Murach’s ASP.NET 4.6 Web Programming in C#2015 by SPD  ASP.NET 4.0 programming by Tata McGrawHill.  Programming ASP.NET by Microsoft Press Web References:  https://www.c-sharpcorner.com/  https://www.aspsnippets.com/  http://asp.net-informations.com/ 9.11 UNIT END EXERCISES : i. What do you mean by Database? How many types of relationships are available to have between tables? ii. Explain the architecture of ADO DOT NET in detail. iii. How to retrieve table data with SQL? iv. How to manipulate table data with SQL? v. What are the different data types in SQL server? vi. How to create SQL server database and table? vii. Explain different types of Data Providers. viii. Write a note on Direct data access. ix. Write a note on indirect data access.  munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 197</h2> <p> 197 10 DATA BINDING Unit Structure 10.1 Objectives 10.2 Introduction to Data Binding 10.3 Using Single-Value Data Binding 10.4 Using Repeated-Value Data Binding 10.5 Working with Data Source Controls 10.5.1 The SqlDataSource Control 10.6 Summary 10.7 References 10.8 Unit End Exercises 10.1 OBJECTIVES: This chapter would make you understand the following concepts:  Concept of Data Binding.  Single value and Repeated value data binding  SqlDataSource Control 10.2 INTRODUCTION TO DATA BINDING:  Data binding is the process of connecting the Application User Interface with the Data from database.  Web Forms provides many controls that support data binding. You can connect these controls to ADO.NET components such as a DataView, DataSet, or DataViewManager at design-time as well as at run-time.  The advantages of using data binding in .NET are as follows:-  Reduction in code size.  Better performance.  Rapid development of data driven application.  Fine control on data binding through events. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 198</h2> <p> <br> 198 Advanced Web Programming <br>198 10.3 USING SINGLE-VALUE DATA BINDING:  You use the single-item data-bound controls to display the value of a single item of a database table. These controls don't provide direct binding with the data source.  Expression is enclosed in angle brackets and percent signs (<%....%>) and prefixed by the symbol (#).  Use a single quotation mark (‘) to wrap the whole expression as shown below.  Label1.Text = ‘<%# ”Hello,world” %>’;  You use the Text, Caption, or Value property of these controls to show the data a field.  Examples of single-item data-bound controls are textboxes, buttons, labels, images, and so on.  Consider the following page, which defines a variable named LOC and uses it to point an image in the web directory. Code : public partial class SingleValueDB : System.Web.UI.Page { protected string LOC; protected void Page_Load(Object sender,EventArgs e) { LOC = “Images/img01.jpg”; this.DataBind(); } }  With Label control: <asp:Label id=”lb1” runat=”server”><%#LOC%></asp:Label>  With CheckBox control: <asp:CheckBox id=”chk1” “ text=”<%#LOC%>runat=”server” /> 10.4 USING REPEATED-VALUE DATA BINDING:  You use the multi-item data bound controls to display the entire or a partial table. These controls provide direct binding to the data source.  You use the DataSource property of these controls to bind a database table to these controls munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 199</h2> <p> <br> 199 Data Binding  Some examples of multi-item data-bound controls are GridView, FormView, DetailsView, ListBox, DataList, DropDownList, and so on.  Example : Data Binding with List Controls  Create and fill data object. We can use any type of collection like ArrayList, Hashtable, Dictionary, Data Table, Data set object.  Link the object to the respective control using Data Source property.  Activate the binding using DataBind() method. Let us take the following steps: Step (1) : Create a new website. Add a class named booklist by right clicking on the solution name in the Solution Explorer and choosing the item 'Class' from the 'Add Item' dialog box. Name it as booklist.cs. using System; using System.Data; using System.Configuration; using System.Linq; using System.Web; using System.Web.Security; using System.Web.UI; using System.Web.UI.HtmlControls; using System.Web.UI.WebControls; using System.Web.UI.WebControls.WebParts; using System.Xml.Linq; namespace databinding { public class booklist { protected String bookname; protected String authorname; public booklist(String bname, String aname) { this.bookname = bname; this.authorname = aname; } public String Book { get { return this.bookname; } set munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 200</h2> <p> <br> 200 Advanced Web Programming <br>200 { this.bookname = value; } } public String Author { get { return this.authorname; } set { this.authorname = value; } } } } Step (2) : Add four list controls on the page a list box control, a radio button list, a check box list, and a drop down list and four labels along with these list controls. The page should look like this in design view: <br> Fig. Form Design munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 201</h2> <p> <br> 201 Data Binding The source file should look as the following: <form id="form1" runat="server"> <div> <table style="width: 559px"> <tr> <td style="width: 228px; height: 157px;"> <asp:ListBox ID="ListBox1" runat="server" AutoPostBack="True" OnSelectedIndexChanged="ListBox1_SelectedIndexChanged"> </asp:ListBox> </td> <td style="height: 157px"> <asp:DropDownList ID="DropDownList1" runat="server" AutoPostBack="True" OnSelectedIndexChanged="DropDownList1_SelectedIndexChanged"> </asp:DropDownList> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 228px; height: 40px;"> <asp:Label ID="lbllistbox" runat="server"></asp:Label> </td> <td style="height: 40px"> <asp:Label ID="lbldrpdown" runat="server"> </asp:Label> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 228px; height: 21px"> </td> <td style="height: 21px"> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 202</h2> <p> <br> 202 Advanced Web Programming <br>202 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 228px; height: 21px"> <asp:RadioButtonList ID="RadioButtonList1" runat="server" AutoPostBack="True" OnSelectedIndexChanged="RadioButtonList1_SelectedIndexChanged"> </asp:RadioButtonList> </td> <td style="height: 21px"> <asp:CheckBoxList ID="CheckBoxList1" runat="server" AutoPostBack="True" OnSelectedIndexChanged="CheckBoxList1_SelectedIndexChanged"> </asp:CheckBoxList> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 228px; height: 21px"> <asp:Label ID="lblrdlist" runat="server"> </asp:Label> </td> <td style="height: 21px"> <asp:Label ID="lblchklist" runat="server"> </asp:Label> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </form> Step (3) : Finally, write the following code behind routines of the application: munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 203</h2> <p> <br> 203 Data Binding public partial class _Default : System.Web.UI.Page { protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { IList bklist = createbooklist(); if (!this.IsPostBack) { this.ListBox1.DataSource = bklist; this.ListBox1.DataTextField = "Book"; this.ListBox1.DataValueField = "Author"; this.DropDownList1.DataSource = bklist; this.DropDownList1.DataTextField = "Book"; this.DropDownList1.DataValueField = "Author"; this.RadioButtonList1.DataSource = bklist; this.RadioButtonList1.DataTextField = "Book"; this.RadioButtonList1.DataValueField = "Author"; this.CheckBoxList1.DataSource = bklist; this.CheckBoxList1.DataTextField = "Book"; this.CheckBoxList1.DataValueField = "Author"; this.DataBind(); } } protected IList createbooklist() { ArrayList allbooks = new ArrayList(); booklist bl; bl = new booklist("UNIX CONCEPTS", "SUMITABHA DAS"); allbooks.Add(bl); munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 204</h2> <p> <br> 204 Advanced Web Programming <br>204 bl = new booklist("PROGRAMMING IN C", "RICHI KERNIGHAN"); allbooks.Add(bl); bl = new booklist("DATA STRUCTURE", "TANENBAUM"); allbooks.Add(bl); bl = new booklist("NETWORKING CONCEPTS", "FOROUZAN"); allbooks.Add(bl); bl = new booklist("PROGRAMMING IN C++", "B. STROUSTROUP"); allbooks.Add(bl); bl = new booklist("ADVANCED JAVA", "SUMITABHA DAS"); allbooks.Add(bl); return allbooks; } protected void ListBox1_SelectedIndexChanged(object sender, EventArgs e) { this.lbllistbox.Text = this.ListBox1.SelectedValue; } protected void DropDownList1_SelectedIndexChanged(object sender, EventArgs e) { this.lbldrpdown.Text = this.DropDownList1.SelectedValue; } protected void RadioButtonList1_SelectedIndexChanged(object sender, EventArgs e) { this.lblrdlist.Text = this.RadioButtonList1.SelectedValue; } protected void CheckBoxList1_SelectedIndexChanged(object sender, EventArgs e) { this.lblchklist.Text = this.CheckBoxList1.SelectedValue; } } munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 205</h2> <p> <br> 205 Data Binding Observe the following:  The booklist class has two properties: bookname and authorname.  The createbooklist method is a user defined method that creates an array of booklist objects named allbooks.  The Page_Load event handler ensures that a list of books is created. The list is of IList type, which implements the IEnumerable interface and capable of being bound to the list controls. The page load event handler binds the IList object 'bklist' with the list controls. The bookname property is to be displayed and the authorname property is considered as the value.  When the page is run, if the user selects a book, its name is selected and displayed by the list controls whereas the corresponding labels display the author name, which is the corresponding value for the selected index of the list control. <br> Example : Data Binding with ADO.NET  To use data binding with the data fetched from a database we need to first create data source which will be DataReader or DataSet object.  DataReader offers the best performance, but it limits data binding to a single control because it is a forward only reader. After it is finished, it can’t go back to the beginning so it can’t be used in another data binding operation.  For this reason, a DataSet is more common choice.  To fill DataSet use following steps. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 206</h2> <p> <br> 206 Advanced Web Programming <br>206  Create the DataSet.  Create new table and add it to the DataSet.Tables collection.  Define the structure of the table by adding DataColumn objects to the DataTable.Column collection.  Add the data using DataTable.NewRow() method. Code : <%@ Page Language="C#" %> <%@Import namespace="System.Data.SqlClient" %> <%@Import namespace="System.Data" %> <html> <body> <head><TITLE>Bind Films data to a ListBox</TITLE> <script runat="Server"> void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { if(!this.IsPostBack) { getMovies(); } } private void getMovies() { string cnstr=GetConnString(); // Get a connection string SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(cnstr); IDbCommand cmd = new SqlCommand(); cmd.Connection= conn; conn.Open(); cmd.Connection=conn; string sql="SELECT movie_id, movie_title FROM movies"; SqlDataAdapter da = new SqlDataAdapter(sql,conn); DataSet ds = new DataSet(); da.Fill(ds,"Movies"); dview = new DataView(ds.Tables["Movies"]); dview.RowFilter = "movie_year < 1951"; // List box containing movies before 1951 ListBoxMovie.DataSource= dview; ListBoxMovie.DataBind(); conn.Close(); munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 207</h2> <p> <br> 207 Data Binding } </script> </head> <FORM NAME="FORM1" runat=server> <asp:ListBox id=”ListBoxMovie” dataValueField = "movie_ID" dataTextField = "movie_title" AppendDataBoundItems=true Rows="10" BackColor=#efefe4 font-size=9pt runat="server" > <asp:ListItem Value=-1 Text="Select Movie" /> </asp:ListBox> </FORM> </body> </html> 10.5 WORKING WITH DATA SOURCE CONTROLS: A data source control interacts with the data-bound controls and hides the complex data binding processes. These are the tools that provide data to the data bound controls and support execution of operations like insertions, deletions, sorting, and updates. <br> Fig Data Source Controls  The data source controls used for hierarchical data are:  XMLDataSource - It allows binding to XML files and strings with or without schema information.  SiteMapDataSource - It allows binding to a provider that supplies site map information.  The data source controls used for tabular data are: munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 208</h2> <p> <br> 208 Advanced Web Programming <br>208 Data source <br>controls Description SqlDataSource It represents a connection to an ADO.NET data <br>provider that returns SQL data, including data <br>sources accessible via OLEDB and ODBC. ObjectDataSource It allows binding to a custom .Net business object <br>that returns data. LinqdataSource It allows binding to the results of a Linq -to-SQL <br>query (supported by ASP.NET 3.5 only). AccessDataSource It re presents connection to a Microsoft Access <br>database. The following table provides the methods of the DataSourceView class: Methods Description CanExecute Determines whether the specified command can be <br>executed. ExecuteCommand Executes the specific comma nd. ExecuteDelete Performs a delete operation on the list of data that the <br>DataSourceView object represents. ExecuteInsert Performs an insert operation on the list of data that <br>the DataSourceView object represents. ExecuteSelect Gets a list of data from the underlying data storage. ExecuteUpdate Performs an update operation on the list of data that <br>the DataSourceView object represents. Delete Performs a delete operation on the data associated <br>with the view. Insert Performs an insert operation on the d ata associated <br>with the view. Select Returns the queried data. Update Performs an update operation on the data associated <br>with the view. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 209</h2> <p> <br> 209 Data Binding 10.5.1 The SqlDataSource Control The SqlDataSource control represents a connection to a relational database such as SQL Server or Oracle database, or data accessible through OLEDB or Open Database Connectivity (ODBC). Connection to data is made through two important properties ConnectionString and ProviderName. The following code snippet provides the basic syntax of the control: <asp:SqlDataSource runat="server" ID="MySqlSource" ProviderName='<%$ConnectionStrings:LocalNWind.ProviderName%>' ConnectionString='<%$ ConnectionStrings:LocalNWind %>' SelectionCommand= "SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES" /> <asp:GridView ID="GridView1" runat="server" DataSourceID="MySqlSource" /> Configuring various data operations on the underlying data depends upon the various properties (property groups) of the data source control. The following table provides the related sets of properties of the SqlDataSource control, which provides the programming interface of the control: Property Group Description DeleteCommand, <br>DeleteParameters, <br>DeleteCommandType Gets or sets the SQL statement, <br>parameters, and type for deleting rows in <br>the underlying data . FilterExpression, <br>FilterParameters Gets or sets the data filtering string and <br>parameters. InsertCommand, <br>InsertParameters, <br>InsertCommandType Gets or sets the SQL statement, <br>parameters, and type for inserting rows in <br>the underlying database. SelectComm and, <br>SelectParameters, <br>SelectCommandType Gets or sets the SQL statement, <br>parameters, and type for retrieving rows <br>from the underlying database. SortParameterName Gets or sets the name of an input <br>parameter that the command's stored <br>procedure will use to s ort data. UpdateCommand, <br>UpdateParameters, <br>UpdateCommandType Gets or sets the SQL statement, <br>parameters, and type for updating rows in <br>the underlying data store. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 210</h2> <p> <br> 210 Advanced Web Programming <br>210 The following code snippet shows a data source control enabled for data manipulation: <asp:SqlDataSource runat="server" ID= "MySqlSource" ProviderName='<%$ConnectionStrings:LocalNWind.ProviderName>' ConnectionString='<%$ ConnectionStrings:LocalNWind %>' SelectCommand= "SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES" UpdateCommand= "UPDATE EMPLOYEES SET LASTNAME=@lame" DeleteCommand= "DELETE FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE EMPLOYEEID=@eid" FilterExpression= "EMPLOYEEID > 10"> ..... ..... </asp:SqlDataSource> 10.6 SUMMARY  Data binding is the process of connecting the Application User Interface with the Data from database.  You use the single-item data-bound controls to display the value of a single item of a database table.  You use the multi-item data bound controls to display the entire or a partial table.  DataReader offers the best performance, but it limits data binding to a single control because it is a forward only reader. After it is finished, it can’t go back to the beginning so it can’t be used in another data binding operation.  For this reason, a DataSet is more common choice.  A data source control interacts with the data-bound controls and hides the complex data binding processes.  These are the tools that provide data to the data bound controls and support execution of operations like insertions, deletions, sorting, and updates. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 211</h2> <p> <br> 211 Data Binding 10.7 REFERENCES: Reference Books:  Beginning ASP.NET 4.5 in C# by Apress.  Murach’s ASP.NET 4.6 Web Programming in C#2015 by SPD  ASP.NET 4.0 programming by Tata McGrawHill.  Programming ASP.NET by Microsoft Press Web References:  https://www.c-sharpcorner.com/  https://www.aspsnippets.com/  http://asp.net-informations.com/ 10.8 UNIT END EXERCISES : 1) What is Data Binding? Explain its types. 2) Explain Single Value Data binding. 3) Explain Repeated Value Data binding. 4) How to bind data with Simple List Control? Give Example. 5) Explain data binding with ADO.NET. 6) Write a note on Data Source Controls. 7) Explain Sql Data Source with properties.  munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 212</h2> <p> <br> 212 Advanced Web Programming <br>212 11 DATA CONTROLS Unit Structure 11.1 Objectives 11.2 Introduction of Grid view 11.2.1 Creating a GridView 11.2.2 Properties of GridView 11.3 Formatting the GridView: 11.3.1 Numeric Format Strings 11.3.2 Time and Date Format Strings: 11.3.3.Styles 11.4 Creating Table in SQL Server Database 11.5 Selecting a GridView Row 11.6 Editing with the GridView 11.7 Sorting and Paging the GridView 11.8 Using GridView Templates 11.9 DetailsView 11.10 Form View 11.11 Summary 11.12 References 11.13 Unit End Exercises 11.1 OBJECTIVES: This chapter would make you understand the following concepts:  Introduction to GridView control and its different operations like select, edit etc.  How to use DetailsView and FormView controls 11.2 INTRODUCTION OF GRID VIEW: The GridView control displays the values of a data source in a table. Each column represents a field, while each row represents a record. The GridView control supports the following features:  Binding to data source controls, such as SqlDataSource.  Built-in sort capabilities. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 213</h2> <p> <br> 213 Data Controls  Built-in update and delete capabilities.  Built-in paging capabilities.  Built-in row selection capabilities.  Programmatic access to the GridView object model to dynamically set properties, handle events, and so on.  Multiple key fields.  Multiple data fields for the hyperlink columns.  Customizable appearance through themes and styles. 11.2.1 Creating a GridView: <asp:GridView ID="gridService" runat="server"> </asp:GridView> 11.2.2 Properties of GridView : ID The name assigned to the control. Data SourceID ID assigned to the Data Source. AllowSorting It is Boolean value. True value generates <br>clickable column headers that sort the column’s <br>data when selected. AllowPaging It is Boolean value indicating whether control <br>will provide paging with page s ize defined in <br>PageSize property. PageSize No of records included on each page of data. BackColor Color name or hex value assigned to GridView <br>background. BorderColor Color name or hex value assigned to GridView’s <br>border. 11.3 FORMATTING THE GRIDVIEW:  To format the grid view you have to ensure that dates, currency and other number values are in good format. Grid View has property "DataFormatString" to apply formatting.  You can change colors, fonts, borders and alignment of grid. Each BoundField column provides a DataFormatString property that you can use to configure the numbers and dates using a format string.  Format strings are generally made up of a placeholder and format indicator, which are wrapped inside curly brackets, like this: {0:C}  Here 0 shows the value that will be formatted and the letter indicates a predetermined format style. In this case C means currency format which formats a number as a dollar. <asp:BoundField DataField="Price" HeaderText="Price" DataFormatString="{0:C}" HtmlEncode="false" /> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 214</h2> <p> <br> 214 Advanced Web Programming <br>214 Here we are going to discuss about few format strings. 11.3.1 Numeric Format Strings :  Currency {0:C} - $1,234.50 Brackets indicate negative values($1,234.50). Currency sign is locale specific (?1,234.50).  Scientific (Exponential) {0:E } - 1.234.50E+004  Percentage {0:P} - 35.5%  Fixed Decimal {0:F?} - Depends on the number of decimal places you set {0:F3} would be 123.400. {0:F0} would be 123. 11.3.2 Time and Date Format Strings: <asp:BoundField DataField="DOB" HeaderText="DOB" DataFormatString="{0:MM/dd/yy}" HtmlEncode="false" />  Short Date {0:d} - M/d/yyyy (11/21/2003)  Long Date {0:D} - dddd, MMMM dd, yyyy (Saturday, March 21, 2001)  Long Date and Short Time {0:f} - dddd, MMMM dd, yyyy HH:mm aa (Saturday, March 21, 2003 11:00 AM)  Long Date and Long Time {0:F} - dddd, MMMM dd, yyyy HH:mm:ss aa (Saturday, March 21, 2003 11:00:20 AM)  ISO Sortable Standard {0:s} - yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss (2003-01-21 11:00:21)  Month and Day {0:M} - MMMM dd (March 21)  General {0:G} - M/d/yyyy HH:mm:ss aa (depends on local specific setting) (10/21/2003 11:00:21 AM) 11.3.3.Styles : you can set eight GridView styles.  Header Style: Set the header row style that contains column titles if you do ShowHeader property true.  RowStyle: Set the style of every data row.  AlternatingRowStyle: Set the style of every alternate row in gridview.  SelectedRowStyle: Set the style of currently selected row.  EditRowStyle: Set the style of row that is in edit mode. This formatting acts in addition to the RowStyle formatting.  EmptyDataRowStyle: Set the style that is used for the single row in the special case where the bound data object contains no rows.  FooterStyle: Set the style of the footer row at the bottom of the GridView, if you choose ShowFooter property true.  PagerStyle: Set the style of the row with the page links if you enable AllowPaging property true. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 215</h2> <p> <br> 215 Data Controls Example: <asp:GridView ID="GridView1" runat="server" AllowPaging="True" ShowFooter="True"> <RowStyle BackColor="Gray" Font-Italic="True" /> <EmptyDataRowStyle BackColor="Yellow" /> <PagerStyle BackColor="#FFC0C0" Font-Italic="True" Font-Underline="True" /> <SelectedRowStyle BackColor="#00C000" Font-Bold="True" Font-Italic="True" /> <EditRowStyle BackColor="#0000C0" /> <AlternatingRowStyle BackColor="Red" BorderColor="Green" BorderStyle="Dashed" BorderWidth="1px" Font-Bold="True" /> <FooterStyle BackColor="#00C0C0" /> <HeaderStyle BackColor="#00C000" Font-Bold="True" Font-Italic="True" Font-Underline="True" /> </asp:GridView> 11.4 CREATING TABLE IN SQL SERVER DATABASE: Step 1 : Create a table named UserDetail with the columns UserID and UserName. The table looks as below. <br> Step 2: Now insert data into the table. <br> Step 3 : Drag the GridView control from the Data controls menu. You will need to set the Bound column in order to see the text in the cells of the GridView control. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 216</h2> <p> <br> 216 Advanced Web Programming <br>216 .aspx source code <%@ Page Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="true" CodeBehind="WebForm1.aspx.cs" Inherits="WebApplication120.WebForm1" %> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head runat="server"> <title></title> </head> <body> <form id="form1" runat="server"> <div> UserID:<asp:TextBox ID="TextBoxUserID" runat="server"> </asp:TextBox> <br /> UserName: <asp:TextBox ID="TextBoxUserName" runat="server"> </asp:TextBox> <br /> <br /> <asp:GridView ID="GridView1" runat="server" AutoGenerateSelectButton="True" OnSelectedIndexChanged="GridView1_SelectedIndexChanged" BackColor="#DEBA84" BorderColor="#DEBA84" BorderStyle="None" BorderWidth="1px" CellPadding="3" CellSpacing="2" AutoGenerateColumns="False"> <FooterStyle BackColor="#F7DFB5" ForeColor="#8C4510" /> <HeaderStyle BackColor="#A55129" Font-Bold="True" ForeColor="White" /> <PagerStyle ForeColor="#8C4510" HorizontalAlign="Center" /> <RowStyle BackColor="#FFF7E7" ForeColor="#8C4510" /> <SelectedRowStyle BackColor="#738A9C" Font-Bold="True" ForeColor="White" /> <SortedAscendingCellStyle BackColor="#FFF1D4" /> <SortedAscendingHeaderStyle BackColor="#B95C30" /> <SortedDescendingCellStyle BackColor="#F1E5CE" /> <SortedDescendingHeaderStyle BackColor="#93451F" /> <Columns> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 217</h2> <p> <br> 217 Data Controls <asp:BoundField HeaderText="UserID" DataField="UserID" /> <asp:BoundField HeaderText="UserName" DataField="UserName" /> </Columns> </asp:GridView> </div> </form> </body> </html> See the following image of a GridView after setting 'AutoGenerateSelectButton=True'. <br> Step 4 : See the Design view of your GridView. You will find a Hyperlink with a text as 'Select'. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 218</h2> <p> <br> 218 Advanced Web Programming <br>218 <br> Step 5 : Now double-click on the page and write the following code for binding the data with the GridView. Source code: using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Web; using System.Web.UI; using System.Web.UI.WebControls; using System.Data.SqlClient; using System.Data; namespace WebApplication120 { public partial class WebForm1 : System.Web.UI.Page { protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { show(); } private void show() { { SqlConnection con = new SqlConnection("Data Source=.; uid=sa; pwd=wintellect; database=Rohatash;"); string strSQL = "Select * from UserDetail"; munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 219</h2> <p> <br> 219 Data Controls SqlDataAdapter dt = new SqlDataAdapter(strSQL, con); DataSet ds = new DataSet(); dt.Fill(ds, "UserDetail"); con.Close(); GridView1.DataSource = ds; GridView1.DataBind(); } } } } Step 6 :Now run the application. <br> 11.5 SELECTING A GRID VIEW ROW: Selecting the row event is fired when you make a click on the select link. If you need any particular item in that row you can easily select it using the cells property. In the Gridview, double-Click on the SelectedIndexChanged Event and write the following code: munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 220</h2> <p> <br> 220 Advanced Web Programming <br>220 protected void GridView1_SelectedIndexChanged(object sender, EventArgs e) { TextBoxUserID.Text = GridView1.SelectedRow.Cells[1].Text; TextBoxUserName.Text = GridView1.SelectedRow.Cells[2].Text; } Now run the application and select a row; that will show the selected row data in the TextBoxes. <br> 11.6 EDITING WITH THE GRIDVIEW: There is a method in GridView to edit, delete and update. Design The design part will look as in the following image: munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 221</h2> <p> <br> 221 Data Controls <br> Using a CommandField , we can display one or more command buttons in a column of Grid control. To add the Command field in a Grid view control, first select the control and click on add new column. It will display the following window. <br> From this, select command buttons “Edit/Update” Code behind: using System; using System.Configuration; using System.Data; using System.Data.SqlClient; using System.Drawing; using System.Linq; using System.Web; using System.Web.Security; using System.Web.UI; using System.Web.UI.HtmlControls; using System.Web.UI.WebControls; using System.Web.UI.WebControls.WebParts; using System.Xml.Linq; public partial class _Default: System.Web.UI.Page { munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 222</h2> <p> <br> 222 Advanced Web Programming <br>222 private SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection("Data Source=NEHASHAMA; Integrated Security=true; Initial Catalog=rp"); protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { if (!IsPostBack) { gvbind(); } } protected void gvbind() { conn.Open(); SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand("Select * from detail", conn); SqlDataAdapter da = new SqlDataAdapter(cmd); DataSet ds = new DataSet(); da.Fill(ds); conn.Close(); if (ds.Tables[0].Rows.Count > 0) { GridView1.DataSource = ds; GridView1.DataBind(); } else { ds.Tables[0].Rows.Add(ds.Tables[0].NewRow()); GridView1.DataSource = ds; GridView1.DataBind(); int columncount = GridView1.Rows[0].Cells.Count; GridView1.Rows[0].Cells.Clear(); GridView1.Rows[0].Cells.Add(new TableCell()); GridView1.Rows[0].Cells[0].ColumnSpan = columncount; GridView1.Rows[0].Cells[0].Text = "No Records Found"; } } protected void GridView1_RowDeleting(object sender, GridViewDeleteEventArgs e) { GridViewRow row = (GridViewRow) GridView1.Rows[e.RowIndex]; Label lbldeleteid = (Label) row.FindControl("lblID"); conn.Open(); SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand("delete FROM detail where id='" + Convert.ToInt32(GridView1.DataKeys[e.RowIndex].Value.ToString()) + "'", conn); munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 223</h2> <p> <br> 223 Data Controls cmd.ExecuteNonQuery(); conn.Close(); gvbind(); } protected void GridView1_RowEditing(object sender, GridViewEditEventArgs e) { GridView1.EditIndex = e.NewEditIndex; gvbind(); } protected void GridView1_RowUpdating(object sender, GridViewUpdateEventArgs e) { int userid = Convert.ToInt32(GridView1.DataKeys[e.RowIndex].Value.ToString()); GridViewRow row = (GridViewRow) GridView1.Rows[e.RowIndex]; Label lblID = (Label) row.FindControl("lblID"); //TextBox txtname=(TextBox)gr.cell[].control[]; TextBox textName = (TextBox) row.Cells[0].Controls[0]; TextBox textadd = (TextBox) row.Cells[1].Controls[0]; TextBox textc = (TextBox) row.Cells[2].Controls[0]; //TextBox textadd = (TextBox)row.FindControl("txtadd"); //TextBox textc = (TextBox)row.FindControl("txtc"); GridView1.EditIndex = -1; conn.Open(); //SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand("SELECT * FROM detail", conn); SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand("update detail set name='" + textName.Text + "',address='" + textadd.Text + "',country='" + textc.Text + "'where id='" + userid + "'", conn); cmd.ExecuteNonQuery(); conn.Close(); gvbind(); //GridView1.DataBind(); } protected void GridView1_PageIndexChanging(object sender, GridViewPageEventArgs e) { GridView1.PageIndex = e.NewPageIndex; gvbind(); } munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 224</h2> <p> <br> 224 Advanced Web Programming <br>224 protected void GridView1_RowCancelingEdit(object sender, GridViewCancelEditEventArgs e) { GridView1.EditIndex = -1; gvbind(); } } Save all or press "Ctrl+S" and hit "F5" to run the page, the page will look as in the following image: <br> Click on "Edit the GridView", it will display Textboxes in each cell as in the following image: <br> Edit the value(s) here and click on the Update link, it will update all the data or to remove it click on the "Delete" link above the image shown. 11.7 SORTING AND PAGING THE GRID VIEW: The ASP.NET GridView control is used to display the values of a data source in a table. ASP.NET provides the sorting feature in a GridView Control. The records displayed in a GridView control can be sorted in ascending or descending order. <br> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 225</h2> <p> <br> 225 Data Controls In this article I will explain how to do paging and sorting in ASP.NET GridView. The following is the step-by-step explanation. Step1: Create a table in the database. CREATE TABLE [dbo].[Teacher]( [TeacherId] [int] NULL, [FirstName] [varchar](50) NULL, [LastName] [varchar](50) NULL, [Status] [varchar](50) NULL, [Nationality] [varchar](50) NULL, [Grade] [nchar](10) NULL ) ON [PRIMARY] Step 2: Create a new ASP.NET web application and drag a GridView control in the Default.aspx design view. Set the property AllowSorting="true". Step 3: Write the following in the page load event: if (!Page.IsPostBack) { gvTeacher.DataSource = BindGridView(); gvTeacher.DataBind(); } Step 4: The BindGridView() method populates the data in the GridView. Write the following method in the Default.aspx.cs file: protected void gvTeacher_Sorting(object sender, GridViewSortEventArgs e) { string sortingDirection = string.Empty; if (direction == SortDirection.Ascending) { direction = SortDirection.Descending; sortingDirection = "Desc"; } else { direction = SortDirection.Ascending; sortingDirection = "Asc"; } DataView sortedView = new DataView(BindGridView()); munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 226</h2> <p> <br> 226 Advanced Web Programming <br>226 sortedView.Sort = e.SortExpression + " " + sortingDirection; Session["SortedView"] = sortedView; gvTeacher.DataSource = sortedView; gvTeacher.DataBind(); } Note: GridViewSortEventArgs is used to perform GridView sorting. There are two properties. SortDirection specifies the direction to sort the GridView column, either by ascending or descending order. Step 5: Select the GridView and double-click on PageIndexChanging .Write the following code: protected void gvTeacher_PageIndexChanging(object sender, GridViewPageEventArgs e) { gvTeacher.PageIndex = e.NewPageIndex; if (Session["SortedView"] != null) { gvTeacher.DataSource = Session["SortedView"]; gvTeacher.DataBind(); } else { gvTeacher.DataSource = BindGridView(); gvTeacher.DataBind(); } } Step 6: Now maintain the SortDirection (Ascending or Descending) in ViewState by adding the following code. public SortDirection direction { get { if (ViewState["directionState"] == null) { ViewState["directionState"] = SortDirection.Ascending; } return (SortDirection)ViewState["directionState"]; } munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 227</h2> <p> <br> 227 Data Controls set { ViewState["directionState"] = value; } } Step 7: The First Name is in ascending order as in the following: <br> The First Name in descending order as in the following: <br> 11.8 USING GRIDVIEW TEMPLATES: i. We use TemplateFields when we wish to display ASP.Net controls in a GridView column. ii. We display ASP.Net controls in a GridView column to provide additional functionality in the user interface. iii. For example, by placing a DropDownList control in a GridView column, users will be able to select a list of options from within the Gridview control interface. iv. A Template field supports many types of templates and a list of template types is given in the table below. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 228</h2> <p> <br> 228 Advanced Web Programming <br>228 TemplateType Description AlternatingItemTemplate The contents of this template are displayed <br>for every other row rendered by the <br>GridView EditItemTemplate The contents of this template are displayed <br>when a row is selected for editing FooterTemplate The contents of this template are displayed <br>in the column footer HeaderTemplate The contents of this template are displayed <br>in the column header InsertTemplate The contents of this template are displayed <br>when a new data item is inserted ItemTemplate The contents of this template are displayed <br>for every row rendered by the GridView We can create TemplateFields in the GridView control using <TemplateField> element. Steps to create the <TemplateField> element in the GridView control a. Declare the GridView and set the AutoGenerateColumns property to 'false'. b. Create a Template column using <asp:TemplateField> tag within the <Columns> element. Create within the <asp:TemplateField> element to display value of field as text. Create <EditItemTemplate> to display TextBox control to modify value of field when editing the record. <asp:GridView ID="GridView1" DataSourceId="MyDataSource" DataKeyNames="Code" AutoGenerateColumns="false" AutoGenerateEditButton="true" AutoGenerateDeleteButton="true" runat="server"> <Columns> <asp:TemplateField HeaderText="Name"> <ItemTemplate> <%#Eval("Name")%> </ItemTemplate> <EditItemTemplate> <asp:TextBox ID="txtName" Text='<%# Bind("Name")%>' runat="server" /> </EditItemTemplate> </asp:TemplateField> <asp:TemplateField HeaderText="Description"> <ItemTemplate> <%#Eval("Description")%> </ItemTemplate> <EditItemTemplate> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 229</h2> <p> <br> 229 Data Controls <asp:TextBox ID="txtDesctiption"Text='<%# Bind("Description")%>' runat="server" /> </EditItemTemplate> </asp:TemplateField> </Columns> </asp:GridView> <asp:SqlDataSource ID="MyDataSource" ConnectionString="<%$Connectionstrings:ERPConnectionString%>" SelectCommand="SELECT * FROM Sample" UpdateCommand="Update SAMPLE SET Name=@Name,Description=@Description Where Code=@Code" DeleteCommand="Delete SAMPLE Where Code=@Code" runat="server"/>  Configure the SqlDataSource control and set the SelectCommand and UpdateCommand properties to display and update records from the Sample Table.  We have created two Template fields the GridView control.  The first TemplateField is used to display and edit the value of the 'Name' field in the SAMPLE table.  The second TemplateField is used to display and edit the value of the 'Description' field in the SAMPLE table.  The contents of the ItemTemplate are displayed when a row is in normal mode and the contents of the EditItemTemplate are displayed when a row is in edit mode. Extra Example: Now let’s take an asp.net example to bind data in to GridView. Here, we learn how to bind and display data in GridView control from sql server database in asp.net c#. Step 1 – Open the Visual Studio –> Create a new empty Web application. Step 2 – Create a New web page. Step 3 – Drag and drop GridView Control on web page from toolbox. Step 4 – Create New Database in SQL Server Step 5 – Make connection between Database and web application. In this asp.net example we will bind data to GridView from SQL server database. So, we need to do connection between our web application and sql server database. There are several method for make connection, we will explain three different connection method in our example. 1. Bind data using SQL Connection and SQL DataAdapter 2. Bind Data using DataSet and Table Adapter 3. Bind Data using LINQ method. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 230</h2> <p> <br> 230 Advanced Web Programming <br>230 Please check the following steps: Step 1: Design asp.net web form with GridView control along with three <br>button as show s in below figure. ASP.Net GridView Control. Step 2: add namespace on code page. using System.Data.SqlClient; using System.Data; Step 3: Bind data using SQL Connection and SQL DataAdapter Now, write below code on ‘Display Data’ button. This connection method we use SQLConnection and SQLDataAdapter object and write sql query in code behind page. This sql connection method are basic connection method. protected void btnview_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { SqlConnection SQLConn = new SqlConnection("Data Source=.\\SQLEXPRESS;Initial Catalog='Blog';Integrated Security=True"); SqlDataAdapter SQLAdapter = new SqlDataAdapter("Select * from UserMst", SQLConn); DataTable DT = new DataTable(); SQLAdapter.Fill(DT); <br>munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 231</h2> <p> <br> 231 Data Controls GridView1.DataSource = DT; GridView1.DataBind(); } Step 4: Bind Data using DataSet and Table Adapter Write below code on ‘Display Data using SP’ Button. In this method we use DataSet and SQL Stored Procedure for sql connection. Use Table Adapter instead of DataAdapter. protected void btnviewdataSP_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { DS_USER.USERMST_SELECTDataTable UDT = new DS_USER.USERMST_SELECTDataTable(); DS_USERTableAdapters.USERMST_SELECTTableAdapter UAdapter = new DS_USERTableAdapters.USERMST_SELECTTableAdapter(); UDT = UAdapter.SelectData(); GridView1.DataSource = UDT; GridView1.DataBind(); } Step 5: Bind Data using LINQ method. Write below code on ‘Display Data using LINQ’ button. Here, we use LINQ method to fetch data from sql server and Display data in to GridView control. protected void btnviewLINQ_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { DataClassesDataContext Ctx = new DataClassesDataContext(); GridView1.DataSource = Ctx.USERMST_SELECT(); GridView1.DataBind(); } Here is the result of above GridView example. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 232</h2> <p> <br> 232 Advanced Web Programming <br>232 <br> Full code of code behind page C# code. using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Web; using System.Web.UI; using System.Web.UI.WebControls; using System.Data.SqlClient; using System.Data; public partial class GridviewExample : System.Web.UI.Page { protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { } protected void btnview_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { SqlConnection SQLConn = new SqlConnection("Data Source=.\\SQLEXPRESS;Initial Catalog='Blog';Integrated Security=True"); SqlDataAdapter SQLAdapter = new SqlDataAdapter("Select * from UserMst", SQLConn); DataTable DT = new DataTable(); SQLAdapter.Fill(DT); GridView1.DataSource = DT; munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 233</h2> <p> <br> 233 Data Controls GridView1.DataBind(); } protected void btnviewdataSP_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { DS_USER.USERMST_SELECTDataTable UDT = new DS_USER.USERMST_SELECTDataTable(); DS_USERTableAdapters.USERMST_SELECTTableAdapter UAdapter = new DS_USERTableAdapters.USERMST_SELECTTableAdapter(); UDT = UAdapter.SelectData(); GridView1.DataSource = UDT; GridView1.DataBind(); } protected void btnviewLINQ_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { DataClassesDataContext Ctx = new DataClassesDataContext(); GridView1.DataSource = Ctx.USERMST_SELECT(); GridView1.DataBind(); } } 11.9 DETAILS VIEW : DetailsView control used to display a single database record of table layout in ASP.Net. Means it works with a single data item at a time. DetailsView control used to display record, insert, update, and delete records from database. DetailsView Control Syntax : <asp:DetailsView ID=“DetailsView1“ runat=“server“></asp:DetailsView> Now let’s take an asp.net example to bind data to DetailsView. Here, we learn how to bind and display data in DetailsView control from sql server database in asp.net c#. DetailsView Control Example in ASP.Net C# Step 1 – Open the Visual Studio –> Create a new empty Web application. Step 2 – Create a New web page. Step 3 – Drag and drop DetailsView Control on web page from toolbox. Step 4 – Create New Database in SQL Server munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 234</h2> <p> <br> 234 Advanced Web Programming <br>234 Step 5 – Make connection between Database and web application. Step 6 – Bind and Display data to DetailsView. <br> Code: <table> <tr> <td align="right"> Name :</td> <td> <asp:TextBox ID="txtname" runat="server"></asp:TextBox> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"> City :</td> <td> <asp:TextBox ID="txtcity" runat="server"></asp:TextBox> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> <asp:Button ID="btnSave" runat="server" onclick="btnSave_Click" Text="SAVE" /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 235</h2> <p> <br> 235 Data Controls <asp:DetailsView ID="DetailsView1" runat="server" BackColor="LightGoldenrodYellow" BorderColor="Tan" BorderWidth="1px" CellPadding="2" DataKeyNames="ID" ForeColor="Black" GridLines="None" Height="50px" onitemdeleting="DetailsView1_ItemDeleting" onitemupdating="DetailsView1_ItemUpdating" onmodechanging="DetailsView1_ModeChanging" onpageindexchanging="DetailsView1_PageIndexChanging" Width="125px"> <FooterStyle BackColor="Tan" /> <PagerStyle BackColor="PaleGoldenrod" ForeColor="DarkSlateBlue" HorizontalAlign="Center" /> <HeaderStyle BackColor="Tan" Font-Bold="True" /> <EditRowStyle BackColor="DarkSlateBlue" ForeColor="GhostWhite" /> <AlternatingRowStyle BackColor="PaleGoldenrod" /> </asp:DetailsView> </td> </tr> </table> Now, After doing this next step to bind the DetailsView control from Database. Here, we first insert record in to database and fetch record from database and display it to DetailsView control in ASP.Net. Write below code on SAVE button for insert and bind data to DetailsView in ASP.net. protected void btnSave_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { SqlConnection SQLConn = new SqlConnection("Data Source=COMPUTER_1\\SQLEXPRESS;Initial Catalog=BOOK;Integrated Security=True"); SqlDataAdapter SQLAdapter = new SqlDataAdapter("insert into UserMst values ('"+ txtname.Text +"','"+ txtcity.Text +"')", SQLConn); DataTable DT = new DataTable(); SQLAdapter.Fill(DT); BindDetailsView(); } private void BindDetailsView() { munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 236</h2> <p> <br> 236 Advanced Web Programming <br>236 SqlConnection SQLConn = new SqlConnection("Data Source=COMPUTER_1\\SQLEXPRESS;InitialCatalog=BOOK;Integrated Security=True"); SqlDataAdapter SQLAdapter = new SqlDataAdapter("select * from UserMst", SQLConn); DataTable DT = new DataTable(); SQLAdapter.Fill(DT); DetailsView1.DataSource = DT; DetailsView1.DataBind(); } The Output of DetailsView control example is : <br> Note : If you use DetailsView control in your website, then it can display a single record at a time, so you must have do paging with DetailsView control for show all the records one by one. 11.10 FORM VIEW: The Form View control is used to display a single record at a time from a data source. When you use the Form View control, you create templates to display and edit data-bound values. The templates contain controls, binding expressions, and formatting that define the look and functionality of the form. Step 1 - Create database table in SQL server CREATE TABLE [dbo].[StudentsResult]( [RollNumber] [int] IDENTITY(10000,1) NOT NULL, [StudentName] [nvarchar](50) NULL, [Hindi] [int] NULL, [English] [int] NULL, [Physics] [int] NULL, [Chemistry] [int] NULL, [Biology] [int] NULL, [Mathematics] [int] NULL, [Total_Marks] [int] NULL, munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 237</h2> <p> <br> 237 Data Controls [Percentage] [float] NULL, CONSTRAINT [PK_StudentsResult] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED ( [RollNumber] ASC )WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY] ) ON [PRIMARY] GO CREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[spGetStudentResult] AS BEGIN SELECT*FROM [dbo].[StudentsResult] END Step 2: Open Visual Studio click on New Project and create an empty web application project. Step 3 : Drag and drop a FormView control on the web form. Design FormView control. Complete web form code: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head runat="server"> <title>FormView</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.1.0/css/bootstrap.min.css"> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.1.0/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script> </head> <body> <form id="form1" runat="server"> <div class="container py-4"> <h5 class="text-center text-uppercase">FormView control in asp.net</h5> <asp:FormView CssClass="container" ID="FormView1" AllowPaging="true"OnPageIndexChanging="FormView1_PageIndexChanging" runat="server"> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 238</h2> <p> <br> 238 Advanced Web Programming <br>238 <ItemTemplate> <table class="table table-bordered table-striped"> <tr> <td>Roll Number</td> <td><%#Eval("RollNumber") %></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Student Name</td> <td><%#Eval("StudentName") %></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hindi</td> <td><%#Eval("Hindi") %></td> </tr> <tr> <td>English</td> <td><%#Eval("English") %></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Physics</td> <td><%#Eval("Physics") %></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Chemistry</td> <td><%#Eval("Chemistry") %></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Biology</td> <td><%#Eval("Biology") %></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mathematics</td> <td><%#Eval("Mathematics") %></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Total Marks</td> <td><%#Eval("Total_Marks") %></td> </tr> <tr> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 239</h2> <p> <br> 239 Data Controls <td>Percentage</td> <td><%#Eval("Percentage")%></td> </tr> </table> </ItemTemplate> </asp:FormView> </div> </form> </body> </html> Step 4 : Right click and view web form code. Write the following code. using System; using System.Configuration; using System.Data; using System.Data.SqlClient; namespace BindDataControl_Demo { public partial class FormView : System.Web.UI.Page { protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { if (!IsPostBack) { BindFormView(); } } private void BindFormView() { string CS = ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings["DBCS"].ConnectionString; using (SqlConnection con = new SqlConnection(CS)) { SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand("spGetStudentResult", con); cmd.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure; SqlDataAdapter sda = new SqlDataAdapter(cmd); con.Open(); DataTable dt = new DataTable(); sda.Fill(dt); munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 240</h2> <p> <br> 240 Advanced Web Programming <br>240 FormView1.DataSource = dt; FormView1.DataBind(); } } protected void FormView1_PageIndexChanging(object sender, System.Web.UI.WebControls.FormViewPageEventArgs e) { FormView1.PageIndex = e.NewPageIndex; this.BindFormView(); } } } Step 5: Run the project ctrl+F5 Screenshot: <br> 11.10 SUMMARY:  GridView can used for binding to data source controls, such as SqlDataSource.  It has Built-in sort, update and delete, paging, row selection capabilities.  BoundField column provides a DataFormatString property that you can use to configure the numbers and dates using a format string.  Use TemplateFields when we wish to display ASP.Net controls in a GridView column. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 241</h2> <p> <br> 241 Data Controls  DetailsView control used to display a single database record of table.  The FormView control is used to display a single record at a time from a data source. 11.11 REFERENCES : Reference Books:  Beginning ASP.NET 4.5 in C# by Apress.  Murach’s ASP.NET 4.6 Web Programming in C#2015 by SPD  ASP.NET 4.0 programming by Tata McGrawHill.  Programming ASP.NET by Microsoft Press Web References:  https://www.c-sharpcorner.com/  https://www.aspsnippets.com/  http://asp.net-informations.com/ 11.12 UNIT END EXERCISES : i. Explain the GridView control in detail. ii. Explain any five properties of GridView control. iii. What are different style properties of GridView control? iv. How to sort the data with GridView control? v. How to include paging in GridView control? vi. What is used of CommandField in GridView control? vii. What are the different types of Template in GridView control? viii. How to use DetailView control? ix. How to display data in FormView control?  munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 242</h2> <p> <br> 242 XML <br>242 12 EXTENSIBLE MARKUP LANGUAGE (XML) Unit Structure 12.0 Overview 12.1 XML Explained 12.2 The XML Classes 12.3 XML Validation 12.4 XML Display and Transforms 12.5 Understanding Security Requirements 12.6 Authentication and Authorization 12.7 Windows Authentication 12.8 Understanding Ajax 12.9 Using Partial Refreshes 12.10 Using Progress Notification 12.11 Implementing Timed Refreshes 12.12 Working with the ASP.NET AJAX Control Toolkit 12.13 Summary 12.14 Questions 12.0 OVERVIEW In this unit you will be able to learn some concepts about XML. A few of the concepts are:  What is XML and how it is important  What are the classes in XML and why they are important?  Different types of validations in XML  How to display XML The XML Security standards include XML Digital Signature for integrity and signing solutions, XML Encryption for confidentiality, XML Key Management (XKMS) for public key registration, location and validation, Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) for conveying authentication, authorization and attribute assertions, XML Access Control Markup Language (XACML) for defining access control rules, and Platform for Privacy Preferences (P3P) for defining privacy policies and preferences. Major use cases include securing Web Services (WS-Security) and Digital Rights Management (eXtensible Rights Markup Language 2.0 – XrML). munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 243</h2> <p> <br> 243 Extensible Markup <br>Language (XML) These days, most of the web applications are using AJAX concepts to create better and more responsive applications. AJAX reduces the traffic between client and server and also, makes the response time faster which directly increases the performance of an application. 12.1 XML EXPLAINED XML is a software- and hardware-independent tool for storing and transporting data. It is stands for eXtensible Markup Language. In simple words it’s a markup language same as your HTML. The tags in XML are used to store and organize the data rather than how to display the data. In HTML you can see tags are used to display the data and with the help of CSS, you are stylizing the data the way you want. There is no comparison between HTML and XML and neither the party is going to replace them, but one can adopt many successful features of HTML. XML is a markup language that defines set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. In simple words, a markup language is a set of symbols that can be placed in the text of a document to demarcate and label the parts of that document. It also uses Document Type Definitions (DTD) to define the XML document structure. Unlike HTML tags, XML tags are self-descriptive. It’s an open format. The filename extension of XML document is .xml. Below is simple example how XML markup looks: <message> <text>Hello, world!</text> </message> In the above example, <message> and <text> are tags. Here, tags <message> and </message> mark the start and end of the XML code fragment. The tags <text> and </text> surround the text Hello, world! Let’s dive into some of the key features of XML:  It is extensible and human-readable.  It is platform and language independent.  It preserves white space.  Overall simplicity.  Self-descriptive nature.  It separates data from HTML.  XML tags are not predefined. You need to define your customized tags.  XML was designed to carry data, not to display that data.  Mark-up code of XML is easy to understand for a human. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 244</h2> <p> <br> 244 XML <br>244  Well-structured format is easy to read and write from programs.  XML is an extensible markup language like HTML. 12.2 THE XML CLASSES The XML file may be loaded at the beginning of the program or at a later stage. In the same way as you can load a model from a file, you can also load the corresponding data from a file. The example below shows how to describe the dynamic classes Event and Alarm in XML format. These classes will be created when the XML file is loaded. The Event class has the ID attribute of type string. The Alarm class is a subclass of the Event class that has two attributes, PerceivedSeverity, of type String, and Acknowledged, a Boolean attribute that defaults to false. The Alarm class inherits the ID attribute from the Event class. <classes xmlns:xsi = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation = "ilog/cpl/schema/model.xsd"> <classes> <class> <name>Event</name> <attribute> <name>ID</name> <javaClass>java.lang.String</javaClass> </attribute> </class> <class> <name>Alarm</name> <superClass>Event</superClass> <attribute> <name>PerceivedSeverity</name> <javaClass>java.lang.String</javaClass> </attribute> <attribute> <name>Acknowledged</name> <javaClass>java.lang.Boolean</javaClass> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 245</h2> <p> <br> 245 Extensible Markup <br>Language (XML) <defaultValue>false</defaultValue> </attribute> </class> </classes> The dynamic classes created from an XML file can inherit from existing classes. 12.3 XML VALIDATION An XML document is referred as ‘well formed’ if it has a correct syntax. Below are some of the points that validates an XML document: i. It must have a root element ii. It should contain a closing tag iii. XML tags are case sensitive iv. Attribute values must be quoted v. XML elements must be properly nested If your XML document contains error, it will stop your XML applications. Unlike HTML documents, XML will display errors in browser if it contains error. In HTML, browsers will display HTML documents with error (like missing end tags). In another words, with XML errors are not allowed. There are numbers of XML validators available online. One can test their XML markup using one of these validators. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <note> <to>John</to> <from>Loffer</from> <heading>Reminder Note</pheading> <body>We are catching tomorrow</body> </note> In the above example, line no. 5 contains error. Closing tag should be </heading> instead of </pheading>. This closing tag is mismatching with its opening tag. A "well formed" XML document is not the same as a "valid" XML document. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 246</h2> <p> <br> 246 XML <br>246 A "valid" XML document must be well formed. In addition, it must conform to a document type definition. If an XML document is well-formed and has an associated Document Type Declaration (DTD), then it is said to be a valid XML document. We will study more about DTD in the chapter XML - DTDs 12.4 XML DISPLAY AND TRANSFORMS A raw XML file can be viewed in all major browsers. You cannot expect XML files to be displayed as HTML pages. Most browsers will display an XML document with color-coded elements. It is rather displayed in a proper hierarchy with a plus (+) or minus (-) to the left of the elements. It can be clicked to expand or collapse the element structure. To view raw XML source, try to select "View Page Source" or "View Source" from the browser menu.  XSLT stands for Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformation.  XSLT is used to transform XML document from one form to another form.  XSLT uses Xpath to perform matching of nodes to perform these transformation.  The result of applying XSLT to XML document could be an another XML document, HTML, text or any another document from technology perspective.  The XSL code is written within the XML document with the extension of (.xsl).  In other words, an XSLT document is a different kind of XML document. Below is the example explaining XML Transformation <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <xsl:stylesheet version="1.0" xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"> <xsl:template match="/"> <html> <body> <h1 align="center">Students' Basic Details</h1> <table border="3" align="center" > <tr> <th>Name</th> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 247</h2> <p> <br> 247 Extensible Markup <br>Language (XML) <th>Branch</th> <th>Age</th> <th>City</th> </tr> <xsl:for-each select="student/s"> <tr> <td><xsl:value-of select="name"/></td> <td><xsl:value-of select="branch"/></td> <td><xsl:value-of select="age"/></td> <td><xsl:value-of select="city"/></td> </tr> </xsl:for-each> </table> </body> </html> </xsl:template> </xsl:stylesheet> 12.5 UNDERSTANDING SECURITY REQUIREMENTS Security has always been vitally important in the business world to ensure the integrity of content and transactions, to maintain privacy and confidentiality, and to make sure information is used appropriately. However, in today’s web-based business environment, the means for providing that security have changed. Using physical security, no longer works as well as it did in the past when all the computing resources were locked in a central computing room with all jobs submitted locally. An essential requirement of new security standards is that they work naturally with content created using eXtensible Markup Language (XML). XML is being adopted widely for a growing variety of applications and types of content. It is also forming the basis for distributed system protocols to integrate applications across the Internet, such as Web Services protocols. XML languages are text based and designed to be extended and combined. It should be natural to provide integrity, confidentiality and other security benefits to entire XML documents or portions of these documents in a way that does not prevent further processing by standard XML tools [ XMLRef ]. XML Security therefore must be integrated with XML in such a way as to maintain the advantages munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 248</h2> <p> <br> 248 XML <br>248 and capabilities of XML while adding necessary security capabilities. This is especially important in XML-based protocols, such as XML Protocol (XMLProt, Simple Object Access Protocol, SOAP), that are explicitly designed to allow intermediary processing and modification of messages. Older security technologies provide a set of core security algorithms and technologies that can be used in XML Security, but the actual formats used to implement security requirements are inappropriate for most XML Security applications. One reason is that these standards use binary formats that require specialized software for interpretation and use, even for extracting portions of the security information. A second reason is that these standards are not designed for use with XML and do not support common XML technical approaches for managing content, such as specifying content with uniform resource identifier strings (URIs) or using other XML standard definitions for locating portions of XML content (like XPath [ XPath ]). In addition, some existing security technologies assume that security-specific software will be integrated with applications to enable security. In practice, this is not always the case due to the details of custom integration. XML Security addresses these issues by defining a common framework and processing rules that can be shared across applications using common tools, avoiding the need for extensive customization of applications to add security. XML Security reuses the concepts, algorithms and core technologies of legacy security systems while introducing changes necessary to support extensible integration with XML. This allows interoperability with a wide range of existing infrastructures and across deployments. XML Security reduces barriers to adoption by defining the minimum modular mechanisms to obtain powerful results. By employing existing technologies and enabling use of XML paradigms and tools, XML Security minimizes the need to modify applications to meet security requirements. 12.6 AUTHENTICATION AND AUTHORIZATION Authentication is the process of verifying that an individual, entity or website is whom it claims to be. Authentication in the context of web applications is commonly performed by submitting a username or ID and one or more items of private information that only a given user should know. Session Management is a process by which a server maintains the state of an entity interacting with it. This is required for a server to remember how to react to subsequent requests throughout a transaction. Sessions are maintained on the server by a session identifier which can be passed back and forward between the client and server when transmitting and receiving requests. Sessions should be unique per user and computationally very difficult to predict. The Session Management Cheat Sheet contains further guidance on the best practices in this area. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 249</h2> <p> <br> 249 Extensible Markup <br>Language (XML) Let’s dive into the SAML which is used in the XML authentication. What is SAML? SAML is an acronym used to describe the Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML). Its primary role in online security is that it enables you to access multiple web applications using one set of login credentials. It works by passing authentication information in a particular format between two parties, usually an identity provider (idP) and a web application. What SAML is and how it works SAML is an open standard used for authentication. Based upon the Extensible Markup Language (XML) format, web applications use SAML to transfer authentication data between two parties - the identity provider (IdP) and the service provider (SP). The technology industry created SAML to simplify the authentication process where users needed to access multiple, independent web applications across domains. Prior to SAML, single sign-on (SSO) was achievable but relied on cookies that were only viable within the same domain. It achieves this objective by centralizing user authentication with an identity provider. Web applications can then leverage SAML via the identity provider to grant access to their users. This SAML authentication approach means users do not need to remember multiple usernames and passwords. It also benefits service providers as it increases security of their own platform, primarily by avoiding the need to store (often weak and insecure) passwords and not having to address forgotten password issues. Forms Authentication Web App assumes that authentication happens in the host, such as IIS, which uses HTTP modules for authentication. One can configure the project to use any of the authentication modules built into IIS or ASP.NET, or write your own HTTP module to perform custom authentication. When the host authenticates the user, it creates a principal, which is an IPrincipal object that represents the security context under which code is running. For example, Web API authentication and authorization the process could be like this: <br> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 250</h2> <p> <br> 250 XML <br>250 Authentication Types:  Windows Authentication  Forms Authentication  Passport Authentication  None  Windows Authentication, IIS performs the authentication, and the authenticated token is forwarded to the ASP.NET worker process.  Forms Authentication: authenticates the user by inspecting the forms authentication ticket, which is typically included in the user's cookies collection. If no form of authentication ticket is present, the user is anonymous.  Passport Authentication: Centralized authentication service provided by Microsoft that offers single logon and core profile services for member sites.  None: No Authentication provided. This is the default Authentication mode. 12.7 WINDOWS AUTHENTICATION In Windows authentication, IIS performs the authentication, and the authenticated token is forwarded to the ASP.NET worker process. The advantage of using Windows authentication is that it requires minimal coding. One may want to use Windows authentication to impersonate the Windows user account that IIS authenticates beforehand off the request to ASP.NET. The following is ASP.NET app Windows Authentication configuration in web.config file: <br> For .NET Core, configuration is in the launchSettings.json file under Profiles folder: munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 251</h2> <p> <br> 251 Extensible Markup <br>Language (XML) <br> Such as, <br> 12.8 UNDERSTANDING AJAX What is AJAX? Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX) is a development technique used to create interactive web applications or rich internet applications. AJAX uses a number of existing technologies together, including: XHTML, CSS, JavaScript, Document Object Model, XML, XSLT, and the XML Http Request object. With AJAX, web applications can retrieve data from the server asynchronously, in the background, without reloading the entire browser page. The use of AJAX has led to an increase in interactive animation on web pages. Advantages  Reduces the traffic travels between the client and the server.  No cross browser pain.  Better interactivity and responsiveness.  With AJAX, several multipurpose applications and features can be handled using a single web page(SPA).  API's are good because those work with HTTP method and JavaScrtipt. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 252</h2> <p> <br> 252 XML <br>252 Disadvantages  Search engines like Google would not be able to index an AJAX application.  It is totally built-in JavaScript code. If any user disables JS in the browser, it won't work.  The server information cannot be accessed within AJAX.  Security is less in AJAX applications as all the files are downloaded at client side.  The data of all requests is URL-encoded, which increases the size of the request. How AJAX works AJAX communicates with the web server using XMLHttpRequest object. The following diagram illustrates how AJAX communicates between Client and Server. <br> 12.9 USING PARTIAL REFRESHES As name suggests, it gives a flexibility to web application to refresh the objects like tables, divisions or sections without refreshing the whole page. For an example, if your web application contains a table with several records, and you want to delete a specific record from it. Upon deleting a specific record, it gets partially refreshed the table and the database without refreshing the whole page. That’s the beauty of AJAX. munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 253</h2> <p> <br> 253 Extensible Markup <br>Language (XML) Let’s check below example: Partial View Code: 1. <div id="wrapper"> 2. @model IEnumerable<MyAppModels.StudentModel> 3. <table class="table"> 4. <tr> 5. <th> 6. @Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.FName) 7. </th> 8. <th> 9. @Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.LName) 10. </th> 11. <th> 12. @Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.Email) 13. </th> 14. <th> 15. @Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.address.Details) </th> 16. <th> 17. @Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.address.Country) </th> 18. <th> 19. @Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.address.State) 20. </th> 21. <th></th> 22. </tr> 23. @foreach (var item in Model) 24. { 25. <tr> 26. <td> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 254</h2> <p> <br> 254 XML <br>254 27. <input type="hidden" name="stid" id="stid" value="@item.Id" /> 28. @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.FName) 29. </td> 30. <td> 31. @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.LName) 32. </td> 33. <td> 34. @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.Email) 35. </td> 36. <td> 37. @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.address.Details) 38. </td> 39. <td> 40. @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.address.Country) </td> 41. <td> 42. @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.address.State) 43. </td> 44. <td> 45. <button id="btnDelete" data-Id="@item.Id">Delete</button> 46. <button id="btnEdit" data-Id="@item.Id">Edit</button> 47. <button id="btnDetails" data-Id="@item.Id">Details</button> 48. </td> 49. </tr> 50. } 51. </table> 52. </div> 53. <div id="EditArea"></div> 54. <div id="DetailArea"></div> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 255</h2> <p> <br> 255 Extensible Markup <br>Language (XML) Controller Code: 1. public ActionResult GetStudents() 2. { 3. var res = stude.GettAllStudents(); 4. return View(res); 5. } Ajax/JS Code 1. $("#Edit").click(function () { 2. var id = $(this).attr("data-Id"); 3. $.ajax({ 4. method: "POST", 5. url: "Home/Edit/" + id, 6. contentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8", 7. cache: false, 8. success: function (data) { 9. $("#EditArea").html(data); 10. }, 11. error: function (err) { 12. console.log('Failed to get data' + err); 13. } 14. }); 15. }); Edit Action: 1. public ActionResult Edit(int id) 2. { 3. var res = stude.GettAllStudents().Where(x=>x.Id==id); 4. return partiaView(res); 5. } munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 256</h2> <p> <br> 256 XML <br>256 Partial View for Edit: 1. @model MyAppModels.StudentModel 2. <form action="/home/update"> 3. Name:<input type="text" value="@model.Name"> 4. .......other fields..... 5. <button type="submit">Update<button> 6. <form> Ajax for Delete: 1. $("#Delete").click(function () { 2. var id = $(this).attr("data-Id"); 3. $.ajax({ 4. method: "POST", 5. url: "Home/Delete/" + id, 6. contentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8", 7. cache: false, 8. success: function (data) { 9. $("#wrapper").Html(data); 10. }, 11. error: function (err) { 12. console.log('Failed to get data' + err); 13. } 14. }); 15. }); Action for Delete: 1. public ActionResult Delete(int id) 2. { 3. var Student= stude.GettAllStudents().Where(x=>x.Id==id); 4. _context.Students.Remove(Student); 5. _context.SaveChanges(); 6. return View("GetStudents",res); 7. } munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 257</h2> <p> <br> 257 Extensible Markup <br>Language (XML) When you clicked the delete link, it deletes the record and loads the View as you want but the issue is that When you clicked on another record then it shows an error" record not found" and this is because of the view overload on the First view instead of refreshing it. You don't know how to refresh it, instead of overload. From overload, you mean that the ajax code load a Partial view on the already loaded view, and because of that the error occurs and stays until you refresh the page. 12.10 USING PROGRESS NOTIFICATION ASP.NET includes another control that can help—the UpdateProgress control. The UpdateProgress control works in conjunction with the UpdatePanel. Essentially, the UpdateProgress control allows you to show a message while a time-consuming update is under way. The UpdateProgress control is slightly misnamed. It doesn’t actually indicate progress; instead, it provides a wait message that reassures the user that the page is still working and the last request is still being processed. When you add the UpdateProgress control to a page, you get the ability to specify some content that will appear as soon as an asynchronous request is started and disappear as soon as the request is finished. This content can include a fixed message, but many people prefer to use an animated GIF, because it more clearly suggests that the page is still at work. Often, this animated GIF simulates a progress bar. The markup for this page defines an UpdatePanel followed by an UpdateProgress: 8. <asp:UpdatePanel ID="UpdatePanel1" runat="server"> 9. <ContentTemplate> 10. <div style="background-color:#FFFFE0;padding: 20px"> 11. <asp:Label ID="lblTime" runat="server" Font-Bold="True"></asp:Label> 12. <br /><br /> 13. <asp:Button ID="cmdRefreshTime" runat="server" 14. Text="Start the Refresh Process" /> 15. </div> 16. </ContentTemplate> 17. </asp:UpdatePanel> 18. <br /> 19. 20. <asp:UpdateProgress ID="updateProgress1" runat="server"> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 258</h2> <p> <br> 258 XML <br>258 21. <ProgressTemplate> 22. <div style="font-size: xx-small"> 23. Contacting Server ... <img src="wait.gif" alt="Waiting..." /> 24. </div> 25. </ProgressTemplate> 26. </asp:UpdateProgress> 12.11 IMPLEMENTING TIMED REFRESHES Using the two controls you’ve seen so far—the UpdatePanel and UpdateProgress controls—you can create self-contained regions on your page that refresh themselves when certain actions take place. Of course, in order for this technique to work, the user needs to initiate an action that would ordinarily cause a postback, such as clicking a button, selecting an item in an AutoPostBack list, checking an AutoBostBack check box, and so on. In some situations, you might want to force a full or partial page refresh without waiting for a user action. For example, you might create a page that includes a stock ticker, and you might want to refresh this ticker periodically (say, every five minutes) to ensure it doesn’t become drastically outdated. ASP.NET includes a Timer control that allows you to implement this design easily. The Timer control is refreshingly straightforward. You simply add it to a page and set its Interval property to the maximum number of milliseconds that should elapse before an update. For example, if you set Interval to 60000, the timer will force a postback after one minute elapses. To use the timer with partial rendering, wrap the updateable portions of the page in UpdatePanel controls with the UpdateMode property set to Conditional. Then, add a trigger that forces the UpdatePanel to update itself whenever the Timer.Tick event occurs. Here’s the markup you need: 1. <asp:UpdatePanel ID="UpdatePanel1" runat="server" UpdateMode="Conditional"> 2. <ContentTemplate> 3. ... 4. </ContentTemplate> 5. <Triggers> 6. <asp:AsyncPostBackTrigger ControlID="Timer1" EventName="Tick" /> 7. </Triggers> 8. </asp:UpdatePanel> munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 259</h2> <p> <br> 259 Extensible Markup <br>Language (XML) 12.12 WORKING WITH THE ASP.NET AJAX CONTROL TOOLKIT Working with the ASP.NET AJAX Control Toolkit Ajax Control Toolkit is an open source library for web development. The ASP.net Ajax Control toolkit contains highly rich web development controls for creating responsive and interactive AJAX enabled web applications. ASP.Net Ajax Control Toolkit contains 40 + ready controls which is easy to use for fast productivity. Controls are available in the Visual Studio Toolbox for easy drag and drop integration with your web application. Some of the controls are like AutoComplete, Color Picker, Calendar, Watermark, Modal Popup Extender, Slideshow Extender and more of the useful controls. 14.6 Summary: Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language used to describe the content and structure of data in a document. It is a simplified version of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). XML is an industry standard for delivering content on the Internet. Because it provides a facility to define new tags, XML is also extensible. XSLT is used to transform XML into other formats, such as HTML. XMLHttpRequest object provides a page load after communicating with the server the way. XML security refers to standard security requirements of XML documents such as confidentiality, integrity, message authentication, and non-repudiation. The need for digital signature and encryption standards for XML documents prompted the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) to put forth an XML Signature standard and an XML Encryption standard. Using security fundamentals, one can validate and authenticate various applications. Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX) is a development technique used to create interactive web applications or rich internet applications. AJAX uses a number of existing technologies together, including: XHTML, CSS, JavaScript, Document Object Model, XML, XSLT, and the XMLHttpRequest object. With AJAX, web applications can retrieve data from the server asynchronously, in the background, without reloading the entire browser page. The use of AJAX has led to an increase in interactive animation on web pages. Using AJAX one can create simple to complex web applications. 12.13 QUESTIONS:  How XML is different from HTML?  What is a valid XML document?  What is the XML data binding? munotes.in</p> </div> <div class="post"> <h2>Page 260</h2> <p> <br> 260 XML <br>260  What is XML Namespace?  What is authentication and authorization in XML?  What are the different types of authentication in XML?  What is XPath in XML?  Why security is essential?  What are different types of authentication?  What is SAML?  What is ASP.NET AJAX?  Which is the current version of ASP.NET AJAX Control Toolkit?  What is the use of partial refreshes in ASP.NET using AJAX?  What is the role of UpdatePanel in ASP.NET AJAX?  What are the limitations of AJAX? 12.14 BIBLIOGRAPHY:  Javapoint – https://www.javatpoint.com/xml-tutorial  Tutorialspoint - https://www.tutorialspoint.com/xml/index.htm  C-SharpCorner - https://www.c-sharpcorner.com/article/ajax-in-asp-net/  munotes.in</p> </div> </main> </body> </html>

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