A BSc Aeronautics I and II Avionics_1 Syllabus Mumbai University by munotes
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SEMESTER I
Course Code Credits:3
USARA101 BASIC AERODYNAMICS
Unit I-Aerodynamics :
Airflow around a body; Boundary layer, laminar and turbulent flow, free stream
flow, relative airflow, upwash and downwash, vortices, stagnation; The terms:
camber, chord, mean aerodynamic chord, profile (parasite) drag, induced drag,
centre of pressure, angle of attack, wash in and wash out, fineness ratio, wing
shape and aspect ratio; Thrust, Weight, Aerodynamic Resultant; Generation of
Lift and Drag: Angle of Attack, Lift coefficient, Drag coefficient, polar curve,
stall; Aerofoil contamination including ice, snow, frost.20Lectures
Unit II-Theory of Flight:
Relationship between lift, weight, thrust and drag; Glide ratio; Steady state
flights,performance; Theory of the turn; Influence of load factor: stall, flight
envelope and structural limitations; Lift augmentation.20Lectures
Unit III-Flight Stability and Dynamics :
International Standard Atmosphere (ISA), application to aerodynamics.
Longitudinal, lateral and directional stability (active and passive).20Lectures
Reference Book : -
Mechanics of flight by A C Kermode
Course Code Credits:3
USARA102 ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
Unit I:Static Electricity and Conduction:
Staticelectricity and distribution of electrostatic charges; Electrostatic laws of
attraction and repulsion; Units of charge, Coulomb's Law; Conduction of
electricity in solids, liquids, gases and a vacuum.
Electrical Terminology
The following terms, their units and factors affecting them: potential difference,
electromotive force, voltage, current, resistance, conductance, charge,
conventional current flow, electron flow.
Generation of Electricity
Production of electricity by the following methods: light, heat, friction, pressure,
chemical action, magnetism and motion.
DC Sources of Electricity
Construction and basic chemical action of: primary cells, secondary cells, lead
acid cells, nickel cadmium cells, other alkaline cells; Cells connected in series
and parallel; Internal resistance and its effect on a battery; Construction, materials
and operation of thermocouples; Operation of photo ‐cells.
DC Circuits
Ohms Law, Kirchoff's Voltage and Current Laws; Calculations using the above
laws to find resistance, voltage and current; Significance of the internal resistance
of a supply.30Lectures
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Unit II:Resistive (R), Capacitive (C) and Inductive (L) Circuits :
Inductance/Inductor
Faraday's Law; Action of inducing a voltage in a conductor moving in a
magnetic field; Induction principles; Effects of the following on the magnitude
of an induced voltage: magnetic field strength, rate of change of flux, number of
conductor turns; Mutual induction; The effect the rate of change of primary
current and mutual inductance has on induced voltage; Factors affecting mutual
inductance: number of turns in coil, physical size of coil, permeability of coil,
position of coils with respect to each other; Lenz's Law and polarity determining
rules; Back emf, self induction; Saturation po int; Principle uses of inductors;
Resistance/Resistor
Resistance and affecting factors; Specific resistance; Resistor colour code,
values and tolerances, preferred values, wattage ratings; Resistors in series and
parallel; Calculation of total resistance using series, parallel and series parallel
combinations; Operation and use of potentiometers and rheostats; Operation of
Wheatstone Bridge.
Positive and negative temperature coefficient conductance; Fixed resistors,
stability, tolerance and limitations, me thods of construction; Variable resistors,
thermistors, voltage dependent resistors; Construction of potentiometers and
rheostats; Construction of Wheatstone Bridge;
Power
Power, work and energy (kinetic and potential); Dissipation of power by a
resistor;Power formula; Calculations involving power, work and energy,
Capacitance/Capacitor
Operation and function of a capacitor; Factors affecting capacitance area of
plates, distance between plates, number of plates, dielectric and dielectric
constant, workin g voltage, voltage rating; Capacitor types, construction and
function; Capacitor colour coding; Calculations of capacitance and voltage in
series and parallel circuits; Exponential charge and discharge of a capacitor,
time constants; Testing of capacitors.
Phase relationship of voltage and current in L, C and R circuits, parallel, series
and series parallel; Power dissipation in L, C and R circuits; Impedance, phase
angle, power factor and current calculations; True power, apparent power and
reactive power calculations.
Magnetism
Theory of magnetism; Properties of a magnet Action of a magnet suspended in
the Earth's magnetic field; Magnetisation and demagnetisation; Magnetic
shielding; Various types of magnetic material; Electromagnets construction and
principles of operation; Hand clasp rules to determine: magnetic field around
current carrying conductor.
Magnetomotive force, field strength, magnetic flux density, permeability,
hysteresis loop, retentivity, coercive force reluctance, saturation point, edd y
currents; Precautions for care and storage of magnets.30Lectures
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Unit III : Motors and Generators:
DC Motor/Generator Theory
Basic motor and generator theory; Construction and purpose of components in
DC generator; Operation of, and factors affecting output and direction of current
flow in DC generators; Operation of, and factors affecting output power, torque,
speed and direction of rotation of DC motors; Series wound, shunt wound and
compound motors; Starter Generator construction.
AC Theo ry
Sinusoidal waveform: phase, period, frequency, cycle; Instantaneous, average,
root mean square, peak, peak to peak current values and calculations of these
values, in relation to voltage, current and power Triangular/Square waves;
Single/3 phase principles.
Transformers
Transformer construction principles and operation; Transformer losses and
methods for overcoming them; Transformer action under load and no ‐load
conditions; Power transfer, efficiency, polarity markings; Calculation of line and
phase voltages and currents; Calculation of power in a three phase system;
Primary and Secondary current, voltage, turns ratio, power, efficiency; Auto
transformers.
Filters
Operation, application and uses of the following filters: low pass, high pass,
bandpass, band stop.
AC Generators
Rotation of loop in a magnetic field and waveform produced; Operation and
construction of revolving armature and revolving field type AC generators;
Single phase, two phase and three phase alternators;
Three phase star and delta connections advantages and uses; Permanent Magnet
Generators.
AC Motors
Construction, principles of operation and characteristics of: AC synchronous and
induction motors both single and polyphase; Methods of speed control and
direction of rotation; Methods of producing a rotating field: capacitor, inductor,
shaded or split pole.30Lectures
Reference Book :
1.Aircraft Electricity and Electronic by Eismen (Chapter 3,6,10,11,12,13)
2.Examples in electrical Calculation by Admirality
3.Electrical technology by B L Theraja (Volume 2)
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Course Code Credits:3
USARA103 ELECTRONIC FUNDAMENTALS
Unit I –Semiconductors:
Diode symbols; Diode characteristics and properties; Diodes in series and
parallel; Main characteristics and use of silicon controlled rectifiers (thyristors),
light emitting diode, photo conductive diode, varistor, rectifier diodes; Functional
testing of diodes.
Materials, electron configuration, electrical properties; P and N type materials:
effects of impurities on conduction, majority and minority characters; PN
junction in a semiconductor, development of a potential across a PN junction in
unbiased, forward biased and reverse biased conditions; Diode parameters: peak
inverse voltage, maximum forward current, temperature, frequency, le akage
current, power dissipation; Operation and function of diodes in the following
circuits: clippers, clampers, full and half wave rectifiers, bridge rectifiers, voltage
doublers and triplers; Detailed operation and characteristics of the following
devices: silicon controlled rectifier (thyristor), light emitting diode, Shottky
diode, photo conductive diode, varactor diode, varistor, rectifier diodes, Zener
diode.30Lectures
Unit II –Transistors :
Transistor symbols; Component description and orientation; Transistor
characteristics and properties. Construction and operation of PNP and NPN
transistors; Base, collector and emitter configurations; Testing of transistors.
Basic appreciation of other transistor types and their uses. Application of
transistors: classes of amplifier (A, B, C); Simple circuits including: bias,
decoupling, feedback and stabilisation; Multistage circuit principles: cascades,
push‐pull, oscillators, multivibrators, flip ‐flop circuits.
Integrated Circuits: Description and o peration of logic circuits and linear
circuits; Introduction to operation and function of an operational amplifier used
as: integrator, differentiator, voltage follower, comparator; Operation and
amplifier stages connecting methods: resistive capacitive, i nductive
(transformer), inductive resistive (IR), direct; Advantages and disadvantages of
positive and negative feedback. Description and use of printed circuit boards.30Lectures
Unit III –Servomechanisms :
Understanding of the following terms: Open and closed loop systems, feed ‐
Principles of operation and use of the following synchro system compo ‐
nents/features: resolvers, differential, control and torque, transformers,
inductance and capacitance transmitters. Understanding of the following terms:
Open and closed loop, follow up, servomechanism, analogue, transducer, null,
damping, feedback, dead band; Construction operation and use of the following
synchro system components: resolvers, differential, control and torque, E and I
transformers, inducta nce transmitters, capacitance transmitters, synchronous
transmitters; Servomechanism defects, reversal of synchro leads, hunting.30Lectures
Reference Book :
1.Digital Principles and Applications by DONALD P. LEACH, ALBERTPAUL
ALVINO,GOUTAM SAHA
2.AircraftInstruments system by E H J Pallet
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Course Code Credits:3
USARA 104 MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Unit I-Workshop Practices :
Common hand tool types; Common power tool types; Operation and use of
precision measuring tools; Lubrication equipment and methods. Operation,
function and use of electrical general test equipment; Operation, function and use
of avionic general test equipment.
Care of tools, control of tools, use of workshop materials; Dimensions,
allowances and tolerances, standards of workmanship; C alibration of tools and
equipment, calibration standards.
Operation, function and use of avionics general test equipments.20 Lectures
Unit II-Hardware :
Continuity, insulation and bonding techniques and testing; Use of crimp tools:
hand and hydraulic operated; Testing of crimp joints; Connector pin removal and
insertion;
Co‐axial cables: testing and installation precautions; Identification of wire types,
their inspection criteria and damage tolerance. Wiring protection techniques:
Cable looming and loo m support, cable clamps, protective sleeving techniques
including heat shrink wrapping, shielding. EWIS installations, inspection, repair,
maintenance.20 Lectures
Unit III –Pipes and safety precautions :
Types of solid and blind rivets: specifications and identification, heat treatment.
Rivnut, special non blind rivets. Riveted joints, rivet spacing and pitch;
Inspection of riveted joints. Bending and belling / flaring aircraft pipes;
Inspection and testing of aircraft pipes and hoses Installation and clam ping of
pipes, Inspection and testing of springs, Aspects of safe working practices
including precautions to take when working 0.0with electricity, gases especially
oxygen, oils and chemicals. Also, instruction in the remedial action to be taken in
the event of a fire or another accident with one or more of these hazards including
knowledge on extinguishing agents.20 Lectures
Reference Book : -
1.FAA-H-8083-30(9A) & 15 A
2.Shop Theory (Anderson)
3.A/C powerplant –Kroes and Wild
Course Code Credits:4
USARA105 Communication
Unit I –Reading, Comprehension skills and vocabulary development :
Abstracting and summarizing skills, Concepts of functional and reading
vocabulary, Importance of vocabulary and its enhancement, Developing effective
conversational skills, Oral and written expression of ideas.20 Lectures
Unit II –Professional skill
Professional skill development, writing: –letter writing, report writing, speaking
& listening: –discussion, debates. Seven C’s of effective communication20 Lectures
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Unit III –Human rights:
Human rights constituents with special reference to Fundament al Rights in India20 Lectures
Reference Book : -
Human Rights and communication skills by Basantrani
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PRACTICAL S
Course Code PRACTICALS Credits:1
USARA1P1 ENGINEERING DRAWING 50 marks
Use of Drawing Instruments, Lines & lettering. Construction of parabola, ellipse,
hyperbola. First and Third angle projections Technology, orthographic, Isometric
oblique perspective.60hours
Course Code PRACTICALS Credits:1
USARA 1P2 MAINTENANCE PRACTICES 50 marks
1.Identifying different parts of aircraft. And their operation on aircraft.
2.Measure the length using micrometer
3.Measure the length using vernier caliper
4.Single patch riveting
5.Double patch riveting
6.Lap Joint by Riveting.
7.Butt joint by Riveting.
8.Make a rectan gular doubler
9.Make a circular doubler
10.To study use of torque wrenches
11.To study use of spanners.
12.To study use of pliers60hours
Course Code PRACTICALS Credits:1
USARA 1P3 ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS 50 marks
1.Use of multimeter
2.Measurement of AC voltage
3.Measurement of DC voltage
4.Measurement of resistance
5.Measurement of resistance with color band
6.Measurement of resistance in series
7.Measurement of resistance in parallel
8.Verify ohms law
9.Verify kirchoff’s voltage law
10.Verify kirchoff’s current law
11.Working of Relays and solenoids
12.Connection of battery cells in series and parallel
13.Familiarization with transformers
14.Measurement of output voltage of DC generator
15.Working of DC motor’
16.Measurement of output voltage of alternator60 hours
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Course Code PRACTICALS Credits:1
USARA 1P4 ELECTRONIC FUNDAMENTALS 50 marks
1) Identification of components of R, L, C and measure values
2) Study of the features and controls of CRO & Multi meter
3) Study of Operating Controls of Voltmeter, Ammeter, Power meter, Ohm
meter,
DMM for its use
4) Study the characteristics of Electron Tube
5) Identification of Semiconductor devices –Diodes, Transistors and perform
their
characteristics
6) Study of SCR and its characteristics and waveform
7) Study of Zen er diode and its characteristics and waveform
8) Study the working of Half wave, Full wave, Bridge Rectifier and observe the
waveform
9)To check UJT transistor and perform its characteristics
10) To observe the performance of choke input and capac itance input filter after
the rectification circuit60 hours
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SEMESTER II
Course Code Credits:3
USARA201 PHYSICS
Unit I –Basic Physics :
Mass, Centre of Gravity, Work, Energy, Power, Pressure, stress, Torque,
Elasticity of Material, Speed, Velocity, Newton’s laws of motion, Principle of the
Gyroscope. Friction, Viscosity, Fluid Resistance, Specific Gravity, Pressure &
Buoyancy in liquids, kinetic Theory of gases, Speed of sound20Lectures
Unit II –Thermodynamics and Laws :
Heat & Energy, Conversion, Thermodynamics, Charle’s and Boyle’s laws, Heat
Transfer, Specific Heat, Absolute and relative humidity, Vapour locks, calorific
values of fuels20Lectures
Unit III –Fluid dynamics :
Dynamics of fluid, Pascal’s law & its application in Hydraulic press, Hydraulic
and Pneumatic system. Bernoulli’s law, Venturi tube theory, Streamline, Laminar
and turbulent flow.20Lectures
Reference Book : -
FAA 9A
Course Code Credits:3
USARA 202 AVIATION LEGISLATION
Unit I: Regulatory framework.
Role of ICAO; the aircraft act and rule made there under; role of DGCA;
relationship between CAR -21, CAR-M, CAR-145, CAR -66, the aircraft rules
(applicable to aircraft maintenance and release); aeronaut ical information
circulars (applicable to aircraft maintenance and release); CAR section 1 and 2.30 Lectures
Unit II:CAR -66, CAR 145 and Aircraft operations
CAR 66
Certifying staff maintenance
Detailed understanding of CAR -66.
CAR 145 –Approved maintenance organizations
Detailed understanding of CAR 145 and CAR M subpart F.
Aircraft Operations
Commercial air transport/ Commercial operations
Air operators certificate;
Operator’s responsibilities, in particular regarding continuing airworthiness and
maintenance; Documents to be carried on board; aircraft playcarding (Markings)30 Lectures
Unit III : Aircraft Certification
(a) General
certification rule: such a FAA and EACS 23/25/27/29; Type certification;
Supplemental type certification; CAR –21Design/ Production organization
approvals. Aircraft modifications and repairs approval and certification permit to
fly requirements.30 Lectures
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(b) Documents:
Certificate of airworthiness; Certificate of registration; noise certificate; weight
schedule; radio statio n license and approval
Reference Book :
1.CAR by DGCA
2.CAR 66 by DGCA
3.CAR 145 by DGCA
4.CAR 21 by DGCA
5.CAR M by DGCA
Course Code Credits:3
USARA 203 DIGITAL TECHNIQUES I
Unit I –Numbering Systems :
Numbering systems: binary, octal and hexadecimal; Demonstration of
conversions between the decimal and binary, octal and hexadecimal systems and
vice versa.20Lectures
Unit II –Data buses and Data conversions:
Operation of data buses in aircraft systems, including knowledge of ARINC and
other specifications. Analogue Data, Digital Data; Operation and application of
analogue to digital, and digital to analogue converters, inputs and outputs,
limitations of various types20 Lectures
Unit III-Logic Circuits and Microprocessors :
Identification of common logic gate symbols, tables and equivalent circuits;
Applications used for aircraft systems, schematic diagrams.
Functions performed and overall operation of a microprocessor; Basic
operation of each of the following microprocess or elements: control and
processing unit, clock, register, arithmetic logic unit30 Lectures
Reference Book :
1.Digital Principles and Applications by DONALD P. LEACH, ALBERTPAUL ALVINO,
GOUTAM SAHA
Course Code Credits:4
USARA 204 MATERIALS AND HARDWARE I
Unit I-
Aircraft Materials -Ferrous and Non Ferrous :
Characteristics, properties and identification of common alloy steels and non
ferrous alloys used in aircrafts; Heat treatment and application of alloy steels and
non ferrous alloys.
Testing of alloys steels and non ‐ferrous material for hardness, tensile strength,
fatigue strength and impact resistance.
Wooden structures:
Construction methods of wooden airframe structures. Characteristics properties
and types of wood and glue used in a eroplanes, preservation and maintenance of
wooden structure; Types of defects in wood material and wooden structures; The
detection of defects in wooden structure; Repair of wooden covering.30 Lectures
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Unit II-Composite materials :
Characteristics, properties and identification of common composite and non ‐
metallic materials, other than wood, used in aircraft; Sealant and bonding agents.
The detection of defects/deterioration in composite and non ‐metallic material.
Repair of composite and non ‐metallic material.
Types of corrosion and their identification30 Lectures
Unit III –Fasteners :
Screwnomenclature; Thread forms, dimensions and tolerances for standard
threads used in aircraft; Bolttypes: specification, identification and marking of
aircraftbolts, international standards; nuts, studs , Washers.
Nuts: self locking, anchor, standard types; Machine screws: aircraft
specifications; Studs: types and uses, insertion and removal; Self tapping screws,
dowels.
Locking devices :Tab and spring washers, locking plates, split pins, palnuts, wire
locking, quick release fasteners, keys, circlips, cotter pins.20 Lectures
Reference Book : -
1.FAA-H-8083-30(9A) & 15 A
2.Shop Theory (Anderson)
Course Code Credits:3
USARA 205 MAINTENANCE PRATICES AND GROUND HANDLING
Unit I –MAINTENANCE PRACTICES :
Testing, cleaning and inspection of bearings; Lubrication requirement of
bearings. Defect of bearings & their causes. Swaging of end fittings, inspection &
testing of control cables Bowden cables, aircraft flexible control systems.
Inspection of gears, backlash, Inspection of belts & pulleys, chains & sprockets
Inspection of screw jacks, lever devices, push -pull rod systems.
Maintenance planning; Modificatio n procedures; Stores procedures;
Certification/release procedures; Interface with aircraft operation; Maintenance
Inspection/Quality Control/Quality Assurance; Additional maintenance
procedures. Control of life limited components.20 Lectures
Unit II –Aircraft Weight and Balance and storage:
Centre of Gravity/Balance limits calculation: use of relevant documents;
preparation of aircraft for weighing Aircraft weighing Aircraft taxiing/towing and
associated safety precautions; Aircraft jacking, chocking, securing and associated
safety precautions; Aircraft storage methods; Refueling /defueling procedures;
De‐icing/anti ‐icing procedures. Different methods of aircraft leveling20 Lectures
Unit III –Disassembly, Inspection, Repair and Assembly Techniques:
Types of defects and visual inspection techniques. Corrosion removal, assessment
and reprotection. General repair methods, Structural Repair Manual Ageing,
fatigue and corrosion control programmes; Non destructive inspection techniques
including, penetran t, radiographic, eddy current, ultrasonic and boroscope
methods. Disassembly and re ‐assembly techniques.
Abnormal Events: Inspections following lightning strikes and HIRF penetration.
Inspections following abnormal events such as heavy landings and flight through
turbulence.20 Lectures
Reference Book : -1.FAA 9A 2.CAIP volume
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PRACTICALS
Course Code PRACTICALS Credits:1
USARA2P1 PHYSICS 50 marks
1.To measure the length, ,breadth and height of rectangular block using
Verniercaliper
2.To measure the outer and inner diameter of the pipe using Verniercaliper
3.To measure the inner and outer radius using radius gage
4.To measure the gap between electrodes of spark plug using thickness
gauge
5.To measure the pressure using Manometer
6.To measure specific gravity of given fluid using hydrometer.
7.To measure the inner diameter of the pipe using telescopic gauge
8.To show magnetic lines of forces never intersect each other using bar
magnet
9.Show the nature of airflow using venturi tube ( Bernoulli’stheorem)
10.Show Newton’s laws of motion
11.Identification of poles, equator, meridian, latitude and longitude with
globe80hours
Course Code PRACTICALS Credits:1
USARA 2P2 DIGITAL TECHNIQUES 50 marks
1.To Study the working of AND gate
2.To Study the working of OR gate
3.To Study the working of NAND gate
4.To Study the working of NOR gate
5.To Study the working of NOT gate
6.Observe the working of flip flop
7.Clock
8.seven segment decoder circuit
9.Multiplexer IC
10.De-multiplexer IC
11.A-D/D-A converter IC80hours
Course Code PRACTICALS Credits:2
USARA 2P3 GROUND HANDLING 100 marks
AIRCRAFT GROUND HANDLING & WEIGHT AND BALANCE: -
1) Cabin door -Upper, lower, opening, closing and locking
1) Carry out weight and balance of aircraft
2) carry out taxing and towing of aircraft
3)Carry out jacking up and lowering of aircraft
4) use Proper procedure for parking of aircraft
5) Carry out refueling of aircraft
6) Carry out defueling of aircraft
7) use ground hydraulic supply
8) carry out Procedure for lashing and mooring of aircraft
10) familiarization with marshalling of aircraft80 hours
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INFRASTRUCTURE:
a) The basic Infrastructure required to start the Course in the Organization, at
the start of the Course.
Infrastructure: As per University norms.
Basic Workshop: Having Lathe Machine, Drilling machines, Grinders, Surface
table, bench vices etc.
Land area: Sufficient land for building a Hanger for parking the Institution
owned aircra fts and Tarmac for giving run up and taxy check
of those aircrafts.
The Cost of the above infrastructure and Basic Workshop is Rs. 25,00,000/ -(approx.
as on date) excluding the cost of land.
b) After starting the Course, the Equipments required in the Organization at the start of
Second semester
Laboratory / Workshop:
i) Electrical Workshop
ii) Instrument Workshop
iii) Radio Navigation Workshop
iv) Computer Workshop
v) RT (Radio Telephony) –Communication
*vi) Welding Shop. (1 Lakhs)
*viii) Machine Shop (5 Lakhs)
Note: All the shops to be well equipped to carry out practical of the students. The
Cost of the above infrastructure is Rs. 80,55,000/ -(approx. as on date) + 6 lakhs
c) After starting the Course, the Infr astructure required in the Organization at
the start of Third semester i.e. Second year will be as follows: -
i)Hanger and Tarmac: For parking aircrafts, their run -up and taxying for
functional checks of the various systems.
ii) Aircrafts: 1) Light aircraf t (weight below 5700 kg) & Piston engine
2) Heavy aircraft (weight above 5700 kg) & Jet engine
iii) Workshops: 1) Engine Workshop
2) Airframe Workshop
The Cost of the above is Rs. 2,93,00,000/ -(approx. as on date)
Total cost for all three years a) + b) + c) = Rs. 3,98,55,000/ -+ 6 Lakhs
Faculty Qualifications and requirements:
Chief Instructor : a) One each, having BAMEL ( Basic Aircraft Maintenance Engineering
Licence) and at least five years of Aviation Exp erience of which at least two years in the
field of Instruction OR
b) Engineering Graduate with at least two years of Practical experience in Aviation Industry
of which at least one year in the field of Instruction.
Instructors :
Year New
AppointmentsTotal
Appointments
1styear 03 03
2ndyear 03 06
3rdyear 03 09
Non Teaching
Office staff : 02 Jr. Clerk
Peon : 03
* Additional workshops
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ExternalTheory examination 60
Marks
i) Duration –These examinations shall be of 2 Hours duration for each
paper.
ii) Theory Question Paper Pattern: -
• There shall be four questions each of 15 marks. On each unit there will
be onequestion and the fourth one will be based on entire syllabus.
• All questions shall be compulsory with internal choice within the
questions.
(Each question will be of 20 to 23 marks with options.)
• Question may be subdivided int o sub-questions a, b, c… and the allocation of marks
depend on the weightage of the topic.